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dimension. Aesthetic dimension refer to very personal and individual possibility of liberation through self-expression, the dimension of interaction refer to the deconstruction of oppression in the symbolic and communicative dimension of power (e.g. books, texts, media) and labor refer to liberation from larger socio-political expressions of power (schools, work, health-care). To sum-up, power is practiced in a spectrum from individual- to larger societal level, and thus oppression and possibilities of liberation is also identified within this spectrum. Thus, the aims of critical psychology toward emancipation exceeds from the individual, to the larger societal level of reflection and action.
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Prescott
College in Prescott, Arizona offers an online Master's program in Critical Psychology and Human Services and has a critically oriented undergraduate program. The California Institute of Integral Studies in San Francisco also offers the Bachelor's Completion Program with a minor in Critical Psychology, and critical perspectives are sometimes encountered in traditional universities, perhaps especially within community psychology programs. The University of West Georgia offers a Ph.D. in Consciousness and Society with critical psychology being one of the main three theoretical orientations. North American efforts include the 1993 founding of RadPsyNet, the 1997 publication of
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South Africa (HPCSA). This statutory body regulates the profession with its systems of licensing and certification. Within these systems, critical psychology is more of an approach to the field than it is a professional category on its own. From the 2000s until recent times, critical psychology moved more toward studying certain domains, such as gender or race, and in the process, the overarching project of establishing a formalised field of critical psychology has either been discarded or broadened to refer to anything that is 'non-mainstream' in psychology. Critical psychology in South Africa is therefore mostly applied as a theoretical approach.
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capitalist exploitation - during the country's
Apartheid era - which led to the need for critical alternatives within the field that could challenge ideological complicities. During apartheid, mainstream psychology supported the oppressive political system - some psychologists actively and others passively. In the early 1980s, at the height of apartheid, progressive white psychologists and a growing number of black psychologists began to research and practice alternative programmes to critique and resist mainstream psychology's role in perpetuating apartheid in South Africa. In this way, critical psychology started to develop in South Africa.
909:. Holzkamp felt that classroom learning as the historically specific form of learning does not make full use of student's potentials, but rather limits her or his learning potentials by a number of "teaching strategies." Part of his motivation for the book was to look for alternative forms of learning that made use of the enormous potential of the human psyche in more fruitful ways. Consequently, in the last section of the book, Holzkamp discusses forms of "expansive learning" that seem to avoid the limitations of classroom learning, such as apprenticeship and learning in contexts other than classrooms.
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characterized by domination, subordination, and resistance, where the dominating persons or groups exercise their power by restricting access to material resources and by implanting in the subordinated persons or groups fear or self-deprecating views about themselves”. Emancipation (or liberation) refer to the possibilities of individuals within the social inequalities, doing justice to both, individual and societal domains. Consequently, the aims of critical psychology is the understanding of “oppression” and “liberation” in relation with “Power”.
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four different forms : (a) critical theoretical psychology, (b) critical theoretical psychology with a practical emancipatory intention, (c) critical empirical psychology, and (d) critical applied psychology. Critical theoretical psychology (a), and critical empirical psychology (c) refers to the theoretical understanding and development of the field, while critical theoretical psychology with practical emancipatory intention, (b) and critical applied psychology (d), has to do with practice and move toward a social change.
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meant to look at these concepts from the standpoint of the paradigm of critical psychology, thereby integrating their useful insights into critical psychology while at the same time identifying and criticizing their limiting implications, which in the case of S–R psychology were the rhetorical elimination of the subject and intentional action, and in the case of cognitive psychology which did take into account subjective motives and intentional actions,
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objectivity were informed by the sectors of society that benefited from the ideological and economic dominance that it upheld. Secondly, once critical psychologists in South Africa revealed the ideological flaws in mainstream psychology within the country's context, work began to reconfigure the field as a progressive and socially relevant practice with theoretical and methodological approaches that could benefit all members of South
African society.
801:. Leontyev had seen human action as a result of biological as well as cultural evolution and, drawing on Marx's materialist conception of culture, stressed that individual cognition is always part of social action which in turn is mediated by man-made tools (cultural artifacts), language and other man-made systems of symbols, which he viewed as a major distinguishing feature of human culture and, thus, human cognition. Another important source was
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1250:. Some of the main theoretical and practical achievements of these developments were: the forging of a way to critique the categories of class, race, gender, and other structural factors impacting the discipline of psychology, the encouragement of students to think critically about the politics of psychology, and rebuilding international links as well as relationships with other social and health sciences in South Africa.
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However, not all these initiatives continued after the end of political struggle and the transition to democracy. After 1994, professional psychology in South Africa was reorganised through the establishment of the
Professional Board for Psychology that exists within the Health Professions Council of
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Coming from this phenomenological perspective on culturally mediated and socially situated action, Holzkamp launched a methodological attack on behaviorism (which he termed S–R (stimulus–response) psychology) based on linguistic analysis, showing in minute detail the rhetorical patterns by which this
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The spectrum through which the aims of critical psychology is expressed is divided into three different levels of intervention : The micro-level, meso-level, and macro level. Micro-level context refer to the relation of psychology with individuals and groups, the meso-level context refer to the
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The complex sociopolitical history of South Africa, and its relationship with mainstream psychology, created a setting in which critical psychology could be impactful. South Africa is a good example of a context in which mainstream psychology positioned itself alongside neo-colonialism, racism, and
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by Dennis Fox and Isaac
Prilleltensky. Various introductory texts to critical psychology written in the United Kingdom have tended to focus on discourse, but this has been seen by some proponents of critical psychology as a reduction of human experience to language which is as politically dangerous
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was used by psychologists internationally to denote a branch of the field which rejected mainstream psychology's focus on the individual as the basic unit of analysis and sole source of psychopathology. Instead, radical psychologists examined the role of society in causing and treating problems and
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Central themes of critical psychology is the concept of “oppression” and “emancipation”. Critical psychology reflects not only on the connection of mainstream psychology with power, but also work toward emancipation (or liberation). Oppression refers to “a state of asymmetric power relations
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The first part of the book thus contains an extensive look at the history of psychological theories of learning and a minute re-interpretation of those concepts from the perspective of critical psychology, which focuses on intentional action situated in specific socio-historical/cultural contexts.
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His last major publication before his death in 1995 was about learning. It appeared in 1993 and contained a phenomenological theory of learning from the standpoint of the subject. One important concept
Holzkamp developed was "reinterpretation" of theories developed by conventional psychology. This
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Understanding and action, is an ongoing debate in the field of critical psychology. The understanding of oppression and the "praxis" of emancipation is two different domains, which is the domain of theory and the domain of action. For this reason it is proposed to divide
Critical Psychology into
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Psychology, draws a history filled with theoretical and political conflict. Within its history various stream of critiques have emerged, some of them sharing similarities, as well as different starting points and substantial differences. Criticisms of mainstream psychology consistent with current
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The field of critical psychology does not fall under a monolithic category. One can observe different starting points of critiques, similarities, as well as substantial differences. Thus, critical psychology should be perceived as an “umbrella term” that includes various critiques
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The establishment of critical psychology in South Africa took various forms between 1980 and 1994. Although the field was not necessarily fully formalised during this time, spaces and organisations were created for its ideas to be expressed and developed: such as in the
University of Cape Town's
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One core result of
Holzkamp's historical and comparative analysis of human reproductive action, perception and cognition is a very specific concept of meaning that identifies symbolic meaning as historically and culturally constructed, purposeful conceptual structures that humans create in close
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As is the case in other parts of the world, critical psychology in South Africa was born from interrogating psychology in relation to politics. Firstly, psychology was accused of being a product of, and supporter of, an oppressive political system in which its supposed neutrality and scientific
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the people, and the macro-level context refer to interventions of critical psychology to create a more equitable society, inviting larger social-agents. A similar reflection is the one that divides possibilities of liberation in relation with power into: aesthetic, interaction, and labor
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The doctoral program in
Critical Social/Personality Psychology and Environmental Psychology at the CUNY Graduate Center and the doctoral program in Critical Psychology at Point Park University, in Pittsburgh, PA are the only critical psychology specific doctoral programs in the United States.
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as the way mainstream psychology reduces experience to the individual mind. Attention to language and ideological processes, others would argue, is essential to effective critical psychology – it is not simply a matter of applying mainstream psychological concepts to issues of social change.
716:. The German branch of critical psychology predates and has developed largely separately from the rest of the field. As of May 2007, only a few works have been translated into English. The German Critical Psychology movement is rooted in the post-war student revolt of the late 1960s; see
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approach to psychology creates the illusion of "scientific objectivity" while at the same time losing relevance for understanding culturally situated, intentional human actions. Against this approach, he developed his own approach to generalization and objectivity, drawing on ideas from
1246:(UCT) psychology department, the formation of the Organisation for Appropriate Social Services in South Africa (OASSSA), Psychologists Against Apartheid, the South African Health and Social Services Organisation (SAHSSO), and the establishment of the academic journal
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against the status quo of mainstream psychology. A common theme of critical approaches in psychology is the assessment of the social effects of psychological theories and practices. Critical psychology is a movement that challenges psychology to work towards
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is currently the preferred term for the discipline of psychology keen to find alternatives to the way the discipline of psychology reduces human experience to the level of the individual and thereby strips away possibilities for radical social change.
1267:(edited by Dennis Fox and Isaac Prilleltensky; expanded 2009 edition edited by Dennis Fox, Isaac Prilleltensky, and Stephanie Austin), the 2001 Monterey Conference on Critical Psychology, and in underlying themes of many contributions to the
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was one of the founders of The Midlands Psychology Group, a critical psychology collective who produced a manifesto for a social materialist psychology of distress. Critical psychology courses and research concentrations are available at
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in the specific historical context of modern (capitalist) society. Due to his death in 1995, this work never got past the stage of early (and premature) conceptualizations, some of which were published in the journals
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Study of the ways in which all varieties of psychology are culturally historically constructed, and how alternative varieties of psychology may confirm or resist ideological assumptions in mainstream models;
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Exploration of the way everyday "ordinary psychology" structures academic and professional work in psychology and how everyday activities might provide the basis for resistance to contemporary disciplinary
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systematically integrated previous specialized work done at Free University of Berlin in the 1970s by critical psychologists who also had been influenced by Marx, Leontyev, and Seve. This included books on
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Systematic examination of how some varieties of psychological action and experience are privileged over others, how dominant accounts of "psychology" operate ideologically and in the service of power;
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The book's second part contained an extensive analysis on the modern state's institutionalized forms of "classroom learning" as the cultural–historical context that shapes much of modern learning and
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Study of forms of surveillance and self-regulation in everyday life and the ways in which psychological culture operates beyond the boundaries of academic and professional practice; and
2007:
768:, who might be considered the theoretical founder of German critical psychology. Holzkamp wrote two books on theory of science and one on sensory perception before publishing the
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At FU-Berlin, critical psychology was not really seen as a division of psychology and followed its own methodology, trying to reformulate traditional psychology on an unorthodox
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Die Verkennung von HandlungsbegrĂĽndungen als empirische Zusammenhangsannahmen in sozialpsychologischen Theorien: Methodologische Fehlorientierung infolge von Begriffsverwirrung
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Painter, Desmond; Kiguwa, Peace; Bohmke, Werner (2013). "Contexts and Continuities of Critique: Reflections on the Current State of Critical Psychology in South Africa".
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Like many critical applications, critical psychology has expanded beyond Marxist and feminist roots to benefit from other critical approaches. Consider ecopsychology and
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theory of personality, which provided the concept of "social activity matrices" as mediating structure between individual and social reproduction. At the same time, the
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Prilleltensky, I., & Gonick, L. (1996). Policies change, oppression remains: On the psychology and politics of oppression. Political Psychology, 17(1), 127–148.
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runs as an open-access online journal. There are close links between critical psychologists and critical psychiatrists in Britain through the Asylum Collective.
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Holzkamp mostly based his sophisticated attempt to provide a comprehensive and integrated set of categories defining the field of psychological research on
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looked towards social change as an alternative to therapy to treat mental illness and as a means of preventing psychopathology. Within psychiatry the term
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Kincheloe, J. & Steinberg, S. (1993). A Tentative Description of Post-Formal Thinking: The Critical Confrontation with Cognitive Thinking.
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Various sub-disciplines within psychology have begun to establish their own critical orientations. Perhaps the most extensive are critical
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The conceptions of learning he found most useful in his own detailed analysis of "classroom learning" came from cognitive anthropologists
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663:. Mainstream psychology does this only in part by attempting to explain behavior at the individual level. However, it largely ignores
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Prilleltensky, I. (1997). Values, assumptions and practices: Assessing the moral implications of psychological discourse and action.
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1229:(edited by Desmond Painter, Athanasios Marvakis, and Leendert Mos) is devoted to an examination of German critical psychology.
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Starting in the 1990s a new wave of books started to appear on critical psychology, the most influential being the edited book
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1220:. Some years ago the department of critical psychology at FU-Berlin was merged into the traditional psychology department.
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Austin, Stephanie; Prilleltensky, Isaac (2001). "Contemporary debates in critical psychology: Dialectics and syntheses".
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Mistaking Reasons for Causes in Theories of Social Psychology: Methodological Errors as a Result of Conceptual Confusion
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There are a few international journals devoted to critical psychology and critical discussions in Psychology, including
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critical psychology usage have existed since psychology's modern development in the late 19th century. Use of the term
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relationship to material culture and within the context of historically specific formations of social reproduction.
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Austin, S., & Prilleltensky, I. (2001a). Diverse origins, common aims: The challenge of critical psychology.
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critical reflections of critical psychology on psychology and the re-formation of a psychology not
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for psychological research because viewed psychology as a pre-paradigmatic scientific discipline (
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One of the most important and sophisticated books in the German development of the field is the
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988:. This manifesto argues that critical psychology should include the following four components:
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Teo, T. (1999). Methodologies of critical psychology: Illustrations from the field of racism.
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between social classes and groups can impact an individual's or a group's mental and physical
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1376:. Theory and Psychology 2, S.193–204; for further references see also Charles Tolman (1994):
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Natural History of the Psyche 1: Psychogenesis and Elementary Forms of Animal Communication
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Naturgeschichte des Psychischen 1: Psychogenese und elementare Formen der Tierkommunikation
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played an important role in the German branch of the student revolt, which was centered in
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1603:. Frankfurt/M.: Campus, Chapter 1: "HinfĂĽhrung auf das Verfahren der Problementwicklung" (
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Sinnliche Erkenntnis. Historischer Ursprung und gesellschaftliche Funktion der Wahrnehmung
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Walkerdine, V. (2001). Challenging subjects: Critical psychology for a new millennium.
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1818:"Special Issue: German Critical Psychology: Interventions in Honor of Klaus Holzkamp"
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An early international overview of critical psychology perspectives can be found in
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Psychology, Society and Subjectivity: An Introduction to German Critical Psychology
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1638:(Everyday Life Leadership as Basic Concept of a Scientific Theory of the Subject)
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Natural History of the Psyche 2: Learning and Abstraction Capabilities in Animals
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Wissenschaft als Handlung. Versuch einer neuen Grundlegung der Wissenschaftslehre
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Critical psychologists believe that mainstream psychology fails to consider how
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Naturgeschichte des Psychischen 2: Lernen und Abstraktionsleistungen bei Tieren
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Parker, I. (2003) "Psychology is so critical, only Marxism can save us now," (
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Teo, T. (1998). Prolegomenon to a contemporary psychology of liberation.
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Sensory Perception: Historical Origins and Social Functions of Perception
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393:
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1908:"Critical Psychology in South Africa: Looking back and looking forwards"
1196:, edited by Tod Sloan (Macmillan, 2000). In 2015, Ian Parker edited the
1124:. Critical psychology and related work has also sometimes been labelled
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1590:), Forum Kritische Psychologie 19, Berlin: Argument Verlag, pp. 23–59.
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Denken. Psychologische Analyse der Entstehung und Lösung von Problemen
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and attempts to apply psychological understandings in different ways.
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1865:"Critical Psychology in South Africa: Looking Back and Looking Ahead"
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Cognition. Psychological Analysis of Formulating and Solving Problems
1384:. History of Psychology 1998, Vol. 1, Nr. 3; Wolfgang Maiers (1999):
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Radical Psychology: A Journal of Psychology, Politics and Radicalism
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Doing psychology critically: Making a difference in diverse settings
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Alltägliche Lebensführung als subjektwissenschaftliches Grundkonzept
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Klaus Holzkamp and the Rise and Fall of German Critical Psychology
1675:"Draft Manifesto for a Social Materialist Psychology of Distress"
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1979:"Critical Psychology and Human Services (MA) | Prescott College"
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published an influential manifesto in both the online journal
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Gough, Brendan; McFadden, Majella; McDonald, Matthew (2013).
1640:. Das Argument, 37. Jahrgang, Heft 6, November/December 1995
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Science as Action – A new Approach to the Theory of Science
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based on differences in observable characteristics such as
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was often used and now British activists prefer the term
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This search culminated in plans to write a major work on
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is a perspective on psychology that draws extensively on
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1134:. In the field of developmental psychology, the work of
1104:. Undergraduate concentrations can also be found at the
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Parker, I. (1999) Critical Psychology: Critical Links,
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1410:, New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 141–142,
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Painter, Desmond; Blanche, Martin Terre (2004-11-01).
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Journal of Social Action in Counseling and Psychology
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in 1983. Holzkamp believed his work provided a solid
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The Palgrave Handbook of Critical Social Psychology.
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Foundations of Psychological Research of Motivation
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Grundlagen der Psychologischen Motivationsforschung
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The International Journal of Critical Psychology, 1
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International Society of Critical Health Psychology
2120:Ibañez, T. & Íñiguez-Rueda, L. (eds.) (1997).
1728:(Second ed.). London: Palgrave. p. 346.
1703:(Second ed.). London: Palgrave. p. 352.
1386:Critical Psychology – An Unfinished Modern Project
628:. Critical psychology challenges the assumptions,
2132:The Praeger Handbook of Education and Psychology.
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2096:Fox, D. & Prilleltensky, I. (eds.) (1997).
1650:Dafermos, Manolis; Marvakis, Athanasios (2006).
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2644:2020s controversies around critical race theory
1652:"Critiques in Psychology – Critical Psychology"
1539:). Frankfurt/M.: Campus;. Frankfurt/M.: Campus;
1523:. Frankfurt/M.: Campus; Volker Schurig (1975):
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1531:. Frankfurt/M. Campus; Volker Schurig (1976):
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2134:4 vols. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger Press.
1662:: 9 – via www.discourseunit.com/arcp/5.
1380:, London: Routledge & Thomas Teo (1998):
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1618:Lernen: Subjektwissenschaftliche Grundlegung
1605:Introduction to the Sequence of Presentation
1601:Lernen: Subjektwissenschaftliche Grundlegung
1037:International Journal of Critical Psychology
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2144:Prilleltensky, I. & Nelson, G. (2002).
1726:Critical Social Psychology: An introduction
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1082:City University of New York Graduate Center
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1622:"Learning: Subject-Scientific Foundations"
832:. He also incorporated ideas from Freud's
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1458:Theorie und Experiment in der Psychologie
899:. In this analysis, he heavily drew upon
782:had used the term "pre-paradigmatic" for
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1106:California Institute of Integral Studies
1033:Annual Review of Critical Psychology and
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2153:Critical Psychology: Voices for Change.
1805:Annual Review of Critical Psychology, 1
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2218:"Annual Review of Critical Psychology"
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1212:base and drawing from Soviet ideas of
1194:Critical Psychology: Voices for Change
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2130:Kincheloe, J. & Horn, R. (2006).
2098:Critical Psychology: An Introduction.
2033:"Psychology | About the Program"
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1745:
1475:
1388:. In: Wolfgang Maiers et al. (Eds.):
2074:Critical Psychology: An Introduction
1923:Annual Review of Critical Psychology
1656:Annual Review of Critical Psychology
1390:Challenges to Theoretical Psychology
1265:Critical Psychology: An Introduction
1049:Annual Review of Critical Psychology
986:Annual Review of Critical Psychology
2272:
2231:"TeorĂa y crĂtica de la psicologĂa"
2117:. London & New York: Routledge.
1869:South African Journal of Psychology
1462:Theory and Experiment in Psychology
1408:Encyclopedia of psychology, Vol. 4.
1401:
1297:Cultural-historical activity theory
1223:An April 2009 issue of the journal
13:
2639:Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory
2085:
1895:
1849:
1781:
1742:
1187:
1110:University of Notre Dame Australia
1062:Manchester Metropolitan University
14:
3691:
2198:
1556:, Frankfurt/M: Campus (2 Volumes)
741:
2896:
2239:(open access journal in Spanish)
2206:"Initiative Critical Psychology"
2115:Diagnosing 'Disorderly' Children
1832:"ARCP 3: Anti-Capitalism (2003)"
1281:
933:In the 1960s and 1970s the term
576:
34:
2148:. New York: Palgrave–Macmillan.
2139:Handbook of Critical Psychology
2064:
2050:
2025:
2000:
1971:
1947:
1933:
1914:
1824:
1810:
1797:
1772:
1717:
1692:
1666:
1643:
1627:
1610:
1593:
1576:
1559:
1542:
1232:
1198:Handbook of Critical Psychology
1108:, Prescott College, and at the
2694:
2426:international relations theory
2008:"Minor in Critical Psychology"
1955:"Ph.D. in Critical Psychology"
1537:The Emergence of Consciousness
1533:Die Entstehung des BewuĂźtseins
1509:
1495:
1450:
1437:
1395:
1374:On Doing Psychology Critically
1366:
1353:
1340:
1214:cultural–historical psychology
928:
795:cultural–historical psychology
1:
2992:Industrial and organizational
2654:Privilege (social inequality)
2330:Archetypal literary criticism
1334:
1115:
971:
727:Critique of Political Economy
319:Industrial and organizational
3233:Human factors and ergonomics
1317:
1248:Psychology in Society (PINS)
1179:Forms of Critical Psychology
870:methodological individualism
712:started in the 1970s at the
474:Human factors and ergonomics
7:
2110:London: Palgrave Macmillan.
1673:Midlands Psychology Group.
1548:Ute Osterkamp (1975/1976):
1445:Grundlegung der Psychologie
1274:
1157:Aims of Critical Psychology
1078:University of KwaZulu Natal
919:Forum Kritische Psychologie
860:Grundlegung der Psychologie
771:Grundlegung der Psychologie
757:Grundlegung der Psychologie
10:
3696:
2309:Outline of critical theory
2167:Harvard Educational Review
2122:Critical Social Psychology
1881:10.1177/008124630403400402
1701:Critical Health Psychology
1488:. Frankfurt/M.: Athenäum (
1464:); Klaus Holzkamp (1968):
1329:Radical Psychology Network
1203:
1086:University of West Georgia
1045:Radical Psychology Journal
1039:(continued in the journal
702:
632:and methods of mainstream
3619:
3556:
3263:
3173:
3085:
2922:Applied behavior analysis
2905:
2894:
2730:
2702:
2609:Hermeneutics of suspicion
2591:
2520:
2322:
2301:
2280:
2159:
2137:Parker, I. (ed.) (2015).
1766:10.1080/00050060108259634
1070:University of East London
1025:Feminism & Psychology
1007:Critical psychology today
762:Foundations of Psychology
251:Applied behavior analysis
16:Perspective on psychology
2151:Sloan, T. (ed.) (2000).
2106:Gough, B. (ed.) (2017).
2090:
1792:Theory and Psychology, 8
1699:Murray, Michael (2014).
1307:Psychopolitical validity
1258:United States and Canada
1122:transpersonal psychology
1035:the no longer published
1021:Culture & Psychology
958:
714:Freie Universität Berlin
3198:Behavioral neuroscience
2762:Behavioral neuroscience
1754:Australian Psychologist
1633:Klaus Holzkamp (1995):
1624:). Frankfurt/M.: Campus
1616:Klaus Holzkamp (1993):
1599:Klaus Holzkamp (1993):
1582:Klaus Holzkamp (1987):
1515:Volker Schurig (1975):
1484:Klaus Holzkamp (1973):
1456:Klaus Holzkamp (1964),
1443:Klaus Holzkamp (1983):
1372:Klaus Holzkamp (1992):
1226:Theory & Psychology
1074:University of Edinburgh
1066:York St John University
1017:Theory & Psychology
718:German student movement
439:Behavioral neuroscience
96:Behavioral neuroscience
3248:Psychology of religion
3188:Behavioral engineering
3125:Human subject research
2781:Cognitive neuroscience
2747:Affective neuroscience
1573:. Frankfurt/M.: Campus
1565:Rainer Seidel (1976):
1468:. Berlin: de Gruyter (
1460:. Berlin: de Gruyter (
1447:. Frankfurt/M.: Campus
1138:has been influential.
859:
807:
770:
756:
751:
489:Psychology of religion
429:Behavioral engineering
115:Cognitive neuroscience
81:Affective neuroscience
3680:Psychological schools
3624:Wiktionary definition
3160:Self-report inventory
3155:Quantitative research
2226:(open access journal)
2174:American Psychologist
1959:Point Park University
1941:"Program Description"
1361:Radical Psychology, 2
1131:liberation psychology
1090:Point Park University
1053:Psychology in Society
1013:Psychology in Society
906:Discipline and Punish
890:distributed cognition
749:
583:Psychology portal
3150:Qualitative research
3105:Behavior epigenetics
2634:Critical rationalism
2446:medical anthropology
2141:. London: Routledge.
1402:Teo, Thomas (2000),
1147:community psychology
1094:University of Guelph
665:institutional racism
3629:Wiktionary category
3193:Behavioral genetics
3165:Statistical surveys
3022:Occupational health
2757:Behavioral genetics
2366:applied linguistics
2113:Harwood, V. (2006)
1312:Rhetoric of therapy
1302:Positive psychology
965:Critical Psychology
952:Critical psychology
947:critical psychiatry
844:into his approach.
710:critical psychology
622:Critical psychology
434:Behavioral genetics
349:Occupational health
91:Behavioral genetics
22:Part of a series on
3601:Schools of thought
3504:Richard E. Nisbett
3384:Donald T. Campbell
3062:Sport and exercise
2578:Siegfried Kracauer
2503:technical practice
2456:university studies
2441:management studies
2431:language awareness
2396:discourse analysis
2169:, 63 (2), 296–320.
2155:London: Macmillan.
1943:. 11 October 2012.
1404:"Holzkamp, Klaus."
1126:radical psychology
982:Radical Psychology
935:radical psychology
822:sensory perception
752:
693:sexual orientation
689:religious minority
551:Schools of thought
389:Sport and exercise
237:Applied psychology
3662:
3661:
3639:Wikimedia Commons
3566:Counseling topics
3529:Ronald C. Kessler
3519:Shelley E. Taylor
3444:Lawrence Kohlberg
3419:Stanley Schachter
3218:Consumer behavior
3100:Archival research
2868:Psycholinguistics
2752:Affective science
2662:
2661:
2613:Critical realism
2604:Immanent critique
2599:Binary opposition
2553:Friedrich Pollock
2533:Theodor W. Adorno
2516:
2515:
2508:terrorism studies
2222:discourseunit.com
1735:978-0-230-30385-0
1710:978-1-137-28264-4
1416:10.1037/10519-064
1289:Psychology portal
1151:social psychology
1143:health psychology
1029:Human Development
882:situated learning
619:
618:
516:Counseling topics
459:Consumer behavior
202:Psycholinguistics
86:Affective science
3687:
3596:Research methods
3539:Richard Davidson
3534:Joseph E. LeDoux
3409:George A. Miller
3399:David McClelland
3394:Herbert A. Simon
3294:Edward Thorndike
3115:Content analysis
2900:
2873:Psychophysiology
2689:
2682:
2675:
2666:
2665:
2649:Phallogocentrism
2583:Otto Kirchheimer
2488:security studies
2351:
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2335:Deconstructivism
2314:Reconstructivism
2288:Frankfurt School
2267:
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2176:, 52(5), 517–35.
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2004:
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1983:www.prescott.edu
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856:in Chapter 9 of
810:
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773:
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671:and deficits in
655:differences and
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546:Research methods
207:Psychophysiology
67:Basic psychology
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3474:Daniel Kahneman
3414:Richard Lazarus
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2543:Walter Benjamin
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941:anti-psychiatry
931:
914:life leadership
901:Michel Foucault
814:animal behavior
799:activity theory
793:'s approach to
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2240:
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2224:. 10 May 2016.
2214:
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2199:External links
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3494:Bruce McEwen
3489:Amos Tversky
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3449:Noam Chomsky
3389:Hans Eysenck
3359:Harry Harlow
3339:Erik Erikson
3238:Intelligence
3135:Neuroimaging
2956:
2878:Quantitative
2843:Mathematical
2838:Intelligence
2828:Experimental
2823:Evolutionary
2813:Differential
2722:Psychologist
2573:Axel Honneth
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2406:queer theory
2386:data studies
2354:Critical ...
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2041:. Retrieved
2037:the original
2027:
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2012:the original
2002:
1991:. Retrieved
1987:the original
1982:
1973:
1962:. Retrieved
1958:
1949:
1935:
1926:
1922:
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1872:
1868:
1840:. Retrieved
1838:. 2016-05-11
1835:
1826:
1812:
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1678:
1668:
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1655:
1645:
1637:
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1621:
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1607:), pp. 17–39
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1041:Subjectivity
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638:
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620:
479:Intelligence
212:Quantitative
177:Mathematical
172:Intelligence
162:Experimental
157:Evolutionary
147:Differential
3571:Disciplines
3544:Susan Fiske
3434:Roger Brown
3334:Carl Rogers
3319:Jean Piaget
3284:Ivan Pavlov
3140:Observation
3120:Experiments
3067:Suicidology
2962:Educational
2917:Anomalistic
2888:Theoretical
2863:Personality
2793:Comparative
2776:Cognitivism
2767:Behaviorism
2627:Theological
2548:Erich Fromm
2498:social work
2483:regionalism
2478:race theory
2416:geopolitics
2401:ethnography
2381:criminology
2371:cartography
2323:Derivatives
2058:"RadPsyNet"
1057:David Smail
929:1960s–1970s
808:Grundlegung
732:West Berlin
521:Disciplines
394:Suicidology
289:Educational
246:Anomalistic
222:Theoretical
197:Personality
127:Comparative
110:Cognitivism
101:Behaviorism
3669:Categories
3634:Wikisource
3479:Paul Ekman
3314:Kurt Lewin
3208:Competence
3130:Interviews
3110:Case study
2987:Humanistic
2967:Ergonomics
2952:Counseling
2927:Assessment
2909:psychology
2858:Perception
2818:Ecological
2734:psychology
2712:Philosophy
2696:Psychology
2617:perception
2473:psychology
2468:psychiatry
2043:2014-10-08
2018:2012-11-11
1993:2020-10-20
1964:2021-11-09
1929:: 849–869.
1842:2023-10-19
1807:, 119-135.
1794:, 527-547.
1679:midpsy.org
1431:2023-06-05
1335:References
1116:Extensions
1002:practices.
978:Ian Parker
972:Ian Parker
854:Kurt Lewin
826:motivation
697:disability
661:well-being
634:psychology
449:Competence
314:Humanistic
294:Ergonomics
281:Counseling
256:Assessment
192:Perception
152:Ecological
28:Psychology
3654:Wikibooks
3644:Wikiquote
3514:Ed Diener
3299:Carl Jung
3203:Cognition
3032:Political
2942:Community
2772:Cognitive
2521:Theorists
2411:geography
1889:0081-2463
1760:: 75–80.
1318:Societies
878:Jean Lave
830:cognition
780:T.S. Kuhn
685:ethnicity
444:Cognition
359:Political
271:Community
106:Cognitive
56:Subfields
3649:Wikinews
3606:Timeline
3228:Feelings
3223:Emotions
3183:Behavior
3174:Concepts
3052:Religion
3037:Positive
3027:Pastoral
3012:Military
2977:Forensic
2972:Feminist
2957:Critical
2947:Consumer
2937:Coaching
2932:Clinical
2907:Applied
2803:Cultural
2742:Abnormal
2463:practice
2451:pedagogy
2302:Concepts
1392:, 457–66
1275:See also
984:and the
976:In 1999
923:Argument
818:ethology
776:paradigm
630:theories
556:Timeline
469:Feelings
464:Emotions
424:Behavior
418:Concepts
379:Religion
364:Positive
354:Pastoral
339:Military
304:Forensic
299:Feminist
285:Critical
276:Consumer
266:Coaching
261:Clinical
137:Cultural
76:Abnormal
3581:Outline
3077:Traffic
3072:Systems
3007:Medical
2833:Gestalt
2707:History
2592:Related
2281:Origins
2192:on-line
2185:on-line
2126:on-line
2102:on-line
1350:, 9-15.
1210:Marxist
1204:Germany
703:Origins
531:Outline
404:Traffic
399:Systems
334:Medical
167:Gestalt
51:History
46:Outline
3611:Topics
3057:School
2982:Health
2883:Social
2786:Social
2732:Basic
2717:Portal
2391:design
2160:Papers
2100:Sage.
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561:Topics
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309:Health
217:Social
120:Social
3558:Lists
3017:Music
3002:Media
2997:Legal
2848:Moral
2091:Books
1684:2 May
1168:about
959:1990s
764:) by
695:, or
653:power
507:Lists
344:Music
329:Media
324:Legal
182:Moral
3243:Mind
1885:ISSN
1730:ISBN
1705:ISBN
1686:2018
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1170:but
1128:and
1051:and
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