Knowledge

8542:"On October 16, 2004, President George W. Bush signed the Israel Lobby's bill, the Global Anti-Semitism Review Act. This legislation requires the US Department of State to monitor anti-semitism world wide. To monitor anti-semitism, it has to be defined. What is the definition? Basically, as defined by the Israel Lobby and Abe Foxman, it boils down to any criticism of Israel or Jews. Rahm Israel Emanuel hasn't been mopping floors at the White House. As soon as he gets the Hate Crimes Prevention Act of 2009 passed, it will become a crime for any American to tell the truth about Israel's treatment of Palestinians and theft of their lands. It will be a crime for Christians to acknowledge the New Testament's account of Jews demanding the crucifixion of Jesus. It will be a crime to report the extraordinary influence of the Israel Lobby on the White House and Congress, such as the AIPAC-written resolutions praising Israel for its war crimes against the Palestinians in Gaza that were endorsed by 100 per cent of the US Senate and 99 per cent of the House of Representatives, while the rest of the world condemned Israel for its barbarity. It will be a crime to doubt the Holocaust. It will become a crime to note the disproportionate representation of Jews in the media, finance, and foreign policy. In other words, it means the end of free speech, free inquiry, and the First Amendment to the Constitution. Any facts or truths that cast aspersion upon Israel will simply be banned. ... Criminalizing criticism of Israel destroys any hope of America having an independent foreign policy in the Middle East that serves American rather than Israeli interests. It eliminates any prospect of Americans escaping from their enculturation with Israeli propaganda. To keep American minds captive, the Lobby is working to ban as anti-semitic any truth or disagreeable fact that pertains to Israel. It is permissible to criticize every other country in the world, but it is anti-semitic to criticize Israel, and anti-semitism will soon be a universal hate-crime in the Western world. Most of Europe has already criminalized doubting the Holocaust. It is a crime even to confirm that it happened but to conclude that less than 6 million Jews were murdered." 6955:, pp 13, 240: "ARE ANTI-ISRAELI AND ANTI-ZIONIST EXPRESSIONS ANTISEMITIC? If we turn to the crucial question of defining the point where anti-Israeli and anti-Zionist expressions are to be considered as antisemitism, then we could conclude, on the basis of our definition of antisemitism, that anti-Israeli or anti-Zionist attitudes and expression are antisemitic in those cases where Israel is seen as being a representative of "the Jew", i.e. as a representative of the traits attributed to the antisemitic construction of "the Jew". But what if the opposite is the case and Jews are perceived as representatives of Israel? What if Jews are criticised or offended for Israel's policies toward the Palestinians? If we stick to our definition, then, strictly speaking, we would have to qualify hostility towards Jews as "Israelis" only then as antisemitic, if it is based on an underlying perception of Israel as "the Jew". If this is not the case, then we would have to consider hostility towards Jews as "Israelis" as not antisemitic, because this hostility is not based on the antisemitic stereotyping of Jews... What should not be considered as antisemitic and therefore does not have to be monitored under the heading of "antisemitism", is hostility towards Israel as "Israel", i.e. as a country that is criticised for its concrete policies. Hostility towards Israel as "Israel" (as opposed to criticism of Israel as representative of the stereotypical "Jew") should only then become a matter of general public concern, when there is explicit evidence that criticism of Israel as "Israel" produces attacks on Jews as either "the Jew" or "Israeli". If there is no such evidence, the case of criticism and hostility towards Israel as "Israel" should not be part of monitoring activities under the heading of "antisemitism". 8556:"Using Nazi analogies to criticise Israel and Zionism is offensive, but should it be banned, criminalized or branded as antisemitic? … The authors of a new report, Understanding and Addressing the "Nazi Card": Intervening Against Antisemitic Discourse, from the European Institute for the Study of Contemporary Antisemitism (EISCA), take a different line. ... While the principle that freedom of speech is not absolute is accepted in English law, not all offensive speech is criminalized. So, merely showing that comparing Israeli behaviour to the Nazis is offensive is no reason to outlaw such discourse. The authors try to get round this by arguing that such comparisons are especially offensive to Jews, because of their history. They say: "Most people would accept that it's completely unacceptable to call a Jewish person a Nazi." The implication here – that it may, therefore, be acceptable in some circumstances to call a non-Jew a Nazi – is unfortunate to say the least. If one is against the use of Nazi comparisons in public debate, it's unacceptable to call anyone a Nazi. In which case, the argument of exceptional offensiveness for Jews doesn't hold. ... The authors write: 'although the playing of the Nazi card is not always antisemitic, it unquestionably always harms'. As a result, where this occurs, it could already be defined as a criminal act, and if not, Iganski and Sweiry say, consideration should be given to changing the law so that it would be. In other words, if you said 'the way the IDF operated in Gaza was like the way the SS acted in Poland', and a Jew found this offensive, hurtful or harmful, you could, in theory, go to jail." 7855:, which argued that anti-Semitism was on its way back, as shown by the pressure on Israel to make peace with the Arabs and by events like the sale of AWACS aircraft to Saudi Arabia. The Perlmutters also suggested that many "anti-Semitic" actions, which they define as acts not motivated by hostility to Jews, may nonetheless harm Jewish interests (and especially Israel's well-being), and could easily bring back genuine anti-Semitism. The troubling logic of this argument is revealed by the fact that there was little mention of anti-Semitism during the 1990s, when Israel was involved in the Oslo peace process. Indeed, one Israeli scholar wrote in 1995 that 'never before, at least since the time Christianity seized power over the Roman Empire, has anti-Semitism been less significant than at present'. Charges of anti-Semitism became widespread only in the spring of 2002, when Israel came under severe criticism around the world for its brutal behavior in the Occupied Territories. … Natan Sharansky, the former Soviet dissident who is now a prominent Israeli author and politician, declares, 'The new anti-Semitism appears in the guise of 'political criticism of Israel', consisting of a discriminating approach and double standard towards the state of the Jews, while questioning its right to exist.' The implication is that any one who criticizes Israel's actions … is opposed to its existence and is therefore hostile to Jews. But this is a bogus charge, because it conflates criticism of Israel's actions with the rejection of Israel's legitimacy." 7780:, February 17, 2002: "But the problem with all this talk of a 'new anti-Semitism' is that those who argue hardest for its inexorable rise are dangerously conflating two connected but critically separate phenomena. The monster that they have conjured from these parts is not only something that does not yet exist – and I say 'yet' with caution – but whose purported existence is being cynically manipulated by some in the Israeli government to try to silence debate about the policies of the Sharon government. … As data collected by the Stephen Roth Institute at Tel Aviv University, and other research, makes clear, the rise in anti-Semitism in Europe coincided with the beginning of al-Aqsa intifada – and Israel's heavy-handed response. … What they are talking about is the criticism in the media and political classes of Europe of the policies of Sharon. Israel's brutal response to the often equally reprehensible anti-Israeli Palestinian violence of the intifada has produced one of the most vigorous media critiques of Israel's policies in the European media in a generation. The reply to this criticism, say those most vocal in reporting the existence of the new anti-Semitism, particularly in the Israeli press, is devastating in its simplicity: criticise Israel, and you are an anti-Semite just as surely as if you were throwing paint at a synagogue in Paris." 7566:"The Anti-Defamation League sponsored a conference on this same topic in San Francisco on January 28, conspicuously failing to invite Tikkun, Jewish Voices for Peace and Brit Tzedeck ve Shalom, the three major Jewish voices critiquing Israeli policy, yet also strong supporters of Israel's security. Meanwhile, the media has been abuzz with stories of Jews denouncing former President Jimmy Carter for his book Palestine: Peace or Apartheid. The same charges of anti-Semitism that have consistently been launched against anyone who criticizes Israeli policy is now being launched against the one American leader who managed to create a lasting (albeit cold) peace between Israel and a major Arab state (Egypt). Instead of seriously engaging with the issues raised (e.g. to what extent are Israel's current policies similar to those of apartheid and to what extent are they not?), the Jewish establishment and media responds by attacking the people who raise these or any other critiques—shifting the discourse to the legitimacy of the messenger and thus avoiding the substance of the criticisms. Knowing this, many people become fearful that they too will be labeled "anti-Semitic" if they question the wisdom of Israeli policies or if they seek to organize politically to challenge those policies." 7092:"Playing the 'Nazi card' is a discursive act involving the use of Nazi or related terms or symbols (Nazism, Hitler, swastikas, etc.) in reference to Jews, Israel, Zionism or aspects of the Jewish experience. It manifests in words uttered in speech or in writing, or in visual representations such as artwork, drawings, caricatures, cartoons, graffiti, daubings and scratchings, or visual expressions such as a Nazi salute or the clicking of heels. In many instances, the playing of the Nazi card is unquestionably antisemitic. However, the inclusion of particular modes of criticism of Israel in definitions of antisemitism has provoked controversy. The result has been a war of words which has stagnated into an intellectual and discursive cul-de-sac of claim and counter-claim about what does and does not qualify as antisemitism…. One of the most challenging components of antisemitic discourse in general, and the discursive theme of the Nazi card in particular, concerns the problem of when the Nazi card is played against Israel and its founding movement, Zionism. In this case playing the Nazi card involves equating the Israeli state collectively, or the state embodied by its leaders or its military practices, with Nazis, Nazi Germany, and the genocidal actions of the Nazi regime…." 7882:"To evade the obvious, another stratagem of the Israel's lobby is playing The Holocaust and 'new anti-Semitism' cards. In a previous study, I examined how the Nazi holocaust had been fashioned into an ideological weapon to immunize Israel from legitimate criticism. In this book I look at a variant of this Holocaust card, namely, the 'new anti-Semitism'. In fact, the allegation of a new anti-Semitism is neither new nor about anti-Semitism. Whenever Israel comes under renewed international pressure to withdraw from occupied territories, its apologists mount yet another meticulously orchestrated media extravaganza alleging that the world is awash in anti-Semitism. This shameless exploitation of anti-Semitism delegitimizes criticism of Israel, makes Jews rather than Palestinians the victims, and puts the onus on the Arab world to rid itself of anti-Semitism rather than on Israel to rid itself of the Occupied Territories. A close examination of what the Israel lobby tallies as anti-Semitism reveals three components: exaggeration and fabrication; mislabeling legitimate criticism of Israeli policy; and the unjustified yet predictable 'spillover' from criticism of Israel to Jews generally." 7282:"To evade the obvious, another stratagem of the Israel's lobby is playing The Holocaust and 'new anti-Semitism' cards. In a previous study, I examined how the Nazi holocaust had been fashioned into an ideological weapon to immunize Israel from legitimate criticism. In this book I look at a variant of this Holocaust card, namely, the 'new anti-Semitism'. In fact, the allegation of a new anti-Semitism is neither new nor about anti-Semitism. Whenever Israel comes under renewed international pressure to withdraw from occupied territories, its apologists mount yet another meticulously orchestrated media extravaganza alleging that the world is awash in anti-Semitism. This shameless exploitation of anti-Semitism delegitimizes criticism of Israel, makes Jews rather than Palestinians the victims, and puts the onus on the Arab world to rid itself of anti-Semitism rather than on Israel to rid itself of the Occupied Territories. A close examination of what the Israel lobby tallies as anti-Semitism reveals three components: exaggeration and fabrication; mislabeling legitimate criticism of Israeli policy; and the unjustified yet predictable 'spillover' from criticism of Israel to Jews generally." 7756:: "Defenders of Israeli policy routinely attempt to direct our attention to abuses happening in other places and insist that a hidden agenda must underlie any focus on Israeli brutality in this unjust world. This argument would lead to paralysis in human rights activism by claiming that one must address all cases at once, or only the "worst" cases. Should we have told Rosa Parks, who refused to go the back of a segregated bus in Alabama in 1955, to quit whining as conditions were even worse in South Africa, or colonized Kenya, or for that matter for Palestinians in refugee camps? The deployment of anti-Semitism as an accusation to silence criticism of Israel is also a serious setback in genuine struggles against anti-Semitism and other forms of discrimination. It is based on a claim that the State of Israel is the single outcome of the history of the Jewish people, the final end of generations of diasporic existence. It attempts to make the Zionist project of a Jewish nation the only legitimate project for all Jews." They were writing regarding Israel Apartheid Week controversy described 7137:"While much of the definition is unexceptionable, it cites five ways in which antisemitism could be seen to "manifest itself with regard to the state of Israel taking into account the overall context". One of these – "using the symbols and images associated with classic antisemitism... to characterize Israel or Israelis" – is fully justified. The other four are contentious: "Denying the Jewish people their right to self-determination"; "Applying double standards by requiring of a behaviour not expected or demanded of any other democratic nation"; "Drawing comparisons of contemporary Israeli policy to that of the Nazis"; "Holding Jews collectively responsible for actions of the state of Israel". None of these four are self-evidently antisemitic. But all could be used to justify labeling legitimate criticism of Israel as antisemitic. So the authors' approval of them makes their claim that "Drawing attention to the consequent harms in should not be intended, or taken, in any way as an attempt to suppress criticism of Israel and its military practices" both naïve and flimsy." 7348:"Anti-Semitism can be disguised as anti-Zionism, and a Jew can be an anti-Semite. In principle, therefore, exposing an alleged Jewish anti-Semite is legitimate. But if you read the growing literature that does this – in print, on Web sites and in blogs – you find that it exceeds all reason: The attacks are often vitriolic, ad hominem and indiscriminate. Aspersions are cast on the Jewishness of individuals whom the attacker cannot possibly know. The charge of Jewish "self-hatred" – another way of calling someone a Jewish anti-Semite – is used ever more frequently, despite mounting evidence that it's an entirely bogus concept. Anything from strong criticism of Israel's policies, through sympathetic critiques of Zionism, to advocacy of a one-state solution for the Israel-Palestine conflict, is defined as anti-Zionism, when none of these positions are prima facie anti-Zionist. Many attackers endow their targets with the ability to bring disaster and dissolution to the Jewish people, thereby making it a national and religious duty for Jews to wage a war of words against other Jews." 7476:"In defense of her assertion that there is a global "war against the Jews," Chesler wields the ultimate weapon. "In my opinion," she says, "anyone who denies that this is so or who blames the Jews for provoking the attacks is an anti-Semite." Since I deny that there is such a war, this makes me an anti-Semite. But since her argument empties the word of all meaning, I do not feel maligned. In his contribution to A New Antisemitism?, historian Peter Pulzer, faulting the way "the liberal press" sometimes reports the activities of the Israel Defense Forces in the occupied territories, makes a telling point about the misuse of words. He says: "When every civilian death is a war crime, that concept loses its significance. When every expulsion from a village is genocide, we no longer know how to recognize genocide. When Auschwitz is everywhere, it is nowhere." Point taken. But equally, when anti-Semitism is everywhere, it is nowhere. And when every anti-Zionist is an anti-Semite, we no longer know how to recognize the real thing—the concept of anti-Semitism loses its significance." 3809:– in which (at that time) 2,000,000 people were killed and 4,000,000 people displaced – to their treatment of Israel. When NGO Monitor focused on 2001, they found that Amnesty International issued seven reports on Sudan, as opposed to 39 reports on Israel. Between 2000 and 2003, they claimed the imbalance in issued reports to be 52 reports on Sudan and 192 reports on Israel, which they call "lack of balance and objectivity and apparent political bias is entirely inconsistent with AI's official stated mission." They further called attention to the difference in both scale and intensity: "While ignoring the large-scale and systematic bombing and destruction of Sudanese villages, AI issued numerous condemnations of the razing of Palestinian houses, most of which were used as sniper nests or belonged to terrorists. Although failing to decry the slaughter of thousands of civilians by Sudanese government and allied troops, AI managed to criticize Israel's 'assassinations' of active terrorist leaders." 7324:"Yet there is nothing "new" about this or about this alleged anti-Semitism that these mainstream Jewish voices seek to reveal. From the moment I started Tikkun Magazine twenty years ago as "the liberal alternative to Commentary and the voices of Jewish conservatism and spiritual deadness in the organized Jewish community," our magazine has been attacked in much of the organized Jewish community as "self-hating Jews" (though our editorial advisory board contains some of the most creative Jewish theologians, rabbis, Israeli peace activist and committed fighters for social justice). The reason? We believe that Israeli policy toward Palestinians, manifested most dramatically in the Occupation of the West Bank for what will soon be forty years and in the refusal of Israel to take any moral responsibility for its part in the creation of the Arab refugee problem, is immoral, irrational, self-destructive, a violation of the highest values of the Jewish people, and a serious impediment to world peace." 8092:"In an interview in Witness in 2003, Father Prior said: "The God they portray looks to me to be a militaristic and xenophobic genocide who would not be even sufficiently moral to conform to the Fourth Geneva Convention. How, I constantly ask myself, are such people so unconcerned about others being kicked out of their homes, children being shot, people struggling for survival against very oppressive forces of occupation?" Needless to say, he was sometimes accused of being anti-Semitic. But he was careful to distinguish between anti-Zionism and anti-Semitism. He believed that Muslims, Jews and Christians could and should live in equality and harmony. In his last article, published in The Tablet shortly before his death, he warned that the Catholic-Jewish liaison committee's decision to equate antiZionism with anti-Semitism was a grave mistake. He was convinced that Zionism flew in the face of the Hebrew Scriptures." 8049:"Abraham Foxman, the director of the Anti-Defamation League (ADL), said using the dollar sign and the Star of David in sequence echoed the stereotype that Jews were avaricious. Referring to criticism Waters has previously made of Israel for its treatment of the Palestinians, Mr. Foxman said the musician should have 'chosen some other way to convey his political views without playing into and dredging up the worst age-old anti-Semitic stereotype about Jews and their supposed obsession with making money'. … 'If I don't respond people will see the story and will come to believe I'm anti-Semitic, and I'm not. Nothing could be further from the truth.' Waters has spoken against Israeli policies and accused the ADL of painting critics as anti-Semitic. 'It's a screen that they hide behind. I don't think they should be taken seriously on that. You can attack Israeli policy without being anti-Jewish,' he said." 7366:"The equation 'anti-Zionism = anti-Semitism' has thus become the new orthodoxy, and has even earned the seal of approval of the European Union. Its racism and anti-Semitism monitoring center (the Rights Agency) produced a 'working definition' of anti-Semitism, with examples of five ways in which anti-Israel or anti-Zionist rhetoric is anti-Semitic. The 2006 report of the U.K.'s All-Party Parliamentary Inquiry into Anti-Semitism urged the adoption of the EU definition, and the U.S. State Department's 2008 report 'Contemporary Global Anti-Semitism' is also based on it. The redefinition of anti-Semitism has led to a further radical change in confronting the phenomenon. Many Jews are at the forefront of the growing number of anti-Israel or anti-Zionist groups. So, perceived manifestations of the 'new anti-Semitism' increasingly result in Jews attacking other Jews for their alleged anti-Semitic anti-Zionism." 7434:"We are appalled by recent attempts of prominent Jewish organizations and leading Canadian politicians to silence protest against the State of Israel. We are alarmed by the escalation of fear tactics. Charges that those organizing Israel Apartheid Week or supporting an academic boycott of Israel are anti-Semites promoting hatred bring the anti-Communist terror of the 1950s vividly to mind. We believe this serves to deflect attention from Israel's flagrant violations of international humanitarian law…. We recognize that anti-Semitism is a reality in Canada as elsewhere, and we are fully committed to resisting any act of hatred against Jews. At the same time, we condemn false charges of anti-Semitism against student organizations, unions, and other groups and people exercising their democratic right to freedom of speech and association regarding legitimate criticism of the State of Israel." 7552:"When this bubble of repression of dialogue explodes into open resentment at the way Jewish Political correctness has been imposed, it may really yield a "new" anti-Semitism. To prevent that, the voices of dissent on Israeli policy must be given the same national exposure in the media and American politics that the voices of the Jewish establishment have been given.... We hope that the creation of our interfaith Network of Spiritual Progressives (NSP at spiritualprogressives.org) can provide a safe context for this kind of discussion among the many Christians, Muslims, Unitarians, Hindus, Buddhists and secular-but-not-religious people who share some of the criticisms of Israel and who will eventually try to challenge the kind of anti-Semitism that might be released against Jews once the resentment about Jewish Political Correctness on Israel does explode." 7194:"For a more profound explanation of Israeli's emerging opponents, the Zionist lobby blames 'new anti-Semitism'; a term nebulous and versatile enough to fit most any opponent. Arnold Foster and Benjamin Epstein define it as 'callous indifference to Jewish concerns, a failure to understand the most profound apprehension of Jewish people.' A 2007 British government investigation into racism counted 'perceptions of Anti-Semitism' as an example of it. Naturally such vagaries allow for almost indiscriminate accusations. Phyllis Chesler, author of A New Anti-Semitism casts her net wide to include as Israeli's enemies 'western-based international human rights organisations, western anti-capitalist, anti-globalist, pro-environment, anti-war and anti-racist activists, progressive feminists, Jewish feminists and the left and liberal American media'." 7523:"In many parts of the world this is in danger of becoming a self-fulfilling assertion: Israel's reckless behavior and insistent identification of all criticism with anti-Semitism is now the leading source of anti-Jewish sentiment in Western Europe and much of Asia. But the traditional corollary – if anti-Jewish feeling is linked to dislike of Israel then right-thinking people should rush to Israel's defense – no longer applies. Instead, the ironies of the Zionist dream have come full circle: For tens of millions of people in the world today, Israel is indeed the state of all the Jews. And thus, reasonably enough, many observers believe that one way to take the sting out of rising anti-Semitism in the suburbs of Paris or the streets of Jakarta would be for Israel to give the Palestinians back their land." 7914:"Whenever Israel faces a public relations debacle such as the Intifada or international pressure to resolve the Israel-Palestine conflict, American Jewish organizations orchestrate this extravaganza called the 'new anti-Semitism.' The purpose is several-fold. First, it is to discredit any charges by claiming the person is an anti-Semite. It's to turn Jews into the victims, so that the victims are not the Palestinians any longer. As people like Abraham Foxman of the ADL put it, the Jews are being threatened by a new holocaust. It's a role reversal – the Jews are now the victims, not the Palestinians. So it serves the function of discrediting the people leveling the charge. It's no longer Israel that needs to leave the Occupied Territories; it's the Arabs who need to free themselves of the anti-Semitism." 8070:" I've been very deeply distressed in my visit to the Holy Land; it reminded me so much of what happened to us black people in South Africa. I have seen the humiliation of the Palestinians at checkpoints and roadblocks, suffering like us when young white police officers prevented us from moving about. ... But you know as well as I do that, somehow, the Israeli government is placed on a pedestal , and to criticise it is to be immediately dubbed anti-semitic, as if the Palestinians were not semitic. I am not even anti-white, despite the madness of that group. And how did it come about that Israel was collaborating with the apartheid government on security measures? People are scared in this country , to say wrong is wrong because the Jewish lobby is powerful – very powerful." 4202:, its democracy only for the masters. The fact that you allow people to participate in the formal side of democracy, namely to vote or to be elected, is useless and meaningless if you don't give them any share in the common good or in the common resources of the State, or if you discriminate against them despite the fact that you allow them to participate in the elections. On almost every level from official legislation through governmental practices, and social and cultural attitudes, Israel is only a democracy for one group, one ethnic group, that given the space that Israel now controls, is not even a majority group anymore, so I think that you'll find it very hard to use any known definition of democracy which will be applicable for the Israeli case. 7452:"But the most destructive impact of this new Jewish Political Correctness is on American foreign policy debates. We at Tikkun have been involved in trying to create a liberal alternative to AIPAC and the other Israel-can-do-no-wrong voices in American politics. When we talk to Congressional representatives who are liberal or even extremely progressive on every other issue, they tell us privately that they are afraid to speak out about the way Israeli policies are destructive to the best interests of the United States or the best interests of world peace—lest they too be labeled anti-Semitic and anti-Israel. If it can happen to Jimmy Carter, some of them told me recently, a man with impeccable moral credentials, then no one is really politically safe." 8155:"… Mearsheimer and Walt were widely accused of anti-Semitism and responded forcefully that, in their opinion, such accusations were baseless and were being leveled purely in order to suppress legitimate criticism of Israel and its supporters…. thesis includes as a subordinate contention the claim that the Israel lobby uses the accusation of anti-Semitism purely as a tool to suppress criticism of Israel. All talk of a 'new anti-Semitism' is asserted to be part of a deliberate strategy: 'Israel's advocates, when pressed to go beyond mere assertion, claim that there is a new anti-Semitism which they equate with criticism of Israel. In other words, criticise Israeli policy, and you are by definition an anti-semite'." 8141:"Since my son was killed in Iraq and I have come to prominence in the peace movement, the name I am called with the second highest frequency (behind "anti-American") is "anti-Semitic." First of all, isn't it interesting if one is anti-violence and pro-peace, that automatically makes one anti-American and anti-Semitic? That just tells us that violence and oppression are so inherently institutionalized in our cultures, that if one is against these things, that makes one against the entire culture, race or way of life. It should be fundamentally understood that criticism of Israel's program of Palestinian pogrom and the US's demented foreign policy is not to be construed as hatred of all Jews or all Americans." 7220:. Moreover, the Zionist movement arose as a reaction to the persecution of Jews. Since anti-Zionism is the opposite of Zionism, and since Zionism is a form of opposition to anti-Semitism, it seems to follow that an anti-Zionist must be an anti-Semite. Nonetheless, the inference is invalid. To argue that hostility to Israel and hostility to Jews are one and the same thing is to conflate the Jewish state with the Jewish people. In fact, Israel is one thing, Jewry another. Accordingly, anti-Zionism is one thing, anti-Semitism another. They are separate. To say they are separate is not to say that they are never connected. But they are independent variables that can be connected in different ways." 7584:"No one should ever confuse criticism of Israel or of Israeli policies with anti-Semitism. And no one should ever accuse mere critics of Israel with anti-Semitism.If criticism of Israel or Israeli policies constituted anti-Semitism then the highest concentration of anti-Semites would be in Israel, where everybody is a critic… The claim that critics of Israel are branded as anti-Semites is a straw man and a fabrication of Israel's enemies who seek to play the victim card. Yet this big lie persists. Susannah Heschel, a professor of Jewish studies at Dartmouth, has charged, 'We often hear that criticism of Israel is equivalent to anti-Semitism'. Michael Lerner, the editor of 3191:, proposed targeting expatriate Israelis who criticized Israeli policies, posting photos of them and publishing disinformation that would embarrass them. She suggested that criticism of Israel was grounded in psychological reasons, such as sexual identity. Following the publicity about Tinari-Modai's tactics, the Foreign Ministry quickly distanced itself from her letter. Her recommendation included the following: "You have to try and hit their soft underbellies, to publish their photographs, maybe that will cause embarrassment from their friends in Israel and their family, hoping that local activists would understand that they may actually be working on behalf of Mossad." 7464: 7872:"The 'new anti-Semitism' is a spin-off of the Holocaust industry. Whenever Israel comes under international pressure to resolve its conflict with the Palestinians diplomatically or faces a public relations debacle, its apologists mount a campaign alleging that the world is awash in a new anti-Semitism. … the purpose of these periodic extravaganzas is not hard to find: on the one hand, the perpetrators are turned into the victims, putting the spotlight on the alleged suffering of Jews today and diverting it from the real suffering of Palestinians; on the other hand, they discredit all criticism of Israeli policy as motived by an irrational loathing of Jews." 7987:"There have long been efforts to identify anti-Semitism and anti-Zionism in an effort to exploit anti-racist sentiment for political ends; 'one of the chief tasks of any dialogue with the Gentile world is to prove that the distinction between anti-Semitism and anti-Zionism is not a distinction at all,' Israeli diplomat Abba Eban argued, in a typical expression of this intellectually and morally disreputable position (Eban, Congress Bi-Weekly, March 30, 1973). But that no longer suffices. It is now necessary to identify criticism of Israeli policies as anti-Semitism – or in the case of Jews, as 'self-hatred,' so that all possible cases are covered." 6888:" Natan Sharansky … has talked about three ways to determine whether criticism of Israel rises to the level of anti-Semitism. He talks about the three Ds" Demonization, double standards, and delegitimization. Demonization – when Israeli actions are blown so far out of proportion that the account paints Israel as the embodiment of all evil; Double Standards – when Israel is criticized soundly for thing any other government would be viewed as justified in doing, like protecting its citizens from terrorism. Delegitimization: a denial or Israel's right to exist or the right of the Jewish people to live securely in a homeland." 2828:, a British-Pakistani historian and political activist, argues that the concept of new antisemitism amounts to an attempt to subvert the language in the interests of the State of Israel. He writes that the campaign against "the supposed new 'anti-semitism'" in modern Europe is a "cynical ploy on the part of the Israeli Government to seal off the Zionist state from any criticism of its regular and consistent brutality against the Palestinians. ... Criticism of Israel can not and should not be equated with anti-semitism." He argues that most pro-Palestinian, anti-Zionist groups that emerged after the 2991:, was accused of antisemitism for a variety of comments, including remarks criticizing Israel's treatment of Palestinians. In response, Livingstone wrote "For 20 years Israeli governments have attempted to portray anyone who forcefully criticizes the policies of Israel as anti-semitic. The truth is the opposite: the same universal human values that recognize the Holocaust as the greatest racist crime of the 20th century require condemnation of the policies of successive Israeli governments – not on the absurd grounds that they are Nazi or equivalent to the Holocaust, but because 3086:– there was nothing that could be more relevant to this course at that time. When you bring up delicate, sensitive, inflammatory, controversial material in the classroom, we as professors are carrying out our mission to jar students in order to challenge them to think critically about world issues. ... The Israel lobby is possibly the most powerful lobby in the United States, and what they do is label any criticism of anti-Israeli conduct and practices as anti-Semitic" Robinson said. "This campaign is not just an attempt to punish me. The 33: 7292:"The dominant trope of the new 'new anti-Semitism' is that Israel has become the 'Jew among nations'. … In their 1982 study the Perlmuters pointed out the 'transformation … from anti-Semitism against Jews to anti-Semitism the object of which is the Jews' surrogate: Israel'. … The transparent motive behind these assertions is to taint any criticism of Israel as motivated by anti-Semitism and – inverting reality – to turn Israel (and Jews), not Palestinians, in the victim of the 'current siege' (Chesler)." 1549: 6076:: "Prof. Yeshayahu Leibowitz's famous comment at the beginning of the First Lebanon War about "phenomena of Judeo-Nazism" as the inevitable consequences of an "occupation regime," stirred a furor in Israel. There are some things you must not say aloud, or even think to yourself. This was in 1982. The occupation was 15 years old and Leibowitz, in his sharp voice, was shouting what few others were saying here – if they did, it was in a whisper, and never, heaven forbid, in the army itself." 2774: 7155:, moves from exposing the actual anti-Semitism of those who deny Israel's right to exist—and hence deny to the Jewish people the same right to national self-determination that they grant to every other people on the planet—to those who powerfully and consistently attack Israel's policies toward Palestinians, see Israel as racist the way that it treats Israeli-Arabs (or even Sephardic Jews), or who analogize Israel's policies to those of apartheid as instituted by South Africa." 1060: 2720:"I do not subscribe to the myths propagated by enemies of Israel and I am not blaming Jews for anti-Semitism. Anti-Semitism predates the birth of Israel. Neither Israel's policies nor the critics of those policies should be held responsible for anti-Semitism. At the same time, I do believe that attitudes toward Israel are influenced by Israel's policies, and attitudes toward the Jewish community are influenced by the pro-Israel lobby's success in suppressing divergent views." 2092: 3109:, a move some regard as an infringement on Salaita's freedom of speech. During the 2014 conflict between Israel and Gaza, he had published tweets that were seen as criticism of the Israeli government, and Salaita claims that as a result, pro-Israel advocates associated with the university accused him of anti-Semitism and pressured the university to rescind its offer of employment to him. As a result of his outspoken critique of the university's handling of his situation, 2839: 1485: 2965: 2702:." Zunes has been on the receiving end of this criticism himself: "As a result of my opposition to US support for the Israeli government's policies of occupation, colonization and repression, I have been deliberately misquoted, subjected to slander and libel, and falsely accused of being "anti-Semitic" and "supporting terrorism"; my children have been harassed and my university's administration has been bombarded with calls for my dismissal." In an opinion piece for 7387:"Several organisations such as the self-styled NGO Monitor, Israel Resource News Agency, WorldNetDaily and the Near and Middle East Policy Review are promoting the view that the work of Human Rights NGOs working in Israel is, by its very nature, anti-Israel. Their charge is to associate moral and ethical criticism of any activity by Israel or the policies of its Government as being anti-Israel, anti-Semitic and when conducted by Jews, as evidence of self-hatred." 3835: 62: 8818: 2485:, write "Apologists for Israel's repression of Palestinians toss the word 'anti-Semite' at any critic of what Zionism has meant in practice for Palestinians on the receiving end. So some of the essays in this book address the issue of what constitutes genuine anti-Semitism – Jew-hatred – as opposed to disingenuous, specious charges of 'anti-Semitism' hurled at rational appraisals of the state of Israel's political, military, and social conduct." 6597: 3423: 1788:, a group in Israel with support from several EU states, asserted in 2008 that the separate road networks in the West Bank for Israelis and Palestinians, the expansion of Jewish settlements, restriction of the growth of Palestinian towns and discriminatory granting of services, budgets and access to natural resources are "a blatant violation of the principle of equality and in many ways reminiscent of the Apartheid regime in South Africa". 2500:) suggest that criticism of Israel is sometimes inappropriately considered to be antisemitism due to an inclination to perceive Jews as victims. Zipperstein suggests that the common attitude of seeing Jews as victims is sometimes implicitly transferred to the perception of Israel as a victim; while Finkelstein suggests that the depiction of Israel as a victim (as a "Jew among nations") is a deliberate ploy to stifle criticism of Israel. 2120:"In the course of this narrative, I have voiced criticisms of the actions of various governments, notably those of Britain, the United States, France, the Arab countries and Israel... Criticism of the Israeli government does, however, require a particular explanation. A number of people, both Jews and Gentiles, are apt to refer to any criticism of Israeli policy as "offensive anti-Semitism", an accusation implying a definite moral lapse. 3727: 2941: 3136:, a Jordanian of Palestinian heritage, writes that the "tendency to blame Israel for everything" has provided Arab leaders an excuse to ignore the human rights of Palestinians in their countries. As an example, he said that while the world was furious over the blockade on Gaza, the media "chose to deliberately ignore" the conditions of the Palestinians living in refugee camps in Lebanon and other Arab countries. 5454:"Amnesty International calls for an immediate end to the policy and practice of assassinations. For many years the Israeli army and security services have pursued a policy of extrajudicially executing Palestinians, without offering any proof of guilt and no right of defence. The pursuit of this policy has also resulted in the unlawful killing of scores and injury of hundreds of bystanders, including children" 3821: 7851:, which argued that anti-Semitism was on the rise and exemplified by the growing unwillingness of other societies to support Israel's actions. In the early 1980s, when the invasion of Lebanon and Israel's expanding settlements triggered additional criticisms, and when U.S. arms sales to its Arab allies were hotly contested, then ADL head Nathan Perlmutter and his wife, Ruth Ann Perlmutter, released 2223:) characterizes some anti-Zionist ideals as antisemitic, because they amount to singling-out Jews for special treatment, while all other comparable groups of people are entitled to create and maintain a homeland. She contends that anti-Zionism is antisemitic because it is discriminatory: "...antisemitism is involved when the belief is articulated that of all the peoples on the globe (including the 3042: 1459: 2945:. In 2004, Chomsky said "If you identify the country, the people, the culture with the rulers, accept the totalitarian doctrine, then yeah, it's anti-Semitic to criticize the Israeli policy, and anti-American to criticize the American policy, and it was anti-Soviet when the dissidents criticized Russian policy. You have to accept deeply totalitarian assumptions not to laugh at this." However, 2873:" against those they oppose, and that they do so deliberately in order to undermine critics and bolster the nation's image. Finkelstein also asserts that "American Jewish organizations" purposefully increase vocal accusations of anti-Semitism during episodes when Israel is coming under increased criticism (such as the during the Intifada), with the goal of discrediting critics of Israel. 4198:: No, Israel is definitely not a democracy. A country that occupies another people for more than 40 years and disallow them the most elementary civic and human rights cannot be a democracy. A country that pursues a discriminatory policy against a fifth of its Palestinian citizens inside the 67 borders cannot be a democracy. In fact Israel is, what we use to call in political science a 2469: 2052:" lives on in Israel. He said the law is designed to strengthen Israel's identity as the "national home of the Jewish people" which showed that the soul of the Nazi leader had "risen again within some of Israel's officials". He added: "There's no difference between Hitler's obsession with a pure race and the understanding that these ancient lands are just for the Jews." 1142:. There was no choice but to expel that population. It was necessary to cleanse the hinterland and cleanse the border areas and cleanse the main roads. It was necessary to cleanse the villages from which our convoys and our settlements were fired on." He also added in 2008, that "There was no Zionist 'plan' or blanket policy of evicting the Arab population, or of ' 4973: 1210:. The Gaza Strip was also occupied by Israel until its unilateral disengagement. UN Security Council resolution 242, emphasized "the inadmissibility of the acquisition of territory by war," setting the stage for controversy on the legal status of areas captured in 1967, and in 1948. There are two interpretations of international law on this matter: 1375: 2694:," it is his opinion that some members of the Israel lobby cross the line by labeling intellectually honest critics of Israel as anti-Semitic. Zunes argues that the mainstream and conservative Jewish organizations have "created a climate of intimidation against many who speak out for peace and human rights or who support the 2205:, who argues this response is disingenuous, dismissing it as "the ubiquitous rubric 'criticism of Israel.'" He states that "vigorous discussion of Israeli policy and actions is not in question," but rather statements that go well beyond legitimate criticism "and call into question Israel's right to continued existence." 1481: 1577:", an allegation the IDF denied, saying that it never forced people into carrying out the Neighbor Procedure; and that Palestinians "volunteered" to prevent excess loss of life. Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch are among the groups who made the "human shield" comparison. The Israeli group 1480: 1045: 3667: 3199: 2838: 2689: 2670: 2602: 2091: 1522: 8817: 2940: 2751: 2350: 2083: 1526: 1458: 7846: 7335: 6932: 3244: 2312:) prepared a report in 2003 that distinguished criticism of Israel from antisemitism by testing whether "Israel is seen as being a representative of 'the Jew'": if the speaker is considering Israel as a representative of Jews in general, then antisemitism is deemed to be underlying the criticism. 2078: 1619: 7463: 6596: 4972: 1830: 3698: 3019: 1681: 1539: 1484: 1330: 7271: 2354: 2284: 1643: 3635: 2385: 1733: 1374: 7537: 7151:"The New York Times reported on January 31 about the most recent attempt by the American Jewish community to conflate intense criticism of Israel with anti-Semitism. In a neat little example of slippery slope, the report on 'Progressive Jewish Thought and the New Anti-Semitism,' written by 3578: 3062: 2468: 1227: 2590: 1231: 3798:, has attacked Amnesty International's perceived bias against Israel, claiming that AI absolves Palestinian men of responsibility for domestic violence and places the blame on Israel instead and that it illegitimately characterises legal acts of Israeli self-defence as war-crimes. 3081: 3002: 4234: 4038: 2616: 1029: 4936:"The dream of a Jewish and democratic state cannot be fulfilled with permanent occupation," Obama has said. Netanyahu and many of his supporters believe otherwise; too often, they consider the tenets of liberal democracy to be negotiable in a game of coalition politics. 2746: 1834: 3230: 2854: 1013: 7336: 3113: 7600: 2448: 3690:, November 2014, that the UN is illogical and tends to lack of sense of justice when it comes to the case of Israel. He claimed that the UN's focus was solely on Israel, ignoring the thousands murdered and expelled in the Middle East under the tyranny of 3553: 6625: 2400: 1638: 4000: 2227:), only the Jews should not have the right to self-determination in a land of their own. Hannah Rosenthal of the United States State Department said UN double standards against Israel constitute "profound anti-semitism". However, commentators such as 2517: 1492: 2201:, claim that supporters of Israel sometimes equate criticism of Israel with antisemitism in a deliberate attempt to prevent legitimate criticism of Israel and discredit critics. However, this view has been contested by Israel supporters such as 1572: 1527: 2974: 2543: 1742: 3668: 4906: 3675: 2455:, a Palestinian advocacy group, is critical of what it characterizes as a modern trend to expand the definition of the term "antisemitic", and states that the new definitions are overly vague and allow for "indiscriminate accusations". 1281: 2563: 4328: 2529:, asserts that the equation of criticism of Israel with antisemitism has resulted in conflict within the Jewish community, and that, in particular, proponents of the equation sometimes attack Jewish critics of Israeli policies as " 942: 7538: 2329: 2034:, said: "I think it's fair to compare Israel to Germany in the 1930s, and not to the years of genocide... we have moved into a completely different phase in the history of this country. We are now the Germany of the 1930s." 1966: 3161: 2016:, and compared Israel to Nazi Germany, adding: "I am not talking about the death camps, but about the year 1935. There were no camps yet but there were racist laws. And we are heading forward towards these kinds of laws." 2928: 5539: 3063: 1686:, an investigator with the U.N. Human Rights Council, said that Israel's expansion of East Jerusalem settlements and evictions of Palestinian residents can "only be described in its cumulative impact as a form of 2960: 7509:"a McCarthyite tendency to see anti-Semites under every bed, arguably contributes to the climate of hostility toward Jews. The result is to make matters worse for the very people these authors mean to defend." 3534: 5303: 1115:, when "over 400 Palestinian villages were deliberately destroyed, civilians were massacred, and around a million men, women, and children were expelled from their homes at gunpoint" is best described as 3174: 2216: 4078: 1603: 1585:, in April 2002, the IDF systematically used Palestinian civilians as human shields, forcing them to carry out military actions which threatened their lives". The Neighbor Procedure was outlawed by the 1324: 2084: 7926: 5757:: "Faced with widely drawn international parallels between the West Bank and the Bantustans of apartheid South Africa, senior figures in Mr Netanyahu's Likud party have begun to admit the danger." 3034:, has frequently criticized Israel's policies, and has been labelled antisemitic. In response, she said during a speech in Parliament: "I'm beginning to understand ... the vindictive actions the 1130:, he responded "There are circumstances in history that justify ethnic cleansing. I know that this term is completely negative in the discourse of the 21st century, but when the choice is between 9268: 8800: 2793: 2461: 2437:. They provide a variety of reasons for their objections, including stifling free expression, promoting antisemitism, diluting genuine antisemitism, and alienating Jews from Judaism or Israel. 9541: 3234: 2533:". Lerner also claims that the equation of criticism of Israel with antisemitism and the resulting charges of "self hating Jew" has resulted in the alienation of young Jews from their faith. 8290: 6527: 6465: 2659:) and instead attack the people who raise such criticisms, thus deliberately "shifting the discourse to the legitimacy of the messenger and thus avoiding the substance of the criticisms". 2392: 2277: 1262:, the rejection of UN forces in the Sinai desert, and the redeployment of Egyptian forces. Jordan and Syria entered the war in spite of Israeli efforts to keep these frontiers peaceful. 5287: 4949: 4301: 2351: 8589: 5261: 2981: 2797: 3038: 1746: 6387: 3238:. Roberts asserts that lobbyists for Israel are pressing for laws that will make it a crime to discuss the power of the Israel lobby, or to discuss alleged war crimes of Israel. 1409:, is illegal. Israel disputes the notion that the West Bank and in particular East Jerusalem are occupied under international law, though this view is dismissed internationally. 9509: 4276: 2576: 5708: 3235: 2382: 2712: 9335: 9232: 2372: 8433: 8135: 1842: 880: 2070: 8665: 8569:"Palestinian Civil Society Calls for Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions against Israel Until it Complies with International Law and Universal Principles of Human Rights" 6637: 4055: 2813:, wrote an open letter to the university president which claimed that accusations of anti-Semitism are sometimes made with the goal of "silencing" criticism of Israel. 1883:, Israeli public intellectual, scientist, and Orthodox Jew, warned in 1982 that if the occupation continued, Israel would be in danger of succumbing to "Judeo-Nazism". 1781: 9600: 3054:, American politician and consumer advocate, has criticized Israel's policies, expressed support for Palestinian causes, and criticized the excessive influence of the 2386:"Drawing attention to the consequent harms in should not be intended, or taken, in any way as an attempt to suppress criticism of Israel and its military practices." 2038: 4383: 2100:-era South Africa were "inherently antisemitic", and that "Such comparisons are only anti-Semitic if they show prejudice, hostility or hatred against Jews as Jews." 1285: 8860: 7297: 2738:." Foxman writes that the Jewish community is capable of telling the difference between legitimate criticism of Israel "and the demonization, delegitimization, and 3154: 7930: 6302:"Jean Ziegler, the UN special rapporteur on the Right of Food, for example, called the Gaza Strip 'an immense concentration camp' and compared Israelis to Nazis." 3381: 2638: 1807: 6968: 3617:, the United Nations has a history of negative focus on Israel that is disproportional in respect to other members, including the actions and statements of the 6440: 5502: 3878: 1343: 4607: 8887: 2292:, who claimed that efforts to deny "the equal rights of the Jewish people its lawful sovereignty within the community of nations" constituted antisemitism. 9519: 9462: 3180: 2509: 2143: 9257: 2644: 3943: 2340: 2301: 1159: 311: 17: 8804: 2166: 9481: 7822: 3903: 2071: 1006: 2680: 9553: 9108: 4730: 2613: 1523: 915: 6772: 6571: 7426: 3908: 3868: 6472: 5787: 3128: 2685: 2240: 1127: 8043: 3923: 2138: 9432:"Should we ban 'Nazi analogies'? Using Nazi analogies to criticise Israel or Zionism may be offensive, but should it be against the law?", in 8287: 7235: 5152: 4341: 4016: 2766: 8014: 6922: 4956: 3858: 1146:'. Plan Dalet (Plan D), of 10 March 1948 ... was the master plan ... to counter the expected pan-Arab assault on the emergent Jewish state". 484: 7727: 6948: 6318: 2334: 1879:, the Soviet Union compared Israeli tactics to those of Nazi Germany. A similar comparison was made by the Israeli Arab author Nimer Nimer. 2232: 2209: 670: 8357: 7212: 6031: 5265: 2628: 1430: 1405: 9605: 9339: 9236: 8332: 5452: 4985: 3918: 3873: 3205: 2005:, were criticised by pro-Israel commentators for making comparisons between policies of the Israeli government and those of Nazi Germany. 1851: 1735: 444: 219: 9073: 8636: 3208: 2270: 834: 7167: 6497: 5856: 5677: 3913: 896: 7704: 6638: 4280: 3382: 2573: 1392: 1327: 869: 801: 717: 6658: 5704: 4769: 4563: 4376: 2274: 1758: 7446: 6545: 6415: 4250: 4132: 3021: 8692: 8307: 5634: 1489: 8425: 8097: 7011: 5204: 5130: 3524:, while allowing it to monopolize attention at the expense of other situations where violations are no less grave or even worse. 3513: 2325: 5071: 4743:"Israel/Occupied Palestinian Territories: The conflict in Gaza: A briefing on applicable law, investigations and accountability" 3487: 1785: 1508: 1316: 888: 8669: 8247: 5003: 1126: 8498: 6618: 6256: 6226: 6015: 5973: 5550: 4531: 4062: 3883: 3245: 993: 857: 300: 8231: 8131: 7700: 6331: 6209: 5882: 5432: 4837: 7964: 6210:"The McCarthyism That Horowitz Built: The Cases of Margo Ramlal Nankoe, William Robinson, Nagesh Rao and Loretta Capeheart" 5730: 3744: 3503: 3216: 3171: 1938: 1608: 7796: 5574: 2023: 1941: 8864: 8205: 5054:"Statement by EU High Representative Catherine Ashton on demolition and settlements in East Jerusalem (January 10, 2011)" 3953: 3618: 3153:, an American lawyer, claimed that the United Nations position was hypocritical, writing that the UN never condemned the 2125: 1698: 830: 390: 224: 9043: 6944:"Manifestations of Antisemitism in the EU 2002–2003", European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia (EUMC), 2003, 6517: 5366: 5035: 1589: 9014: 8605: 8409: 7895: 4873: 4787: 4691: 4512: 3716: 3483: 3035: 2280: 1869: 522: 473: 7034: 5053: 4014: 2539: 1886: 1472: 1119:. However, Pappe's work has been subject to significant criticism and allegations of fabrication by other historians. 9615: 9278: 9168: 6254: 6199: 6170: 5106: 4706: 4487: 4024: 3766: 3465: 3359: 3284: 3266: 3098: 3087: 3078: 3055: 1107: 8474: 8102: 7753: 6444: 1519: 6744: 3367: 3296: 1609: 613: 257: 9437: 5907: 4890: 4667: 4092: 2655: 9610: 9595: 8454: 6975: 6227: 3604: 3600: 3432: 3406: 3327: 3101: 327: 8276: 7826: 5930: 2337: 2243: 1791: 9304: 3748: 3347: 2552: 2540: 2031: 1806: 1581: 1402: 818: 517: 295: 262: 7743: 7626: 6819: 5190: 4626: 2869: 2742: 2363: 1194: 9158: 8536: 8081:*"Father Michael Prior: Roman Catholic priest and scholar who campaigned for the rights of Palestinians", in 7489: 7213: 3948: 3898: 3622: 3608: 3320: 2761: 2608: 2481: 2113: 1888: 1819: 1621: 1239: 1207: 935: 794: 468: 290: 242: 9567: 9424: 9360: 8717: 5754: 5176: 2185:, for instance, suggest that equating criticism of Israel with antisemitism is inappropriate or inaccurate. 9371: 3566: 3394: 2632: 2063: 1244: 1191: 1155: 916: 912: 838: 775: 316: 9386:(March 2005). "Is Europe a lost cause? The European debate on antisemitism and the Middle East conflict". 5620: 1978: 1540: 3343: 3258: 3073:, was accused of being antisemitic due to a class assignment that revolved around Israel's attack on the 2817: 2066:, spent the final years of his life comparing Israel's treatment of Palestinians to the Nazis in Germany. 1739: 1616: 1401: 1026: 997: 900: 581: 566: 489: 458: 8086: 7773: 4183: 3373: 9486: 9074:"Asleep at the Wheel: Comparing the Performance of Human Rights NGO's on Sudan and Arab-Israeli Issues" 7232: 5379: 5304:"Veteran Israeli diplomat: Netanyahu and Lieberman harming Israel's stance in international community." 3958: 2978: 2402: 1598: 1582: 1433: 951: 892: 884: 571: 176: 9044:"Amnesty International's Biased Definition of War Crimes: Whatever Israel Does to Defend Its Citizens" 6933: 5604: 2555:(NGOs) that operate within Israel to promote civil rights. He said that several organisations such as 1945: 9513: 7643: 7400: 6708: 6073: 3806: 3521: 3292: 3262: 3201: 2917: 2309: 1633: 1072: 865: 322: 278: 273: 252: 8065: 6899: 6869: 6388:"'Spirit of Hitler' has emerged in Israel after new nation state law, says Turkey president Erdogan" 6194: 4110: 1412: 7752: 5768: 5148: 4582: 4349: 4051: 3783: 2267: 2253: 1865: 1653: 1434: 1396: 1321: 1081: 787: 406: 91: 41: 8964: 8117: 6920: 5244:"Israeli Arabs More Likely to Be Convicted for Crimes Than Their Jewish Counterparts, Study Shows" 9209: 9123: 8942: 8747: 7724: 6945: 6662: 6273: 5464: 3737: 3398: 2716: 2088: 1710: 1640: 1586: 1455: 1340: 987: 983: 957:, which has led some to debate over the point at which criticism of Israel crosses the line into 876: 675: 505: 427: 9254: 8989: 5320:"Israel and the Occupied Territories Shielded from scrutiny: IDF violations in Jenin and Nablus" 4694: 3805:, a pro-Israel organization, released a study comparing Amnesty International's response to the 3142: 2045: 9477: 9442: 8768: 8644: 8365: 7208:"There is a long and ignoble history of "Zionist" being used as a code word for "Jew," as when 5813: 4543: 3933: 3648: 3436: 3059: 2957: 2881: 2835: 2734: 2652: 2641: 2587: 2519: 2445: 2414: 2359: 2316: 1979: 1975: 1460: 1446: 861: 696: 642: 4989: 2154:, many criticisms of Israel are veiled attacks on Jews and hence are essentially antisemitic. 9388: 9077: 8160: 7036: 6608: 5995: 5222: 4746: 4612: 3893: 3863: 3779: 2806: 2577: 1714: 1477: 1301: 1077: 954: 950: 712: 576: 543: 512: 385: 8913: 7171: 6648: 3090: 9288: 5838: 4920: 4199: 3888: 3686:, Israel's representative to the United Nations, claimed in General Assembly debate on the 3652: 3517: 3479: 3378: 3200: 2059: 2013: 1960: 1911:(a term describing events generally thought of as taking place from 2000 to 2005) include: 1706: 979: 920: 904: 535: 361: 9376: 8308:"'I am no anti-Semite' says Steven Salaita, lecturer-cum celeb who was fired for tweeting" 8177: 6313: 5658: 5451: 5319: 4742: 3447: 3342:; a consumer boycott of Israeli products or businesses that operate in Israel; a proposed 919: 8: 9256:, Beate Winkler, European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia (EUMC), May 2006, 8459: 6512: 4766: 4546: 4373: 3649: 3402: 3184: 3176: 3066: 2810: 2497: 2465: 2220: 2198: 2042: 1971: 1894: 1880: 1762: 1730: 1516: 1419: 1309: 872: 853: 432: 411: 395: 229: 211: 206: 96: 86: 71: 9446: 9332: 9229: 8584: 6683: 5347: 2377: 9574: 9537: 9505: 9452: 9405: 9264: 9154: 7696: 7681: 7494: 7152: 7053: 6359: 5682: 5641: 5437: 5339: 5191:"Israel's release of Palestinian political prisoners could boost peace prospects – Ban" 3848: 3695: 3687: 3254: 3223: 2866: 2788: 2777: 2743: 2726: 2699: 2695: 2493: 2472: 2464: 2410: 2236: 2202: 2194: 2190: 2159: 2147: 1900: 1803: 1548: 1451: 1388: 1376: 1228: 1112: 1007: 817: 733: 686: 351: 185: 9182: 7015: 4154: 3279: 2169: 9409: 9300: 9274: 9164: 8405: 7420: 7057: 6614: 6491: 6231: 6011: 5969: 5507: 5102: 4869: 4560: 4508: 4483: 4476: 4424: 4416: 4020: 3491: 3351: 2523: 2476: 2452: 1919: 1776: 1553: 1454:(HRW) has said Israel operates a "two-tier" judicial system in areas of the occupied 1359: 1297: 822: 647: 597: 556: 165: 107: 7962: 7944: 6195:"Head of Anti-Defamation League Urged Santa Barbara to Act Against Critic of Israel" 5606: 5262:"Israel's rights groups condemn 'Jews only' businesses (The National, Aug 10, 2011)" 3707:, where Palestinians are being persecuted and systematically discriminated against. 32: 9397: 9292: 9214: 8718:"A Former AP Correspondent Explains How and Why His Colleagues Get Israel So Wrong" 8399: 8251: 7945:"Summers Says British Boycott of Israeli Academics Is Intentionally 'Anti-Semitic'" 7757: 7593: 7209: 7077: 7045: 6846: 6237: 6003: 5961: 5931:"The Gaza War of 2009: Applying International Humanitarian Law to Israel and Hamas" 5531: 5096: 5010: 4809: 3938: 3928: 3677: 3531: 3204: 3012: 2992: 2924:, president of Harvard, called efforts by Matory and others to divest from Israel " 2913: 2886: 2870: 2863:, and following exposure of "brutal behavior in the Occupied Territories" in 2002. 2860: 2847: 2821: 2739: 2395: 2263: 2186: 2109: 1987: 1687: 1502: 1259: 1143: 1139: 1131: 1116: 962: 743: 8778: 8502: 8000: 6904: 6874: 6251: 5557: 5413: 2246: 9204: 9194: 9133: 9113: 9039: 9010: 8609: 8294: 8235: 8228: 7968: 7800: 7731: 7720: 7630: 7597: 7239: 7185: 6952: 6926: 6773:"Israeli Criticism of Zionism and the Treatment of Palestinians: The Politicians" 6722: 6572:"Expelled activist tells JVL meeting that 'witchhunt' is plot to 'topple' Corbyn" 6392: 6260: 6219: 5908:"Israel, the Peace Process, and Nuclear Terrorism: A Jurisprudential Perspective" 5731:"Barak warns of 'fascism' in Israel's government; Livni sees an 'ethical crisis'" 4773: 4568: 4380: 4218: 3983: 3840: 3791: 3571: 3495: 3407: 3355: 3150: 3058: 2988: 2984: 2942: 2898: 2748: 2667: 2548: 2530: 2430: 2259: 2228: 2206: 2163: 2139: 2080: 2009: 1908: 1729: 1701:, cites the Judaization of Jerusalem among many examples of Israeli policies "of 1203: 908: 852: 767: 738: 728: 707: 691: 618: 9177: 7398: 5036:"Biden's rebuke on new housing comes as Israel seeks to reaffirm U.S. relations" 3443: 9313: 8333:"University of Illinois OKs $ 875,000 settlement to end Steven Salaita dispute" 7793: 7677: 7399: 6793: 5522: 5414:"Chemical and Biological Weapons Status at a Glance – Arms Control Association" 5288:"Merkel chides Netanyahu for failing to make 'a single step to advance peace'." 3987: 3826: 3538: 3527: 3188: 3094: 3031: 2832: 2731: 2620: 2305: 1994: 1963: 1942: 1836: 1792: 1678: 1406: 1367: 1313: 1305: 1266: 1042: 1031: 931: 172: 128: 78: 9401: 8938: 8834: 8743: 8192: 7089: 7049: 6360:"Justice Minister Shaked Is 'Neo-Nazi Scum,' Says Hebrew University Professor" 5755: 5535: 4950:"Between colonialism and ethnocracy: 'Creeping apartheid' in Israel/Palestine" 4767:"Human Rights Council Special Session on the Occupied Palestinian Territories" 9589: 9495: 9429: 9416: 9242: 7619: 7217: 6277: 6057: 6046: 6007: 5965: 4645: 4411: 4319: 3691: 3657: 3614: 3374: 3241: 3227: 2999: 2921: 2890: 2773: 2691: 2686: 2560: 2536: 2514: 2418: 2389: 2356: 1983: 1931: 1825: 1796: 1726: 1612: 1557: 1536: 1512: 1363: 1317: 1293: 1292: 1288: 1199: 1038: 762: 530: 374: 369: 195: 37: 8835:"The Struggle against Anti-Israel Bias at the UN Commission on Human Rights" 8602: 8223:, "A Letter to Abraham Foxman: Criticizing Israel is Not Anti-Semitism", in 7899: 6883:, volume 150, part 14, September 15, 2004 to September 28, 2004, page 18505: 6528:"Howard Jacobson: Let's see the 'criticism' of Israel for what it really is" 6136: 5208: 4451: 4195: 4093:"David Cameron: Israeli blockade has turned Gaza Strip into a 'prison camp'" 3694:, and that the Arab–Israeli conflict was never about the establishment of a 3097:, an American expert on comparative literature and post-colonialism, became 2217: 1839: 1355: 9143: 8618: 8613: 7684: 7589: 6336: 6214: 5953: 5788:"Civil rights group claim Israeli occupation is "reminiscent of apartheid"" 5621:"Racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and all forms of discrimination" 5582: 5367: 4842: 4810:"Try West Bank Settlers in Israeli Military Court – Just Like Palestinians" 4527: 4435: 4427: 4403: 4395: 3853: 3628: 3580: 3390: 3386: 3363: 3335: 3288: 3217: 3133: 3106: 3016: 2968: 2953: 2933: 2925: 2906: 2902: 2851: 2713: 2709: 2704: 2434: 2406: 2320: 2224: 2182: 2178: 2093: 2049: 2020: 2002: 1998: 1857: 1683: 1574: 1561: 1427: 1351: 1123: 1003: 958: 833: 660: 623: 602: 8499:"Tel Aviv University, Israel Democracy Institute, Peace Index August 2010" 3412: 2956: 2876: 2079: 1738: 1059: 1046: 9103: 8220: 6916: 6575: 6549: 6117:, May 24, 2002, cited in Bruckner p.71; also discussed in Soyinka, Wole, 6098: 5488: 5396: 5362: 4479: 4443: 4419: 4342:"Eroding Israel's Legitimacy in the International Arena – Reut Institute" 3802: 3787: 3672: 3645: 3499: 3324: 3139: 3051: 3045: 3027: 2964: 2946: 2894: 2882: 2856: 2829: 2798: 2767: 2681: 2629: 2556: 2426: 2422: 2346: 2174: 2170: 2151: 2126: 2075: 2027: 1953: 1916: 1876: 1759: 1702: 1694: 1578: 1415: 1344: 1255: 1236: 1224: 1220: 1187: 346: 9270: 8801:"Elections for U.N. Human Rights Council Underscore the Need for Reform" 7659: 3834: 3562:(United Nations Relief and Works Agency), and flyers distributed by the 2794: 2782: 2343: 926: 9383: 9366: 7957: 7012:"A Commentary on the All-Party Parliamentary Inquiry into Antisemitism" 6740: 6332:"Former Pink Floyd frontman sparks fury by comparing Israelis to Nazis" 6282: 4471: 4369: 3751: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3683: 3509: 3331: 3083: 3074: 2802: 2625: 2599: 2458: 2212: 2055: 1920: 1861: 1755: 1371: 1240: 1165: 1149: 1102: 1034: 1025: 1015: 939: 846: 9138: 6963: 6961: 6171:"MP Kaufman likens Israelis to Nazis | Jewish Telegraphic Agency" 6121:, Random House, Inc., 2005, p.109, Rosenbaum, pp.18–19, Berman, Paul, 5857:"Abusive Israeli Policies Constitute Crimes of Apartheid, Persecution" 4133:"Israeli Counter-Terrorism: Targeted Killings under International Law" 2662: 2295: 2074: 1243: 9352: 7789: 7401:"Jewish Canadians Concerned about Suppression of Criticism of Israel" 7310: 6062: 6032:"London protesters compare Gaza to Auschwitz outside Israeli Embassy" 4838:"The Israeli documentary putting military rule in Palestine on trial" 3790: 3563: 3550: 3304: 3300: 2937: 2825: 2656: 2635: 2581: 2289: 2155: 2097: 1667: 1195: 842: 139: 8888:"Israel joins UN list of states limiting human rights organizations" 6441:"Working Definition of Antisemitism. European Forum on Antisemitism" 5243: 5131:"EU, U.S. State Department Condemn 'Vicious' West Bank Arson Attack" 4646:"Survival of the Fittest (an interview with Historian Benny Morris)" 4305: 3726: 3220: 9347: 8386: 7633:, Foreign Policy in Focus, May 16, 2006. Retrieved August 27, 2006. 7623: 6958: 5383: 5348: 3632: 3596: 3592: 3276: 2755: 2496: 1986:. Scholars for Peace in the Middle East supported Robinson, citing 1949: 1935: 1135: 927: 144: 123: 9325: 8693:"Best of the Web Today: 'The Most Important Story on Earth' – WSJ" 8018: 2647: 1927:) policy of gaining land and materials for the benefit of Germans. 1666: 8196: 8001:"On the State of the Nation, Iraq and the Election, Noam Chomsky" 6749: 6364: 4814: 3704: 3641: 3637: 3312: 3308: 3272: 3110: 3006: 2594: 1019: 586: 422: 112: 8939:"Amb. Prosor addresses UNGA debate on the Question of Palestine" 2949: 2396: 9106:, "Human Rights, Anti-Semitism, and The Wallenberg Legacy", in 8568: 6103: 4776: 4448: 4245: 4243: 4177: 4175: 3661: 3567: 3339: 3280: 2247: 1663: 1496: 1179: 1171: 826: 665: 190: 61: 51: 9187: 8271: 6974:. European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights. Archived from 6709:"US anti-Semitism envoy slams UN 'double standards' on Israel" 5912: 3807: 1856: 965:" refers to criticisms deemed to have crossed this threshold. 9336: 9233: 6119: 6000: 5958: 5149:"'EU worried 'Boycott Bill' will affect Israeli free speech'" 3700: 3653: 3559: 3158: 3041: 2373: 1948: 1183: 1175: 944: 149: 9148: 8404:(Paperback ed.). Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons. 7072: 7014:. Faculty For Israeli-Palestinian Peace – UK. Archived from 6797: 6546:"Jewish Voice for Labour offer new anti-Semitism definition" 6159: 5635:"THE PALESTINIAN RIGHT OF RETURN (ADC issue paper 30, 2001)" 5575:"Inter Press Service – News and Views from the Global South" 5503:"Israeli soldier faces jail for passing secrets to reporter" 4240: 4172: 3671: 2621: 1592: 1206: 7404: 7379: 4866: 4302:"Want to Delegitimize Israel? Be Careful Who You Mess With" 4113:. Center for Arms Control and Non-Proliferation. 2020-03-31 3385:. A notable campaign was initiated in 2002 and endorsed by 3102: 3070: 2842: 2735: 2366: 1605: 9110:, Irwin Cotler (Editor), McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP, 1995 8531: 8475:"Israel's Ireland embassy: Hitler would have liked the UN" 8426:"Israeli envoy: activists have 'sexual identity problems'" 8038:*Smith, Lewis, "Anti-Semitic? Not me, says Roger Waters", 7312:, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press 1986, pp. 361. 6881: 6610: 5705:"Ex-PM says current Israeli govt needs to be brought down" 4155:"A look at Israel's targeted killings of militant leaders" 1860:, directly or by allusion. Examples include: equating the 1670: 1490: 1037:, this Israeli agreement was made under pressure from the 8455:"Israel's Irish embassy: UN would have made Hitler happy" 8288: 8118:"The Guardian, "This is about Israel, not anti-semitism"" 5678:"This Week in History: Jewish right to aliya becomes law" 5408: 5406: 3546: 3316: 3283:. Such campaigns are employed by those who challenge the 2379: 1671: 9500: 6786: 4050: 3405: 1269: 7716: 7714: 6919:, "Chomsky, antisemitism and intellectual standards", 6513: 4400: 4212: 4210: 3555: 3413: 2877: 2547: 2360: 2103: 2030:, Dr. Ofer Cassif, a political science lecturer at the 1339: 9510:'Progressive' Jewish Thought and the New Anti-Semitism 8634: 6416:"Hajo Meyer profile: Physicist who survived Auschwitz" 5403: 4440: 3879: 3319: 3248: 3211: 9449:, posted February 5, 2007, accessed February 6, 2007. 9375:, posted January 15, 2004 (February 2, 2004 issue), 7380:"The New Israel Fund says It's Time to Nail the Lies" 6330: 5960:, New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, pp. 201–205, 1682:"null and void" and having "no validity whatsoever". 1535: 1022: 899:. Other criticized long-standing issues include: the 9015:"The Newest Abuse Excuse for Violence Against Women" 7711: 7673: 7671: 7615: 7613: 7611: 7609: 7080:(Ed.), Greenwood Publishing Group, 2009, pp 114–115 6684:"Emanuele Ottolenghi: Anti-Zionism is anti-semitism" 6443:. European-forum-on-antisemitism.org. Archived from 5602: 4955:. Ben-Gurion University of the Negev. Archived from 4269: 4207: 3816: 3338:. These boycotts comprise economic measures such as 2510: 1473: 1150: 9118: 6764: 5883:"Israel accused of apartheid by Human Rights Watch" 5830: 3206: 2820:also claims that some proponents of the concept of 2663: 2302: 2296: 1347:whereas Palestinians are governed by military law. 1247:and other relevant treaties, in their view a clear 8580: 8578: 8324: 8015:"Chomsky, antisemitism and intellectual standards" 6811: 6770: 6358:Lis, Jonathan; Pulwer, Sharon (28 December 2015). 4609:Israeli Historical Revisionism: From Left to Right 4277:"UN Resolutions between 2003 and today by country" 4091:Watt, Nicholas; Sherwood, Harriet (27 July 2010). 3794:, an American legal scholar and columnist for the 2603:concept of anti-Semitism loses its significance." 2072:All-Party Parliamentary Group against Antisemitism 1627: 1300:has not been recognised by any other country. The 1049: 7668: 7606: 7272:recently themselves "the quintessential victims." 6817: 4432:Fabricating Israeli History: The "New Historians" 2824:conflate criticism of Israel with anti-Semitism. 1507:Organizations such as Amnesty International, the 913:prolonged occupation of territories gained in war 9587: 8596: 7487:Handleman, Scott, "Trivializing Jew-Hatred," in 7233:"Antisemitism, anti-Israelism, anti-Americanism" 5098:Hollow Land: Israel's Architecture of Occupation 4857: 4731:s:United Nations Security Council Resolution 478 3909:Israeli criticism of the occupation of Palestine 3360:Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions (BDS) campaign 3330:Similar boycotts have been proposed outside the 3145: 2756:Criticism stifled by accusations of antisemitism 1845: 1424:Hollow Land: Israel's Architecture of Occupation 1418:called the policy as "one of the only remaining 9569:Contemporary Antisemitism: Canada and the World 9287: 8666:"Kofi Annan Criticizes UN's Anti-Israel Record" 8575: 8358:"Demonizing Israel is bad for the Palestinians" 8060:* Tutu, Desmond, "Apartheid in the Holy Land," 7794:"Notes on Anti-Semitism, Zionism and Palestine" 7592:. More recently, a vocal professor at Harvard, 6798:"Singling out Israel – the arguments revisited" 5659:"Left-Wing US Jews Call 'Law of Return' Racist" 5358: 5356: 3944:Refugee camp airstrikes in the Israel–Hamas war 2648:Attacking the messenger rather than the message 2503: 2251: 1930:In 2002, Portuguese Nobel Prize-winning author 1160:International law and the Arab–Israeli conflict 1128:1948 Palestinian expulsion from Lydda and Ramle 8798: 8630: 8628: 8206:"Board attacks Tonge's Israel lobby criticism" 8193:"Video of Speech by Jenny Tonge in Parliament" 7377: 7216:(Zionist Occupied Government) to refer to the 6838: 6792: 5215: 5171: 5169: 4386:, 1 December 2003 (retrieved 17 February 2009) 3924:Killing of journalists in the Israel-Hamas war 3904:Israel–Hamas war protests in the United States 3007:Critics that suggest censorship or suppression 2595:Draws attention away from genuine antisemitism 2551:in the UK, published an open letter defending 1831:effect of Israeli policies in the Gaza Strip. 1002:Palestinian refugees are defined by the UN as 9601:Reactions to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict 8828: 8826: 8690: 8300: 6844: 6329: 6323: 6207: 6192: 6087:Israel, the Middle East, and the Great Powers 5433:"Israeli Sees Chemical Option Against Iraqis" 4779: 4704: 3307:or even oppose Israel's right to exist. Arab 2488: 1795:, who served as Minister for Education under 1734:discriminate against Palestinian Arabs". The 1620:same merchandise". Israel has not signed the 1422:occupations in the world today". In his book 1138:– the annihilation of your people – I prefer 938:including European churches, and mass media. 795: 9571:, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2005 9067: 9065: 8668:. UN Watch. 12 December 2006. Archived from 8658: 8491: 7937: 7624:The Israel Lobby: How Powerful is it Really? 7425:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 7168:"Anti Anti Semitism With Norman Finkelstein" 6606: 6564: 6538: 6379: 5952:Pappe, Ilan (2010), Cook, William A. (ed.), 5880: 5521: 5353: 5122: 4829: 4130: 4090: 3869:Children in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict 3545:, argues that many seemingly "human rights" 2375:(EISCA) published a report in 2009 entitled 1497:Treatment of ethnic and religious minorities 1334: 829:has faced international criticism since its 9490:Speaking the Truth about Zionism and Israel 9355:, "The Country That Wouldn't Grow Up", int 9263: 8625: 8203: 8115: 7998: 7820: 7682:"The deadliest lies: the Israel lobby ...." 6733: 6600: 6002:. Palgrave Macmillan US. pp. 201–205. 5491:. 1 August 2001 – via news.bbc.co.uk. 5166: 5129:Ravid, Barak; Khoury, Jack (31 July 2015). 5128: 4760: 4735: 4648:. Haaretz, Magazine Section, 9 January 2004 4554: 4408:1948 and after; Israel and the Palestinians 3919:Israeli torture in the occupied territories 3299:, oppose Israeli territorial claims in the 3287:, Israel's policies or actions towards the 3129:Media coverage of the Arab–Israeli conflict 2674: 2440: 2288:Delegitimization was a factor addressed by 1866:concentration camps in Nazi-occupied Europe 1852:Comparisons between Israel and Nazi Germany 1770: 1736:American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee 1647: 1530: 1258:was similarly caused by the closing of the 9531:Crossovers: Anti-Zionism and Anti-Semitism 9369:, "The Myth of the New Anti-Semitism", in 9038: 9009: 8823: 8397: 7823:"On Criticism of Israel and Anti-Semitism" 7066: 6739: 6642: 5928: 5207:. Amnesty International UK. Archived from 4868:. Charlottesville, Va.: Just World Books. 4611:. London: Frank Cass Publishers. pp.  3914:Israeli demolition of Palestinian property 3446:. Please do not remove this message until 3077:strip, and he replied by stating that the 2995:, discrimination and terror are immoral." 2580:, claiming that it was reminiscent of the 1813: 1765: 802: 788: 27:Disapproval towards the Israeli government 9062: 7927:"Divestment forum held at Harvard – News" 6357: 6351: 6048:, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2001, p.50. 5603:The Associated Press (26 February 2008), 5399:. 29 May 2010 – via news.bbc.co.uk. 4707:"Israel annexing East Jerusalem, says EU" 4466: 4464: 4308:on November 24, 2010 – via Haaretz. 4216: 3982: 3859:Bibliography of the Arab–Israeli conflict 3767:Learn how and when to remove this message 3466:Learn how and when to remove this message 3383:economic and political boycotts of Israel 3194: 3117: 2916:is a vocal critic of Israel who supports 2582:anti-Communist scare tactics of the 1950s 2574:International Jewish Anti-Zionist Network 1872:defines such comparisons as antisemitic. 1593:Possession of weapons of mass destruction 1511:(ACRI), the Israeli government-appointed 1393:International law and Israeli settlements 9536: 9474:On Criticism of Israel and Anti-Semitism 9345:Igansky, Paul, and Kosmin, Barry (Eds), 9342:. Cited as "EISCA Report" (see above). 9153: 9072:Fredman, Asher Ahuvia (26 August 2004). 8603:Of Occupation and Apartheid Do I Divest? 8175: 7825:. Jewish Voice for Peace. Archived from 7447:American Israel Public Affairs Committee 6715: 6385: 6064:, John Wiley and Sons, 2010, p. 97. 5785: 5675: 5380:Israel Probes "Human Shield" Allegations 5033: 4807: 4801: 3710: 3442:Relevant discussion may be found on the 3368:movement against South African apartheid 3350:and scholars; and a proposed boycott of 3040: 2963: 2843:Accusations are public relations efforts 2772: 2367:EISCA 2009 report on criticism of Israel 1547: 968: 31: 9071: 9032: 8635:Desmond Tutu; Ian Urbina (2002-06-27). 7701:"Paper on 'Israel Lobby' Poses Threat." 7302: 7009: 6721: 6413: 5929:Weiner, Justus Reid; Bell, Avi (2009). 5906:Beres, Louis Rene (September 1, 1996). 5766: 5333: 5069: 4606: 4521: 3874:Gaza humanitarian crisis (2023–present) 3122: 1202:. From the Six-Day War until 1982, the 973: 14: 9588: 9219:Troubled identity and the modern world 9003: 8911: 8571:. Palestine BDS Campaign. 9 July 2005. 8355: 7644:Israel, Palestine, peace and apartheid 6496:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 4808:Yakobson, Alexander (12 August 2014). 4580: 4461: 4111:"Fact Sheet: Israel's Nuclear Arsenal" 3488:Al Jazeera controversies and criticism 3393:. Tutu said that the campaign against 2936:argues that Israel's foreign minister 1786:Association for Civil Rights in Israel 1644:Israel's army has ignored the ruling. 1509:Association for Civil Rights in Israel 1382: 1331:assert that Gaza is legally occupied. 889:economy of the Palestinian territories 9227:– by Igansky, Paul, and Sweiry, Abe, 8914:"UN chief admits bias against Israel" 8885: 8832: 8744:""Disproportionate focus" on Israel?" 8330: 6284:, Simon and Schuster, 2010, pp.97–98. 6229:by Nicholas Goldberg. May 12, 2009. 6168: 6089:, Transaction Publishers, 1984, p.79 5993: 5951: 5905: 5836: 5669: 5223:"Israel and the occupied territories" 4947: 4863: 4835: 4537: 4502: 4470: 4181: 4012: 3884:Incitement to ethnic or racial hatred 3183:, deputy head of Israel's mission in 2371:Following the 2006 EUMC report, the 1749: 1674:Jerusalem under Israeli sovereignty. 1567: 1543: 1018:designed before or during the war by 994:Causes of the 1948 Palestinian exodus 9382: 7807:, March 4, 2004, first published in 7783: 7588:, has made a similar charge. So has 7033: 6969:"Working Definition of Antisemitism" 5623:. United Nations. February 18, 2002. 5515: 4888: 4785: 4374:"The War of the Israeli Historians." 4318: 4312: 3749:adding citations to reliable sources 3720: 3504:Middle East Media Research Institute 3416: 2104:Criticism of Israel and antisemitism 1720: 1488:According to Amnesty International, 1053: 8879: 8388:. George Will. Viking, 1994. p. 336 6771:Edward C. Corrigan (30 July 2010). 5935:San Diego International Law Journal 5811: 5676:Omer-Man, Michael (7 August 2011). 5596: 5372: 5322:. Amnesty International. 2002-11-04 4918: 4426:, Institute for Palestine Studies; 4418:, Institute for Palestine Studies; 4056:"Antisemitic Discourse Report 2009" 3954:Torture during the Israel-Hamas war 3619:United Nations Human Rights Council 3249:Boycotts and divestment from Israel 3212:Criminalization of Nazi comparisons 3172:Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs 3165: 2133:in the preface to his 1956 memoirs. 1699:United Nations Human Rights Council 1697:, independent investigator for the 930:, within Israel and worldwide, the 24: 18:Criticism of the Israeli government 9606:Criticisms of political philosophy 9529:Sharan, Shlomo, and Bukay, David, 9459:, Melbourne Univ. Publishing, 2007 9273:. University of California Press. 9120:, Princeton University Press, 2010 8178:"Rebuke for peer's Israel remarks" 5837:אלוני, שולמית (31 December 2006). 5767:McGreal, Chris (6 February 2006). 5430: 5034:Zacharia, Janine (11 March 2010). 4836:Shabi, Rachel (12 November 2012). 4692:UN Security Council Resolution 497 4643: 4507:(New ed.). Oxford: Oneworld. 4131:Kendall, J. Nicholas (2001–2002). 3988:"Rhetorical Violence and the Jews" 3717:Criticism of Amnesty International 3484:Criticism of Amnesty International 3236:Hate Crimes Prevention Act of 2009 2326:Working Definition of Antisemitism 1870:Working Definition of Antisemitism 1041:, and because the Israelis wanted 25: 9627: 9467:The Real Anti-Semitism in America 9327:, Rowman & Littlefield, 2006 8965:"Amnesty's obsession with Israel" 8833:Neuer, Hillel C. (January 2006). 8116:Livingstone, Ken (4 March 2005). 7853:The Real Anti-Semitism in America 7734:Alan M. Dershowitz. 20 July 2009. 7579:The Case Against Israel's Enemies 7170:. 12 October 2009. Archived from 6818:Editorial Comment (17 May 2006). 6386:McKernan, Bethan (24 July 2018). 6200:The Chronicle of Higher Education 5786:Lynfield, Ben (7 December 2008). 5489:"Israel's 'assassination policy'" 4505:The ethnic cleansing of Palestine 4456:The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine 4217:Gorenberg, Gershom (2009-12-04). 3621:(UNHRC) and its predecessor, the 3586: 3267:Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions 2315:The EUMC published a draft of an 1810:investigation into these claims. 1713:" that create a context in which 1350:Some Israeli individuals such as 1108:The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine 868:, establishment and expansion of 671:Jewish exodus from Arab countries 301:Israeli–Palestinian peace process 9542:"Anti-Zionism and Anti-Semitism" 9330:Igansky, Paul, and Sweiry, Abe, 8982: 8957: 8931: 8905: 8861:"UN, Israel & Anti-Semitism" 8853: 8839:Post-Holocaust and Anti-Semitism 8792: 8771: 8762: 8736: 8710: 8691:James Taranto (28 August 2014). 8684: 8561: 8547: 8525: 8516: 8467: 8447: 8418: 8391: 8379: 8349: 8281: 8265: 8240: 8214: 8184: 8169: 8146: 8124: 8109: 8075: 8054: 8032: 8007: 7992: 7974: 7951: 7929:. 22 August 2009. Archived from 7919: 7887: 7858: 7840: 7814: 7766: 7746: 7737: 7708:. 27 April 2006. 20 July 2009. 7690: 7652: 7636: 7571: 7557: 7543: 7514: 7500: 7481: 7467: 7457: 7439: 7392: 7378:Ellen Goldberg (7 August 2009). 7371: 7353: 7339: 7329: 7315: 7258: 7249: 7225: 7199: 7160: 7142: 7124: 7115: 7106: 7097: 7083: 7010:Bechler, Rosemary (March 2007). 7002: 6993: 6938: 6909: 6893: 6861: 6701: 6676: 6651: 6631: 6590: 6520: 6504: 6458: 6433: 6414:Zeffman, Henry (1 August 2018). 6407: 6307: 6289: 6265: 6250:Falk's reports are available at 6208:Dana L. Cloud (April 30, 2009). 6193:Peter Schmidt (April 29, 2009). 3833: 3819: 3725: 3421: 2724:On the other hand, in his book, 2567: 2266:and Israeli Minister, suggested 2026:In 2015, during an interview on 1717:is "an inevitable consequence". 1190:of 1967 have been designated as 1058: 60: 9546:Jewish Political Studies Review 8945:from the original on 2021-12-19 8912:Efraim, Omri (16 August 2013). 8750:from the original on 2021-12-19 8522:Igansky, EISCA Report, pp 28–30 8436:from the original on 2021-05-18 8164:, vol 28, no. 6, 23 March 2006. 7999:Amy Goodman (21 October 2004). 7660:"On Israel, America and AIPAC." 7345:Lerman, "Jews attacking Jews": 6901:Jewish Political Studies Review 6871:Jewish Political Studies Review 6607:Benny Morris (3 October 2003). 6244: 6184: 6162: 6153: 6141: 6128: 6108: 6092: 6079: 6067: 6051: 6038: 6024: 5987: 5945: 5922: 5899: 5874: 5849: 5805: 5779: 5760: 5748: 5723: 5711:from the original on 2016-05-22 5697: 5651: 5627: 5613: 5567: 5543: 5495: 5481: 5457: 5445: 5424: 5389: 5312: 5296: 5280: 5254: 5236: 5197: 5183: 5155:from the original on 2011-07-13 5141: 5089: 5072:"Israel's Colonialism Must End" 5063: 5046: 5027: 4996: 4978: 4941: 4912: 4882: 4788:"Is Gaza 'occupied' territory?" 4724: 4698: 4684: 4660: 4637: 4619: 4600: 4581:Morris, Benny (22 March 2004). 4574: 4496: 4389: 4363: 4334: 4294: 4184:"Why Israel is Not a Democracy" 3736:needs additional citations for 3656:, which at the time was facing 3605:Criticism of the United Nations 3601:Criticism of Human Rights Watch 3520:of focusing too heavily on the 2559:, Israel Resource News Agency, 1628:Targeted killings of terrorists 1466: 1440: 1122:For example, Israeli historian 1050:Allegations of ethnic cleansing 220:UN Partition Plan for Palestine 9577:, "The New Anti-Semitism", in 9533:, Transaction Publishers, 2010 8886:Ravid, Barak (30 April 2012). 8803:. heritage.org. Archived from 8799:Brett Schaefer (2 June 2010). 8637:"Against Israel and apartheid" 7596:, has made this accusation. … 6845:Richard Kuper (January 2006). 6150:p.44, cited in Bruckner, p.71. 5881:Andrew Carey (27 April 2021). 5609:, International Herald Tribune 5551:"The Status of Jerusalem (UN)" 5469:American Civil Liberties Union 5397:"Q&A: Nuclear disarmament" 5344:Jenin: IDF Military Operations 5070:Jarbawi, Ali (4 August 2014). 4442:, Cambridge University Press; 4402:, Cambridge University Press; 4251:"Israeli-Occupied Territories" 4147: 4124: 4103: 4084: 4044: 4006: 3976: 3403:continued settlement expansion 2553:non-governmental organizations 2541:anti-Zionism and anti-Semitism 2032:Hebrew University of Jerusalem 1754:Former Israeli Prime Minister 1403:International Court of Justice 1328:Israel unilaterally disengaged 936:non-governmental organizations 819:international relations theory 13: 1: 9447:There Is No New Anti-Semitism 9247:Judaism Does Not Equal Israel 9160:The Politics of Anti-Semitism 9076:. NGO Monitor. Archived from 8331:Cohen, Jodi S. (2015-11-12). 7528:See also Finkelstein, p xxxv: 7490:The Politics of Anti-Semitism 6745:"Is Israel a normal country?" 4668:"Israel and the Palestinians" 3964: 3949:Religious relations in Israel 3782:(AI) has been accused by the 3623:UN Commission on Human Rights 3609:Israel and the United Nations 3352:Israeli cultural institutions 3179:published an e-mail in which 3146:Claims of United Nations bias 2762:Weaponization of antisemitism 2609:The Politics of Anti-Semitism 2482:The Politics of Anti-Semitism 2150:, argue that, since the 1967 2114:Weaponization of antisemitism 1889:The Christian Science Monitor 1846:Comparisons with Nazi Germany 1820:Genocide against Palestinians 1622:Biological Weapons Convention 1251:(i.e., an act justifying war) 445:comparisons with Nazi Germany 9579:U.S. News & World Report 9379:, accessed January 9, 2006. 8779:"- / – nrg – ...The trap of" 8356:Zahran, Mudar (2010-08-01). 8248:"ADL commentary on Robinson" 8204:Dana Gloger (11 July 2008). 8176:BBC News (13 October 2006). 6820:"Who's singling out Israel?" 6613:. I.B.Tauris. pp. 19–. 6169:Vardi, Daphna (2009-01-16). 5707:. Daily Times. 21 May 2016. 5101:. Verso Books. 4 July 2017. 4889:Burg, Avraham (2012-08-04). 4705:Rory McCarthy (2009-03-07). 4013:Wiedl, Kathrin Nina (2007). 3969: 3297:Israeli–Palestinian conflict 3187:and wife of the ambassador, 2304:(EUMC, later renamed as the 1808:International Criminal Court 1560:criticizing the policies of 1245:Convention of Constantinople 1170:The territories occupied by 1156:Israeli-occupied territories 258:Israeli–Palestinian conflict 7: 9524:The Return of Anti-Semitism 9419:, "Jews attacking Jews" in 9211:, John Wiley and Sons, 2009 9201:, John Wiley and Sons, 2003 8553:Lerman, "Should We Ban..": 8138:online blog, June 4, 2010. 8064:(Britain), April 29, 2002. 6534:. London. 18 February 2009. 5812:Ben, Michael (2010-05-11). 5004:"paragraphs 95–101 and 120" 4891:"Israel's Fading Democracy" 4450:, Oxford University Press; 4410:, Clarendon Press, Oxford; 4182:BARAT, FRANK (April 2011). 3812: 3448:conditions to do so are met 3259:Academic boycotts of Israel 2787:One of the major themes of 2008:In 2010, Israeli professor 1617:Chemical Weapons Convention 1071:to comply with Knowledge's 1027:Lausanne Conference of 1949 998:Lausanne Conference of 1949 582:Israel Aerospace Industries 441:Criticism of the government 10: 9632: 9502:, Random House, Inc., 2004 9128:In search of anti-Semitism 9096: 8863:. UN Watch. Archived from 8643:(275): 4–5. Archived from 6299:, Macmillan, 2008, p.196: 6138:, Verso, 2004, pp.209–231. 6085:Stockman-Shomron, Israel, 3959:Zionist political violence 3714: 3590: 3477: 3252: 3126: 3099:embroiled in a controversy 2759: 2678: 2507: 2489:Represents Jews as victims 2107: 2012:protested against Israeli 1849: 1823: 1817: 1774: 1651: 1631: 1599:Nuclear weapons and Israel 1596: 1583:Operation Defensive Shield 1500: 1470: 1444: 1386: 1163: 1153: 991: 977: 885:blockade of the Gaza Strip 263:Iran–Israel proxy conflict 9514:American Jewish Committee 9402:10.1080/00313220500045253 9299:. New York: McGraw-Hill. 8593:, January / February 2003 8398:Dershowitz, Alan (2004). 7799:December 7, 2010, at the 7445:Lerner, referring to the 7050:10.1080/00313220500045253 5839:"אכן כן, אפרטהייד בישראל" 5536:10.1080/17550910802576148 5524:Contemporary Arab Affairs 4786:Levs, Josh (2009-01-06). 4583:"Politics by Other Means" 4137:North Carolina Law Review 3899:Israel–Hamas war protests 3549:, EU representatives and 3263:Disinvestment from Israel 2918:disinvestment from Israel 2310:Fundamental Rights Agency 2131:A Soldier with the Arabs, 1634:Israeli targeted killings 1515:, and the United States 1335:Alleged lack of democracy 1208:Egypt–Israel peace treaty 897:targeted killings program 887:, with its impact on the 881:treatment of Palestinians 523:National Security Council 9423:, September 12, 2008, 9150:, House of Anansi, 2003 8132:"The Audacity of Israel" 7896:"ZNet – Beyond Chutzpah" 7774:"The new anti-semitism?" 7663:New York Review of Books 7497:. AK Press, 2003, p. 13. 7184:: An article reviewing 6008:10.1057/9780230107922_26 5966:10.1057/9780230107922_26 5179:. Amnesty International. 4219:"Is Israel a Democracy?" 4052:Community Security Trust 3784:American Jewish Congress 3358:. Many advocates of the 2675:Suppression of criticism 2441:Vague and indiscriminate 2254:Three Ds of antisemitism 2014:loyalty-oath legislation 1771:Accusations of apartheid 1662:refers to the view that 1660:Judaization of Jerusalem 1654:Judaization of Jerusalem 1648:Judaization of Jerusalem 1531:Stagnating peace process 1435:Israeli settler violence 1397:Israeli settler violence 1322:Fourth Geneva Convention 1084:may contain suggestions. 1069:may need to be rewritten 921:accusations of apartheid 911:to their homes, and the 860:in 1948, the conduct of 821:, expressed in terms of 328:Unilateral disengagement 225:Independence Declaration 9526:, Encounter Books, 2004 8990:"NGO Monitor resources" 8697:The Wall Street Journal 8152:*Harrison, pp 194–195: 8136:Cindy Sheehan's Soapbox 6727:The Case Against Israel 6659:"DEFINING ANTISEMITISM" 5814:"The war's seventh day" 5225:. State.gov. 2005-02-28 4384:Center for Arab Studies 3399:Palestinian territories 3362:, including Archbishop 3291:over the course of the 3271:Boycotts of Israel are 2355:Israeli prime minister 2089:Jewish Voice for Labour 2058:, physicist and Jewish 1980:Israeli attacks on Gaza 1934:compared conditions in 1814:Allegations of genocide 1766:Crimes against humanity 1587:Supreme Court of Israel 1556:by Lebanese cartoonist 1456:Palestinian territories 1341:Palestinian territories 988:1967 Palestinian exodus 984:1948 Palestinian exodus 955:Israel's right to exist 893:nuclear weapons program 877:Palestinian territories 835:human rights violations 9611:Human rights in Israel 9596:Anti-Israeli sentiment 9478:Jewish Voice for Peace 9265:Finkelstein, Norman G. 8585:Israel: Time to Divest 8162:London Review of Books 3934:Persecution of Muslims 3195:Israeli public opinion 3118:Responses to criticism 3060:Anti-Defamation League 3048: 3024:based on the article. 2971: 2836:Jewish Voice for Peace 2784: 2722: 2317:operational definition 2122: 1993:In 2009 and 2010, two 1976:Anti-Defamation League 1615:Israel has signed the 1564: 1461:Anti-Defamation League 1447:Human rights in Israel 1320:as a violation of the 614:Science and Technology 518:Intelligence Community 45: 9552:(3–4). Archived from 9389:Patterns of Prejudice 9320:, HarperCollins, 2004 9297:The new anti-Semitism 9249:, The New Press, 2009 9181:, January 31, 2007, 9013:(19 September 2005). 7849:The New Anti-Semitism 7629:May 16, 2006, at the 7037:Patterns of Prejudice 6847:"Singling out Israel" 6134:* Sandercock, Josie, 6123:Terror and liberalism 4747:Amnesty International 4223:The American Prospect 3894:Indiscriminate attack 3864:Collective punishment 3780:Amnesty International 3711:Amnesty International 3688:Question of Palestine 3522:Arab–Israeli conflict 3253:Further information: 3044: 3011:Political scientists 2967: 2807:Israel Apartheid Week 2776: 2718: 2679:Further information: 2578:Israel Apartheid Week 2118: 1997:special rapporteurs, 1725:Israel has enacted a 1715:Palestinian terrorism 1551: 1478:Amnesty International 1302:Palestinian Authority 1214:The Israeli position: 1113:between 1947 and 1949 1111:that Israel's policy 992:Further information: 969:Subjects of criticism 866:Arab–Israeli conflict 858:fled or were expelled 253:Arab–Israeli conflict 35: 9616:Gaza–Israel conflict 8953:– via YouTube. 8941:. 25 November 2014. 8758:– via YouTube. 8590:New Internationalist 7811:, February 26, 2004. 6903:16:3–4 (Fall 2004), 6873:16:3–4 (Fall 2004), 6796:(19 November 2010). 6510:Hirsh, David. 2007. 6297:Will Israel Survive? 5994:Pappe, Ilan (2010). 5663:Israel National News 4992:on February 7, 2011. 4864:Peled, Miko (2012). 4503:Pappe, Ilan (2007). 4200:Herrenvolk democracy 3889:Indefinite detention 3745:improve this article 3576:The Industry of Lies 3518:Human Rights Council 3514:UN Secretary-General 3480:Criticism of the BBC 3379:government of Israel 3356:Israeli sport venues 3348:Israeli universities 3285:legitimacy of Israel 3123:Claims of media bias 2048:said the "spirit of 2046:Recep Tayyip Erdoğan 1961:Member of Parliament 1731:Palestinian refugees 980:Palestinian refugees 974:Palestinian refugees 917:occupied territories 905:Palestinian refugees 317:Occupied territories 9575:Zuckerman, Mortimer 9538:Wistrich, Robert S. 9520:Schoenfeld, Gabriel 9469:, Arbor House, 1982 9323:Harrison, Bernard, 9199:The Case for Israel 9155:Cockburn, Alexander 9140:, Jossey-Bass, 2003 8460:The Times of Israel 8401:The case for Israel 8227:, 16 October 2004, 8130:* Sheehan, Cindy, 7982:Necessary Illusions 7697:Rosenblum, Jonathan 7361:Jews attacking Jews 7186:Finkelstein's book 6578:. 25 September 2018 6317:, 10 October 2010. 6295:Bard, Mitchell G., 5665:. 23 February 2010. 5431:AP (28 July 1990). 5293:, 25 February 2011. 5193:. UN. 7 March 2011. 5040:The Washington Post 4324:Will Israel Survive 3990:. Critical Distance 3650:UN General Assembly 3435:of this section is 3395:Israel's occupation 3323:was adopted by the 3321:An official boycott 3067:William I. Robinson 3030:, member of the UK 3022:the book they wrote 2811:Carleton University 2498:Stanford University 2466:Brandeis University 2221:Tel-Aviv University 2199:William I. Robinson 2043:President of Turkey 2037:In 2018, after the 1974:was accused by the 1972:William I. Robinson 1970:In 2009, Professor 1907:Examples since the 1895:The Washington Post 1881:Yeshayahu Leibowitz 1875:Following the 1967 1517:Department of State 1383:Israeli settlements 1377:Israeli settlements 1310:UN Security Council 873:Israeli settlements 856:'s Arab population 854:Mandatory Palestine 815:Criticism of Israel 291:Treaties with Egypt 207:Balfour Declaration 9581:, 3 November 2003; 9506:Alvin H. Rosenfeld 9472:Picciotto, Henri, 9463:Perlmutter, Nathan 9457:My Israel question 9453:Lowenstein, Antony 9179:The New York Times 9042:(29 August 2006). 8746:. 31 August 2014. 8672:on 3 February 2015 8622:, October 17, 2002 8608:2008-07-24 at the 8362:The Jerusalem Post 8337:chicagotribune.com 8297:Salon, 31 Jan 2015 8293:2015-03-13 at the 8234:2009-07-07 at the 8085:, 21 August 2004, 8042:, 4 October 2010, 7967:2017-03-12 at the 7933:on 22 August 2009. 7730:2007-12-24 at the 7725:"The Big New Lie." 7495:Alexander Cockburn 7266:Zipperstein, p 61: 7238:2007-12-06 at the 7153:Alvin H. Rosenfeld 7121:EISCA report, p 32 7112:EISCA report, p 24 7103:EISCA report, p 34 6951:2009-12-29 at the 6925:2018-10-18 at the 6478:on August 22, 2013 6259:2018-10-18 at the 5996:"Genocide in Gaza" 5954:"Genocide in Gaza" 5861:Human Rights Watch 5683:The Jerusalem Post 5511:. 7 February 2011. 5465:"Targeted Killing" 5438:The New York Times 5340:Human Rights Watch 5268:on August 12, 2011 4772:2008-10-15 at the 4627:"The Liar as Hero" 4379:2006-09-03 at the 4346:reut-institute.org 3849:Israeli war crimes 3574:wrote in his book 3508:In December 2006, 3255:Boycotts of Israel 3224:Paul Craig Roberts 3181:Nurit Tinari-Modai 3105:by Chancellor Dr. 3049: 2972: 2867:Norman Finkelstein 2789:Norman Finkelstein 2785: 2778:Norman Finkelstein 2744:Jonathan Rosenblum 2727:The Deadliest Lies 2700:self-determination 2504:"Self-hating" Jews 2494:Norman Finkelstein 2473:Alexander Cockburn 2411:Norman Finkelstein 2237:Edward C. Corrigan 2203:Alvin H. Rosenfeld 2195:Norman Finkelstein 2191:Alexander Cockburn 2160:Robert S. Wistrich 2148:Mortimer Zuckerman 2144:Gabriel Schoenfeld 2060:Holocaust survivor 2019:In 2013, musician 1901:The New York Times 1804:Human Rights Watch 1750:Current government 1693:In a 2008 report, 1568:Neighbor Procedure 1565: 1544:Military practices 1452:Human Rights Watch 1389:Israeli settlement 1276:The Arab position: 1192:occupied territory 1008:1948 Palestine War 666:Jewish immigration 46: 9492:, Melisende, 2004 9293:Benjamin, Epstein 9221:, Macmillan, 2009 9215:Donskis, Leonidas 9130:, Continuum, 1992 7821:Henri Picciotto. 7772:Beaumont, Peter, 7665:, April 12, 2007. 7287:Finkelstein p 33: 7277:Finkelstein p 16: 6711:. 28 August 2012. 6620:978-1-86064-989-9 6232:Los Angeles Times 6148:Une sale historie 6017:978-0-230-10792-2 5975:978-0-230-10792-2 5647:on July 13, 2010. 5540:demographically." 5508:Independent.co.uk 5369:", July 20, 2006. 5307:Haaretz Newspaper 5291:Haaretz Newspaper 4948:Yiftachel, Oren. 4561:David Pryce-Jones 4550:February 17, 2007 4548:Divided Loyalties 4255:freedomhouse.org/ 4068:on 25 August 2014 3777: 3776: 3769: 3696:Palestinian state 3492:CNN controversies 3476: 3475: 3468: 3315:institutions and 3069:, a professor at 2871:new anti-Semitism 2805:, in response to 2477:Jeffrey St. Clair 2453:Palestine Monitor 2268:a three-part test 1959:In 2009, British 1777:Israeli apartheid 1721:The Law of Return 1554:political cartoon 1360:Gershom Gorenberg 1298:Golan Heights Law 1099: 1098: 1073:quality standards 823:political science 812: 811: 459:Foreign relations 323:West Bank barrier 312:International law 108:Mediterranean Sea 16:(Redirected from 9623: 9564: 9562: 9561: 9480:, date unknown, 9436:, 24 July 2009, 9413: 9310: 9284: 9205:Dershowitz, Alan 9195:Dershowitz, Alan 9174: 9134:Chesler, Phyllis 9124:Buckley, William 9114:Bruckner, Pascal 9090: 9089: 9087: 9085: 9069: 9060: 9059: 9057: 9055: 9040:Dershowitz, Alan 9036: 9030: 9029: 9027: 9025: 9011:Dershowitz, Alan 9007: 9001: 9000: 8998: 8996: 8986: 8980: 8979: 8977: 8975: 8961: 8955: 8954: 8952: 8950: 8935: 8929: 8928: 8926: 8924: 8909: 8903: 8902: 8900: 8898: 8883: 8877: 8876: 8874: 8872: 8867:on 8 August 2006 8857: 8851: 8850: 8848: 8846: 8830: 8821: 8820: 8814: 8812: 8807:on 8 August 2010 8796: 8790: 8789: 8787: 8785: 8775: 8769: 8766: 8760: 8759: 8757: 8755: 8740: 8734: 8733: 8731: 8729: 8724:. 26 August 2014 8714: 8708: 8707: 8705: 8703: 8688: 8682: 8681: 8679: 8677: 8662: 8656: 8655: 8653: 8652: 8632: 8623: 8600: 8594: 8587:. Desmond Tutu, 8582: 8573: 8572: 8565: 8559: 8551: 8545: 8529: 8523: 8520: 8514: 8513: 8511: 8510: 8501:. Archived from 8495: 8489: 8488: 8486: 8485: 8471: 8465: 8464: 8451: 8445: 8444: 8442: 8441: 8422: 8416: 8415: 8395: 8389: 8383: 8377: 8376: 8374: 8373: 8364:. Archived from 8353: 8347: 8346: 8344: 8343: 8328: 8322: 8321: 8319: 8318: 8304: 8298: 8285: 8279: 8269: 8263: 8262: 8260: 8259: 8250:. Archived from 8244: 8238: 8218: 8212: 8209: 8200: 8199:. 16 March 2009. 8188: 8182: 8181: 8173: 8167: 8150: 8144: 8128: 8122: 8121: 8113: 8107: 8079: 8073: 8058: 8052: 8036: 8030: 8029: 8027: 8026: 8017:. Archived from 8011: 8005: 8004: 7996: 7990: 7978: 7972: 7955: 7949: 7948: 7941: 7935: 7934: 7923: 7917: 7911: 7909: 7907: 7902:on June 25, 2009 7898:. 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Archived from 6204: 6188: 6182: 6181: 6179: 6178: 6166: 6160: 6157: 6151: 6145: 6139: 6132: 6126: 6112: 6106: 6096: 6090: 6083: 6077: 6071: 6065: 6055: 6049: 6044:Druks, Herbert, 6042: 6036: 6035: 6028: 6022: 6021: 5991: 5985: 5984: 5983: 5982: 5949: 5943: 5942: 5926: 5920: 5919: 5903: 5897: 5896: 5894: 5893: 5878: 5872: 5871: 5869: 5868: 5853: 5847: 5846: 5834: 5828: 5827: 5825: 5824: 5809: 5803: 5802: 5800: 5798: 5783: 5777: 5776: 5764: 5758: 5752: 5746: 5745: 5743: 5741: 5727: 5721: 5720: 5718: 5716: 5701: 5695: 5694: 5692: 5690: 5673: 5667: 5666: 5655: 5649: 5648: 5646: 5640:. Archived from 5639: 5631: 5625: 5624: 5617: 5611: 5610: 5600: 5594: 5593: 5591: 5590: 5581:. Archived from 5571: 5565: 5564: 5562: 5556:. Archived from 5555: 5547: 5541: 5538: 5519: 5513: 5512: 5499: 5493: 5492: 5485: 5479: 5478: 5476: 5475: 5461: 5455: 5449: 5443: 5442: 5428: 5422: 5421: 5410: 5401: 5400: 5393: 5387: 5386:, 11 April 2007. 5376: 5370: 5360: 5351: 5337: 5331: 5330: 5328: 5327: 5316: 5310: 5300: 5294: 5284: 5278: 5277: 5275: 5273: 5264:. Archived from 5258: 5252: 5251: 5250:. 2 August 2011. 5240: 5234: 5233: 5231: 5230: 5219: 5213: 5212: 5211:on June 3, 2011. 5205:"Press Releases" 5201: 5195: 5194: 5187: 5181: 5180: 5173: 5164: 5163: 5161: 5160: 5151:. 13 July 2011. 5145: 5139: 5138: 5126: 5120: 5119: 5117: 5115: 5093: 5087: 5086: 5084: 5082: 5067: 5061: 5060: 5058: 5050: 5044: 5043: 5031: 5025: 5024: 5022: 5021: 5015: 5009:. Archived from 5008: 5000: 4994: 4993: 4988:. Archived from 4982: 4976: 4975: 4969: 4967: 4962:on 8 August 2014 4961: 4954: 4945: 4939: 4938: 4933: 4931: 4919:Remnick, David. 4916: 4910: 4909: 4903: 4901: 4886: 4880: 4879: 4861: 4855: 4854: 4852: 4850: 4833: 4827: 4826: 4824: 4822: 4805: 4799: 4798: 4796: 4795: 4783: 4777: 4764: 4758: 4757: 4755: 4754: 4739: 4733: 4728: 4722: 4721: 4719: 4718: 4702: 4696: 4688: 4682: 4681: 4679: 4678: 4664: 4658: 4657: 4655: 4653: 4641: 4635: 4634: 4631:The New Republic 4623: 4617: 4616: 4604: 4598: 4597: 4595: 4593: 4587:The New Republic 4578: 4572: 4558: 4552: 4541: 4535: 4534:, MARCH 17, 2011 4532:The Liar as Hero 4525: 4519: 4518: 4500: 4494: 4493: 4468: 4459: 4393: 4387: 4367: 4361: 4360: 4358: 4357: 4348:. Archived from 4338: 4332: 4331: 4316: 4310: 4309: 4304:. Archived from 4298: 4292: 4291: 4289: 4288: 4279:. Archived from 4273: 4267: 4266: 4264: 4262: 4247: 4238: 4237: 4231: 4229: 4214: 4205: 4204: 4192: 4190: 4179: 4170: 4169: 4167: 4166: 4151: 4145: 4144: 4128: 4122: 4121: 4119: 4118: 4107: 4101: 4100: 4088: 4082: 4081: 4075: 4073: 4067: 4061:. Archived from 4060: 4048: 4042: 4041: 4035: 4033: 4010: 4004: 4003: 3997: 3995: 3984:Rosenfeld, Alvin 3980: 3939:Racism in Israel 3929:New antisemitism 3843: 3838: 3837: 3829: 3824: 3823: 3822: 3772: 3765: 3761: 3758: 3752: 3729: 3721: 3699:Palestinians in 3678:Mideast conflict 3471: 3464: 3460: 3457: 3451: 3425: 3424: 3417: 3377:to pressure the 3344:academic boycott 3202:public diplomacy 3166:Foreign Ministry 3013:John Mearsheimer 2993:ethnic cleansing 2914:J. Lorand Matory 2887:John Mearsheimer 2861:1982 Lebanon War 2859:, following the 2848:John Mearsheimer 2822:New Antisemitism 2740:double standards 2591:Establishment". 2531:self-hating Jews 2403:Michael P. Prior 2264:Soviet dissident 2187:John Mearsheimer 2134: 2110:New antisemitism 2039:Nation-State Law 1988:academic freedom 1688:ethnic cleansing 1503:Racism in Israel 1420:settler-colonial 1260:Straits of Tiran 1198:and much of the 1144:ethnic cleansing 1140:ethnic cleansing 1132:ethnic cleansing 1117:ethnic cleansing 1101:"New Historian" 1094: 1091: 1085: 1062: 1054: 963:new antisemitism 901:refusal to allow 891:, the country's 862:its armed forces 804: 797: 790: 289:Peace proposals 64: 54: 48: 47: 21: 9631: 9630: 9626: 9625: 9624: 9622: 9621: 9620: 9586: 9585: 9584: 9559: 9557: 9476:, published by 9443:Lerner, Michael 9349:, Profile, 2003 9338:(EISCA), 2009, 9334:, published by 9314:Foxman, Abraham 9307: 9289:Forster, Arnold 9281: 9235:(EISCA), 2009, 9231:, published by 9171: 9099: 9094: 9093: 9083: 9081: 9080:on 21 June 2006 9070: 9063: 9053: 9051: 9037: 9033: 9023: 9021: 9008: 9004: 8994: 8992: 8988: 8987: 8983: 8973: 8971: 8963: 8962: 8958: 8948: 8946: 8937: 8936: 8932: 8922: 8920: 8910: 8906: 8896: 8894: 8884: 8880: 8870: 8868: 8859: 8858: 8854: 8844: 8842: 8831: 8824: 8810: 8808: 8797: 8793: 8783: 8781: 8777: 8776: 8772: 8767: 8763: 8753: 8751: 8742: 8741: 8737: 8727: 8725: 8722:Tablet Magazine 8716: 8715: 8711: 8701: 8699: 8689: 8685: 8675: 8673: 8664: 8663: 8659: 8650: 8648: 8633: 8626: 8610:Wayback Machine 8601: 8597: 8583: 8576: 8567: 8566: 8562: 8552: 8548: 8530: 8526: 8521: 8517: 8508: 8506: 8497: 8496: 8492: 8483: 8481: 8473: 8472: 8468: 8453: 8452: 8448: 8439: 8437: 8424: 8423: 8419: 8412: 8396: 8392: 8384: 8380: 8371: 8369: 8354: 8350: 8341: 8339: 8329: 8325: 8316: 8314: 8306: 8305: 8301: 8295:Wayback Machine 8286: 8282: 8270: 8266: 8257: 8255: 8246: 8245: 8241: 8236:Wayback Machine 8219: 8215: 8191: 8189: 8185: 8174: 8170: 8151: 8147: 8129: 8125: 8114: 8110: 8099:The Independent 8080: 8076: 8059: 8055: 8040:The Independent 8037: 8033: 8024: 8022: 8013: 8012: 8008: 7997: 7993: 7979: 7975: 7969:Wayback Machine 7959:Jewish Currents 7956: 7952: 7943: 7942: 7938: 7925: 7924: 7920: 7905: 7903: 7894: 7892: 7888: 7863: 7859: 7845: 7841: 7832: 7830: 7819: 7815: 7801:Wayback Machine 7788: 7784: 7771: 7767: 7751: 7747: 7742: 7738: 7732:Wayback Machine 7719: 7712: 7695: 7691: 7687:. 20 July 2009. 7678:Foxman, Abraham 7676: 7669: 7657: 7653: 7641: 7637: 7631:Wayback Machine 7618: 7607: 7598:Thomas Friedman 7576: 7572: 7562: 7558: 7548: 7544: 7519: 7515: 7505: 7501: 7486: 7482: 7472: 7468: 7462: 7458: 7444: 7440: 7418: 7417: 7410: 7408: 7407:on 2 March 2011 7397: 7393: 7376: 7372: 7358: 7354: 7344: 7340: 7334: 7330: 7320: 7316: 7308:Sander Gilman, 7307: 7303: 7263: 7259: 7255:Cockburn, p vii 7254: 7250: 7240:Wayback Machine 7230: 7226: 7204: 7200: 7188:Beyond Chutzpah 7177: 7175: 7166: 7165: 7161: 7147: 7143: 7129: 7125: 7120: 7116: 7111: 7107: 7102: 7098: 7088: 7084: 7071: 7067: 7024: 7022: 7021:on 26 July 2011 7018: 7007: 7003: 6998: 6994: 6984: 6982: 6981:on 4 March 2011 6978: 6971: 6967: 6966: 6959: 6953:Wayback Machine 6943: 6939: 6927:Wayback Machine 6914: 6910: 6898: 6894: 6866: 6862: 6852: 6850: 6843: 6839: 6829: 6827: 6816: 6812: 6802: 6800: 6791: 6787: 6777: 6775: 6769: 6765: 6755: 6753: 6738: 6734: 6720: 6716: 6707: 6706: 6702: 6693: 6691: 6682: 6681: 6677: 6668: 6666: 6657: 6656: 6652: 6647: 6643: 6636: 6632: 6621: 6605: 6601: 6595: 6591: 6581: 6579: 6570: 6569: 6565: 6555: 6553: 6544: 6543: 6539: 6532:The Independent 6526: 6525: 6521: 6509: 6505: 6489: 6488: 6481: 6479: 6475: 6468: 6466:"Archived copy" 6464: 6463: 6459: 6450: 6448: 6439: 6438: 6434: 6424: 6422: 6412: 6408: 6398: 6396: 6393:The Independent 6384: 6380: 6370: 6368: 6356: 6352: 6342: 6340: 6328: 6324: 6312: 6308: 6294: 6290: 6274:Spencer, Robert 6270: 6266: 6261:Wayback Machine 6249: 6245: 6189: 6185: 6176: 6174: 6167: 6163: 6158: 6154: 6146: 6142: 6133: 6129: 6113: 6109: 6097: 6093: 6084: 6080: 6072: 6068: 6056: 6052: 6043: 6039: 6034:. 12 July 2014. 6030: 6029: 6025: 6018: 5992: 5988: 5980: 5978: 5976: 5950: 5946: 5927: 5923: 5904: 5900: 5891: 5889: 5879: 5875: 5866: 5864: 5855: 5854: 5850: 5835: 5831: 5822: 5820: 5810: 5806: 5796: 5794: 5792:The Independent 5784: 5780: 5765: 5761: 5753: 5749: 5739: 5737: 5735:Times of Israel 5729: 5728: 5724: 5714: 5712: 5703: 5702: 5698: 5688: 5686: 5674: 5670: 5657: 5656: 5652: 5644: 5637: 5633: 5632: 5628: 5619: 5618: 5614: 5601: 5597: 5588: 5586: 5573: 5572: 5568: 5560: 5553: 5549: 5548: 5544: 5520: 5516: 5501: 5500: 5496: 5487: 5486: 5482: 5473: 5471: 5463: 5462: 5458: 5450: 5446: 5429: 5425: 5418:armscontrol.org 5412: 5411: 5404: 5395: 5394: 5390: 5377: 5373: 5361: 5354: 5338: 5334: 5325: 5323: 5318: 5317: 5313: 5309:, 2 March 2011. 5301: 5297: 5285: 5281: 5271: 5269: 5260: 5259: 5255: 5242: 5241: 5237: 5228: 5226: 5221: 5220: 5216: 5203: 5202: 5198: 5189: 5188: 5184: 5175: 5174: 5167: 5158: 5156: 5147: 5146: 5142: 5127: 5123: 5113: 5111: 5109: 5095: 5094: 5090: 5080: 5078: 5068: 5064: 5056: 5052: 5051: 5047: 5032: 5028: 5019: 5017: 5013: 5006: 5002: 5001: 4997: 4984: 4983: 4979: 4965: 4963: 4959: 4952: 4946: 4942: 4929: 4927: 4917: 4913: 4899: 4897: 4887: 4883: 4876: 4862: 4858: 4848: 4846: 4834: 4830: 4820: 4818: 4806: 4802: 4793: 4791: 4784: 4780: 4774:Wayback Machine 4765: 4761: 4752: 4750: 4741: 4740: 4736: 4729: 4725: 4716: 4714: 4703: 4699: 4689: 4685: 4676: 4674: 4672:The Irish Times 4666: 4665: 4661: 4651: 4649: 4642: 4638: 4625: 4624: 4620: 4605: 4601: 4591: 4589: 4579: 4575: 4569:Literary Review 4559: 4555: 4542: 4538: 4526: 4522: 4515: 4501: 4497: 4490: 4469: 4462: 4394: 4390: 4381:Wayback Machine 4368: 4364: 4355: 4353: 4340: 4339: 4335: 4317: 4313: 4300: 4299: 4295: 4286: 4284: 4275: 4274: 4270: 4260: 4258: 4257:. Freedom House 4249: 4248: 4241: 4227: 4225: 4215: 4208: 4188: 4186: 4180: 4173: 4164: 4162: 4153: 4152: 4148: 4129: 4125: 4116: 4114: 4109: 4108: 4104: 4089: 4085: 4071: 4069: 4065: 4058: 4049: 4045: 4031: 4029: 4027: 4019:. GRIN Verlag. 4011: 4007: 3993: 3991: 3981: 3977: 3972: 3967: 3841:Politics portal 3839: 3832: 3825: 3820: 3818: 3815: 3796:Huffington Post 3792:Alan Dershowitz 3773: 3762: 3756: 3753: 3742: 3730: 3719: 3713: 3611: 3589: 3572:Ben-Dror Yemini 3506: 3496:HonestReporting 3472: 3461: 3455: 3452: 3441: 3426: 3422: 3415: 3281:State of Israel 3269: 3251: 3214: 3197: 3168: 3151:Alan Dershowitz 3148: 3131: 3125: 3120: 3009: 2998:Peace activist 2989:Mayor of London 2985:Ken Livingstone 2899:Ken Livingstone 2879: 2845: 2764: 2758: 2749:Alan Dershowitz 2683: 2677: 2668:Alan Dershowitz 2665: 2650: 2623: 2614:Scott Handleman 2597: 2570: 2549:New Israel Fund 2512: 2506: 2491: 2443: 2431:Ken Livingstone 2398: 2369: 2298: 2260:Natan Sharansky 2257: 2249: 2229:Michael Neumann 2207:Alan Dershowitz 2164:Joschka Fischer 2140:Phyllis Chesler 2136: 2124: 2116: 2106: 2081:Howard Jacobson 2010:Gavriel Salomon 1909:Second Intifada 1854: 1848: 1828: 1822: 1816: 1802:In April 2021, 1779: 1773: 1768: 1752: 1740:right of return 1723: 1656: 1650: 1636: 1630: 1601: 1595: 1570: 1546: 1533: 1505: 1499: 1475: 1469: 1449: 1443: 1399: 1387:Main articles: 1385: 1337: 1204:Sinai Peninsula 1168: 1162: 1154:Main articles: 1152: 1095: 1089: 1086: 1076: 1063: 1052: 1000: 990: 978:Main articles: 976: 971: 808: 772: 752: 751: 748: 722: 701: 680: 653: 652: 632: 631: 628: 619:Start-up Nation 607: 591: 559: 549: 548: 540: 508: 506:Security forces 498: 497: 494: 478: 461: 451: 450: 437: 416: 400: 379: 357: 356: 336: 335: 332: 305: 283: 267: 245: 235: 234: 216: 212:British Mandate 200: 168: 158: 157: 154: 133: 117: 101: 74: 53:State of Israel 52: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9629: 9619: 9618: 9613: 9608: 9603: 9598: 9583: 9582: 9572: 9565: 9534: 9527: 9517: 9503: 9496:Rosenbaum, Ron 9493: 9487:Prior, Michael 9484: 9470: 9460: 9450: 9440: 9430:Lerman, Antony 9427: 9417:Lerman, Antony 9414: 9380: 9364: 9359:, 2 May 2006, 9350: 9343: 9328: 9321: 9311: 9305: 9285: 9279: 9261: 9252:EUMC report – 9250: 9240: 9222: 9212: 9202: 9192: 9189:Jerusalem Post 9185: 9175: 9169: 9151: 9141: 9131: 9121: 9111: 9100: 9098: 9095: 9092: 9091: 9061: 9031: 9002: 8981: 8956: 8930: 8904: 8878: 8852: 8822: 8791: 8770: 8761: 8735: 8709: 8683: 8657: 8624: 8595: 8574: 8560: 8558: 8557: 8546: 8544: 8543: 8524: 8515: 8490: 8466: 8446: 8417: 8411:978-0471679523 8410: 8390: 8378: 8348: 8323: 8299: 8280: 8264: 8239: 8213: 8211: 8210: 8183: 8168: 8166: 8165: 8157: 8156: 8145: 8143: 8142: 8123: 8108: 8106: 8105: 8094: 8093: 8074: 8072: 8071: 8053: 8051: 8050: 8031: 8006: 7991: 7989: 7988: 7973: 7950: 7936: 7918: 7916: 7915: 7886: 7884: 7883: 7879: 7878: 7874: 7873: 7869: 7868: 7857: 7839: 7813: 7782: 7765: 7745: 7736: 7710: 7705:Jewish Journal 7689: 7667: 7651: 7642:Jimmy Carter, 7635: 7605: 7603: 7602: 7570: 7568: 7567: 7556: 7554: 7553: 7542: 7540: 7539: 7533:"In a feature 7530: 7529: 7525: 7524: 7513: 7511: 7510: 7499: 7480: 7478: 7477: 7466: 7456: 7454: 7453: 7438: 7436: 7435: 7391: 7389: 7388: 7370: 7368: 7367: 7352: 7350: 7349: 7338: 7328: 7326: 7325: 7314: 7301: 7299: 7298: 7294: 7293: 7289: 7288: 7284: 7283: 7279: 7278: 7274: 7273: 7268: 7267: 7257: 7248: 7224: 7222: 7221: 7198: 7196: 7195: 7174:on 28 May 2010 7159: 7157: 7156: 7141: 7139: 7138: 7123: 7114: 7105: 7096: 7094: 7093: 7082: 7065: 7063: 7062: 7001: 6992: 6957: 6937: 6935: 6934: 6908: 6892: 6890: 6889: 6885: 6884: 6877: 6860: 6837: 6810: 6794:Stephen Shalom 6785: 6763: 6732: 6714: 6700: 6675: 6650: 6641: 6630: 6619: 6599: 6589: 6563: 6537: 6519: 6503: 6457: 6432: 6406: 6378: 6350: 6322: 6306: 6304: 6303: 6288: 6286: 6285: 6278:Geller, Pamela 6264: 6243: 6241: 6240: 6235: 6224: 6205: 6183: 6161: 6152: 6140: 6127: 6107: 6091: 6078: 6066: 6058:Gordis, Daniel 6050: 6037: 6023: 6016: 5986: 5974: 5944: 5921: 5898: 5873: 5848: 5829: 5804: 5778: 5769:"Worlds apart" 5759: 5747: 5722: 5696: 5668: 5650: 5626: 5612: 5595: 5566: 5563:on 2019-08-08. 5542: 5530:(1): 122–133, 5514: 5494: 5480: 5456: 5444: 5423: 5402: 5388: 5371: 5352: 5332: 5311: 5302:Ravid, Barak. 5295: 5286:Ravid, Barak. 5279: 5253: 5235: 5214: 5196: 5182: 5165: 5140: 5121: 5107: 5088: 5076:New York Times 5062: 5045: 5026: 4995: 4977: 4940: 4925:The New Yorker 4911: 4895:New York Times 4881: 4875:978-1935982159 4874: 4856: 4828: 4800: 4778: 4759: 4734: 4723: 4697: 4683: 4659: 4636: 4618: 4599: 4573: 4553: 4536: 4520: 4514:978-1851685554 4513: 4495: 4488: 4460: 4388: 4362: 4333: 4320:Bard, Mitchell 4311: 4293: 4268: 4239: 4206: 4171: 4146: 4123: 4102: 4083: 4043: 4025: 4005: 3974: 3973: 3971: 3968: 3966: 3963: 3962: 3961: 3956: 3951: 3946: 3941: 3936: 3931: 3926: 3921: 3916: 3911: 3906: 3901: 3896: 3891: 3886: 3881: 3876: 3871: 3866: 3861: 3856: 3851: 3845: 3844: 3830: 3827:History portal 3814: 3811: 3775: 3774: 3733: 3731: 3724: 3715:Main article: 3712: 3709: 3588: 3587:United Nations 3585: 3543:Catch the Jew! 3541:, in his book 3539:Tuvia Tenenbom 3528:Matti Friedman 3516:, accused the 3474: 3473: 3429: 3427: 3420: 3414: 3411: 3366:use the 1980s 3250: 3247: 3213: 3210: 3196: 3193: 3167: 3164: 3147: 3144: 3124: 3121: 3119: 3116: 3095:Steven Salaita 3032:House of Lords 3008: 3005: 2878: 2875: 2844: 2841: 2818:Peter Beaumont 2809:activities at 2760:Main article: 2757: 2754: 2732:Abraham Foxman 2676: 2673: 2664: 2661: 2653:Michael Lerner 2649: 2646: 2642:Michael Lerner 2622: 2619: 2596: 2593: 2588:Michael Lerner 2569: 2566: 2520:Michael Lerner 2505: 2502: 2490: 2487: 2479:, in the book 2446:Michael Lerner 2442: 2439: 2415:Michael Lerner 2397: 2394: 2368: 2365: 2348: 2347: 2344: 2341: 2338: 2335: 2306:European Union 2297: 2294: 2285:antisemitism. 2282: 2281: 2278: 2275: 2256: 2250: 2248: 2245: 2117: 2105: 2102: 2068: 2067: 2053: 2035: 2024: 2017: 2006: 1995:United Nations 1991: 1968: 1964:Gerald Kaufman 1957: 1946: 1943:Luis Sepulveda 1939: 1928: 1850:Main article: 1847: 1844: 1818:Main article: 1815: 1812: 1793:Shulamit Aloni 1775:Main article: 1772: 1769: 1767: 1764: 1751: 1748: 1722: 1719: 1679:United Nations 1652:Main article: 1649: 1646: 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487: 481: 479: 477: 476: 471: 469:United Nations 465: 462: 457: 456: 453: 452: 449: 448: 438: 436: 435: 430: 425: 419: 417: 415: 414: 409: 407:Prime Minister 403: 401: 399: 398: 393: 388: 382: 380: 378: 377: 372: 366: 364: 358: 355: 354: 349: 343: 342: 341: 338: 337: 334: 333: 331: 330: 325: 319: 314: 308: 306: 304: 303: 298: 293: 286: 284: 282: 281: 279:1949 Armistice 276: 270: 268: 266: 265: 260: 255: 249: 246: 241: 240: 237: 236: 233: 232: 227: 222: 217: 215: 214: 209: 203: 201: 199: 198: 193: 188: 182: 180: 173:Jewish history 169: 164: 163: 160: 159: 156: 155: 153: 152: 147: 142: 136: 134: 132: 131: 129:Sea of Galilee 126: 120: 118: 116: 115: 110: 104: 102: 100: 99: 97:Transportation 94: 89: 83: 81: 79:Land of Israel 75: 70: 69: 66: 65: 57: 56: 36:Protesters in 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9628: 9617: 9614: 9612: 9609: 9607: 9604: 9602: 9599: 9597: 9594: 9593: 9591: 9580: 9576: 9573: 9570: 9566: 9556:on 2007-09-29 9555: 9551: 9547: 9543: 9540:(Fall 2004). 9539: 9535: 9532: 9528: 9525: 9521: 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8806: 8802: 8795: 8780: 8774: 8765: 8749: 8745: 8739: 8723: 8719: 8713: 8698: 8694: 8687: 8671: 8667: 8661: 8647:on 2012-10-17 8646: 8642: 8638: 8631: 8629: 8621: 8620: 8615: 8611: 8607: 8604: 8599: 8592: 8591: 8586: 8581: 8579: 8570: 8564: 8555: 8554: 8550: 8541: 8540: 8538: 8534: 8528: 8519: 8505:on 2018-10-18 8504: 8500: 8494: 8480: 8476: 8470: 8462: 8461: 8456: 8450: 8435: 8431: 8427: 8421: 8413: 8407: 8403: 8402: 8394: 8387: 8382: 8368:on 2010-08-08 8367: 8363: 8359: 8352: 8338: 8334: 8327: 8313: 8309: 8303: 8296: 8292: 8289: 8284: 8278: 8274: 8268: 8254:on 2011-01-07 8253: 8249: 8243: 8237: 8233: 8230: 8226: 8222: 8217: 8207: 8202: 8201: 8198: 8194: 8187: 8179: 8172: 8163: 8159: 8158: 8154: 8153: 8149: 8140: 8139: 8137: 8133: 8127: 8119: 8112: 8104: 8100: 8096: 8095: 8091: 8090: 8088: 8084: 8078: 8069: 8068: 8067: 8063: 8057: 8048: 8047: 8045: 8041: 8035: 8021:on 2018-10-18 8020: 8016: 8010: 8002: 7995: 7986: 7985: 7983: 7977: 7970: 7966: 7963: 7960: 7954: 7946: 7940: 7932: 7928: 7922: 7913: 7912: 7901: 7897: 7893:Finkelstein: 7890: 7881: 7880: 7876: 7875: 7871: 7870: 7866: 7865: 7864:Finkelstein: 7861: 7854: 7850: 7843: 7829:on 2011-08-07 7828: 7824: 7817: 7810: 7806: 7802: 7798: 7795: 7791: 7786: 7779: 7775: 7769: 7762: 7761: 7755: 7749: 7740: 7733: 7729: 7726: 7722: 7717: 7715: 7707: 7706: 7702: 7698: 7693: 7686: 7683: 7679: 7674: 7672: 7664: 7661: 7655: 7649: 7645: 7639: 7632: 7628: 7625: 7621: 7620:Stephen Zunes 7616: 7614: 7612: 7610: 7599: 7595: 7594:Lorand Matory 7591: 7587: 7583: 7582: 7580: 7574: 7565: 7564: 7560: 7551: 7550: 7546: 7536: 7532: 7531: 7527: 7526: 7522: 7521: 7517: 7508: 7507: 7503: 7496: 7492: 7491: 7484: 7475: 7474: 7470: 7460: 7451: 7450: 7448: 7442: 7433: 7432: 7428: 7422: 7406: 7402: 7395: 7386: 7385: 7381: 7374: 7365: 7364: 7362: 7356: 7347: 7346: 7342: 7332: 7323: 7322: 7318: 7311: 7305: 7296: 7295: 7291: 7290: 7286: 7285: 7281: 7280: 7276: 7275: 7270: 7269: 7265: 7264: 7261: 7252: 7245: 7241: 7237: 7234: 7228: 7219: 7218:US government 7215: 7211: 7207: 7206: 7202: 7193: 7192: 7190: 7189: 7173: 7169: 7163: 7154: 7150: 7149: 7145: 7136: 7135: 7133: 7127: 7118: 7109: 7100: 7091: 7090: 7086: 7079: 7075: 7069: 7059: 7055: 7051: 7047: 7043: 7039: 7038: 7032: 7031: 7017: 7013: 7005: 6996: 6977: 6970: 6964: 6962: 6954: 6950: 6947: 6941: 6931: 6930: 6928: 6924: 6921: 6918: 6912: 6906: 6902: 6896: 6887: 6886: 6882: 6878: 6876: 6872: 6868: 6867: 6864: 6848: 6841: 6825: 6821: 6814: 6799: 6795: 6789: 6774: 6767: 6752: 6751: 6746: 6743:(July 2010). 6742: 6736: 6728: 6724: 6718: 6710: 6704: 6689: 6685: 6679: 6665:on 2008-04-03 6664: 6660: 6654: 6645: 6639: 6634: 6627: 6622: 6616: 6612: 6611: 6603: 6593: 6577: 6573: 6567: 6552:. 17 May 2018 6551: 6547: 6541: 6533: 6529: 6523: 6516: 6514: 6507: 6499: 6493: 6474: 6467: 6461: 6447:on 2014-08-25 6446: 6442: 6436: 6421: 6417: 6410: 6395: 6394: 6389: 6382: 6367: 6366: 6361: 6354: 6339: 6338: 6333: 6326: 6320: 6316: 6310: 6301: 6300: 6298: 6292: 6283: 6279: 6275: 6272: 6271: 6268: 6262: 6258: 6255: 6252: 6247: 6239: 6236: 6234: 6233: 6228: 6225: 6221: 6217: 6216: 6211: 6206: 6202: 6201: 6196: 6191: 6190: 6187: 6172: 6165: 6156: 6149: 6144: 6137: 6131: 6125:, pp.139–140 6124: 6120: 6116: 6111: 6105:, p. 80 6104: 6100: 6095: 6088: 6082: 6075: 6070: 6063: 6059: 6054: 6047: 6041: 6033: 6027: 6019: 6013: 6009: 6005: 6001: 5997: 5990: 5977: 5971: 5967: 5963: 5959: 5955: 5948: 5940: 5936: 5932: 5925: 5917: 5913: 5909: 5902: 5888: 5884: 5877: 5862: 5858: 5852: 5844: 5840: 5833: 5819: 5815: 5808: 5793: 5789: 5782: 5774: 5770: 5763: 5756: 5751: 5736: 5732: 5726: 5710: 5706: 5700: 5685: 5684: 5679: 5672: 5664: 5660: 5654: 5643: 5636: 5630: 5622: 5616: 5608: 5607: 5599: 5585:on 2011-09-20 5584: 5580: 5576: 5570: 5559: 5552: 5546: 5537: 5533: 5529: 5525: 5518: 5510: 5509: 5504: 5498: 5490: 5484: 5470: 5466: 5460: 5453: 5448: 5440: 5439: 5434: 5427: 5419: 5415: 5409: 5407: 5398: 5392: 5385: 5381: 5375: 5368: 5364: 5359: 5357: 5349: 5345: 5341: 5336: 5321: 5315: 5308: 5305: 5299: 5292: 5289: 5283: 5267: 5263: 5257: 5249: 5245: 5239: 5224: 5218: 5210: 5206: 5200: 5192: 5186: 5178: 5172: 5170: 5154: 5150: 5144: 5136: 5132: 5125: 5110: 5108:9781786634481 5104: 5100: 5099: 5092: 5077: 5073: 5066: 5055: 5049: 5041: 5037: 5030: 5016:on 2010-07-06 5012: 5005: 4999: 4991: 4987: 4981: 4974: 4958: 4951: 4944: 4937: 4926: 4922: 4915: 4908: 4896: 4892: 4885: 4877: 4871: 4867: 4860: 4845: 4844: 4839: 4832: 4817: 4816: 4811: 4804: 4789: 4782: 4775: 4771: 4768: 4763: 4748: 4744: 4738: 4732: 4727: 4712: 4708: 4701: 4695: 4693: 4687: 4673: 4669: 4663: 4647: 4644:Shavit, Ari. 4640: 4633:. 2011-03-17. 4632: 4628: 4622: 4614: 4610: 4603: 4588: 4584: 4577: 4571: 4570: 4565: 4562: 4557: 4551: 4549: 4545: 4540: 4533: 4529: 4524: 4516: 4510: 4506: 4499: 4491: 4489:1-85043-819-6 4485: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4467: 4465: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4412:Walid Khalidi 4409: 4405: 4401: 4397: 4392: 4385: 4382: 4378: 4375: 4371: 4366: 4352:on 2019-03-25 4351: 4347: 4343: 4337: 4330: 4326:. p. 1. 4325: 4321: 4315: 4307: 4303: 4297: 4283:on 2011-07-18 4282: 4278: 4272: 4256: 4252: 4246: 4244: 4236: 4224: 4220: 4213: 4211: 4203: 4201: 4197: 4185: 4178: 4176: 4160: 4156: 4150: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4127: 4112: 4106: 4098: 4094: 4087: 4080: 4064: 4057: 4053: 4047: 4040: 4028: 4026:9783638775489 4022: 4018: 4017: 4009: 4002: 3989: 3985: 3979: 3975: 3960: 3957: 3955: 3952: 3950: 3947: 3945: 3942: 3940: 3937: 3935: 3932: 3930: 3927: 3925: 3922: 3920: 3917: 3915: 3912: 3910: 3907: 3905: 3902: 3900: 3897: 3895: 3892: 3890: 3887: 3885: 3882: 3880: 3877: 3875: 3872: 3870: 3867: 3865: 3862: 3860: 3857: 3855: 3852: 3850: 3847: 3846: 3842: 3836: 3831: 3828: 3817: 3810: 3808: 3804: 3799: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3771: 3768: 3760: 3750: 3746: 3740: 3739: 3734:This section 3732: 3728: 3723: 3722: 3718: 3708: 3706: 3702: 3697: 3693: 3692:Radical Islam 3689: 3685: 3681: 3679: 3674: 3669: 3665: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3643: 3639: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3615:Freedom House 3613:According to 3610: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3584: 3582: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3470: 3467: 3459: 3456:February 2015 3449: 3445: 3439: 3438: 3434: 3428: 3419: 3418: 3410: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3387:South African 3384: 3380: 3376: 3375:disinvestment 3371: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3328: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3246: 3243: 3242:Antony Lerman 3239: 3237: 3232: 3229: 3228:Antony Lerman 3225: 3221: 3219: 3209: 3207: 3203: 3192: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3173: 3163: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3143: 3141: 3137: 3135: 3130: 3115: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3091: 3089: 3085: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3023: 3018: 3014: 3004: 3001: 3000:Cindy Sheehan 2996: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2980: 2979:Michael Prior 2976: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2959: 2955: 2950: 2948: 2944: 2939: 2935: 2930: 2927: 2923: 2922:Larry Summers 2919: 2915: 2910: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2891:Cindy Sheehan 2888: 2884: 2874: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2862: 2858: 2853: 2849: 2840: 2837: 2833: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2814: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2795: 2790: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2769: 2763: 2753: 2750: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2728: 2721: 2717: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2706: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2692:anti-Semitism 2688: 2687:Stephen Zunes 2682: 2672: 2669: 2660: 2658: 2654: 2645: 2643: 2639: 2637: 2633: 2631: 2627: 2618: 2615: 2611: 2610: 2604: 2601: 2592: 2589: 2585: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2568:Scare tactics 2565: 2562: 2561:WorldNetDaily 2558: 2554: 2550: 2545: 2542: 2538: 2537:Antony Lerman 2534: 2532: 2528: 2526: 2521: 2516: 2515:Sander Gilman 2511: 2501: 2499: 2495: 2486: 2484: 2483: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2467: 2462: 2460: 2456: 2454: 2450: 2447: 2438: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2419:Antony Lerman 2416: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2393: 2391: 2390:Antony Lerman 2387: 2383: 2380: 2378: 2374: 2364: 2362: 2358: 2357:Yitzhak Rabin 2352: 2345: 2342: 2339: 2336: 2333: 2332: 2331: 2328: 2327: 2322: 2318: 2313: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2293: 2291: 2286: 2279: 2276: 2273: 2272: 2271: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2255: 2244: 2242: 2241:Richard Kuper 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2215:(head of the 2214: 2210: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2167: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2135: 2132: 2128: 2121: 2115: 2111: 2101: 2099: 2095: 2090: 2087:In May 2018, 2085: 2082: 2077: 2073: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2054: 2051: 2047: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2022: 2018: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1989: 1985: 1984:Warsaw Ghetto 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1962: 1958: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1944: 1940: 1937: 1933: 1932:Jose Saramago 1929: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1913: 1912: 1910: 1905: 1903: 1902: 1897: 1896: 1891: 1890: 1884: 1882: 1878: 1873: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1853: 1843: 1841: 1838: 1837:New Historian 1832: 1827: 1826:Gaza genocide 1821: 1811: 1809: 1805: 1800: 1798: 1797:Yitzhak Rabin 1794: 1789: 1787: 1782: 1778: 1763: 1761: 1757: 1747: 1744: 1741: 1737: 1732: 1728: 1727:Law of Return 1718: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1691: 1689: 1685: 1680: 1675: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1655: 1645: 1642: 1641:United States 1635: 1625: 1623: 1618: 1613: 1611: 1607: 1600: 1590: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1575:human shields 1563: 1559: 1558:Mahmoud Kahil 1555: 1550: 1541: 1538: 1537:Angela Merkel 1528: 1524: 1520: 1518: 1514: 1513:Or Commission 1510: 1504: 1494: 1491: 1486: 1482: 1479: 1474: 1464: 1462: 1457: 1453: 1448: 1438: 1436: 1431: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1410: 1408: 1404: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1380: 1378: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1364:David Remnick 1361: 1357: 1353: 1348: 1346: 1342: 1332: 1329: 1325: 1323: 1319: 1318:Jerusalem Law 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1294:Jerusalem Law 1287: 1284: 1282:self-defence. 1280: 1279: 1278: 1277: 1268: 1264: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1233: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1217: 1216: 1215: 1211: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1200:Golan Heights 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1167: 1161: 1157: 1147: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1120: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1109: 1104: 1093: 1083: 1079: 1074: 1070: 1067:This section 1065: 1061: 1056: 1055: 1047: 1044: 1040: 1039:United States 1036: 1033: 1032:New Historian 1028: 1023: 1021: 1017: 1011: 1009: 1005: 999: 995: 989: 985: 981: 966: 964: 960: 956: 953: 948: 946: 941: 937: 933: 929: 924: 922: 918: 914: 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 871: 867: 863: 859: 855: 850: 848: 844: 840: 836: 832: 831:establishment 828: 824: 820: 816: 805: 800: 798: 793: 791: 786: 785: 783: 782: 777: 774: 769: 766: 764: 761: 760: 758: 757: 756: 755: 745: 742: 740: 737: 735: 732: 730: 727: 726: 724: 719: 716: 714: 711: 709: 706: 705: 703: 698: 695: 693: 690: 688: 685: 684: 682: 677: 676:Israeli Arabs 674: 672: 669: 667: 664: 662: 659: 658: 656: 655: 649: 646: 644: 641: 640: 636: 635: 625: 622: 620: 617: 615: 612: 611: 609: 604: 601: 599: 596: 595: 593: 588: 585: 583: 580: 578: 575: 573: 570: 568: 565: 564: 562: 561: 558: 553: 552: 545: 542: 537: 536:Border Police 534: 532: 529: 528: 526: 524: 521: 519: 516: 514: 511: 510: 507: 502: 501: 491: 488: 486: 483: 482: 480: 475: 474:United States 472: 470: 467: 466: 464: 463: 460: 455: 454: 446: 442: 439: 434: 431: 429: 428:Supreme Court 426: 424: 421: 420: 418: 413: 410: 408: 405: 404: 402: 397: 394: 392: 389: 387: 384: 383: 381: 376: 375:Jerusalem Law 373: 371: 370:Law of Return 368: 367: 365: 363: 360: 359: 353: 350: 348: 345: 344: 340: 339: 329: 326: 324: 320: 318: 315: 313: 310: 309: 307: 302: 299: 297: 294: 292: 288: 287: 285: 280: 277: 275: 272: 271: 269: 264: 261: 259: 256: 254: 251: 250: 248: 247: 244: 239: 238: 231: 228: 226: 223: 221: 218: 213: 210: 208: 205: 204: 202: 197: 196:Theodor Herzl 194: 192: 189: 187: 184: 183: 181: 178: 174: 171: 170: 167: 162: 161: 151: 148: 146: 143: 141: 138: 137: 135: 130: 127: 125: 122: 121: 119: 114: 111: 109: 106: 105: 103: 98: 95: 93: 90: 88: 85: 84: 82: 80: 77: 76: 73: 68: 67: 63: 59: 58: 55: 50: 49: 43: 40:opposing the 39: 38:Dar es Salaam 34: 30: 19: 9578: 9568: 9558:. Retrieved 9554:the original 9549: 9545: 9530: 9523: 9499: 9489: 9473: 9466: 9456: 9433: 9420: 9396:(1): 46–59. 9393: 9387: 9370: 9356: 9346: 9331: 9324: 9318:Never Again? 9317: 9296: 9269: 9253: 9246: 9228: 9225:EISCA Report 9224: 9218: 9208: 9198: 9188: 9178: 9163:. AK Press. 9159: 9147: 9137: 9127: 9117: 9107: 9104:Ahlmark, Per 9082:. Retrieved 9078:the original 9052:. Retrieved 9047: 9034: 9022:. Retrieved 9018: 9005: 8993:. Retrieved 8984: 8972:. Retrieved 8968: 8959: 8947:. Retrieved 8933: 8921:. Retrieved 8917: 8907: 8895:. Retrieved 8891: 8881: 8869:. Retrieved 8865:the original 8855: 8843:. Retrieved 8838: 8816: 8809:. Retrieved 8805:the original 8794: 8782:. Retrieved 8773: 8764: 8752:. Retrieved 8738: 8726:. Retrieved 8721: 8712: 8700:. Retrieved 8696: 8686: 8676:27 September 8674:. Retrieved 8670:the original 8660: 8649:. 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