1007:(2003) asserted the lifelong physical health, including cardiopulmonary and neurological functions, and mental health of people with idiopathic scoliosis are comparable to those of the general population. Scoliosis that interferes with normal systemic functions is "exceptional" and "rare", and "untreated people had similar death rates and were just as functional and likely to lead productive lives 50 years after diagnosis as people with normal spines." In an earlier University of Iowa follow-up study, 91% of people with idiopathic scoliosis displayed normal pulmonary function, and their life expectancy was found to be 2% more than that of the general population. Later (2006â) studies corroborate these findings, adding that they are "reassuring for the adult patient who has adolescent onset idiopathic scoliosis in approximately the 50â70° range." These modern landmark studies supersede earlier studies (e.g. Mankin-Graham-Schauk 1964) that did implicate moderate idiopathic scoliosis in impaired pulmonary function.
1231:, which allows for better balance and support of an upright trunk. Selection for bipedality was likely strong enough to justify the maintenance of such a disorder. Bipedality is hypothesized to have emerged for a variety of different reasons, many of which would have certainly conferred fitness advantages. It may increase viewing distance, which can be beneficial in hunting and foraging as well as protection from predators or other humans; it makes long-distance travel more efficient for foraging or hunting; and it facilitates terrestrial feeding from grasses, trees, and bushes. Given the many benefits of bipedality which depends on a particularly formed spine, it is likely that selection for bipedalism played a large role in the development of the spine as we see it today, in spite of the potential for "scoliotic deviations". According to the fossil record, scoliosis may have been more prevalent among earlier hominids such as
833:
1057:
1145:, attached by hooks to the spine at the top and bottom of the curvature that when cranked would distractâor straightenâthe curve. The Harrington rod obviates the need for prolonged casting, allowing patients greater mobility in the postoperative period and significantly reducing the quality of life burden of fusion surgery. The Harrington rod was the precursor to most modern spinal instrumentation systems. A major shortcoming was that it failed to produce a posture wherein the skull would be in proper alignment with the pelvis, and it did not address rotational deformity. As the person aged, there would be increased wear and tear, early onset
845:
1065:
452:
1114:, or the "cancer of orthopaedic surgery". These patients were treated with questionable remedies. A theory at the timeânow discreditedâwas that the condition needed to be detected early to halt its progression, and so some schools made screening for scoliosis mandatory. Measurements of shoulder height, leg length and spinal curvature were made, and the ability to bend forwards, along with body posture, was tested, but students were sometimes misdiagnosed because of their poor posture.
52:
1182:
604:
911:
324:
902:
230:. The curve is usually S- or C-shaped over three dimensions. In some, the degree of curve is stable, while in others, it increases over time. Mild scoliosis does not typically cause problems, but more severe cases can affect breathing and movement. Pain is usually present in adults, and can worsen with age. As the condition progresses, it may alter a person's life, and hence can also be considered a
993:(also known as general analgesia). Epidural analgesia medication are often used surgically including combinations of local anesthetics and pain medications injected via an epidural injection. Evidence comparing different approaches for analgesia, side effects or benefits, and which approach results in greater pain relief and for how long after this type of surgery is of low to moderate quality.
416:, has been associated with the idiopathic form of scoliosis. Several candidate gene studies have found associations between idiopathic scoliosis and genes mediating bone formation, bone metabolism, and connective tissue structure. Several genome-wide studies have identified a number of loci as significantly linked to idiopathic scoliosis. In 2006, idiopathic scoliosis was linked with three
4864:
are plausible: First, the treatment of an underlying neurologic lesion could help alleviate progressive neurologic deterioration and lead to improvement or stabilization of scoliosis; second, surgery performed to correct scoliosis in the presence of an underlying neurologic disorder that has not been identified and treated could result in new or additional neurologic deficits.
722:, which is the angle between two lines, drawn perpendicular to the upper endplate of the uppermost vertebra involved and the lower endplate of the lowest vertebra involved. For people with two curves, Cobb angles are followed for both curves. In some people, lateral-bending X-rays are obtained to assess the flexibility of the curves or the primary and compensatory curves.
289:, specific exercises, posture checking, and surgery. The brace must be fitted to the person and used daily until growing stops. Specific exercises, such as exercises that focus on the core, may be used to try to decrease the risk of worsening. They may be done alone or along with other treatments such as bracing. Evidence that
824:
trunk asymmetries have been recorded following the implementation of
Schroth method in terms of conservative management of scoliosis. Some other forms of exercises interventions have been lately used in the clinical practice for therapeutic management of scoliosis such as global postural reeducation and the Klapp method.
869:
effectiveness of the brace is as good as conventional braces. The UK government have funded a large clinical trial (called the BASIS study) to resolve this uncertainty. The BASIS study is ongoing throughout the UK in all of the leading UK children's hospitals that treat scoliosis, with families encouraged to take part.
434:
idiopathic scoliosis. Such procedures can result in a return to physical activity in about 6 months, which is very promising, although minimal back pain is still to be expected in the most severe cases. The prevalence of scoliosis is 1â2% among adolescents, but the likelihood of progression among adolescents with a
1220:, which are the muscles which hold the spine steady. These factors make the lumbar spine of most primates less flexible and far less likely to deviate than those of humans. While this may explicitly relate only to lumbar scolioses, small imbalances in the lumbar spine could precipitate thoracic problems as well.
2499:
It was once assumed, on the basis of studies in heterogeneous patient populations, that patients with untreated adolescent scoliosis would necessarily become wheelchair-dependent in old age and were likely to die of cardiopulmonary arrest for reasons related to scoliosis. This is no longer held to be
958:
Surgery is indicated by the
Society on Scoliosis Orthopaedic and Rehabilitation Treatment (SOSORT) at 45â50° and by the Scoliosis Research Society (SRS) at a Cobb angle of 45°. SOSORT uses the 45â50° threshold as a result of the well-documented, plus or minus 5° measurement error that can occur while
880:
could be considered for nighttime bracing. On the opposite end of the growth spectrum, a 29° Cobb angle and a Risser sign three or four might not need to be braced because the potential for progression is reduced. The
Scoliosis Research Society's recommendations for bracing include curves progressing
868:
skill, but also people's compliance and amount of wear per day. An alternative form of brace is a nighttime only brace, that is worn only at night whilst the child sleeps, and which overcorrects the deformity. Whilst nighttime braces are more convenient for children and families, it is unknown if the
815:
Treatment for idiopathic scoliosis also depends upon the severity of the curvature, the spine's potential for further growth, and the risk that the curvature will progress. Mild scoliosis (less than 30° deviation) and moderate scoliosis (30â45°) can typically be treated conservatively with bracing in
4863:
The main purpose of performing CT or MR imaging in a patient with scoliosis is to identify an underlying cause. MR imaging is used with increasing frequency to evaluate patients with an unusual curve pattern or alarming clinical manifestations. Nevertheless, two reasons for performing such screening
1094:
and the insertion of rods into the spine were employed during the 1900s. In the mid-20th century, new treatments and improved screening methods have been developed to reduce the progression of scoliosis in patients and alleviate their associated pain. School children were during this period believed
1043:
while standing and stride execution in children. The impact of carrying backpacks on these three side effects have been broadly researched. Incidence of idiopathic scoliosis (IS) stops after puberty when skeletal maturity is attained, however further curvature may occur during late adulthood due to
931:
levoscoliosis: The X-ray is usually projected anteroposterior, such that the right side of the subject is on the right side of the image; i.e., the subject is viewed from the rear (see left image; the right image is seen from the front). This projection is typically used by spine surgeons, as it is
823:
may be useful. Evidence to support its use, however, is weak. Low quality evidence suggests scoliosis-specific exercises (SSE) may be more effective than electrostimulation. Evidence for the
Schroth method is insufficient to support its use. Significant improvement in function, vertebral angles and
872:
Indications for bracing: people who are still growing who present with Cobb angles less than 20° should be closely monitored. People who are still growing who present with Cobb angles of 20 to 29° should be braced according to the risk of progression by considering age, Cobb angle increase over a
771:
Scoliosis curves do not straighten out on their own. Many children have slight curves that do not need treatment. In these cases, the children grow up to lead normal body posture by itself, even though their small curves never go away. If the patient is still growing and has a larger curve, it is
594:
Another form of secondary scoliosis is degenerative scoliosis, also known as de novo scoliosis, which develops later in life secondary to degenerative (may or may not be associated with aging) changes. This is a type of deformity that starts and progresses because of the collapse of the vertebral
1010:
Generally, the prognosis of scoliosis depends on the likelihood of progression. The general rules of progression are larger curves carry a higher risk of progression than smaller curves, and thoracic and double primary curves carry a higher risk of progression than single lumbar or thoracolumbar
433:
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis has no clear causal agent, and is generally believed to be multifactorial; leading to "progressive functional limitations" for individuals. Research suggests that
Posterior Spinal Fusion (PSF) can be used to correct the more severe deformities caused by adolescent
409:
About 38% of variance in scoliosis risk is due to genetic factors, and 62% is due to the environment. The genetics are likely complex, however, given the inconsistent inheritance and discordance among monozygotic twins. The specific genes that contribute to development of scoliosis have not been
840:
Bracing is normally done when the person has bone growth remaining and is, in general, implemented to hold the curve and prevent it from progressing to the point where surgery is recommended. In some cases with juveniles, bracing has reduced curves significantly, going from a 40° (of the curve,
385:
have revealed that the most common form of the condition, late-onset idiopathic scoliosis, causes little physical impairment other than back pain and cosmetic concerns, even when untreated, with mortality rates similar to the general population. Older beliefs that untreated idiopathic scoliosis
447:
due to a failure of formation, a failure of segmentation, or a combination of stimuli. Incomplete and abnormal segmentation results in an abnormally shaped vertebra, at times fused to a normal vertebra or unilaterally fused vertebrae, leading to the abnormal lateral curvature of the spine.
1251:
The cost of scoliosis involves both monetary loss and lifestyle limitations that increase with severity. Respiratory deficiencies may arise from thoracic deformities and cause abnormal breathing. This directly affects capacity for exercise and work, decreasing the overall quality of life.
725:
Congenital and idiopathic scoliosis that develops before the age of 10 is referred to as early-onset scoliosis. Progressive idiopathic early-onset scoliosis can be a life-threatening condition with negative effects on pulmonary function. Scoliosis that develops after 10 is referred to as
841:
mentioned in length above) out of the brace to 18°. Braces are sometimes prescribed for adults to relieve pain related to scoliosis. Bracing involves fitting the person with a device that covers the torso; in some cases, it extends to the neck (example being the
Milwaukee Brace).
710:
are the standard method for evaluating the severity and progression of scoliosis, and whether it is congenital or idiopathic in nature. In growing individuals, serial radiographs are obtained at 3- to 12-month intervals to follow curve progression, and, in some instances,
1121:, a rigid contraption of metal rods attached to a plastic or leather girdle, designed to straighten the spine. Because of the constant pressure applied to the spine, the brace was uncomfortable. It caused jaw and muscle pain, skin irritation, as well as low self-esteem.
864:-like appliance that fits from armpits to hips and is custom-made from fiberglass or plastic. It is typically recommended to be worn 22â23 hours a day, and applies pressure on the curves in the spine. The effectiveness of the brace depends on not only brace design and
455:
Opposite rotational asymmetries as viewed from below. Left: the
Yakovlevian torque in the healthy cerebrum (exaggerated). Redrawn from Toga & Thompson. Right: the opposite, rightward asymmetry of the thoracal spine in healthy subjects. Source: figure 4 of
1243:, when bipedality was first emerging. Their fossils indicate that there may have been selected over time for a slight reduction in lumbar length to what we see today, favoring a spine that could efficiently support bipedality with a lower risk of scoliosis.
284:
Treatment depends on the degree of curve, location, and cause. The age of the patient is also important, since some treatments are ineffective in adults, who are no longer growing. Minor curves may simply be watched periodically. Treatments may include
3282:
Tarrant RC, O'Loughlin PF, Lynch S, Queally JM, Sheeran P, Moore DP, Kiely PJ (August 2014). "Timing and predictors of return to short-term functional activity in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis after posterior spinal fusion: a prospective study".
430:(encoding for matrilin 1, cartilage matrix protein). Fifty-three single nucleotide polymorphism markers in the DNA that are significantly associated with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis were identified through a genome-wide association study.
6858:
614:
People who initially present with scoliosis undergo a physical examination to determine whether the deformity has an underlying cause and to exclude the possibility of the underlying condition more serious than simple scoliosis.
873:
six-month period, Risser sign, and clinical presentation. People who are still growing who present with Cobb angles greater than 30° should be braced. However, these are guidelines and not every person will fit into this table.
4065:
1172:
imbalance and rotational defects unresolved by the
Harrington rod system. This technique used multiple hooks with rods to give stronger fixation in three dimensions, usually eliminating the need for postoperative bracing.
378:
People who have reached skeletal maturity are less likely to have a worsening case. Some severe cases of scoliosis can lead to diminishing lung capacity, pressure exerted on the heart, and restricted physical activities.
946:
Surgery is usually recommended by orthopedists for curves with a high likelihood of progression (i.e., greater than 45â50° of magnitude), curves that would be cosmetically unacceptable as an adult, curves in people with
6449:
is the abnormal, side-to-side curve of the spine in children under five years old, often including children with congenital scoliosis (present at birth, with spine abnormalities) and infantile scoliosis (birth to three
3111:
Rapp van Roden EA, Richardson RT, Russo SA, Rose WC, Nicholson KF, Chafetz RS, et al. (January 2019). "Analysis of
Shoulder Complex Function After Posterior Spinal Fusion in Adolescents With Idiopathic Scoliosis".
3704:
1038:
analysis for diagnosis, scoliosis remains significant, appearing in otherwise healthy children. Despite the fact that scoliosis is a disfigurement of the spine, it has been shown to influence the pneumonic function,
1156:
In the 1960s, the gold standard for idiopathic scoliosis was a posterior approach using a single
Harrington rod. Post-operative recovery involved bed rest, casts, and braces. Poor results became apparent over time.
6851:
4963:
Celebioglu E., Yataganbaba A., Bekmez S., et al Growing-rod Graduates with Idiopathic Early-onset Scoliosis Have Comparable Exercise Tolerance to Patients with Surgically Treated Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis.
772:
important to monitor the curve for change by periodic examination and standing x-rays as needed. The rise in spinal abnormalities require examination by a neurosurgeon to determine if active treatment is needed.
6492:
6477:
816:
conjunction with scoliosis-specific exercises. Severe curvatures that rapidly progress may require surgery with spinal rod placement and spinal fusion. In all cases, early intervention offers the best results.
5227:
Negrini S, Fusco C, Minozzi S, Atanasio S, Zaina F, Romano M (2008). "Exercises reduce the progression rate of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: results of a comprehensive systematic review of the literature".
1200:. Thus, it has been hypothesized that scoliosis may actually be related to humans' morphological differences from these apes. Other apes have a shorter and less mobile lower spine than humans. Some of the
1160:
In the 1970s, an improved technique was developed using two rods and wires attached at each level of the spine. This segmented instrumentation system allowed patients to become mobile soon after surgery.
6844:
296:
Scoliosis occurs in about 3% of people. It most commonly develops between the ages of ten and twenty. Females typically are more severely affected than males with a ratio of 4:1. The term is from
1259:, the average hospital cost for cases involving surgical procedures was $ 30,000 to $ 60,000 per person in 2010. As of 2006, the cost of bracing was up to $ 5,000 during rapid growth periods, when
464:. A strong asymmetry of the vertebrae and their musculature, may lead to mechanical instability of the column, especially during phases of rapid growth. The asymmetry is thought to be caused by an
6347:
Kamerlink JR, Quirno M, Auerbach JD, Milby AH, Windsor L, Dean L, et al. (May 2010). "Hospital cost analysis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis correction surgery in 125 consecutive cases".
965:
who are specialized in spine surgery perform surgery for scoliosis. To completely straighten a scoliotic spine is usually impossible, but for the most part, significant corrections are achieved.
715:
investigation is warranted to look at the spinal cord. An average scoliosis patient has been in contact with around 50â300 mGy of radiation due to these radiographs during this time period.
484:
conditions can lead to a loss of muscular support for the spinal column so that the spinal column is pulled in abnormal directions. Some conditions which may cause secondary scoliosis include
595:
column in an asymmetrical manner. As bones start to become weaker and the ligaments and discs located in the spine become worn as a result of age-related changes, the spine begins to curve.
3196:
Landman Z, Oswald T, Sanders J, Diab M, et al. (Spinal Deformity Study Group) (May 2011). "Prevalence and predictors of pain in surgical treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis".
989:
Spine surgery can be painful and may also be associated with post-surgical pain. Different approaches for pain management are used in surgery including epidural administration and systemic
4210:
Black, James H.; Bowdin, Sarah; Dietz, Harry C.; El-Hamamsy, Ismail; Frischmeyer-Guerrerio, Pamela A.; Guerrerio, Anthony L.; Loeys, Bart; MacCarrick, Gretchen; Sponseller, Paul D (2014).
2141:
3597:
Chung AS, Renfree S, Lockwood DB, Karlen J, Belthur M (November 2019). "Syndromic Scoliosis: National Trends in Surgical Management and Inpatient Hospital Outcomes: A 12-Year Analysis".
4933:
1011:
curves. In addition, people not having yet reached skeletal maturity have a higher likelihood of progression (i.e., if the person has not yet completed the adolescent growth spurt).
4061:
3065:
Chen Z, Rong L (February 2016). "Comparison of combined anterior-posterior approach versus posterior-only approach in treating adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a meta-analysis".
1019:
Scoliosis affects 2â3% of the United States population, or about five to nine million cases. A scoliosis (spinal column curve) of 10° or less affects 1.5â3% of individuals. The
460:
Vertebrae of the spine, especially in the thoracic region, are, on average, asymmetric. The mid-axis of these vertebral bodies tends to point systematically to the right of the
3745:
1023:
is usually between 10 years and 15 years (but can occur younger) in children and adolescents, making up to 85% of those diagnosed. This is due to rapid growth spurts during
4954:
Sponseller PD, Yazici M, Demetracopoulos C, et al. Evidence basisfor management of spine and chest wall deformities in children.Spine(Phila Pa 1976). 2007;32(suppl):S81âS90
5371:
5175:
2167:
5708:
1942:"Effectiveness of scoliosis-specific exercises for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis compared with other non-surgical interventions: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
1267:
5201:
3867:
1469:
794:
Physical therapy. Evidence suggests use of scoliosis specific exercises might prevent the progression of the curve along with possible bracing and surgery avoidance.
1727:
Agabegi SS, Kazemi N, Sturm PF, Mehlman CT (December 2015). "Natural History of Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis in Skeletally Mature Patients: A Critical Review".
1192:
There are links between human spinal morphology, bipedality, and scoliosis which suggest an evolutionary basis for the condition. Scoliosis has not been found in
7545:
6412:
3026:"A multicenter study of the outcomes of the surgical treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis using the Scoliosis Research Society (SRS) outcome instrument"
1800:
Kouwenhoven, Jan-Willem; Vincken, Koen L.; Bartels, Lambertus W.; Castelein, Rene M. (2006). "Analysis of preexistent vertebral rotation in the normal spine".
293:, dietary supplements, or exercises can prevent the condition from worsening is weak. However, exercise is still recommended due to its other health benefits.
5373:
The influence of elastic orthotic belt on sagittal profile in adolescent idiopathic thoracic scoliosis: A comparative radiographic study with Milwaukee brace.
3406:
5054:
5709:"Anterior versus Posterior Selective Fusion in Treating Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Radiologic Parameters"
676:
and is often performed on school students. If a prominence is noted, then scoliosis is a possibility and an X-ray may be done to confirm the diagnosis.
277:. Scoliosis is typically classified as either structural in which the curve is fixed, or functional in which the underlying spine is normal. Left-right
5919:
1027:
when spinal development is most susceptible to genetic and environmental influences. Because female adolescents undergo growth spurts before postural
1149:, disc degeneration, muscular stiffness, and acute pain. "Flatback" became the medical name for a related complication, especially for those who had
1069:
6836:
4533:
3571:
6186:
1227:. For a bipedal stance, a highly mobile, elongated lower spine is very beneficial. For instance, the human spine takes on an S-shaped curve with
979:
One or both of these surgical procedures may be needed. The surgery may be done in one or two stages and, on average, takes four to eight hours.
5153:
3384:
940:, where the image is posteroanterior, i.e. projected as if looking at the patient from the front. The surgery was a fusion with instrumentation.
4328:
3950:
Fuente-Mora, Cristina; Kauffman, Horacio; Mendoza-Santiesteban, Carlos; Norcliffe-Kauffman, Lucy; Palma, Jose-Alberto; Percival, Leila (2014).
975:
Posterior fusion: This surgical approach is through an incision on the back and involves the use of metal instrumentation to correct the curve.
1095:
to develop poor posture as a result of working at their desks, and many were diagnosed with scoliosis. It was also considered to be caused by
5838:
4925:
2299:
Thometz JG, Simon SR (October 1988). "Progression of scoliosis after skeletal maturity in institutionalized adults who have cerebral palsy".
5030:
The Complete Scoliosis Surgery Handbook for Patients: An In-Depth and Unbiased Look Into What to Expect Before and During Scoliosis Surgery
888:
Evidence supports that bracing prevents worsening of disease, but whether it changes quality of life, appearance, or back pain is unclear.
4374:
5651:
5083:
1003:
753:
Scoliosis has been described as a biomechanical deformity, the progression of which depends on asymmetric forces otherwise known as the
7438:
5450:
Wood G (2013). "To Brace or Not to Brace: The Three-Dimensional Nature and Growth Considerations for Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis".
504:. Scoliosis often presents itself, or worsens, during an adolescent's growth spurt and is more often diagnosed in females than males.
6382:
4837:
Kim H, Kim HS, Moon ES, Yoon CS, Chung TS, Song HT, et al. (November 2010). "Scoliosis imaging: what radiologists should know".
2744:
Cheng JC, Castelein RM, Chu WC, Danielsson AJ, Dobbs MB, Grivas TB, et al. (September 2015). "Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis".
3641:
281:, of the vertebrae and their musculature, especially in the thoracic region, may cause mechanical instability of the spinal column.
6581:
1285:
scoliosis, which became available in 2009 and is still under investigation, attempts to gauge the likelihood of curve progression.
6064:
4694:
4532:
Adzick, N Scott; Melchionne, Jeanne; Mitchell, Laura E; Pasquariello, Patrick S; Sutton, Leslie N; Whitehead, Alexander S (2004).
3674:
3239:
Rubery PT, Bradford DS (February 2002). "Athletic activity after spine surgery in children and adolescents: results of a survey".
2416:
Weinstein SL, Zavala DC, Ponseti IV (June 1981). "Idiopathic scoliosis: long-term follow-up and prognosis in untreated patients".
1564:
Shakil H, Iqbal ZA, Al-Ghadir AH (2014). "Scoliosis: review of types of curves, etiological theories and conservative treatment".
1133:
introduced a metal spinal system of instrumentation that assisted with straightening the spine, as well as holding it rigid while
6931:
6437:
1359:
5179:
7540:
2881:
Kouwenhoven JW, Castelein RM (December 2008). "The pathogenesis of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: review of the literature".
1310:
1076:
had severe scoliosis, which appears to have been idiopathic (rather than congenital or neuromuscular) and of adolescent onset.
6047:
5691:
5481:
2529:
1428:
4823:
4484:
507:
Scoliosis associated with known syndromes is often subclassified as "syndromic scoliosis". Scoliosis can be associated with
7379:
5205:
1165:
303:
3900:
1461:
3875:
516:
3810:
Chandraekharan, Praveen Kumar; Lakshminrusimha, Satyan; Madappa, Rajeshwari; Rawat, Munmun; Rothstein, David H. (2017).
2011:
779:, which together help predict the likelihood of progression. The conventional options for children and adolescents are:
5038:
885:
0, 1, or 2 (an X-ray measurement of a pelvic growth area), and less than six months from the onset of menses in girls.
6408:
5389:"Compliance with night-time overcorrection bracing in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: Result from a cohort follow-up"
6866:
4014:
3956:
1599:
983:
2604:
Ogilvie JW, Braun J, Argyle V, Nelson L, Meade M, Ward K (March 2006). "The search for idiopathic scoliosis genes".
1894:
Park JH, Jeon HS, Park HW (June 2018). "Effects of the Schroth exercise on idiopathic scoliosis: a meta-analysis".
1256:
848:
Female adolescent (14 years old) patient wearing a Milwaukee brace â with neck ring and mandible (chin) pad showing
6037:
3410:
832:
775:
The traditional medical management of scoliosis is complex and is determined by the severity of the curvature and
7550:
7333:
7052:
727:
520:
5110:"Effects of corrective, therapeutic exercise techniques on adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. A systematic review"
3157:"Prevalence of postoperative pain in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis and the association with preoperative pain"
1270:
to highlight and spread awareness of scoliosis. It emphasizes its wide impact and the need for early detection.
3931:
3480:"Opposite asymmetries of face and trunk and of kissing and hugging, as predicted by the axial twist hypothesis"
1770:
512:
936:
see their patients when they are on the operating table (in the prone position). This is the opposite of many
17:
7168:
6871:
6574:
4980:"Screening for Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement"
5497:
Negrini S, Minozzi S, Bettany-Saltikov J, Chockalingam N, Grivas TB, Kotwicki T, et al. (June 2015).
2832:"Paraspinal muscle morphology and composition in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: A histological analysis"
1110:
Alfred Shands Jr. discovered that two percent of patients had non-disease related scoliosis, later termed
7338:
7057:
6887:
6875:
5593:"Postoperative epidural analgesia versus systemic analgesia for thoraco-lumbar spine surgery in children"
5271:
Romano M, Minozzi S, Bettany-Saltikov J, Zaina F, Chockalingam N, Kotwicki T, et al. (August 2012).
4270:
4131:
2196:
Coillard, Christine; Leroux, Michel A.; Prince, François; Rivard, Charles H.; Zabjek, Karl Franc (2008).
1941:
1073:
1056:
672:
When a person can cooperate, he or she is asked to bend forward as far as possible. This is known as the
257:. Risk factors include other affected family members. It can also occur due to another condition such as
1512:"2016 SOSORT guidelines: orthopaedic and rehabilitation treatment of idiopathic scoliosis during growth"
955:
that interfere with sitting and care, and curves that affect physiological functions such as breathing.
7369:
3925:
Aartsma-Ra, Annemieke; Duan, Dongsheng; Goemans, Nathalie; Mercuri, Eugenio; Takeda, Shin'ichi (2021).
3575:
1330:
536:
524:
31:
6221:
Lovejoy CO (January 2005). "The natural history of human gait and posture. Part 1. Spine and pelvis".
2374:"Health and function of patients with untreated idiopathic scoliosis: a 50-year natural history study"
876:
For example, a person who is still growing with a 17° Cobb angle and significant thoracic rotation or
7423:
7343:
6815:
6446:
6065:"The scoliosis of Richard III, last Plantagenet King of England: diagnosis and clinical significance"
5944:
Edery P, Margaritte-Jeannin P, Biot B, Labalme A, Bernard JC, Chastang J, et al. (August 2011).
5149:
3776:
3380:
2647:
Montanaro L, Parisini P, Greggi T, Di Silvestre M, Campoccia D, Rizzi S, Arciola CR (December 2006).
572:
560:
2035:
844:
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6507:
6300:"Early onset scoliosis: what the primary care provider needs to know and implications for practice"
1320:
643:
552:
5846:
5803:
Hawes MC (May 2003). "Health and Function of Patients With Untreated Idiopathic ScoliosisâReply".
3024:
Merola AA, Haher TR, Brkaric M, Panagopoulos G, Mathur S, Kohani O, et al. (September 2002).
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6926:
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1130:
1064:
877:
766:
673:
568:
489:
5756:"Anterior vertebral body tethering as a treatment for scoliosis in skeletally immature patients"
4978:
Grossman DC, Curry SJ, Owens DK, Barry MJ, Davidson KW, Doubeni CA, et al. (January 2018).
2095:
441:
Congenital scoliosis can be attributed to a malformation of the spine during weeks three to six
6820:
6678:
5322:"Review of scoliosis-specific exercise methods used to correct adolescent idiopathic scoliosis"
4184:
2521:
1510:
Negrini S, Donzelli S, Aulisa AG, Czaprowski D, Schreiber S, de Mauroy JC, et al. (2018).
1217:
1185:
A 14â15th-century woman who had severe scoliosis, and died at about 35 years, Limburgs Museum,
544:
508:
420:
297:
6547:
6271:
Hunt KD (March 1994). "The evolution of human bipedality: ecology and functional morphology".
5655:
5079:
2977:"Selective fusion for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: a review of current operative strategy"
386:
necessarily progressed into severe (cardiopulmonary) disability by old age have been refuted.
7218:
6883:
6825:
5679:
5028:
1843:
Berdishevsky H, Lebel VA, Bettany-Saltikov J, Rigo M, Lebel A, Hennes A, et al. (2016).
972:
Anterior fusion: This surgical approach is through an incision at the side of the chest wall.
528:
403:
6154:
5678:
Gibson I, Jagdish BN, Zhan G, Hajizedah K, Tho HK, Mengjie H, Dissanayake C (January 2012).
5557:
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Davids JR, Hagerman RJ, Eilert RE (July 1990). "Orthopaedic aspects of fragile-X syndrome".
3569:
POSNA. (2014). Neuromuscular Scoliosis. The Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America.
2926:"Rate of complications in scoliosis surgery - a systematic review of the Pub Med literature"
1845:"Physiotherapy scoliosis-specific exercises - a comprehensive review of seven major schools"
7433:
4438:
4216:
3712:
3155:
Bastrom TP, Marks MC, Yaszay B, Newton PO, et al. (Harms Study Group) (October 2013).
2372:
Weinstein SL, Dolan LA, Spratt KF, Peterson KK, Spoonamore MJ, Ponseti IV (February 2003).
382:
254:
5107:
4262:
3771:
706:, as these can also be affected in individuals with scoliosis. Full-length standing spine
651:
451:
8:
7251:
6867:
6496:
3949:
5533:
5498:
5108:
Ceballos Laita L, Tejedor Cubillo C, Mingo Gómez T, Jiménez Del Barrio S (August 2018).
4432:
Cassidy, Suzanne B.; Driscoll, Daniel J.; Miller, Jennifer L.; Schwartz, Stuart (2012).
4123:
7113:
6810:
6329:
6131:
6106:
6018:
5970:
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5901:
5888:
5861:
5785:
5625:
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5348:
5321:
5297:
5272:
5253:
5009:
4902:
4877:
4778:
4751:
4725:
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4619:
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4465:
4407:
4350:
4323:
4292:
4238:
4211:
4153:
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4009:
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3838:
3811:
3737:
3622:
3506:
3479:
3457:
3357:
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3308:
3264:
3221:
3137:
3090:
3001:
2976:
2952:
2925:
2906:
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2812:
2769:
2726:
2675:
2648:
2629:
2617:
2578:
2553:
2514:
2485:
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2441:
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2251:
2225:
2066:
1969:
1919:
1871:
1844:
1825:
1813:
1752:
1709:
1538:
1511:
1107:
933:
924:
540:
485:
465:
128:
121:
6234:
6083:
5591:
Guay, Joanne; Suresh, Santhanam; Kopp, Sandra; Johnson, Rebecca L. (16 January 2019).
4607:
4551:
4395:
3725:
2267:
1680:"Early-Onset Scoliosis: A Review of History, Current Treatment, and Future Directions"
1351:
7448:
7428:
6726:
6700:
6518:
6364:
6321:
6316:
6299:
6238:
6136:
6087:
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6010:
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5893:
5820:
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5538:
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5422:
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5131:
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5001:
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4854:
4783:
4717:
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4611:
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4355:
4297:
4243:
4158:
4104:
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3785:
3729:
3626:
3614:
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3511:
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3300:
3256:
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3213:
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3129:
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2525:
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2058:
1961:
1911:
1876:
1817:
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1701:
1660:
1581:
1543:
1260:
1040:
658:
564:
290:
270:
175:
168:
116:
6501:
6453:
6333:
6022:
5905:
5405:
5388:
5257:
5013:
4801:
4729:
4623:
4567:
4483:
Biesecker, Leslie G.; Choyke, Peter L.; Jamis-Dow, Carlos A.; Turner, Joyce (2004).
4411:
3461:
3312:
3268:
3141:
2910:
2816:
2773:
2633:
2445:
2229:
2070:
1973:
1923:
746:
of more than 10° to the right or left as the examiner faces the person, i.e. in the
7495:
7490:
7411:
7403:
7323:
7287:
7095:
7047:
7004:
6695:
6605:
6356:
6311:
6280:
6230:
6126:
6118:
6079:
6002:
5965:
5957:
5883:
5873:
5812:
5767:
5720:
5620:
5608:
5604:
5528:
5518:
5514:
5510:
5400:
5343:
5333:
5292:
5288:
5284:
5237:
5121:
4991:
4897:
4889:
4846:
4773:
4765:
4709:
4657:
4603:
4547:
4499:
4447:
4391:
4345:
4337:
4287:
4279:
4233:
4225:
4148:
4140:
4096:
4033:
4023:
3973:
3965:
3884:
3833:
3823:
3721:
3606:
3542:
3501:
3491:
3441:
3352:
3344:
3292:
3248:
3205:
3168:
3121:
3094:
3074:
3037:
2996:
2988:
2947:
2937:
2890:
2853:
2843:
2796:
2753:
2730:
2710:
2670:
2660:
2613:
2573:
2565:
2480:
2472:
2425:
2385:
2343:
2308:
2271:
2263:
2209:
2197:
2107:
2050:
1953:
1907:
1903:
1866:
1856:
1829:
1809:
1756:
1736:
1691:
1650:
1640:
1573:
1533:
1523:
1233:
1213:
1201:
1142:
937:
928:
820:
739:
588:
576:
341:
Constipation due to curvature causing "tightening" of the stomach, intestines, etc.
249:
The cause of most cases is unknown, but it is believed to involve a combination of
223:
190:
67:
6107:"A dangerous curve: the role of history in America's scoliosis screening programs"
5946:"New disease gene location and high genetic heterogeneity in idiopathic scoliosis"
5862:"Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: natural history and long term treatment effects"
3741:
3547:
3530:
2701:
Ogilvie J (February 2010). "Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis and genetic testing".
1713:
1420:
742:. Most instances, including the Scoliosis Research Society, define scoliosis as a
7511:
7246:
7076:
7042:
6995:
6770:
6738:
6512:
6006:
4819:
4713:
4469:
4452:
4433:
4263:"Nail patella syndrome: a review of the phenotype aided by developmental biology"
3969:
3610:
3296:
3209:
3173:
3156:
3125:
2894:
2800:
2714:
2213:
1957:
1278:
1228:
1118:
1028:
623:
556:
548:
539:(hyperflexibility, "floppy baby" syndrome, and other variants of the condition),
532:
266:
164:
5387:
Antoine L, Nathan D, Laure M, Briac C, Jean-François M, Corinne B (March 2020).
2649:"Evidence of a linkage between matrilin-1 gene (MATN1) and idiopathic scoliosis"
738:
Scoliosis is defined as a three-dimensional deviation in the axis of a person's
718:
The standard method for assessing the curvature quantitatively is measuring the
7374:
7305:
7269:
7241:
7163:
7067:
6941:
6743:
6731:
6590:
6523:
5816:
5724:
4878:"The Scoliosis Quandary: Are Radiation Exposures From Repeated X-Rays Harmful?"
4341:
2347:
1992:
1645:
1628:
1138:
952:
497:
417:
353:
262:
243:
160:
5338:
5241:
5126:
5109:
4769:
3828:
3348:
3078:
2992:
2569:
2476:
2252:"Ectopic calcification: gathering hard facts about soft tissue mineralization"
2111:
2054:
1987:
1861:
1528:
730:. Screening adolescents without symptoms for scoliosis is of unclear benefit.
7534:
7384:
7328:
7295:
7178:
6999:
6792:
6775:
6721:
6658:
6122:
5732:
5616:
4893:
2520:. Step-Up Series. Hagerstwon, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p.
2007:
1740:
1134:
1100:
747:
687:
619:
584:
493:
258:
227:
6486:
4996:
4979:
698:(side view) X-rays are usually taken to assess the scoliosis curves and the
51:
7466:
7359:
7201:
7173:
6959:
6954:
6685:
6368:
6325:
6284:
6242:
6140:
6091:
6014:
5979:
5897:
5824:
5781:
5740:
5634:
5542:
5414:
5357:
5306:
5249:
5135:
5005:
4911:
4858:
4787:
4750:
Giradi, Federico; Hughes, Alex; Kotwal, Suhel; Pumberger, Matthias (2011).
4721:
4671:
4662:
4645:
4615:
4559:
4511:
4461:
4403:
4359:
4301:
4247:
4162:
4047:
4028:
3987:
3896:
3847:
3789:
3733:
3705:"Diagnosis, natural history, and management of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease"
3618:
3515:
3453:
3366:
3304:
3260:
3217:
3182:
3133:
3086:
3051:
3010:
2961:
2902:
2867:
2808:
2765:
2722:
2684:
2665:
2625:
2587:
2494:
2399:
2390:
2373:
2355:
2285:
2221:
2062:
1965:
1915:
1880:
1821:
1748:
1705:
1696:
1679:
1664:
1585:
1547:
1315:
1239:
1209:
1096:
1045:
1020:
948:
857:
627:
580:
461:
369:
Calcium deposits in the cartilage endplate and sometimes in the disc itself
357:
6456:â US National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases
5993:
Burwell RG (2003). "Aetiology of idiopathic scoliosis: current concepts".
5878:
5707:
Lin, Yang; Chen, Wenjian; Chen, Anmin; Li, Feng; Xiong, Wei (March 2018).
5496:
4108:
3888:
2942:
2787:
Burwell RG (2003). "Aetiology of idiopathic scoliosis: current concepts".
2437:
2320:
2119:
1103:, diseases that were successfully managed using vaccines and antibiotics.
7389:
7156:
7147:
7032:
6964:
6716:
6673:
6644:
6542:
6360:
6187:"Idiopathic Scoliosis: Options of Fixation and Fusion of Thoracic Curves"
5961:
5772:
5755:
4850:
4756:
4503:
4283:
3809:
3682:
3556:
2757:
1325:
1087:
882:
754:
707:
680:
477:
278:
154:
4229:
1940:
Thompson JY, Williamson EM, Williams MA, Heine PJ, Lamb SE (June 2019).
335:
Pain in the back at the site of the curve, which may radiate to the legs
7364:
7300:
7213:
7207:
7183:
7151:
7118:
7087:
7037:
7009:
6780:
5523:
4594:
4538:
4382:
4144:
3496:
1655:
1577:
1295:
1282:
1224:
1193:
1181:
1091:
1035:
786:
743:
719:
666:
639:
607:
435:
399:
395:
286:
231:
194:
6469:
3432:
Toga, Arthur W.; Thompson, Paul M. (2003). "Mapping brain asymmetry".
2848:
7471:
7223:
7108:
7101:
7082:
7014:
6978:
6765:
6757:
5103:
5101:
2830:
Shahidi B, Yoo A, Farnsworth C, Newton PO, Ward SR (September 2021).
1842:
1146:
1084:
990:
865:
662:
481:
327:
A 20th-century illustration of a severe case of an S-shaped scoliosis
308:
4589:
4531:
3445:
2334:
Koumbourlis AC (June 2006). "Scoliosis and the respiratory system".
6913:
6909:
6891:
6785:
6690:
6618:
6613:
2646:
2198:"Postural Characteristics of Adolescents With Idiopathic Scoliosis"
1421:"Questions and Answers about Scoliosis in Children and Adolescents"
1305:
1300:
1169:
1060:
Female patient with lateral curvature of the spine; photo from 1914
776:
703:
699:
695:
691:
501:
250:
239:
235:
5943:
5270:
5098:
4802:"Scoliosis symptoms â pain, flat back, screening, self-assessment"
4261:
Fryer, G; Green, A; McIntosh, I; Mountford, R; Sweeney, E (2003).
4122:
Delatycki, Martin B; Forrest, Susan M; Williamson, Robert (2000).
1799:
7481:
7139:
6559:
6454:
Questions and Answers about Scoliosis in Children and Adolescents
3281:
3110:
1197:
1024:
962:
603:
5754:
Andreacchio, Antonio; Caretti, Valentina; Colombo, Luca (2022).
323:
6481:
6441:
1939:
1509:
1150:
1081:
910:
861:
836:
A ChĂȘneau brace achieving correction from 56° to 27° Cobb angle
635:
631:
443:
5920:"Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis | Scoliosis Research Society"
5454:. American Academy of Orthosits and Prosthetist. pp. 5â8.
4482:
3023:
2168:"Muscular Imbalance: Why Does Scoliosis Create One Weak Side?"
901:
4431:
4212:"Loeys-Dietz syndrome: a primer for diagnosis and management"
1629:"The third dimension of scoliosis: The forgotten axial plane"
1186:
920:
798:
For adults, treatment usually focuses on relieving any pain:
424:
274:
180:
6346:
5668:
adolescents/surgical_treatment.htm. Accessed 27 January 2013
3924:
2371:
1208:
are "captured", meaning that they are held fast between the
7024:
6409:"Recent advances in the treatment of scoliosis in children"
5226:
4749:
4260:
2743:
1729:
The Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons
853:
686:
When scoliosis is suspected, weight-bearing, full-spine AP/
647:
412:
91:
85:
79:
5677:
4209:
4121:
3596:
2829:
2195:
1263:
must be consistently replaced across multiple follow-ups.
881:
to larger than 25°, curves presenting between 30 and 45°,
242:, other abnormal curvatures of the spine which are in the
7457:
6987:
6900:
5753:
5436:
3528:
1726:
1678:
Yang S, Andras LM, Redding GJ, Skaggs DL (January 2016).
712:
97:
6383:"Scoliosis Awareness Month | Scoliosis Research Society"
6063:
Appleby J, Mitchell PD, Robinson C, et al. (2014).
5319:
3195:
3154:
2603:
1896:
European Journal of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine
6411:. British Editorial Society of Bone and Joint Surgery.
6062:
5682:. In Yu W, Chattopadhyay S, Lim TC, Acharya UR (eds.).
5386:
4977:
1677:
1633:
Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Surgery & Research
6349:
The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume
6304:
Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners
5176:"Idiopathic Scoliosis â Adult Nonoperative Management"
5168:
4968:
2020;40(8):e734-e739. doi:10.1097/BPO.0000000000001567
4089:
The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume
3531:"Segmental neurophysiological mechanisms in scoliosis"
2418:
The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume
2415:
2301:
The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume
2096:"A Long Term Follow-up Study of Non-treated Scoliosis"
6400:
5590:
3535:
The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. British Volume
3529:
Trontelj JV, Pecak F, DimitrijeviÄ MR (August 1979).
1626:
1223:
Scoliosis may be a byproduct of strong selection for
1031:
maturity, scoliosis is more prevalent among females.
100:
94:
76:
73:
70:
6459:
4926:"Early Onset Scoliosis | Scoliosis Research Society"
4875:
4086:
2880:
2367:
2365:
1563:
82:
6216:
6214:
6212:
6210:
6208:
6206:
6204:
4322:Boyd, Kevin P.; Korf, Bruce R.; Theos, Amy (2009).
3330:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2458:
246:(front-back) rather than the coronal (left-right).
88:
5654:. Scoliosis Research Society (SRS). Archived from
5469:
5463:
5461:
5194:
4876:Oakley PA, Ehsani NN, Harrison DE (1 April 2019).
3409:. Scoliosis Research Society (SRS). Archived from
2554:"The genetic epidemiology of idiopathic scoliosis"
2551:
2513:
1795:
1793:
1791:
1566:Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation
471:
6260:. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 1483â1518.
6180:
6178:
6176:
5680:"Development of a human spine simulation system."
5202:"Idiopathic Scoliosis â Adult Surgical Treatment"
2362:
7532:
6201:
6035:
5499:"Braces for idiopathic scoliosis in adolescents"
5320:Day JM, Fletcher J, Coghlan M, Ravine T (2019).
5055:"Treatment Options | Scoliosis Research Society"
4693:Desmarais, Thomas J.; Keller, Martin S. (2013).
3702:
3326:
3324:
3322:
2538:
1771:"Disability for Scoliosis | Bross & Frankel"
1627:Illés TS, Lavaste F, Dubousset JF (April 2019).
331:Symptoms associated with scoliosis can include:
6340:
5458:
5273:"Exercises for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis"
4692:
4485:"Radiologic Manifestations of Proteus Syndrome"
3473:
3471:
3331:Trobisch P, Suess O, Schwab F (December 2010).
2459:Trobisch P, Suess O, Schwab F (December 2010).
1788:
1600:"Scoliosis - Symptoms, Diagnosis and Treatment"
1080:Ever since the condition was discovered by the
338:Respiratory or cardiac problems in severe cases
7546:Congenital disorders of musculoskeletal system
6406:
6255:
6173:
6147:
6036:Bessette A, Rousseau CM, eds. (October 2012).
4836:
4329:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
3238:
2552:Gorman KF, Julien C, Moreau A (October 2012).
2511:
919:Preoperative (left) and postoperative (right)
6852:
6575:
5986:
5706:
4372:
4321:
3952:"Current treatments in familial dysautonomia"
3816:Maternal Health, Neonatology and Perinatology
3319:
3106:
3104:
1090:, a cure has been sought. Treatments such as
1034:Although fewer cases are present since using
27:Left-right asymmetry of the spine's curvature
5204:. Scoliosis Research Society. Archived from
5178:. Scoliosis Research Society. Archived from
4830:
3812:"Congenital Diaphragmatic hernia - a review"
3639:
3468:
3431:
2923:
2640:
2505:
2298:
1893:
1072:of England discovered in 2012 revealed that
410:conclusively identified. At least one gene,
5859:
5597:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
5503:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
5277:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
4007:
3703:Marchesi, Chiara; Pareyson, Davide (2009).
3477:
3381:"What is Scoliosis: What Causes Scoliosis?"
2411:
2409:
2333:
1935:
1933:
1004:Journal of the American Medical Association
1001:A 50-year follow-up study published in the
349:Uneven musculature on one side of the spine
6859:
6845:
6582:
6568:
4373:Glorieux, Francis H; Rauch, Frank (2004).
3640:Komazec, Jovan; Matic, Aleksandra (2009).
3101:
2974:
2737:
2696:
2694:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1129:In 1962, the American orthopaedic surgeon
6315:
6130:
6039:Scoliosis: Causes, Symptoms and Treatment
5969:
5887:
5877:
5839:"Many With Scoliosis Can Skip Treatments"
5771:
5624:
5532:
5522:
5404:
5347:
5337:
5296:
5142:
5125:
5072:
4995:
4901:
4777:
4661:
4643:
4451:
4349:
4291:
4237:
4152:
4037:
4027:
3977:
3861:
3859:
3857:
3837:
3827:
3546:
3505:
3495:
3356:
3172:
3041:
3000:
2951:
2941:
2857:
2847:
2674:
2664:
2577:
2484:
2389:
2275:
2249:
2191:
2189:
2093:
1870:
1860:
1695:
1654:
1644:
1537:
1527:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1487:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1212:bones of the pelvis. Compared to humans,
665:, abdominal reflexes and muscle tone for
6184:
4588:Lunn, Mitchell R; Wang, Ching H (2008).
4587:
4064:. Department for Work and Pensions, UK.
3425:
3064:
2406:
1930:
1622:
1620:
1559:
1557:
1180:
1063:
1055:
986:) may be appropriate for some patients.
843:
831:
602:
450:
394:An estimated 65% of scoliosis cases are
356:, caused by rotation of the rib cage in
322:
6256:Harcourt-Smith WE (2007). "Chapter 5".
6220:
5992:
5467:
3769:
2786:
2700:
2691:
683:may be used to diagnose the condition.
366:Heart and lung problems in severe cases
14:
7533:
6297:
6104:
5646:
5644:
5586:
5584:
5582:
5580:
5578:
5364:
4826:from the original on 21 November 2014.
3865:
3854:
2186:
2174:. Scoliosis SOS Clinic. 28 August 2017
2139:
2089:
2087:
1484:
1443:
1374:
1311:Neuromechanics of idiopathic scoliosis
1246:
6840:
6563:
5802:
4182:
4008:Blake, Kim D; Prasad, Chitra (2006).
3868:"Idiopathic Scoliosis in Adolescents"
2599:
2597:
2140:Yanner, Baher S. (17 December 2021).
1617:
1554:
318:
222:) is a condition in which a person's
7380:Greig cephalopolysyndactyly syndrome
6270:
5555:
5449:
5033:. Health In Your Hands. p. 89.
2033:
2008:"Scoliosis Definition & Meaning"
345:The signs of scoliosis can include:
6415:from the original on 2 January 2014
5684:Advances in Therapeutic Engineering
5641:
5575:
5476:. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders.
3876:The New England Journal of Medicine
2924:Weiss HR, Goodall D (August 2008).
2084:
2014:from the original on 16 August 2016
1472:from the original on 16 August 2016
1431:from the original on 25 August 2016
1362:from the original on 11 August 2016
1266:The month of June is recognized as
968:The two main types of surgery are:
402:, and about 10% are secondary to a
215:
24:
6870:malformations and deformations of
6589:
5950:European Journal of Human Genetics
5860:Asher MA, Burton DC (March 2006).
5472:Tachdjian's Pediatric Orthopaedics
4752:"Degenerative Scoliosis: A Review"
4743:
4068:from the original on 19 March 2012
3337:Deutsches Ărzteblatt International
2618:10.1097/01.brs.0000202527.25356.90
2594:
2465:Deutsches Ărzteblatt International
2148:. Spine Institute of North America
1814:10.1097/01.brs.0000219938.14686.b3
852:The most commonly used brace is a
25:
7562:
6431:
6111:American Journal of Public Health
5811:(20): 2644, author reply 2644â5.
5652:"Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis"
5393:Medical Engineering & Physics
5152:. NHS Choices. 19 February 2013.
5150:"Scoliosis â Treatment in adults"
5082:. NHS Choices. 19 February 2013.
4936:from the original on 21 June 2016
4822:. National Scoliosis Foundation.
4015:Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases
3957:Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy
3572:"Neuromuscular Scoliosis - POSNA"
3387:from the original on 9 April 2012
2256:The American Journal of Pathology
2202:Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics
1462:"Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis"
984:anterior vertebral body tethering
6375:
6317:10.1111/j.1745-7599.2011.00634.x
6291:
6264:
6249:
6098:
6056:
6029:
5937:
5912:
5853:
5831:
5796:
5760:La Pediatria Medica e Chirurgica
5747:
5700:
5671:
5549:
5490:
5156:from the original on 14 May 2014
5114:Archivos Argentinos de Pediatria
5086:from the original on 14 May 2014
5080:"Treating scoliosis in children"
4124:"Freidreich ataxia: an overview"
4101:10.2106/00004623-199072060-00015
3383:. MedicalBug. 17 February 2012.
3253:10.1097/00007632-200202150-00019
3114:Journal of Pediatric Orthopedics
3043:10.1097/00007632-200209150-00015
2430:10.2106/00004623-198163050-00003
2313:10.2106/00004623-198870090-00002
2142:"How Scoliosis Affects the Body"
1168:improved fixation and addressed
1166:CotrelâDubousset instrumentation
909:
900:
66:
50:
7053:Congenital patellar dislocation
6932:WallisâZieffâGoldblatt syndrome
5443:
5429:
5406:10.1016/j.medengphy.2020.01.003
5380:
5376:, Research Gate, September 2010
5313:
5264:
5220:
5047:
5026:
5020:
4971:
4957:
4948:
4918:
4869:
4812:
4794:
4686:
4637:
4581:
4525:
4476:
4425:
4366:
4315:
4254:
4203:
4176:
4115:
4080:
4054:
4001:
3943:
3918:
3803:
3763:
3696:
3667:
3633:
3590:
3563:
3522:
3399:
3373:
3275:
3232:
3189:
3148:
3058:
3017:
2975:Fischer CR, Kim Y (July 2011).
2968:
2917:
2874:
2823:
2780:
2746:Nature Reviews. Disease Primers
2512:Agabegi ED, Agabegi SS (2008).
2452:
2327:
2292:
2243:
2160:
2133:
2027:
1980:
1887:
1836:
1763:
1014:
728:adolescent idiopathic scoliosis
521:congenital diaphragmatic hernia
472:Resulting from other conditions
466:embryological twist of the body
438:less than 20° is about 10â20%.
398:(cause unknown), about 15% are
6185:Bridwell K (8 February 2013).
5609:10.1002/14651858.CD012819.pub2
5515:10.1002/14651858.CD006850.pub3
5289:10.1002/14651858.cd007837.pub2
3932:Nature Reviews Disease Primers
2336:Paediatric Respiratory Reviews
2100:Acta Orthopaedica Scandinavica
1908:10.23736/S1973-9087.17.04461-6
1849:Scoliosis and Spinal Disorders
1720:
1671:
1592:
1516:Scoliosis and Spinal Disorders
1344:
626:of other abnormalities (e.g.,
352:Rib prominence or a prominent
273:. Diagnosis is confirmed with
226:has an irregular curve in the
13:
1:
7541:Bones of the vertebral column
6407:Stenning M, Nelson I (2011).
6258:Handbook of Paleoanthropology
6235:10.1016/s0966-6362(04)00014-1
6084:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60762-5
5230:Disability and Rehabilitation
4702:Current Opinion in Pediatrics
4608:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60921-6
4552:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17445-X
4396:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)16051-0
3927:"Duchenne muscular dystrophy"
3772:"Cerebral Palsy: An Overview"
3726:10.1016/S1474-4422(09)70110-3
3548:10.1302/0301-620x.61b3.479254
2703:Current Opinion in Pediatrics
2268:10.1016/S0002-9440(10)65313-8
1337:
1137:took place. The now obsolete
760:
733:
6803:Intervertebral disc disorder
6007:10.1080/13638490310001642757
5556:Alli RA (19 December 2020).
4820:"Scoliometer (Inclinometer)"
4714:10.1097/MOP.0b013e3283604088
4644:Vandertop, W. Peter (2014).
4453:10.1038/gim.0b013e31822bead0
3970:10.1517/14656566.2014.970530
3611:10.1097/BRS.0000000000003134
3478:de Lussanet, M.H.E. (2019).
3297:10.1097/brs.0000000000000452
3210:10.1097/brs.0b013e3181de8c2b
3174:10.1097/brs.0b013e3182a4aa97
3126:10.1097/BPO.0000000000001267
2895:10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181891751
2801:10.1080/13638490310001642757
2715:10.1097/MOP.0b013e32833419ac
2214:10.1097/BPO.0b013e3181651bdc
1958:10.1016/j.physio.2018.10.004
1176:
1124:
996:
598:
7:
7339:Oto-palato-digital syndrome
7334:HallermannâStreiff syndrome
7058:Congenital knee dislocation
6876:musculoskeletal abnormality
6042:. Nova Science Publishers.
4271:Journal of Medical Genetics
4132:Journal of Medical Genetics
3866:Hresko, M. Timothy (2013).
2250:Giachelli CM (March 1999).
1288:
1273:
1117:An early treatment was the
1070:remains of King Richard III
982:A new tethering procedure (
583:, spinal muscular atrophy,
525:connective tissue disorders
517:CharcotâMarieâTooth disease
476:Secondary scoliosis due to
10:
7567:
7370:Craniodiaphyseal dysplasia
6273:Journal of Human Evolution
5817:10.1001/jama.289.20.2644-a
5725:10.1016/j.wneu.2017.12.161
4342:10.1016/j.jaad.2008.12.051
4324:"Neurofibromatosis type 1"
3770:Krigger, Karen W. (2006).
2348:10.1016/j.prrv.2006.04.009
1646:10.1016/j.otsr.2018.10.021
1331:Scoliosis Research Society
1051:
1048:and weakened musculature.
891:
827:
764:
610:measurement of a scoliosis
513:ArnoldâChiari malformation
500:, spinal cord trauma, and
133:Sideways curve in the back
29:
7504:
7480:
7456:
7447:
7402:
7352:
7344:Treacher Collins syndrome
7314:
7286:
7277:
7268:
7234:
7195:reduction deficits / limb
7194:
7138:
7131:
7066:
7023:
6986:
6977:
6940:
6908:
6899:
6882:
6816:Degenerative disc disease
6801:
6756:
6709:
6666:
6657:
6632:
6604:
6597:
6533:
6463:
5686:. CRC Press. p. 27.
5339:10.1186/s40945-019-0060-9
5326:Archives of Physiotherapy
5242:10.1080/09638280801889568
5127:10.5546/aap.2018.eng.e582
4770:10.1007/s11420-011-9204-5
4590:"Spinal muscular atrophy"
4375:"Osteogenesis imperfecta"
3829:10.1186/s40748-017-0045-1
3777:American Family Physician
3349:10.3238/arztebl.2010.0875
3079:10.1007/s00586-015-3968-0
2993:10.1007/s00586-011-1730-9
2570:10.1007/s00586-012-2389-6
2477:10.3238/arztebl.2010.0875
2112:10.3109/17453676808989664
2055:10.1007/s00586-005-1053-9
1993:Dictionary.com Unabridged
1862:10.1186/s13013-016-0076-9
1529:10.1186/s13013-017-0145-8
1268:Scoliosis Awareness Month
389:
373:
291:chiropractic manipulation
201:
186:
174:
153:
145:
137:
127:
115:
58:
49:
44:
7169:CenaniâLenz syndactylism
6922:Cleidocranial dysostosis
6298:Larson N (August 2011).
6123:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300531
5995:Pediatric Rehabilitation
5452:Academy Today (The Edge)
4894:10.1177/1559325819852810
3642:"Amniotic Band Syndrome"
3343:(49): 875â83, quiz 884.
2789:Pediatric Rehabilitation
2471:(49): 875â83, quiz 884.
1741:10.5435/jaaos-d-14-00037
644:neurological examination
234:. It can be compared to
30:Not to be confused with
7316:Craniofacial dysostosis
6105:Linker B (April 2012).
4997:10.1001/jama.2017.19342
4888:(2): 1559325819852810.
4434:"Prader-Willi syndrome"
2094:Nachemson, Alf (1968).
1466:Genetics Home Reference
959:measuring Cobb angles.
767:Management of scoliosis
674:Adams forward bend test
646:is also performed, the
569:osteogenesis imperfecta
490:spinal muscular atrophy
7551:Deforming dorsopathies
6872:musculoskeletal system
6821:Spinal disc herniation
6679:Ankylosing spondylitis
6285:10.1006/jhev.1994.1011
4663:10.1055/s-0033-1361921
4029:10.1186/1750-1172-1-34
3407:"Congenital Scoliosis"
3333:"Idiopathic scoliosis"
3067:European Spine Journal
2981:European Spine Journal
2666:10.1186/1748-7161-1-21
2558:European Spine Journal
2461:"Idiopathic scoliosis"
2391:10.1001/jama.289.5.559
2043:European Spine Journal
1697:10.1542/peds.2015-0709
1218:erector spinae muscles
1189:
1077:
1061:
849:
837:
690:(front-back view) and
611:
537:EhlersâDanlos syndrome
527:, muscular dystrophy,
509:amniotic band syndrome
457:
328:
7424:KlippelâFeil syndrome
6826:Facet joint arthrosis
6640:Scheuermann's disease
6447:Early Onset Scoliosis
5879:10.1186/1748-7161-1-2
5558:"Scoliosis Treatment"
4183:Sheth, Ujash (2021).
3889:10.1056/NEJMcp1209063
3675:"Chiari malformation"
2943:10.1186/1748-7161-3-9
2036:"The Adult Scoliosis"
1321:Scheuermann's disease
1184:
1067:
1059:
847:
835:
679:As an alternative, a
606:
573:PraderâWilli syndrome
561:nailâpatella syndrome
529:familial dysautonomia
454:
404:neuromuscular disease
326:
269:, and tumors such as
255:environmental factors
7434:Spina bifida occulta
6950:Madelung's deformity
6927:Sprengel's deformity
6361:10.2106/JBJS.I.00879
5962:10.1038/ejhg.2011.31
5773:10.4081/pmc.2022.291
4966:J. Pediatr. Orthop..
4851:10.1148/rg.307105061
4504:10.1148/rg.244035726
4439:Genetics in Medicine
4284:10.1136/jmg.40.3.153
4217:Genetics in Medicine
4189:www.orthobullets.com
4062:"Fragile X syndrome"
3713:The Lancet Neurology
3649:Acta Medica Medianae
2758:10.1038/nrdp.2015.30
2172:www.scoliosissos.com
1112:idiopathic scoliosis
927:dextroscoliosis and
553:LoeysâDietz syndrome
383:Longitudinal studies
197:, exercises, surgery
7252:RAPADILINO syndrome
6155:"Scoliosis Surgery"
5843:stopgettingsick.com
5468:Herring JA (2002).
4602:(9630): 2120â2133.
4546:(9448): 1885â1895.
4390:(9418): 1377â1385.
4230:10.1038/gim.2014.11
2516:Step-Up to Medicine
1247:Society and culture
1108:orthopaedic surgeon
819:A specific type of
755:HueterâVolkmann Law
663:cavovarus deformity
622:, with an exam for
545:Friedreich's ataxia
315: 'a bending'.
7114:Rocker bottom foot
6534:External resources
6223:Gait & Posture
6161:. 22 November 2009
5849:on 20 August 2008.
5713:World Neurosurgery
5658:on 16 January 2014
4695:"Pectus carinatum"
4145:10.1136/jmg.37.1.1
3906:on 29 January 2023
3751:on 4 February 2023
3497:10.7717/peerj.7096
3434:Nat. Rev. Neurosci
2034:Aebi, Max (2005).
1578:10.3233/bmr-130438
1468:. September 2013.
1190:
1078:
1062:
850:
838:
630:as evidenced by a
612:
541:fragile X syndrome
519:, cerebral palsy,
486:muscular dystrophy
458:
329:
319:Signs and symptoms
122:Orthopedic surgery
7528:
7527:
7524:
7523:
7520:
7519:
7449:Thoracic skeleton
7429:Spondylolisthesis
7398:
7397:
7264:
7263:
7260:
7259:
7127:
7126:
6973:
6972:
6834:
6833:
6752:
6751:
6727:Spondylolisthesis
6653:
6652:
6557:
6556:
6049:978-1-62081-007-1
5693:978-1-4398-7174-4
5483:978-0-7216-5684-7
4185:"Hemihypertrophy"
4010:"CHARGE syndrome"
3964:(18): 2653â2671.
3605:(22): 1564â1570.
3291:(18): 1471â1478.
3167:(21): 1848â1852.
3036:(18): 2046â2051.
2889:(26): 2898â2908.
2849:10.1002/jsp2.1169
2564:(10): 1905â1919.
2531:978-0-7817-7153-5
1808:(13): 1467â1472.
1427:. December 2015.
1214:Old World monkeys
938:Chest radiographs
923:of a person with
777:skeletal maturity
659:neurofibromatosis
565:neurofibromatosis
462:median body plane
271:neurofibromatosis
209:
208:
176:Diagnostic method
169:neurofibromatosis
167:, tumors such as
39:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
7558:
7496:Pectus carinatum
7491:Pectus excavatum
7454:
7453:
7412:Spinal curvature
7404:Vertebral column
7324:Crouzon syndrome
7288:Craniosynostosis
7284:
7283:
7275:
7274:
7140:fingers and toes
7136:
7135:
7048:Discoid meniscus
7005:Upington disease
6984:
6983:
6906:
6905:
6897:
6896:
6861:
6854:
6847:
6838:
6837:
6710:non inflammatory
6696:Spondylodiscitis
6664:
6663:
6606:Spinal curvature
6602:
6601:
6584:
6577:
6570:
6561:
6560:
6461:
6460:
6425:
6424:
6422:
6420:
6404:
6398:
6397:
6395:
6393:
6379:
6373:
6372:
6355:(5): 1097â1104.
6344:
6338:
6337:
6319:
6295:
6289:
6288:
6268:
6262:
6261:
6253:
6247:
6246:
6218:
6199:
6198:
6196:
6194:
6182:
6171:
6170:
6168:
6166:
6159:News-medical.net
6151:
6145:
6144:
6134:
6102:
6096:
6095:
6069:
6060:
6054:
6053:
6033:
6027:
6026:
5990:
5984:
5983:
5973:
5941:
5935:
5934:
5932:
5930:
5916:
5910:
5909:
5891:
5881:
5857:
5851:
5850:
5845:. Archived from
5835:
5829:
5828:
5800:
5794:
5793:
5775:
5751:
5745:
5744:
5704:
5698:
5697:
5675:
5669:
5667:
5665:
5663:
5648:
5639:
5638:
5628:
5588:
5573:
5572:
5570:
5568:
5553:
5547:
5546:
5536:
5526:
5494:
5488:
5487:
5475:
5465:
5456:
5455:
5447:
5441:
5440:
5433:
5427:
5426:
5408:
5384:
5378:
5377:
5368:
5362:
5361:
5351:
5341:
5317:
5311:
5310:
5300:
5268:
5262:
5261:
5224:
5218:
5217:
5215:
5213:
5198:
5192:
5191:
5189:
5187:
5172:
5166:
5165:
5163:
5161:
5146:
5140:
5139:
5129:
5120:(4): e582âe589.
5105:
5096:
5095:
5093:
5091:
5076:
5070:
5069:
5067:
5065:
5051:
5045:
5044:
5024:
5018:
5017:
4999:
4975:
4969:
4961:
4955:
4952:
4946:
4945:
4943:
4941:
4922:
4916:
4915:
4905:
4873:
4867:
4866:
4845:(7): 1823â1842.
4834:
4828:
4827:
4816:
4810:
4809:
4798:
4792:
4791:
4781:
4747:
4741:
4740:
4738:
4736:
4699:
4690:
4684:
4683:
4665:
4641:
4635:
4634:
4632:
4630:
4585:
4579:
4578:
4576:
4574:
4529:
4523:
4522:
4520:
4518:
4498:(4): 1051â1068.
4489:
4480:
4474:
4473:
4455:
4429:
4423:
4422:
4420:
4418:
4379:
4370:
4364:
4363:
4353:
4319:
4313:
4312:
4310:
4308:
4295:
4267:
4258:
4252:
4251:
4241:
4207:
4201:
4200:
4198:
4196:
4180:
4174:
4173:
4171:
4169:
4156:
4128:
4119:
4113:
4112:
4084:
4078:
4077:
4075:
4073:
4058:
4052:
4051:
4041:
4031:
4005:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3994:
3981:
3947:
3941:
3940:
3922:
3916:
3915:
3913:
3911:
3905:
3899:. Archived from
3872:
3863:
3852:
3851:
3841:
3831:
3807:
3801:
3800:
3798:
3796:
3767:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3756:
3750:
3744:. Archived from
3709:
3700:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3689:
3671:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3660:
3646:
3637:
3631:
3630:
3594:
3588:
3587:
3585:
3583:
3574:. Archived from
3567:
3561:
3560:
3550:
3526:
3520:
3519:
3509:
3499:
3475:
3466:
3465:
3429:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3418:
3403:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3392:
3377:
3371:
3370:
3360:
3328:
3317:
3316:
3279:
3273:
3272:
3236:
3230:
3229:
3193:
3187:
3186:
3176:
3152:
3146:
3145:
3108:
3099:
3098:
3062:
3056:
3055:
3045:
3021:
3015:
3014:
3004:
2987:(7): 1048â1057.
2972:
2966:
2965:
2955:
2945:
2921:
2915:
2914:
2878:
2872:
2871:
2861:
2851:
2827:
2821:
2820:
2795:(3â4): 137â170.
2784:
2778:
2777:
2741:
2735:
2734:
2698:
2689:
2688:
2678:
2668:
2644:
2638:
2637:
2601:
2592:
2591:
2581:
2549:
2536:
2535:
2519:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2488:
2456:
2450:
2449:
2413:
2404:
2403:
2393:
2369:
2360:
2359:
2331:
2325:
2324:
2307:(9): 1290â1296.
2296:
2290:
2289:
2279:
2247:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2236:
2193:
2184:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2164:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2091:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2040:
2031:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2019:
2005:
2003:
2001:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1937:
1928:
1927:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1874:
1864:
1840:
1834:
1833:
1797:
1786:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1775:brossfrankel.com
1767:
1761:
1760:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1699:
1690:(1): e20150709.
1675:
1669:
1668:
1658:
1648:
1624:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1561:
1552:
1551:
1541:
1531:
1507:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1458:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1417:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1348:
1234:Australopithecus
1216:have far larger
1202:lumbar vertebrae
913:
904:
821:physical therapy
805:Posture checking
657:, indicative of
620:gait is assessed
589:pectus carinatum
577:proteus syndrome
312:
217:
191:Watchful waiting
159:Family history,
107:
106:
103:
102:
99:
96:
93:
90:
87:
84:
81:
78:
75:
72:
54:
42:
41:
21:
7566:
7565:
7561:
7560:
7559:
7557:
7556:
7555:
7531:
7530:
7529:
7516:
7512:Poland syndrome
7500:
7476:
7443:
7394:
7348:
7310:
7256:
7247:Larsen syndrome
7235:multiple joints
7230:
7190:
7123:
7062:
7043:Genu recurvatum
7019:
6996:Hip dislocation
6969:
6936:
6886:
6878:
6865:
6835:
6830:
6811:Schmorl's nodes
6797:
6771:Upper back pain
6748:
6739:Spinal stenosis
6705:
6649:
6628:
6593:
6588:
6558:
6553:
6552:
6529:
6528:
6472:
6434:
6429:
6428:
6418:
6416:
6405:
6401:
6391:
6389:
6381:
6380:
6376:
6345:
6341:
6296:
6292:
6269:
6265:
6254:
6250:
6219:
6202:
6192:
6190:
6189:. SpineUniverse
6183:
6174:
6164:
6162:
6153:
6152:
6148:
6103:
6099:
6067:
6061:
6057:
6050:
6034:
6030:
6001:(3â4): 137â70.
5991:
5987:
5942:
5938:
5928:
5926:
5918:
5917:
5913:
5858:
5854:
5837:
5836:
5832:
5801:
5797:
5752:
5748:
5705:
5701:
5694:
5676:
5672:
5661:
5659:
5650:
5649:
5642:
5603:(1): CD012819.
5589:
5576:
5566:
5564:
5554:
5550:
5509:(6): CD006850.
5495:
5491:
5484:
5466:
5459:
5448:
5444:
5435:
5434:
5430:
5385:
5381:
5370:
5369:
5365:
5318:
5314:
5283:(8): CD007837.
5269:
5265:
5236:(10): 772â785.
5225:
5221:
5211:
5209:
5200:
5199:
5195:
5185:
5183:
5174:
5173:
5169:
5159:
5157:
5148:
5147:
5143:
5106:
5099:
5089:
5087:
5078:
5077:
5073:
5063:
5061:
5053:
5052:
5048:
5041:
5025:
5021:
4976:
4972:
4962:
4958:
4953:
4949:
4939:
4937:
4924:
4923:
4919:
4874:
4870:
4835:
4831:
4818:
4817:
4813:
4800:
4799:
4795:
4748:
4744:
4734:
4732:
4697:
4691:
4687:
4650:Neuropediatrics
4646:"Syringomyelia"
4642:
4638:
4628:
4626:
4586:
4582:
4572:
4570:
4530:
4526:
4516:
4514:
4487:
4481:
4477:
4430:
4426:
4416:
4414:
4377:
4371:
4367:
4320:
4316:
4306:
4304:
4265:
4259:
4255:
4208:
4204:
4194:
4192:
4181:
4177:
4167:
4165:
4126:
4120:
4116:
4085:
4081:
4071:
4069:
4060:
4059:
4055:
4006:
4002:
3992:
3990:
3948:
3944:
3923:
3919:
3909:
3907:
3903:
3870:
3864:
3855:
3808:
3804:
3794:
3792:
3768:
3764:
3754:
3752:
3748:
3707:
3701:
3697:
3687:
3685:
3673:
3672:
3668:
3658:
3656:
3644:
3638:
3634:
3595:
3591:
3581:
3579:
3570:
3568:
3564:
3527:
3523:
3476:
3469:
3446:10.1038/nrn1009
3430:
3426:
3416:
3414:
3405:
3404:
3400:
3390:
3388:
3379:
3378:
3374:
3329:
3320:
3280:
3276:
3237:
3233:
3204:(10): 825â829.
3194:
3190:
3153:
3149:
3109:
3102:
3063:
3059:
3022:
3018:
2973:
2969:
2922:
2918:
2879:
2875:
2828:
2824:
2785:
2781:
2742:
2738:
2699:
2692:
2645:
2641:
2602:
2595:
2550:
2539:
2532:
2510:
2506:
2457:
2453:
2414:
2407:
2370:
2363:
2332:
2328:
2297:
2293:
2248:
2244:
2234:
2232:
2194:
2187:
2177:
2175:
2166:
2165:
2161:
2151:
2149:
2138:
2134:
2124:
2122:
2092:
2085:
2075:
2073:
2049:(10): 925â948.
2038:
2032:
2028:
2017:
2015:
2006:
1999:
1997:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1938:
1931:
1892:
1888:
1841:
1837:
1798:
1789:
1779:
1777:
1769:
1768:
1764:
1735:(12): 714â723.
1725:
1721:
1676:
1672:
1625:
1618:
1608:
1606:
1598:
1597:
1593:
1562:
1555:
1508:
1485:
1475:
1473:
1460:
1459:
1444:
1434:
1432:
1419:
1418:
1375:
1365:
1363:
1356:Merriam Webster
1350:
1349:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1291:
1281:for adolescent
1279:Genetic testing
1276:
1249:
1229:lumbar lordosis
1179:
1131:Paul Harrington
1127:
1119:Milwaukee brace
1054:
1029:musculoskeletal
1017:
999:
944:
943:
942:
941:
916:
915:
914:
906:
905:
894:
830:
802:Pain medication
769:
763:
736:
661:, the feet for
634:, hairy patch,
601:
557:Marfan syndrome
549:hemihypertrophy
533:CHARGE syndrome
474:
392:
376:
321:
267:Marfan syndrome
165:Marfan syndrome
149:Usually unknown
141:10â20 years old
111:
69:
65:
40:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7564:
7554:
7553:
7548:
7543:
7526:
7525:
7522:
7521:
7518:
7517:
7515:
7514:
7508:
7506:
7502:
7501:
7499:
7498:
7493:
7487:
7485:
7478:
7477:
7475:
7474:
7469:
7463:
7461:
7451:
7445:
7444:
7442:
7441:
7436:
7431:
7426:
7421:
7420:
7419:
7408:
7406:
7400:
7399:
7396:
7395:
7393:
7392:
7387:
7382:
7377:
7375:Dolichocephaly
7372:
7367:
7362:
7356:
7354:
7350:
7349:
7347:
7346:
7341:
7336:
7331:
7326:
7320:
7318:
7312:
7311:
7309:
7308:
7306:Trigonocephaly
7303:
7298:
7292:
7290:
7281:
7279:Skull and face
7272:
7266:
7265:
7262:
7261:
7258:
7257:
7255:
7254:
7249:
7244:
7242:Arthrogryposis
7238:
7236:
7232:
7231:
7229:
7228:
7227:
7226:
7221:
7216:
7204:
7198:
7196:
7192:
7191:
7189:
7188:
7187:
7186:
7176:
7171:
7166:
7164:Arachnodactyly
7161:
7160:
7159:
7144:
7142:
7133:
7129:
7128:
7125:
7124:
7122:
7121:
7116:
7111:
7106:
7105:
7104:
7092:
7091:
7090:
7085:
7072:
7070:
7068:foot deformity
7064:
7063:
7061:
7060:
7055:
7050:
7045:
7040:
7035:
7029:
7027:
7021:
7020:
7018:
7017:
7012:
7007:
7002:
6992:
6990:
6981:
6975:
6974:
6971:
6970:
6968:
6967:
6962:
6957:
6952:
6946:
6944:
6942:hand deformity
6938:
6937:
6935:
6934:
6929:
6924:
6918:
6916:
6903:
6894:
6880:
6879:
6864:
6863:
6856:
6849:
6841:
6832:
6831:
6829:
6828:
6823:
6818:
6813:
6807:
6805:
6799:
6798:
6796:
6795:
6790:
6789:
6788:
6783:
6773:
6768:
6762:
6760:
6754:
6753:
6750:
6749:
6747:
6746:
6744:Facet syndrome
6741:
6736:
6735:
6734:
6732:Retrolisthesis
6724:
6719:
6713:
6711:
6707:
6706:
6704:
6703:
6701:Pott's disease
6698:
6693:
6688:
6683:
6682:
6681:
6670:
6668:
6661:
6655:
6654:
6651:
6650:
6648:
6647:
6642:
6636:
6634:
6630:
6629:
6627:
6626:
6621:
6616:
6610:
6608:
6599:
6595:
6594:
6591:Spinal disease
6587:
6586:
6579:
6572:
6564:
6555:
6554:
6551:
6550:
6538:
6537:
6535:
6531:
6530:
6527:
6526:
6515:
6504:
6489:
6473:
6468:
6467:
6465:
6464:Classification
6458:
6457:
6451:
6444:
6433:
6432:External links
6430:
6427:
6426:
6399:
6374:
6339:
6310:(8): 392â403.
6290:
6279:(3): 182â202.
6263:
6248:
6200:
6172:
6146:
6117:(4): 606â616.
6097:
6078:(9932): 1944.
6055:
6048:
6028:
5985:
5956:(8): 865â869.
5936:
5911:
5852:
5830:
5795:
5746:
5699:
5692:
5670:
5640:
5574:
5548:
5489:
5482:
5457:
5442:
5428:
5379:
5363:
5312:
5263:
5219:
5208:on 1 July 2014
5193:
5182:on 1 July 2014
5167:
5141:
5097:
5071:
5046:
5040:978-9810785925
5039:
5019:
4990:(2): 165â172.
4970:
4956:
4947:
4917:
4868:
4829:
4811:
4806:iscoliosis.com
4793:
4764:(3): 257â264.
4742:
4708:(3): 375â381.
4685:
4656:(1): 003â009.
4636:
4580:
4534:"Spina bifida"
4524:
4475:
4424:
4365:
4314:
4278:(3): 153â162.
4253:
4224:(8): 576â587.
4202:
4191:. OrthoBullets
4175:
4114:
4095:(6): 889â896.
4079:
4053:
4000:
3942:
3917:
3883:(9): 834â841.
3853:
3802:
3762:
3720:(7): 654â667.
3695:
3679:mayoclinic.org
3666:
3632:
3589:
3578:on 21 May 2014
3562:
3541:(3): 310â313.
3521:
3467:
3424:
3413:on 1 July 2014
3398:
3372:
3318:
3274:
3247:(4): 423â427.
3231:
3188:
3147:
3120:(1): e32âe38.
3100:
3073:(2): 363â371.
3057:
3016:
2967:
2916:
2873:
2822:
2779:
2736:
2690:
2639:
2612:(6): 679â681.
2593:
2537:
2530:
2504:
2451:
2424:(5): 702â712.
2405:
2384:(5): 559â567.
2361:
2342:(2): 152â160.
2326:
2291:
2262:(3): 671â675.
2242:
2208:(2): 218â224.
2185:
2159:
2132:
2106:(4): 466â476.
2083:
2026:
1979:
1952:(2): 214â234.
1929:
1902:(3): 440â449.
1886:
1835:
1787:
1762:
1719:
1670:
1639:(2): 351â359.
1616:
1591:
1572:(2): 111â115.
1553:
1483:
1442:
1373:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1275:
1272:
1248:
1245:
1178:
1175:
1164:In the 1980s,
1143:ratchet system
1141:operated on a
1139:Harrington rod
1126:
1123:
1053:
1050:
1016:
1013:
998:
995:
977:
976:
973:
953:cerebral palsy
918:
917:
908:
907:
899:
898:
897:
896:
895:
893:
890:
829:
826:
813:
812:
809:
806:
803:
796:
795:
792:
789:
784:
765:Main article:
762:
759:
735:
732:
642:). A thorough
600:
597:
498:cerebral palsy
473:
470:
418:microsatellite
391:
388:
375:
372:
371:
370:
367:
364:
363:Uneven posture
361:
354:shoulder blade
350:
343:
342:
339:
336:
320:
317:
263:cerebral palsy
244:sagittal plane
207:
206:
203:
199:
198:
188:
184:
183:
178:
172:
171:
161:cerebral palsy
157:
151:
150:
147:
143:
142:
139:
135:
134:
131:
125:
124:
119:
113:
112:
110:
109:
62:
60:
56:
55:
47:
46:
38:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7563:
7552:
7549:
7547:
7544:
7542:
7539:
7538:
7536:
7513:
7510:
7509:
7507:
7503:
7497:
7494:
7492:
7489:
7488:
7486:
7483:
7479:
7473:
7470:
7468:
7465:
7464:
7462:
7459:
7455:
7452:
7450:
7446:
7440:
7439:Sacralization
7437:
7435:
7432:
7430:
7427:
7425:
7422:
7418:
7415:
7414:
7413:
7410:
7409:
7407:
7405:
7401:
7391:
7388:
7386:
7385:Plagiocephaly
7383:
7381:
7378:
7376:
7373:
7371:
7368:
7366:
7363:
7361:
7358:
7357:
7355:
7351:
7345:
7342:
7340:
7337:
7335:
7332:
7330:
7329:Hypertelorism
7327:
7325:
7322:
7321:
7319:
7317:
7313:
7307:
7304:
7302:
7299:
7297:
7296:Scaphocephaly
7294:
7293:
7291:
7289:
7285:
7282:
7280:
7276:
7273:
7271:
7267:
7253:
7250:
7248:
7245:
7243:
7240:
7239:
7237:
7233:
7225:
7222:
7220:
7217:
7215:
7212:
7211:
7210:
7209:
7205:
7203:
7200:
7199:
7197:
7193:
7185:
7182:
7181:
7180:
7179:Brachydactyly
7177:
7175:
7172:
7170:
7167:
7165:
7162:
7158:
7155:
7154:
7153:
7149:
7146:
7145:
7143:
7141:
7137:
7134:
7132:Either / both
7130:
7120:
7117:
7115:
7112:
7110:
7107:
7103:
7100:
7099:
7098:
7097:
7093:
7089:
7086:
7084:
7081:
7080:
7079:
7078:
7074:
7073:
7071:
7069:
7065:
7059:
7056:
7054:
7051:
7049:
7046:
7044:
7041:
7039:
7036:
7034:
7031:
7030:
7028:
7026:
7022:
7016:
7013:
7011:
7008:
7006:
7003:
7001:
7000:Hip dysplasia
6997:
6994:
6993:
6991:
6989:
6985:
6982:
6980:
6976:
6966:
6963:
6961:
6958:
6956:
6953:
6951:
6948:
6947:
6945:
6943:
6939:
6933:
6930:
6928:
6925:
6923:
6920:
6919:
6917:
6915:
6911:
6907:
6904:
6902:
6898:
6895:
6893:
6889:
6885:
6881:
6877:
6873:
6869:
6862:
6857:
6855:
6850:
6848:
6843:
6842:
6839:
6827:
6824:
6822:
6819:
6817:
6814:
6812:
6809:
6808:
6806:
6804:
6800:
6794:
6793:Radiculopathy
6791:
6787:
6784:
6782:
6779:
6778:
6777:
6776:Low back pain
6774:
6772:
6769:
6767:
6764:
6763:
6761:
6759:
6755:
6745:
6742:
6740:
6737:
6733:
6730:
6729:
6728:
6725:
6723:
6722:Spondylolysis
6720:
6718:
6715:
6714:
6712:
6708:
6702:
6699:
6697:
6694:
6692:
6689:
6687:
6684:
6680:
6677:
6676:
6675:
6672:
6671:
6669:
6665:
6662:
6660:
6659:Spondylopathy
6656:
6646:
6643:
6641:
6638:
6637:
6635:
6631:
6625:
6622:
6620:
6617:
6615:
6612:
6611:
6609:
6607:
6603:
6600:
6596:
6592:
6585:
6580:
6578:
6573:
6571:
6566:
6565:
6562:
6549:
6545:
6544:
6540:
6539:
6536:
6532:
6525:
6521:
6520:
6516:
6514:
6510:
6509:
6505:
6503:
6499:
6498:
6494:
6490:
6488:
6484:
6483:
6479:
6475:
6474:
6471:
6466:
6462:
6455:
6452:
6448:
6445:
6443:
6439:
6436:
6435:
6414:
6410:
6403:
6388:
6384:
6378:
6370:
6366:
6362:
6358:
6354:
6350:
6343:
6335:
6331:
6327:
6323:
6318:
6313:
6309:
6305:
6301:
6294:
6286:
6282:
6278:
6274:
6267:
6259:
6252:
6244:
6240:
6236:
6232:
6229:(1): 95â112.
6228:
6224:
6217:
6215:
6213:
6211:
6209:
6207:
6205:
6188:
6181:
6179:
6177:
6160:
6156:
6150:
6142:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6124:
6120:
6116:
6112:
6108:
6101:
6093:
6089:
6085:
6081:
6077:
6073:
6066:
6059:
6051:
6045:
6041:
6040:
6032:
6024:
6020:
6016:
6012:
6008:
6004:
6000:
5996:
5989:
5981:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5963:
5959:
5955:
5951:
5947:
5940:
5925:
5921:
5915:
5907:
5903:
5899:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5871:
5867:
5863:
5856:
5848:
5844:
5840:
5834:
5826:
5822:
5818:
5814:
5810:
5806:
5799:
5791:
5787:
5783:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5765:
5761:
5757:
5750:
5742:
5738:
5734:
5730:
5726:
5722:
5719:: e830âe844.
5718:
5714:
5710:
5703:
5695:
5689:
5685:
5681:
5674:
5657:
5653:
5647:
5645:
5636:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5618:
5614:
5610:
5606:
5602:
5598:
5594:
5587:
5585:
5583:
5581:
5579:
5563:
5559:
5552:
5544:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5516:
5512:
5508:
5504:
5500:
5493:
5485:
5479:
5474:
5473:
5464:
5462:
5453:
5446:
5438:
5437:"BASIS study"
5432:
5424:
5420:
5416:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5398:
5394:
5390:
5383:
5375:
5374:
5367:
5359:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5331:
5327:
5323:
5316:
5308:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5290:
5286:
5282:
5278:
5274:
5267:
5259:
5255:
5251:
5247:
5243:
5239:
5235:
5231:
5223:
5207:
5203:
5197:
5181:
5177:
5171:
5155:
5151:
5145:
5137:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5119:
5115:
5111:
5104:
5102:
5085:
5081:
5075:
5060:
5056:
5050:
5042:
5036:
5032:
5031:
5023:
5015:
5011:
5007:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4989:
4985:
4981:
4974:
4967:
4960:
4951:
4935:
4931:
4927:
4921:
4913:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4895:
4891:
4887:
4883:
4882:Dose-Response
4879:
4872:
4865:
4860:
4856:
4852:
4848:
4844:
4840:
4839:Radiographics
4833:
4825:
4821:
4815:
4807:
4803:
4797:
4789:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4771:
4767:
4763:
4759:
4758:
4753:
4746:
4731:
4727:
4723:
4719:
4715:
4711:
4707:
4703:
4696:
4689:
4681:
4677:
4673:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4655:
4651:
4647:
4640:
4625:
4621:
4617:
4613:
4609:
4605:
4601:
4597:
4596:
4591:
4584:
4569:
4565:
4561:
4557:
4553:
4549:
4545:
4541:
4540:
4535:
4528:
4513:
4509:
4505:
4501:
4497:
4493:
4492:RadioGraphics
4486:
4479:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4445:
4441:
4440:
4435:
4428:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4384:
4376:
4369:
4361:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4330:
4325:
4318:
4303:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4277:
4273:
4272:
4264:
4257:
4249:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4219:
4218:
4213:
4206:
4190:
4186:
4179:
4164:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4133:
4125:
4118:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4083:
4067:
4063:
4057:
4049:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4016:
4011:
4004:
3989:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3959:
3958:
3953:
3946:
3938:
3934:
3933:
3928:
3921:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3877:
3869:
3862:
3860:
3858:
3849:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3806:
3791:
3787:
3784:(1): 91â100.
3783:
3779:
3778:
3773:
3766:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3714:
3706:
3699:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3670:
3654:
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3643:
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3616:
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3608:
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3443:
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3435:
3428:
3412:
3408:
3402:
3386:
3382:
3376:
3368:
3364:
3359:
3354:
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3346:
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3334:
3327:
3325:
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3314:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3278:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3235:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3192:
3184:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3158:
3151:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3107:
3105:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3061:
3053:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3020:
3012:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2971:
2963:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2920:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2877:
2869:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2826:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2783:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
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2728:
2724:
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2697:
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2667:
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2654:
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2643:
2635:
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2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
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2607:
2600:
2598:
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2567:
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2559:
2555:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2533:
2527:
2523:
2518:
2517:
2508:
2501:
2496:
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2462:
2455:
2447:
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2431:
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2412:
2410:
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2397:
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2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2368:
2366:
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2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2330:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2295:
2287:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2246:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2192:
2190:
2173:
2169:
2163:
2147:
2143:
2136:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2090:
2088:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2037:
2030:
2013:
2009:
1996:(Online). n.d
1995:
1994:
1989:
1983:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1946:Physiotherapy
1943:
1936:
1934:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1890:
1882:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1839:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1776:
1772:
1766:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1723:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1698:
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1689:
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1647:
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1638:
1634:
1630:
1623:
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1605:
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1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1560:
1558:
1549:
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1521:
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1513:
1506:
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1502:
1500:
1498:
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1490:
1488:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1457:
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1453:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1398:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1347:
1343:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1286:
1284:
1280:
1271:
1269:
1264:
1262:
1258:
1257:United States
1253:
1244:
1242:
1241:
1236:
1235:
1230:
1226:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1188:
1183:
1174:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1122:
1120:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1106:The American
1104:
1102:
1101:poliomyelitis
1098:
1093:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1058:
1049:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1012:
1008:
1006:
1005:
994:
992:
987:
985:
980:
974:
971:
970:
969:
966:
964:
960:
956:
954:
950:
939:
935:
930:
926:
922:
912:
903:
889:
886:
884:
879:
874:
870:
867:
863:
859:
855:
846:
842:
834:
825:
822:
817:
810:
807:
804:
801:
800:
799:
793:
790:
788:
785:
782:
781:
780:
778:
773:
768:
758:
756:
751:
749:
748:coronal plane
745:
741:
731:
729:
723:
721:
716:
714:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
684:
682:
677:
675:
670:
668:
664:
660:
656:
654:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
618:The person's
616:
609:
605:
596:
592:
590:
586:
585:syringomyelia
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
505:
503:
499:
495:
494:poliomyelitis
491:
487:
483:
479:
469:
467:
463:
453:
449:
446:
445:
439:
437:
431:
429:
427:
422:
421:polymorphisms
419:
415:
414:
407:
405:
401:
397:
387:
384:
380:
368:
365:
362:
359:
355:
351:
348:
347:
346:
340:
337:
334:
333:
332:
325:
316:
314:
311:
305:
302:
299:
298:Ancient Greek
294:
292:
288:
282:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
259:muscle spasms
256:
252:
247:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
228:coronal plane
225:
221:
213:
204:
200:
196:
192:
189:
185:
182:
179:
177:
173:
170:
166:
162:
158:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
130:
126:
123:
120:
118:
114:
105:
64:
63:
61:
59:Pronunciation
57:
53:
48:
43:
37:
33:
19:
18:Crooked spine
7416:
7360:Macrocephaly
7206:
7202:Acheiropodia
7174:Ectrodactyly
7094:
7075:
6960:Oligodactyly
6955:Clinodactyly
6884:Appendicular
6686:Sacroiliitis
6667:inflammatory
6623:
6541:
6517:
6506:
6491:
6476:
6417:. Retrieved
6402:
6390:. Retrieved
6386:
6377:
6352:
6348:
6342:
6307:
6303:
6293:
6276:
6272:
6266:
6257:
6251:
6226:
6222:
6191:. Retrieved
6163:. Retrieved
6158:
6149:
6114:
6110:
6100:
6075:
6071:
6058:
6038:
6031:
5998:
5994:
5988:
5953:
5949:
5939:
5927:. Retrieved
5923:
5914:
5869:
5865:
5855:
5847:the original
5842:
5833:
5808:
5804:
5798:
5763:
5759:
5749:
5716:
5712:
5702:
5683:
5673:
5660:. Retrieved
5656:the original
5600:
5596:
5565:. Retrieved
5561:
5551:
5506:
5502:
5492:
5471:
5451:
5445:
5431:
5396:
5392:
5382:
5372:
5366:
5329:
5325:
5315:
5280:
5276:
5266:
5233:
5229:
5222:
5210:. Retrieved
5206:the original
5196:
5184:. Retrieved
5180:the original
5170:
5158:. Retrieved
5144:
5117:
5113:
5088:. Retrieved
5074:
5062:. Retrieved
5058:
5049:
5029:
5022:
4987:
4983:
4973:
4965:
4959:
4950:
4938:. Retrieved
4929:
4920:
4885:
4881:
4871:
4862:
4842:
4838:
4832:
4814:
4805:
4796:
4761:
4755:
4745:
4733:. Retrieved
4705:
4701:
4688:
4653:
4649:
4639:
4627:. Retrieved
4599:
4593:
4583:
4571:. Retrieved
4543:
4537:
4527:
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4495:
4491:
4478:
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4443:
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4381:
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4275:
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4136:
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4082:
4070:. Retrieved
4056:
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3991:. Retrieved
3961:
3955:
3945:
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3920:
3908:. Retrieved
3901:the original
3880:
3874:
3819:
3815:
3805:
3793:. Retrieved
3781:
3775:
3765:
3753:. Retrieved
3746:the original
3717:
3711:
3698:
3686:. Retrieved
3678:
3669:
3657:. Retrieved
3652:
3648:
3635:
3602:
3598:
3592:
3580:. Retrieved
3576:the original
3565:
3538:
3534:
3524:
3487:
3483:
3440:(1): 37â48.
3437:
3433:
3427:
3415:. Retrieved
3411:the original
3401:
3389:. Retrieved
3375:
3340:
3336:
3288:
3284:
3277:
3244:
3240:
3234:
3201:
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3164:
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3150:
3117:
3113:
3070:
3066:
3060:
3033:
3029:
3019:
2984:
2980:
2970:
2933:
2929:
2919:
2886:
2882:
2876:
2842:(3): e1169.
2839:
2835:
2825:
2792:
2788:
2782:
2749:
2745:
2739:
2709:(1): 67â70.
2706:
2702:
2656:
2652:
2642:
2609:
2605:
2561:
2557:
2515:
2507:
2498:
2468:
2464:
2454:
2421:
2417:
2381:
2377:
2339:
2335:
2329:
2304:
2300:
2294:
2259:
2255:
2245:
2233:. Retrieved
2205:
2201:
2176:. Retrieved
2171:
2162:
2150:. Retrieved
2146:spineina.com
2145:
2135:
2123:. Retrieved
2103:
2099:
2074:. Retrieved
2046:
2042:
2029:
2016:. Retrieved
1998:. Retrieved
1991:
1982:
1949:
1945:
1899:
1895:
1889:
1852:
1848:
1838:
1805:
1801:
1778:. Retrieved
1774:
1765:
1732:
1728:
1722:
1687:
1683:
1673:
1636:
1632:
1607:. Retrieved
1603:
1594:
1569:
1565:
1519:
1515:
1474:. Retrieved
1465:
1433:. Retrieved
1424:
1364:. Retrieved
1355:
1346:
1316:Pott disease
1277:
1265:
1254:
1250:
1240:Homo erectus
1238:
1232:
1222:
1205:
1191:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1128:
1116:
1111:
1105:
1097:tuberculosis
1079:
1046:osteoporosis
1033:
1021:age of onset
1018:
1015:Epidemiology
1009:
1002:
1000:
988:
981:
978:
967:
961:
957:
949:spina bifida
945:
887:
875:
871:
858:Boston brace
856:, such as a
851:
839:
818:
814:
797:
774:
770:
752:
737:
724:
717:
685:
678:
671:
653:café au lait
652:
628:spina bifida
617:
613:
593:
581:spina bifida
506:
475:
459:
442:
440:
432:
425:
411:
408:
393:
381:
377:
344:
330:
309:
306:
301:
295:
283:
248:
219:
211:
210:
155:Risk factors
36:
7390:Saddle nose
7157:Webbed toes
7148:Polydactyly
7033:Genu valgum
6965:Polydactyly
6717:Spondylosis
6674:Spondylitis
6645:Torticollis
6543:MedlinePlus
6387:www.srs.org
5929:28 February
5924:www.srs.org
5567:11 February
5524:2434/721317
5399:: 137â141.
5064:11 February
5059:www.srs.org
4930:www.srs.org
4757:HSS Journal
4336:(1): 1â16.
3683:Mayo Clinic
2125:21 December
2076:21 December
1988:"scoliosis"
1656:10985/18316
1609:10 February
1352:"Scoliosis"
1326:Schooliosis
1194:chimpanzees
1153:scoliosis.
1088:Hippocrates
883:Risser sign
783:Observation
681:scoliometer
478:neuropathic
279:asymmetries
138:Usual onset
7535:Categories
7365:Platybasia
7301:Oxycephaly
7214:Phocomelia
7208:Ectromelia
7184:Stub thumb
7152:Syndactyly
7119:Hammer toe
7088:Pigeon toe
7038:Genu varum
7010:Coxa valga
6868:Congenital
6781:Coccydynia
6519:DiseasesDB
6165:16 January
5766:(1): 291.
4735:31 January
4629:31 January
4595:The Lancet
4573:31 January
4539:The Lancet
4517:31 January
4417:30 January
4383:The Lancet
4307:30 January
4195:31 January
4168:30 January
4139:(1): 1â8.
3993:29 January
3910:29 January
3795:29 January
3755:29 January
3688:29 January
3659:29 January
3655:(2): 44â48
2178:10 January
1684:Pediatrics
1338:References
1296:Back brace
1283:idiopathic
1225:bipedalism
1044:vertebral
1036:Cobb angle
761:Management
744:Cobb angle
734:Definition
720:Cobb angle
667:spasticity
640:hemangioma
608:Cobb angle
436:Cobb angle
400:congenital
396:idiopathic
232:disability
7417:Scoliosis
7224:Hemimelia
7109:Pes cavus
7102:Flat feet
7083:Club foot
7015:Coxa vara
6766:Neck pain
6758:Back pain
6624:Scoliosis
6598:Deforming
6438:Scoliosis
6419:1 January
5866:Scoliosis
5790:253212051
5733:1878-8769
5662:2 January
5617:1469-493X
5423:210945485
4680:256730957
4072:29 August
3627:201175687
3490:: e7096.
3226:205514923
2930:Scoliosis
2836:JOR Spine
2752:: 15030.
2653:Scoliosis
2500:the case.
2235:8 January
2152:8 January
2018:12 August
2000:12 August
1476:12 August
1435:12 August
1366:12 August
1177:Evolution
1147:arthritis
1085:physician
997:Prognosis
991:analgesia
866:orthotist
599:Diagnosis
482:myopathic
456:reference
360:scoliosis
310:skolĂĆsis
304:ÏÎșολίÏÏÎčÏ
220:scolioses
212:Scoliosis
202:Frequency
187:Treatment
117:Specialty
45:Scoliosis
32:Sclerosis
7467:Cervical
6914:shoulder
6910:clavicle
6892:dysmelia
6786:Sciatica
6691:Discitis
6619:Lordosis
6614:Kyphosis
6413:Archived
6369:20439654
6334:25902637
6326:21790832
6243:15536039
6141:22397340
6092:24881996
6023:12154979
6015:14713582
5980:21407261
5906:14194273
5898:16759428
5872:(1): 2.
5825:12771105
5782:37184319
5741:29309975
5635:30650189
5543:26086959
5534:10616811
5415:31992499
5358:31463082
5307:22895967
5258:13188152
5250:18432435
5154:Archived
5136:30016036
5084:Archived
5014:38852032
5006:29318284
4934:Archived
4912:31217755
4859:21057122
4824:Archived
4788:23024623
4730:46604820
4722:23657247
4672:24272770
4624:11023418
4616:18572081
4568:37770338
4560:15555669
4512:15256628
4462:22237428
4412:24081895
4404:15110498
4360:19539839
4302:12624132
4248:24577266
4163:10633128
4066:Archived
4048:16959034
3988:25323828
3897:23445094
3848:28331629
3790:16417071
3734:19539237
3619:31689252
3516:31211022
3462:15867592
3454:12511860
3391:18 March
3385:Archived
3367:21191550
3313:35816768
3305:24875955
3269:19524978
3261:11840110
3218:21192302
3183:23883827
3142:52975845
3134:30312252
3087:25900299
3052:12634567
3011:21387194
2962:18681956
2911:19749217
2903:19092622
2868:34611591
2817:12154979
2809:14713582
2774:21284193
2766:27188385
2723:19949338
2685:17176459
2634:24280322
2626:16540873
2588:22695700
2495:21191550
2446:22429772
2400:12578488
2356:16765303
2286:10079244
2230:34046217
2222:18388718
2071:22119278
2063:16328223
2012:Archived
1974:73471547
1966:30824243
1924:39497372
1916:28976171
1881:27525315
1822:16741456
1749:26510624
1706:26644484
1665:30665877
1604:aans.org
1586:24284269
1548:29435499
1470:Archived
1429:Archived
1360:Archived
1306:Lordosis
1301:Kyphosis
1289:See also
1274:Research
1198:gorillas
1170:sagittal
1074:the king
963:Surgeons
934:surgeons
925:thoracic
878:flatback
704:lordosis
700:kyphosis
696:sagittal
502:myotonia
444:in utero
358:thoracic
240:lordosis
236:kyphosis
129:Symptoms
7482:sternum
6513:D012600
6450:years).
6392:15 June
6132:3489358
5971:3172921
5889:1475645
5626:6360928
5349:6708126
5298:7386883
5027:Lau K.
4940:10 July
4903:6560808
4779:3192887
4351:2716546
4293:1735400
4239:4131122
4154:1734457
4109:2195034
4039:1586184
3979:4236240
3839:5356475
3507:6557252
3358:3011182
3095:4434949
3002:3176697
2953:2525632
2859:8479518
2731:1044562
2676:1769398
2579:3463687
2486:3011182
2438:6453874
2321:3182881
2277:1866412
2120:5726117
1872:4973373
1830:2401041
1780:15 June
1757:6735774
1539:5795289
1255:In the
1125:Surgery
1092:bracing
1052:History
1041:balance
1025:puberty
892:Surgery
828:Bracing
811:Surgery
808:Bracing
791:Surgery
787:Bracing
692:lateral
688:coronal
423:in the
287:bracing
251:genetic
195:bracing
7505:other:
7219:Amelia
7096:valgus
6548:001241
6442:Curlie
6367:
6332:
6324:
6241:
6193:21 May
6139:
6129:
6090:
6072:Lancet
6046:
6021:
6013:
5978:
5968:
5904:
5896:
5886:
5823:
5788:
5780:
5739:
5731:
5690:
5633:
5623:
5615:
5541:
5531:
5480:
5421:
5413:
5356:
5346:
5305:
5295:
5256:
5248:
5212:14 May
5186:14 May
5160:14 May
5134:
5090:14 May
5037:
5012:
5004:
4910:
4900:
4857:
4786:
4776:
4728:
4720:
4678:
4670:
4622:
4614:
4566:
4558:
4510:
4468:
4460:
4410:
4402:
4358:
4348:
4300:
4290:
4246:
4236:
4161:
4151:
4107:
4046:
4036:
4022:: 34.
3986:
3976:
3895:
3846:
3836:
3788:
3742:665324
3740:
3732:
3625:
3617:
3582:21 May
3557:479254
3555:
3514:
3504:
3460:
3452:
3417:21 May
3365:
3355:
3311:
3303:
3267:
3259:
3224:
3216:
3181:
3140:
3132:
3093:
3085:
3050:
3009:
2999:
2960:
2950:
2909:
2901:
2866:
2856:
2815:
2807:
2772:
2764:
2729:
2721:
2683:
2673:
2659:: 21.
2632:
2624:
2586:
2576:
2528:
2493:
2483:
2444:
2436:
2398:
2354:
2319:
2284:
2274:
2228:
2220:
2118:
2069:
2061:
1972:
1964:
1922:
1914:
1879:
1869:
1855:: 20.
1828:
1820:
1755:
1747:
1714:557560
1712:
1704:
1663:
1584:
1546:
1536:
1261:braces
1151:lumbar
1135:fusion
929:lumbar
862:corset
708:X-rays
636:lipoma
632:dimple
587:, and
390:Causes
374:Course
275:X-rays
146:Causes
108:
7472:Bifid
7353:other
7270:Axial
7077:varus
6633:Other
6524:26545
6330:S2CID
6068:(PDF)
6019:S2CID
5902:S2CID
5786:S2CID
5562:WebMD
5419:S2CID
5332:: 8.
5254:S2CID
5010:S2CID
4726:S2CID
4698:(PDF)
4676:S2CID
4620:S2CID
4564:S2CID
4488:(PDF)
4470:19992
4466:S2CID
4408:S2CID
4378:(PDF)
4266:(PDF)
4127:(PDF)
3904:(PDF)
3871:(PDF)
3822:: 6.
3749:(PDF)
3738:S2CID
3708:(PDF)
3645:(PDF)
3623:S2CID
3599:Spine
3484:PeerJ
3458:S2CID
3309:S2CID
3285:Spine
3265:S2CID
3241:Spine
3222:S2CID
3198:Spine
3161:Spine
3138:S2CID
3091:S2CID
3030:Spine
2936:: 9.
2907:S2CID
2883:Spine
2813:S2CID
2770:S2CID
2727:S2CID
2630:S2CID
2606:Spine
2442:S2CID
2226:S2CID
2067:S2CID
2039:(PDF)
1970:S2CID
1920:S2CID
1826:S2CID
1802:Spine
1753:S2CID
1710:S2CID
1522:: 3.
1425:NIAMS
1210:ilium
1187:Venlo
1082:Greek
921:X-ray
740:spine
655:spots
638:, or
624:signs
426:MATN1
300:
224:spine
181:X-ray
7458:ribs
7025:knee
6901:Arms
6888:limb
6508:MeSH
6497:9-CM
6421:2014
6394:2023
6365:PMID
6322:PMID
6239:PMID
6195:2014
6167:2011
6137:PMID
6088:PMID
6044:ISBN
6011:PMID
5976:PMID
5931:2018
5894:PMID
5821:PMID
5805:JAMA
5778:PMID
5737:PMID
5729:ISSN
5688:ISBN
5664:2014
5631:PMID
5613:ISSN
5569:2020
5539:PMID
5507:2015
5478:ISBN
5411:PMID
5354:PMID
5303:PMID
5281:2012
5246:PMID
5214:2014
5188:2014
5162:2014
5132:PMID
5092:2014
5066:2022
5035:ISBN
5002:PMID
4984:JAMA
4942:2016
4908:PMID
4855:PMID
4784:PMID
4737:2023
4718:PMID
4668:PMID
4631:2023
4612:PMID
4575:2023
4556:PMID
4519:2023
4508:PMID
4458:PMID
4419:2023
4400:PMID
4356:PMID
4309:2023
4298:PMID
4244:PMID
4197:2023
4170:2023
4159:PMID
4105:PMID
4074:2011
4044:PMID
3995:2023
3984:PMID
3912:2023
3893:PMID
3844:PMID
3797:2023
3786:PMID
3757:2023
3730:PMID
3690:2023
3661:2023
3615:PMID
3584:2014
3553:PMID
3539:61-B
3512:PMID
3450:PMID
3419:2014
3393:2012
3363:PMID
3301:PMID
3257:PMID
3214:PMID
3179:PMID
3130:PMID
3083:PMID
3048:PMID
3007:PMID
2958:PMID
2899:PMID
2864:PMID
2805:PMID
2762:PMID
2719:PMID
2681:PMID
2622:PMID
2584:PMID
2526:ISBN
2491:PMID
2434:PMID
2396:PMID
2378:JAMA
2352:PMID
2317:PMID
2282:PMID
2237:2023
2218:PMID
2180:2023
2154:2023
2127:2022
2116:PMID
2078:2022
2059:PMID
2020:2016
2002:2016
1962:PMID
1912:PMID
1877:PMID
1818:PMID
1782:2023
1745:PMID
1702:PMID
1661:PMID
1611:2022
1582:PMID
1544:PMID
1478:2016
1437:2016
1368:2016
1237:and
1068:The
951:and
932:how
860:, a
854:TLSO
702:and
650:for
648:skin
480:and
428:gene
413:CHD7
253:and
238:and
6988:hip
6979:Leg
6502:737
6493:ICD
6487:M41
6478:ICD
6440:at
6357:doi
6312:doi
6281:doi
6231:doi
6127:PMC
6119:doi
6115:102
6080:doi
6076:383
6003:doi
5966:PMC
5958:doi
5884:PMC
5874:doi
5813:doi
5809:289
5768:doi
5721:doi
5717:111
5621:PMC
5605:doi
5529:PMC
5519:hdl
5511:doi
5401:doi
5344:PMC
5334:doi
5293:PMC
5285:doi
5238:doi
5122:doi
5118:116
4992:doi
4988:319
4898:PMC
4890:doi
4847:doi
4774:PMC
4766:doi
4710:doi
4658:doi
4604:doi
4600:371
4548:doi
4544:364
4500:doi
4448:doi
4392:doi
4388:363
4346:PMC
4338:doi
4288:PMC
4280:doi
4234:PMC
4226:doi
4149:PMC
4141:doi
4097:doi
4034:PMC
4024:doi
3974:PMC
3966:doi
3885:doi
3881:368
3834:PMC
3824:doi
3722:doi
3607:doi
3543:doi
3502:PMC
3492:doi
3442:doi
3353:PMC
3345:doi
3341:107
3293:doi
3249:doi
3206:doi
3169:doi
3122:doi
3075:doi
3038:doi
2997:PMC
2989:doi
2948:PMC
2938:doi
2891:doi
2854:PMC
2844:doi
2797:doi
2754:doi
2711:doi
2671:PMC
2661:doi
2614:doi
2574:PMC
2566:doi
2481:PMC
2473:doi
2469:107
2426:doi
2386:doi
2382:289
2344:doi
2309:doi
2272:PMC
2264:doi
2260:154
2210:doi
2108:doi
2051:doi
1954:doi
1950:105
1904:doi
1867:PMC
1857:doi
1810:doi
1737:doi
1692:doi
1688:137
1651:hdl
1641:doi
1637:105
1574:doi
1534:PMC
1524:doi
1206:Pan
1204:in
1196:or
1099:or
713:MRI
216:pl.
7537::
7150:/
6998:/
6912:/
6890:/
6874:/
6546::
6522::
6511::
6500::
6485::
6482:10
6385:.
6363:.
6353:92
6351:.
6328:.
6320:.
6308:23
6306:.
6302:.
6277:26
6275:.
6237:.
6227:21
6225:.
6203:^
6175:^
6157:.
6135:.
6125:.
6113:.
6109:.
6086:.
6074:.
6070:.
6017:.
6009:.
5997:.
5974:.
5964:.
5954:19
5952:.
5948:.
5922:.
5900:.
5892:.
5882:.
5868:.
5864:.
5841:.
5819:.
5807:.
5784:.
5776:.
5764:44
5762:.
5758:.
5735:.
5727:.
5715:.
5711:.
5643:^
5629:.
5619:.
5611:.
5599:.
5595:.
5577:^
5560:.
5537:.
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