3245:
3233:
3286:
1251:
2898:). Petroleum products are transported via rail cars, trucks, tanker vessels, and pipeline networks. The method used to move the petroleum products depends on the volume that is being moved and its destination. Even the modes of transportation on land such as pipeline or rail have their own strengths and weaknesses. One of the key differences are the costs associated with transporting petroleum though pipeline or rail. The biggest problems with moving petroleum products are pollution related and the chance of spillage. Petroleum oil is very hard to clean up and is very toxic to living animals and their surroundings.
3197:
5688:
4071:
3026:
3018:
628:
3221:
4113:
1970:
335:
6012:"Oil rents" have been described as connected with corruption in political literature. A 2011 study suggested that increases in oil rents increased corruption in countries with heavy government involvement in the production of oil. The study found that increases in oil rents "significantly deteriorates political rights". The investigators say that oil exploitation gave politicians "an incentive to extend civil liberties but reduce political rights in the presence of oil windfalls to evade redistribution and conflict".
4092:
5577:
6341:
6187:
2934:
2612:
3164:
4400:
2069:
reservoir. In the United States, primary production methods account for less than 40 percent of the oil produced on a daily basis, secondary methods account for about half, and tertiary recovery the remaining 10 percent. Extracting oil (or "bitumen") from oil/tar sand and oil shale deposits requires mining the sand or shale and heating it in a vessel or retort, or using "in-situ" methods of injecting heated liquids into the deposit and then pumping the liquid back out saturated with oil.
10202:
3998:
2965:
2134:
6218:
3972:
438:
13967:
4306:
1482:
3906:
4186:
10198:
1259:
4233:
53:
6833:
4353:
6471:
1917:
3876:
3305:
4139:
4285:
4259:
4212:
648:
88:
4327:
3154:. By December 2021, an unexpected rebound in the demand for oil from United States, China and India, coupled with U.S. shale industry investors' "demands to hold the line on spending", has contributed to "tight" oil inventories globally. On 18 January 2022, as the price of Brent crude oil reached its highest since 2014â$ 88, concerns were raised about the rising cost of gasolineâwhich hit a record high in the United Kingdom.
4379:
4045:
4019:
4165:
3951:
2120:. The kerogen in the rock can be converted into crude oil using heat and pressure to simulate natural processes. The method has been known for centuries and was patented in 1694 under British Crown Patent No. 330 covering, "A way to extract and make great quantities of pitch, tar, and oil out of a sort of stone." Although oil shales are found in many countries, the United States has the world's largest deposits.
5569:
2882:
2719:
419:
2634:. Similarly, virtually all pesticides - insecticides, herbicides, etc. - are derived from petroleum. Pesticides have profoundly affected life expectancies by controlling disease vectors and by increasing yields of crops. Like pharmaceuticals, pesticides are in essence petrochemicals. Virtually all plastics and synthetic polymers are derived from petroleum, which is the source of monomers.
67:
985:. While significant volumes of oil are extracted from oil sands, particularly in Canada, logistical and technical hurdles remain, as oil extraction requires large amounts of heat and water, making its net energy content quite low relative to conventional crude oil. Thus, Canada's oil sands are not expected to provide more than a few million barrels per day in the foreseeable future.
2647:
6312:
these predictions date from before the recession of the early 1980s, and the consequent lowering in global consumption, the effect of which was to delay the date of any peak by several years. Just as the 1971 U.S. peak in oil production was only clearly recognized after the fact, a peak in world production will be difficult to discern until production clearly drops off.
2198:
6146:
commitments reflect what they would do even in the absence of OPEC. However, since 2020, OPEC countries along with non-OPEC participants had helped in stabilising oil markets after the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in a collapse in oil demand. This has allowed oil markets to remain stable relative to other energy markets that experienced unprecedented volatility.
10106:
2011:(seal) or other mechanism to prevent the oil from escaping to the surface. Within these reservoirs, fluids will typically organize themselves like a three-layer cake with a layer of water below the oil layer and a layer of gas above it, although the different layers vary in size between reservoirs. Because most hydrocarbons are less dense than rock or
5706:
505:, one of the earliest Chinese writings, cites that oil in its raw state, without refining, was first discovered, extracted, and used in China in the first century BCE. In addition, the Chinese were the first to record the use of petroleum as fuel as early as the fourth century BCE. By 347 CE, oil was produced from bamboo-drilled wells in China.
10231:
10102:
11798:
the question whether OPEC's activities, those of its member states and those of the state-owned enterprises are protected by the principle of State
Immunity is to be answered in accordance with the preconditions set by the UN Convention as an expression of common principles of International law. The
2035:
The reactions that produce oil and natural gas are often modeled as first order breakdown reactions, where hydrocarbons are broken down to oil and natural gas by a set of parallel reactions, and oil eventually breaks down to natural gas by another set of reactions. The latter set is regularly used in
12244:
EIA's latest Short-Term Energy
Outlook, issued in May 2015, reflects continued production growth in 2015 and 2016, albeit at a slower pace than in 2013 and 2014, with U.S. crude oil production in 2016 forecast to reach 9.2 million bbl/d. Beyond 2016, the Annual Energy Outlook 2015 (AEO2015) projects
6311:
It is difficult to predict the oil peak in any given region, due to the lack of knowledge and/or transparency in the accounting of global oil reserves. Based on available production data, proponents have previously predicted the peak for the world to be in the years 1989, 1995, or 1995â2000. Some of
3098:
The global price of crude oil was relatively consistent in the nineteenth century and early twentieth century. This changed in the 1970s, with a significant increase in the price of oil globally. There have been a number of structural drivers of global oil prices historically, including oil supply,
2068:
or injection of water into the reservoir to increase pressure and force the oil to the drilled shaft or "wellbore." Eventually "tertiary" or "enhanced" oil recovery methods may be used to increase the oil's flow characteristics by injecting steam, carbon dioxide and other gases or chemicals into the
722:
at low heat, in creating a fluid resembling petroleum, which when treated in the same way as the seep oil gave similar products. Young found that by slow distillation he could obtain several useful liquids from it, one of which he named "paraffine oil" because at low temperatures it congealed into a
663:
There was activity in various parts of the world in the mid-19th century. A group directed by Major
Alexeyev of the Bakinskii Corps of Mining Engineers hand-drilled a well in the Baku region of Bibi-Heybat in 1846. There were engine-drilled wells in West Virginia in the same year as Drake's well. An
6255:
oil projections have revealed that revisions of world oil production, price and investments have been motivated by a combination of demand and supply factors. All together, Non-OPEC conventional projections have been fairly stable the last 15 years, while downward revisions were mainly allocated to
3135:
that led to the "largest oil price declines in modern history" in 2014 to 2016. The 70% decline in global oil prices was "one of the three biggest declines since World War II, and the longest lasting since the supply-driven collapse of 1986." By 2015, the United States had become the third-largest
6390:
contain hydrocarbons but have low permeability and are not thick from a vertical perspective. Conventional vertical wells would be unable to economically retrieve these hydrocarbons. Horizontal drilling, extending horizontally through the strata, permits the well to access a much greater volume of
6171:
Current OPEC members are
Algeria, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, the Republic of the Congo, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and Venezuela. Meanwhile, Angola, Ecuador, Indonesia, and Qatar are former OPEC members. A larger group called OPEC+, consisting of OPEC
2103:
are reservoirs of partially biodegraded oil still in the process of escaping and being biodegraded, but they contain so much migrating oil that, although most of it has escaped, vast amounts are still presentâmore than can be found in conventional oil reservoirs. The lighter fractions of the crude
2059:
of geologic reservoir structures). Wells are drilled into oil reservoirs to extract the crude oil. "Natural lift" production methods that rely on the natural reservoir pressure to force the oil to the surface are usually sufficient for a while after reservoirs are first tapped. In some reservoirs,
6307:
is a term applied to the projection that future petroleum production, whether for individual oil wells, entire oil fields, whole countries, or worldwide production, will eventually peak and then decline at a similar rate to the rate of increase before the peak as these reserves are exhausted. The
2401:
There are declining amounts of these benchmark oils being produced each year, so other oils are more commonly what is actually delivered. While the reference price may be for West Texas
Intermediate delivered at Cushing, the actual oil being traded may be a discounted Canadian heavy oil â Western
12241:
U.S. oil production has grown rapidly in recent years. U.S. Energy
Information Administration (EIA) data, which reflect combined production of crude oil and lease condensate, show a rise from 5.6 million barrels per day (bbl/d) in 2011 to 7.5 million bbl/d in 2013, and a record 1.2 million bbl/d
6326:
While there has been much focus historically on peak oil supply, the focus is increasingly shifting to peak demand as more countries seek to transition to renewable energy. The GeGaLo index of geopolitical gains and losses assesses how the geopolitical position of 156 countries may change if the
1902:
evidence. Abiogenic sources of oil have been found, but never in commercially profitable amounts. "The controversy isn't over whether abiogenic oil reserves exist," said Larry Nation of the
American Association of Petroleum Geologists. "The controversy is over how much they contribute to Earth's
11863:
The deal represents the latest successful policy effort by the 24 member supercartel, informally referred to as the 'Vienna Group' or 'OPEC+,' to put their thumb on the scale of global oil markets. And it's a huge thumb indeed. OPEC's 14 members control 35 percent of global oil supplies and 82
6030:
Petroleum production has been linked with conflict for many years, leading to thousands of deaths. Petroleum deposits are in hardly any countries around the world; mainly in Russia and some parts of the middle east. Conflicts may start when countries refuse to cut oil production in which other
1429:
Crude oil varies greatly in appearance depending on its composition. It is usually black or dark brown (although it may be yellowish, reddish, or even greenish). In the reservoir it is usually found in association with natural gas, which being lighter forms a "gas cap" over the petroleum, and
806:
dug several wells between 1855 and 1858 before discovering a rich reserve of oil four metres below ground. Williams extracted 1.5 million litres of crude oil by 1860, refining much of it into kerosene lamp oil. Williams's well became commercially viable a year before Drake's
Pennsylvania
12242:
increase to 8.7 million bbl/d in 2014. Increasing production of light crude oil in low-permeability or tight resource formations in regions like the Bakken, Permian Basin, and Eagle Ford (often referred to as light tight oil) account for nearly all the net growth in U.S. crude oil production.
6145:
led to a dramatic rise in oil prices with long-lasting and far-reaching consequences for the global economy. Since the 1980s, OPEC has had a limited impact on world oil-supply and oil-price stability, as there is frequent cheating by members on their commitments to one another, and as member
2115:
are source rocks that have not been exposed to heat or pressure long enough to convert their trapped hydrocarbons into crude oil. Technically speaking, oil shales are not always shales and do not contain oil, but are fined-grain sedimentary rocks containing an insoluble organic solid called
10958:
Hostettler, Frances D.; Rosenbauer, Robert J.; Lorenson, Thomas D.; Dougherty, Jennifer (2004). "Geochemical characterization of tarballs on beaches along the
California coast. Part I â Shallow seepage impacting the Santa Barbara Channel Islands, Santa Cruz, Santa Rosa and San Miguel".
10224:
5674:
912:, facilitated by government policies. High oil prices also induced investment in oil production by non-OPEC countries, including Prudhoe Bay in Alaska, the North Sea offshore fields of the United Kingdom and Norway, the Cantarell offshore field of Mexico, and oil sands in Canada.
11053:
Wang, Zhendi; Fingas, Merv; Landriault, Michael; Sigouin, Lise; Castle, Bill; Hostetter, David; Zhang, Dachung; Spencer, Brad (July 1998). "Identification and
Linkage of Tarballs from the Coasts of Vancouver Island and Northern California Using GC/MS and Isotopic Techniques".
11438:
4955:
Canadian statistics are complicated by the fact it is both an importer and exporter of crude oil, and refines large amounts of oil for the U.S. market. It is the leading source of U.S. imports of oil and products, averaging 2,500,000 bbl/d (400,000 m/d) in August
3179:
exchanges. Futures contracts are agreements in which buyers and sellers agree to purchase and deliver specific amounts of physical crude oil on a given date in the future. A contract covers any multiple of 1000 barrels and can be purchased up to nine years into the future.
2910:
in the 1970s, the cost of shipping dropped to only 5 percent of the price of Persian oil in the US. Due to the increase in the value of crude oil during the last 30 years, the share of the shipping cost on the final cost of the delivered commodity was less than 3% in 2010.
2019:) by impermeable rocks above. However, the process is influenced by underground water flows, causing oil to migrate hundreds of kilometres horizontally or even short distances downward before becoming trapped in a reservoir. When hydrocarbons are concentrated in a trap, an
11864:
percent of proven reserves. With the addition of the 10 Non-OPEC nations, notable among them Russia, Mexico and Kazakhstan, those shares increase to 55 percent and 90 percent respectively. This affords OPEC+ a level of influence over the world economy never seen before.
5987:
Control of petroleum production has been a significant driver of international relations during much of the 20th and 21st centuries. Organizations like OPEC have played an outsized role in international politics. Some historians and commentators have called this the
1831:
despite the fact that it happened at relatively low temperatures (when compared to commercial pyrolysis plants) of 60 to several hundred °C. Pyrolysis was possible because of the long reaction times involved. Heat for catagenesis came from the decomposition of
3244:
919:, but is responsible for only one percent of electricity generation. Petroleum's worth as a portable, dense energy source powering the vast majority of vehicles and as the base of many industrial chemicals makes it one of the world's most important
1731:, resins and other hydrocarbons. As more layers of organic matter settled into the sea or lake bed, intense heat and pressure built up in the lower regions. As a consequence, compounds of this mixture began to combine in poorly understood ways to
907:
The two oil price shocks had many short- and long-term effects on global politics and the global economy. They led to sustained reductions in demand as a result of substitution to other fuels, especially coal and nuclear, and improvements in
680:
in Romania (then Ottoman empire) shortly after. Romania (then being a part of the Ottoman empire) is the first country in the world to have had its annual crude oil output officially recorded in international statistics: 275 tonnes for 1857.
1795:
or products similar to it); i.e., carbon-rich or hydrogen-rich products. Because catagenesis was closed off from external reactants, the resulting composition of the fuel mixture was dependent on the composition of the kerogen via reaction
811:
which brought hundreds of speculators and workers to the area. Advances in drilling continued into 1862 when local driller Shaw reached a depth of 62 metres using the spring-pole drilling method. On January 16, 1862, after an explosion of
6126:. A 2022 report further details that OPEC member countries were responsible for approximately 38 percent of it. Additionally, it is estimated that 79.5 percent of the world's proven oil reserves are located within OPEC nations, with the
5630:.The saturation state of calcium carbonate decreases with the uptake of carbon dioxide in the ocean. This increase in acidity inhibits all marine lifeâhaving a greater effect on smaller organisms as well as shelled organisms (see
2481:
In terms of volume, most petroleum is converted into fuels for combustion engines. In terms of value, petroleum underpins the petrochemical industry, which includes many high value products such as pharmaceuticals and plastics.
851:
Oil exploration in North America during the early 20th century later led to the U.S. becoming the leading producer by mid-century. As petroleum production in the U.S. peaked during the 1960s, the United States was surpassed by
2292:
oil because it has fewer environmental problems and requires less refining to meet sulfur standards imposed on fuels in consuming countries. Each crude oil has unique molecular characteristics which are revealed by the use of
1786:
of kerogen. These reactions took thousands to millions of years and no external reactants were involved. Due to the radical nature of these reactions, kerogen reacted towards two classes of products: those with low H/C ratio
11025:
Knap Anthony H; Burns Kathryn A; Dawson Rodger; Ehrhardt Manfred; Palmork Karsten H (December 1984). "Dissolved/dispersed hydrocarbons, tarballs and the surface microlayer: Experiences from an IOC/UNEP Workshop in Bermuda".
6327:
world fully transitions to renewable energy resources. Former oil exporters are expected to lose power, while the positions of former oil importers and countries rich in renewable energy resources is expected to strengthen.
12046:
9892:
6795:
van Dijk, J.P. (2022); Unravelling the Maze of Scientific Writing Through the Ages: On the Origins of the Terms Hydrocarbon, Petroleum, Natural Gas, and Methane. Amazon Publishers, 166 pp. PaperBack Edition B0BKRZRKHW.
5879:
in most environments, although they can occur naturally, for example in the Santa Barbara Channel of California or in the Gulf of Mexico off Texas. Their concentration and features have been used to assess the extent of
618:
is said to be the first European site where petroleum has been explored and used. The still active Erdpechquelle, a spring where petroleum appears mixed with water has been used since 1498, notably for medical purposes.
5779:
which can cover beaches with a thin coating of oil. This can kill sea birds, mammals, shellfish, and other organisms it coats. Oil spills on land are more readily containable if a makeshift earth dam can be rapidly
10543:
1727:). Thus the action of anaerobic bacteria ceased at about 10 m below the water or sediment. The mixture at this depth contained fulvic acids, unreacted and partially reacted fats and waxes, slightly modified
714:
from which he distilled a light thin oil suitable for use as lamp oil, at the same time obtaining a more viscous oil suitable for lubricating machinery. In 1848, Young set up a small business refining crude oil.
6263:
Production will also face an increasingly complex situation; while OPEC countries still have large reserves at low production prices, newly found reservoirs often lead to higher prices; offshore giants such as
1442:. In Canada, bitumen is considered a sticky, black, tar-like form of crude oil which is so thick and heavy that it must be heated or diluted before it will flow. Venezuela also has large amounts of oil in the
8277:
2051:(natural petroleum springs are rare). Drilling is carried out after studies of structural geology (at the reservoir scale), sedimentary basin analysis, and reservoir characterisation (mainly in terms of the
4432:
816:, Canada's first oil gusher came into production, shooting into the air at a recorded rate of 480 cubic metres (3,000 bbl) per day. By the end of the 19th century the Russian Empire, particularly the
9200:
Li, Guixian; Wu, Chao; Ji, Dong; Dong, Peng; Zhang, Yongfu; Yang, Yong (April 1, 2020). "Acidity and catalyst performance of two shape-selective HZSM-5 catalysts for alkylation of toluene with methanol".
6308:
peak of oil discoveries was in 1965, and oil production per year has surpassed oil discoveries every year since 1980. However, this does not mean that potential oil production has surpassed oil demand.
5884:. Their composition can be used to identify their sources of origin, and tarballs themselves may be dispersed over long distances by deep sea currents. They are slowly decomposed by bacteria, including
10451:
Zheng, Bo; Zaehle, Sönke; Wright, Rebecca; Wiltshire, Andrew J.; Walker, Anthony P.; Viovy, Nicolas; Werf, Guido R. van der; Laan-Luijkx, Ingrid T. van der; Tubiello, Francesco N. (December 5, 2018).
5642:
Oil extraction is simply the removal of oil from the reservoir (oil pool). There are many methods on extracting the oil from the reservoirs for example; mechanical shaking, water-in-oil emulsion, and
2578: m) per day, or 4.9 km per year, yielding a remaining oil supply of only about 120 years, if current demand remains static. More recent studies, however, put the number at around 50 years.
6290:
A growing number of divestment campaigns from major funds pushed by newer generations who question the sustainability of petroleum may hinder the financing of future oil prospection and production.
9416:
1009:. Otherwise, the bulk of the liquid and solids are largely heavier organic compounds, often hydrocarbons (C and H only). The proportion of light hydrocarbons in the petroleum mixture varies among
1559:
As further layers settled into the sea or lake bed, intense heat and pressure built up in the lower regions. This process caused the organic matter to change, first into a waxy material known as
6272:
demand high investments and ever-increasing technological abilities. Subsalt reservoirs such as Tupi were unknown in the twentieth century, mainly because the industry was unable to probe them.
10380:
Marland, Gregg; Houghton, R. A.; Gillett, Nathan P.; Conway, Thomas J.; Ciais, Philippe; Buitenhuis, Erik T.; Field, Christopher B.; Raupach, Michael R.; Quéré, Corinne Le (November 20, 2007).
7876:
7359:"The oil wells of Alsace; a discovery made more than a century ago. What a Pennsylvania operator saw abroad, primitive methods of obtaining oil, the process similar to that used in coal mining"
10738:
7306:
2060:
such as in the Middle East, the natural pressure is sufficient over a long time. The natural pressure in most reservoirs, however, eventually dissipates. Then the oil must be extracted using "
2863:
consumed 18% of the oil produced in 2015. The production, distribution, refining, and retailing of petroleum taken as a whole represents the world's largest industry in terms of dollar value.
730:
from coal formed the subject of his patent dated October 17, 1850. In 1850, Young & Meldrum and Edward William Binney entered into partnership under the title of E.W. Binney & Co. at
12321:
The identification of organic molecules in rocks on the red planet does not necessarily point to life there, past or present, but does indicate that some of the building blocks were present.
9136:
5935:
1747:
resins, but kerogen formation occurred in a more complex manner due to a bigger variety of reactants. The total process of kerogen formation from the beginning of anaerobic decay is called
11144:
Ironically, even though fossil fuels provided substitutes for the main uses of whale oil, the rise of fossil fuel use in the nineteenth century served to increase the intensity of whaling.
6243:(Brasil, Russia, India, China, South Africa) countries might also kick in, as China briefly had the largest automobile market in December 2009. In the long term, uncertainties linger; the
3196:
7838:
7672:
7647:
399:, also known as Georgius Agricola. After the advent of the oil industry, during the second half of the 19th century, the term became commonly known for the liquid form of hydrocarbons.
10833:
240:, and thousands of others. Petroleum is used in manufacturing a vast variety of materials essential for modern life, and it is estimated that the world consumes about 100 million
5650:
that separate the oil from water. Oil extraction is costly and often environmentally damaging. Offshore exploration and extraction of oil disturb the surrounding marine environment.
1369:
in modern refineries into more valuable products. The lightest fraction, the so-called petroleum gases are subjected to diverse processing depending on cost. These gases are either
738:
and E. Meldrum & Co. at Glasgow; their works at Bathgate were completed in 1851 and became the first truly commercial oil-works in the world with the first modern oil refinery.
12038:
13192:
9767:
5847:
Because petroleum is a naturally occurring substance, its presence in the environment does not need to be the result of human causes such as accidents and routine activities (
692:, Germany. Wietze later provided about 80% of German consumption in the Wilhelminian Era. The production stopped in 1963, but Wietze has hosted a Petroleum Museum since 1970.
7791:
6247:
believes that the OECD countries will push low consumption policies at some point in the future; when that happens, it will definitely curb oil sales, and both OPEC and the
699:
in lower Saxony, natural asphalt/bitumen has been explored since the 18th century. Both in Pechelbronn as in Wietze, the coal industry dominated the petroleum technologies.
8254:
10540:
9788:
8089:
6172:
members plus other oil-producing countries, formed in late 2016 to exert more control on the global crude-oil market. Canada, Egypt, Norway, and Oman are observer states.
6094:) is an organization enabling the co-operation of leading oil-producing and oil-dependent countries in order to collectively influence the global oil market and maximize
7904:
9314:
10305:, December 2013. Accessed: December 2013. Quote:"Domestic production of crude oil .. increases sharply .. is expected to level off and then slowly decline after 2020"
5787:
Control of oil spills is difficult, requires ad hoc methods, and often a large amount of manpower. The dropping of bombs and incendiary devices from aircraft on the
5605:
1872:. Below the minimum temperature oil remains trapped in the form of kerogen. Above the maximum temperature the oil is converted to natural gas through the process of
1434:
which, being heavier than most forms of crude oil, generally sinks beneath it. Crude oil may also be found in a semi-solid form mixed with sand and water, as in the
10085:
10920:
Itah A.Y.; Essien J.P. (October 2005). "Growth Profile and Hydrocarbonoclastic Potential of Microorganisms Isolated from Tarballs in the Bight of Bonny, Nigeria".
10131:
8370:
6505:
6413:
yield an estimate that the visible lakes and seas of Titan contain about 300 times the volume of Earth's proven oil reserves. Drilled samples from the surface of
9552:
8119:
5922:
5875:, which is a human-made product derived from pine trees or refined from petroleum) which has been weathered after floating in the ocean. Tarballs are an aquatic
9840:
13088:
6320:
2104:
oil are destroyed first, resulting in reservoirs containing an extremely heavy form of crude oil, called crude bitumen in Canada, or extra-heavy crude oil in
11850:
9348:
5904:
385:
The origin of the term stems from monasteries in southern Italy where it was in use by the end of the first millennium as an alternative for the older term "
2500:
sources. 84% by volume of the hydrocarbons present in petroleum is converted into fuels, including gasoline, diesel, jet, heating, and other fuel oils, and
1094:. Many oil reservoirs contain live bacteria. The exact molecular composition of crude oil varies widely from formation to formation but the proportion of
13933:
9400:
6236:
countries. The 2008 economic crisis seems to have had some impact on the sales of such vehicles; still, in 2008 oil consumption showed a small increase.
1176:
Four different types of hydrocarbon appear in crude oil. The relative percentage of each varies from oil to oil, determining the properties of each oil.
12358:
6374:
is petroleum produced or extracted using techniques other than the conventional methods. The calculus for peak oil has changed with the introduction of
1628:
respectively by using the matter as a source for other reactants. Due to such anaerobic bacteria, at first, this matter began to break apart mostly via
11301:
10257:
9378:
6704:
5826:
sites. These compounds have a very high water solubility, and thus tend to dissolve and move with water. Certain naturally occurring bacteria, such as
3232:
3104:
868:
787:
8029:
7860:
10730:
6133:
In a series of steps in the 1960s and 1970s, OPEC restructured the global system of oil production in favor of oil-producing states and away from an
11673:
9999:
9266:
13313:
12611:
9954:
9153:
9113:
7371:
6515:
2723:
12225:
8978:
7934:
7498:
9973:
8172:"IHS Markit: Canadian oil sands production to be ~1M barrels higher by 2030 but with lower annual growth; boosted by deterioration in Venezuela"
7822:
7680:
7644:
11939:
8871:
7776:
7077:(2008). "1000 Years of Missing Industrial History". In Emilia Calvo Labarta; MercĂš Comes Maymo; Roser Puig Aguilar; MĂČnica Rius Pinies (eds.).
5822:
are reported as contaminants associated with crude oil, as well as facilities processing oil shale or coal, and have also been found at legacy
5558:
3285:
2144:
2064:" means. Over time, these "primary" methods become less effective and "secondary" production methods may be used. A common secondary method is
283:
6407:, lakes of liquid hydrocarbons comprising methane, ethane, propane and other constituents, occur naturally. Data collected by the space probe
11893:
10829:
8179:
6283:
The expected availability of petroleum resources has always been around 35 years or even less since the start of the modern exploration. The
3301:
According to the US Energy Information Administration (EIA) estimate for 2017, the world consumes 98.8 million barrels of oil each day.
2015:, they often migrate upward through adjacent rock layers until either reaching the surface or becoming trapped within porous rocks (known as
10580:
9936:
6615:
12601:
12475:
11257:
9821:
9244:
7244:
11231:
11067:
6845:
6646:
5973:
for aviation. Single-use plastics have a high carbon footprint and may pollute the sea, but as of 2022 the best alternatives are unclear.
302:
have direct and indirect health consequences for humans. Oil has also been a source of internal and inter-state conflict, leading to both
13083:
13078:
13063:
13058:
12606:
9880:(early March) In the ensuing weeks West Texas Intermediate (WTI) prices fell to a low of around $ 20, marking a record 65% quarterly drop
8776:
7052:
6734:
2568:) without oil sands, or 595 km (3.74 trillion barrels) with oil sands. Consumption is currently around 84 million barrels (13.4
2303:
from an area in which the crude oil's molecular characteristics have been determined and the oil has been classified are used as pricing
9026:
7117:
6854:
1040:. However, because the underground temperature is higher than at the surface, the gas may contain heavier hydrocarbons such as pentane,
13028:
12015:
6758:
6032:
3139:
12284:
10293:
10282:
9867:
9000:
5775:
Oil spills at sea are generally much more damaging than those on land, since they can spread for hundreds of nautical miles in a thin
2418:
173:
11003:
10665:"Warming and Ocean Acidification Effects on PhytoplanktonâFrom Species Shifts to Size Shifts within Species in a Mesocosm Experiment"
9288:
8738:
5592:
from the industry). Along with the burning of coal, petroleum combustion is the largest contributor to the increase in atmospheric CO
8799:
1426:(UCM) of hydrocarbons is particularly apparent when analysing weathered oils and extracts from tissues of organisms exposed to oil.
12652:
12621:
12616:
10142:
8059:
6035:. Other conflicts start due to countries wanting petroleum resources or other reasons on oil resource territory experienced in the
3860:
11769:(December 1, 2009). "Applying European Competition Law to International Organizations: The Case of OPEC". In Herrmann, Christoph;
10641:
9893:"The impact of coronavirus (COVID-19) and the global oil price shock on the fiscal position of oil-exporting developing countries"
7799:
3220:
1020:
produces predominantly crude oil. Because the pressure is lower at the surface than underground, some of the gas will come out of
14011:
13395:
10801:
8238:
6570:
6375:
2626:
are derived from petroleum, albeit via multistep processes. Modern medicine depends on petroleum as a source of building blocks,
2090:
1977:
trap consists of a reservoir rock (yellow) where oil (red) can accumulate, and a caprock (green) that prevents it from egressing.
837:
158:
11387:
Lujala, PĂ€ivi (2009). "Deadly Combat over Natural Resources: Gems, Petroleum, Drugs, and the Severity of Armed Civil Conflict".
9798:
8081:
2829:
in its current configuration, making it a critical concern for many nations. Oil accounts for a large percentage of the world's
1775:
and be subjected to conditions which allow it to slowly transform into fossil fuels like petroleum. The latter happened through
1422:. Due to the large number of co-eluted hydrocarbons within oil, many cannot be resolved by traditional gas chromatography. This
807:
operation and could be argued to be the first commercial oil well in North America. The discovery at Oil Springs touched off an
13269:
13093:
8149:
6969:
915:
About 90 percent of vehicular fuel needs are met by oil. Petroleum also makes up 40 percent of total energy consumption in the
745:
in Austria. His achievements also included the discovery of how to distill kerosene from seep oil, the invention of the modern
11604:
10358:
7898:
2515:, oil has become the world's most important source of energy since the mid-1950s. Petroleum is also the raw material for many
12677:
12085:
11924:
11784:
11740:
11693:
11083:
10562:
9593:
9147:
8770:
8667:
8345:
8320:
8287:
8248:
8213:
7751:
7703:
7621:
7588:
7529:
7473:
7437:
7404:
7182:
7157:
7090:
7000:
6944:
6919:
6878:
6801:
2535:, and plastics; the 16 percent not used for energy production is converted into these other materials. Petroleum is found in
521:
11156:
9657:
9318:
8914:
Guerriero V, et al. (2011). "Improved statistical multi-scale analysis of fractures in carbonate reservoir analogues".
749:(1853), the introduction of the first modern street lamp in Europe (1853), and the construction of the world's first modern
13400:
13068:
12642:
10301:
9918:
8422:
7545:
2759:
1894:
An alternative mechanism to the one described above was proposed by Russian scientists in the mid-1850s, the hypothesis of
10328:
10159:
8707:
8405:
7223:
Where It All Began: The Story of the People and Places Where the Oil Industry Began â West Virginia and South-eastern Ohio
12647:
11181:
10082:
6123:
3910:
3853:
2230:
841:
11207:"ReFuelEU Aviation initiative: Sustainable aviation fuels and the fit for 55 package | Think Tank | European Parliament"
10519:
10128:
8378:
6780:
5753:
The quantity of oil spilled during accidents has ranged from a few hundred tons to several hundred thousand tons (e.g.,
2348:. Oil production from Europe, Africa and Middle Eastern oil flowing West tends to be priced off this oil, which forms a
13781:
13460:
13176:
9527:
9170:
6525:
5982:
489:
378:
10176:
9560:
8111:
7979:
5612:
to 4,320,000 km (1,670,000 sq mi), a loss of almost half since satellite measurements started in 1979.
13928:
13232:
12985:
12106:
11709:
11472:
8452:
6779:, Medieval Latin: literally, rock oil = Latin petr(a) rock (< Greek pétra) + oleum oil, The Free Dictionary.com.
6248:
6086:
5810:
Though crude oil is predominantly composed of various hydrocarbons, certain nitrogen heterocyclic compounds, such as
3128:
2178:
1956:
780:
431:
408:
259:
9620:
7964:
7275:
2410:, and for a Brent Blend delivered at Shetland, it may be a discounted Russian Export Blend delivered at the port of
13817:
13470:
12965:
12662:
12657:
12468:
12421:
10855:
Sims, Gerald K.; O'Loughlin, Edward J.; Crawford, Ronald L. (1989). "Degradation of pyridines in the environment".
9768:"What triggered the oil price plunge of 2014-2016 and why it failed to deliver an economic impetus in eight charts"
4960:
Total world production/consumption (as of 2005) is approximately 84 million barrels per day (13,400,000 m/d).
2065:
845:
11840:
9340:
6671:
5945:
James S. Robbins has argued that the advent of petroleum-refined kerosene saved some species of great whales from
13475:
13033:
12918:
12844:
9262:
6150:
2811:
1598:
were prevented from decaying the organic matter after it was buried under a layer of sediment or water. However,
1454:
to distinguish them from oil which can be extracted using traditional oil well methods. Between them, Canada and
299:
3826:
1385:), is blended into the gasoline pool at high rates, because its high vapour pressure assists with cold starts.
13943:
13714:
13380:
12933:
12851:
12778:
12359:"Call for Papers, Oil Fictions: World literature and our Contemporary Petrosphere | Global South Studies, U.Va"
8617:
8558:
6239:
In 2016 Goldman Sachs predicted lower demand for oil due to emerging economies concerns, especially China. The
6031:
countries respond to such actions by increasing their production causing a trade war as experienced during the
1938:
563:
12124:
6391:
the strata. Hydraulic fracturing creates greater permeability and increases hydrocarbon flow to the wellbore.
13151:
13048:
13038:
12960:
12334:"Oil Fictions: World Literature and our Contemporary Petrosphere Edited by Stacey Balkan and Swaralipi Nandi"
6138:
6122:). The organization, which currently comprises 12 member countries, accounted for an estimated 30 percent of
2803:
2056:
1800:. Three types of kerogen exist: type I (algal), II (liptinic) and III (humic), which were formed mainly from
1468: m) of bitumen and extra-heavy oil, about twice the volume of the world's reserves of conventional oil.
993:
Petroleum consists of a variety of liquid, gaseous, and solid components. Lighter hydrocarbons are the gases
363:
11285:
11206:
10253:
6700:
848:, as it would provide much-needed oil supplies for the German military which was suffering from blockades.
13923:
13918:
13455:
13440:
12889:
12398:
9440:"Petroleum and health care: Evaluating and managing health care's vulnerability to petroleum supply shifts"
9370:
8887:
8021:
832:
Access to oil was and still is a major factor in several military conflicts of the 20th century, including
578:
by the 12th century. It has also been present in Romania since the 13th century, being recorded as pÄcurÄ.
1751:, a word that means a transformation of materials by dissolution and recombination of their constituents.
13970:
13938:
12461:
10541:
Historical trends in carbon dioxide concentrations and temperature, on a geological and recent time scale
9793:
7336:
6560:
6252:
5794:
wreck produced poor results; modern techniques would include pumping the oil from the wreck, like in the
5754:
12148:
12028:
Samuel Schubert, Peter Slominski UTB, 2010: Die Energiepolitik der EU Johannes Pollak, 235 Seiten, p. 20
9726:
9109:
7358:
6228:
in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries has been abundantly pushed by automobile sector growth. The
5957:, but others say that fossil fuels increased whaling with most whales being killed in the 20th century.
1876:. Sometimes, oil formed at extreme depths may migrate and become trapped at a much shallower level. The
14001:
13525:
13126:
13111:
13073:
12834:
12711:
12039:"Rating agency S&P warns 13 oil and gas companies they risk downgrades as renewables pick up steam"
10890:
8951:
7926:
2763:
2411:
1934:
1895:
1889:
1423:
1250:
256:, gained significant economic and international power over their control of oil production and trade.
154:
150:
39:
12434:
12404:
12216:
11799:
crucial question in terms of International law is: 'Is OPEC engaged in commercial activities or not?'
11349:
8885:
Guerriero V, et al. (2012). "A permeability model for naturally fractured carbonate reservoirs".
7996:
7490:
7112:
6251:(EIA) kept lowering their 2020 consumption estimates during the past five years. A detailed review of
5784:
around the spill site before most of the oil escapes, and land animals can avoid the oil more easily.
1771:: kerogen can be exposed to oxygen, oxidize and thus be lost, or it could be buried deeper inside the
13897:
13430:
13171:
12975:
12165:
Overland, Indra; Bazilian, Morgan; Ilimbek Uulu, Talgat; Vakulchuk, Roman; Westphal, Kirsten (2019).
7662:
Turnbull Elford, Jean. "Canada West's Last Frontier". Lambton County Historical Society, 1982, p. 110
5886:
3176:
3147:
2814:. Upstream regards exploration and extraction of crude oil, midstream encompasses transportation and
315:
17:
11946:
11770:
11766:
8863:
6386:
has resulted in a significant increase in production from previously uneconomic plays. Certain rock
3888:
10605:
8916:
6555:
6485:
5585:
2160:
1366:
594:
176:, into innumerable products for direct use or use in manufacturing. Products include fuels such as
12155:"The only uncertainty about peak oil is the time scale, which is difficult to predict accurately."
11877:
10550:. (June 2007). In UNEP/GRID-Arendal Maps and Graphics Library. Retrieved 19:14, February 19, 2011.
8171:
3921:
refers to the quantity of crude extracted from reserves, not the literal creation of the product.
1583:
reactions at high temperatures or pressures, or both. These phases are described in detail below.
1545:
754:
684:
In 1858, Georg Christian Konrad HunÀus found a significant amount of petroleum while drilling for
597:
encountered Seneca using petroleum for ceremonial fires and as a healing lotion during a visit to
13948:
13822:
12879:
12871:
12822:
12773:
12693:
12578:
12573:
12310:
11729:
LeClair, Mark S. (July 8, 2016) . "The History and Evlauation of Significant commodity Cartels".
10817:
7082:
6424:
6162:
3088:
3056:
2973:
2739:
2735:
2501:
2394:
2388:
2329:
2311:
2222:
1927:
1446:, although the hydrocarbons trapped in them are more fluid than in Canada and are usually called
1408:
1374:
263:
9248:
7252:
6623:
457:
mentions a basket which was closed by straw and bitumen. More than 4000 years ago, according to
449:
Petroleum, in one form or another, has been used since ancient times. More than 4300 years ago,
13996:
13425:
13166:
12856:
12706:
12543:
12518:
12333:
11754:
OPEC, the most notorious of the modern cartels, functioned effectively for only thirteen years.
10600:
6911:
6656:
6535:
5910:
5766:
3308:
Oil consumption per capita (darker colors represent more consumption, gray represents no data)
2559:
1783:
1393:
1262:
1057:
1049:
615:
453:
was mentioned when the Sumerians used it to make boats. A tablet of the legend of the birth of
307:
12257:
8760:
7980:"Commodity Markets Outlook: The Impact of the War in Ukraine on Commodity Markets, April 2022"
7580:
7573:
7042:
6726:
3103:
affecting oil prices. Notable events driving significant price fluctuations include the 1973
2276:
The geographic location is important because it affects transportation costs to the refinery.
14006:
13802:
13244:
13227:
13161:
12923:
12790:
12743:
12716:
12558:
12510:
9030:
7575:
The age of oil: the mythology, history, and future of the world's most controversial resource
7107:
6273:
5627:
4422:
3068:
3010:
2562:
2378:
2349:
2304:
2202:
2192:
1903:
overall reserves and how much time and effort geologists should devote to seeking them out."
1657:
1572:
1411:
at an oil refinery to produce gasoline, jet fuel, kerosene, and other hydrocarbon fractions.
803:
703:
12005:
10618:
9137:
Canadian Crude Oil, Natural Gas and Petroleum Products: Review of 2009 & Outlook to 2030
6838:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
6755:
5687:
742:
492:
indicate the medicinal and lighting uses of petroleum in the upper levels of their society.
389:". After that, the term was used in numerous manuscripts and books, such as in the treatise
13699:
13369:
13131:
13013:
12839:
12812:
12795:
12721:
12553:
12428:
12178:
11976:
11509:
10968:
10864:
10765:
10676:
10592:
10464:
10397:
10290:
10279:
9859:
9004:
8925:
8814:
8593:
8534:
8487:
6383:
6225:
5965:
In 2018 road transport used 49% of petroleum, aviation 8%, and uses other than energy 17%.
5892:
4570:
4118:
3025:
2886:
2681:
2357:, used as a benchmark for the Middle East sour crude oil flowing to the Asia-Pacific region
2001:
1494:
1075:
1021:
954:
935:
909:
875:
against the United States, United Kingdom, Japan and other Western nations which supported
795:
590:
249:
127:
12409:
11024:
10995:
9292:
8730:
5743:
4431:
3017:
2825:
Petroleum is vital to many industries, and is necessary for the maintenance of industrial
2237:(an oil industry measure of density), and its sulfur content. Crude oil may be considered
1524:. Vast amounts of these remains settled to sea or lake bottoms where they were covered in
8:
13847:
13792:
13719:
13608:
13420:
13338:
13018:
12884:
12447:
11685:
6409:
6379:
6142:
5898:
5758:
5643:
5615:
4914:
3052:
2902:
In the 1950s, shipping costs made up 33 percent of the price of oil transported from the
2891:
2874:
2779:
2747:
2333:
1877:
1853:
1780:
1435:
974:
939:
783:.There also was a company associated with it, and it sparked a major oil drilling boom.
391:
12182:
11980:
11513:
10972:
10868:
10769:
10680:
10596:
10468:
10401:
10139:
9078:
9053:
8929:
8818:
8597:
8538:
8491:
8051:
6354:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
6200:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
5765:). Smaller spills have already proven to have a great impact on ecosystems, such as the
2947:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
248:) each day. Petroleum production can be extremely profitable and was critical to global
241:
13991:
13694:
13116:
12726:
12626:
12484:
12315:
11646:
11538:
11497:
11420:
11412:
11135:
10937:
10707:
10664:
10428:
10381:
10032:
9464:
9439:
9226:
9091:
8830:
8826:
8609:
8550:
8340:(3rd ed., rev. and expanded ed.). New York: Marcel Dekker. pp. 215â216, 543.
7366:
6904:
6545:
6520:
6371:
6280:, China) will continue to play a major role in increasing the world's recoverable oil.
6154:
6095:
5795:
5747:
5712:
5663:
3151:
3120:
2833:, ranging from a low of 32% for Europe and Asia, to a high of 53% for the Middle East.
2830:
2755:
2731:
2711:
2684:
from petroleum fraction. It is oxidized to elemental sulfur and then to sulfuric acid.
2586:
2218:
2086:
2078:
1599:
1451:
1415:
896:
562:
in the 13th century, who described the output of those wells as hundreds of shiploads.
267:
146:
94:
13141:
10798:
10633:
8695:
7150:
American Indian Contributions to the World: 15,000 Years of Inventions and Innovations
672:
in 1857. At around the same time the world's first, small, oil refinery was opened at
13842:
12970:
12945:
12748:
12733:
12081:
11885:
11780:
11736:
11689:
11543:
11525:
11478:
11468:
11424:
11404:
11369:
11365:
11323:
11293:
11139:
11127:
11039:
10980:
10781:
10712:
10694:
10492:
10487:
10433:
10415:
10007:
9703:
9589:
9508:
9469:
9408:
9230:
9218:
9143:
9083:
8766:
8673:
8663:
8605:
8546:
8503:
8478:
Treibs, A.E. (1936). "Chlorophyll- und HĂ€minderivate in organischen Mineralstoffen".
8351:
8341:
8316:
8283:
8244:
8219:
8209:
7868:
7830:
7768:
7747:
7709:
7699:
7645:
Oil Museum of Canada, Black Gold: Canada's Oil Heritage, Oil Springs: Boom & Bust
7627:
7617:
7594:
7584:
7525:
7469:
7443:
7433:
7410:
7400:
7298:
7226:
7188:
7178:
7153:
7086:
6996:
6940:
6915:
6884:
6874:
6797:
6540:
6036:
5694:
3143:
3092:
3033:
2856:
2819:
2602:
2403:
2315:
1744:
1443:
1419:
969:. A large portion of the world's total oil exists as unconventional sources, such as
486:
135:
10941:
9095:
8900:
8834:
8613:
8554:
8141:
7206:
Matveichuk, Alexander A (2004). "Intersection of Oil Parallels: Historical Essays".
6153:. OPEC decisions have come to play a prominent role in the global oil-market and in
2734:, also known as the oil industry or the oil patch, includes the global processes of
1056:) Condensate resembles gasoline in appearance and is similar in composition to some
627:
536:, derived from petroleum that became accessible from natural fields in the region.
348:
334:
13669:
13390:
12993:
12911:
12829:
12667:
12548:
12245:
further production growth, although its pace and duration remains highly uncertain.
12196:
12186:
12073:
11989:
11984:
11964:
11811:
11681:
11533:
11517:
11465:
The economy of Iraq: oil, wars, destruction of development and prospects, 1950â2010
11396:
11361:
11117:
11063:
11035:
10976:
10929:
10872:
10773:
10702:
10684:
10610:
10482:
10472:
10423:
10405:
10350:
9500:
9488:
9459:
9451:
9210:
9073:
9065:
8933:
8896:
8838:
8822:
8699:
8601:
8542:
8495:
8308:
7074:
7048:
7016:
6961:
6319:, peak oil had been reached, due to the changing energy landscape coupled with the
6063:
6025:
5993:
5966:
5788:
5705:
3167:
Nominal and inflation-adjusted U.S. dollar price of crude oil between 1861 and 2015
3084:
2547:
2221:
generally classifies crude oil by the geographic location it is produced in (e.g.,
2152:
1873:
1614:
1592:
1513:
1490:
1095:
555:
525:
513:
462:
442:
319:
225:
31:
11916:
11350:"Oil rents, corruption, and state stability: Evidence from panel data regressions"
11080:
10559:
7522:
Oil Empire: Visions of Prosperity in Austrian Galicia (Harvard Historical Studies)
5400:
4941:
3884:
1898:(petroleum formed by inorganic means), but this is contradicted by geological and
1856:
and was typically 10â30 °C per km of depth from the Earth's surface. Unusual
1552:
below this sediment, water oxygen concentration was low, below 0.1 mg/L, and
13902:
13892:
13634:
13385:
13274:
13200:
13003:
12998:
12928:
12896:
12807:
12523:
12443:
12152:
12068:
Islam, M. R. (1995). "New Methods of Petroleum Sludge Disposal and Utilization".
11774:
11730:
11561:
11087:
10805:
10689:
10566:
10547:
10386:
growth from economic activity, carbon intensity, and efficiency of natural sinks"
10297:
10286:
10146:
10135:
10089:
9665:
9583:
8696:
Chemical reaction model for oil and gas generation from type 1 and type 2 kerogen
8409:
7651:
6784:
6762:
6490:
6458:
or oil fiction is a genre of fiction focused on the role of petroleum in society.
6418:
5609:
3136:
producer of oil and resumed exporting oil upon repeal of its 40-year export ban.
3124:
3116:
3100:
2840:
2539:
2470:
2294:
2263:
2245:
2239:
2061:
1772:
1720:
1447:
1354:
1060:
978:
888:
884:
864:
581:
Sophisticated oil pits, 4.5 to 6 metres (15 to 20 ft) deep, were dug by the
552:
454:
323:
295:
237:
12077:
11521:
9972:
Kelly, Stephanie; Sharafedin, Bozorgmehr; Samanta, Koustav (December 23, 2021).
9937:"Oil analysts predict a prolonged rally as OPEC resists calls to ramp up supply"
8937:
8430:
7549:
13739:
13659:
13649:
13639:
13580:
13555:
13264:
13205:
13136:
13023:
13008:
12817:
12755:
12500:
12010:
10316:
9690:
9214:
8402:
6677:
6510:
6269:
6265:
6229:
6166:
5997:
5916:
5852:
5739:
5619:
5576:
4405:
3774:
3132:
3112:
2795:
2697:
2623:
2520:
2508:
2496:
2325:
2269:
2226:
2156:
2041:
1969:
1677:
1673:
1633:
1525:
945:
About 80 percent of the world's readily accessible reserves are located in the
892:
880:
575:
517:
279:
275:
76:
12191:
12166:
11653:
11157:"World oil final consumption by sector, 2018 â Charts â Data & Statistics"
10933:
10876:
10477:
10452:
8974:
8206:
Nontechnical guide to petroleum geology, exploration, drilling, and production
3905:
3163:
1400:. They tend to burn with a sooty flame, and many have a sweet aroma. Some are
13985:
13807:
13764:
13729:
13358:
13239:
13212:
13146:
12538:
11889:
11586:
11529:
11408:
11400:
11373:
11297:
11131:
11122:
11105:
11068:
10.1002/(SICI)1521-4168(19980701)21:7<383::AID-JHRC383>3.0.CO;2-3
10785:
10753:
10752:
Schwab, A. P.; Su, J.; Wetzel, S.; Pekarek, S.; Banks, M. K. (June 1, 1999).
10698:
10511:
10496:
10419:
10011:
9955:"Column: Oil prices expected to rise with big variation in projections: Kemp"
9512:
9455:
9412:
9222:
9069:
8677:
8507:
8499:
7872:
7834:
7775:. American Petroleum Institute Quarterly â Centennial Issue. pp. 10â11.
7713:
7631:
7598:
7302:
6849:
6839:
6775:
6550:
6495:
6476:
5618:
is the increase in the acidity of the Earth's oceans caused by the uptake of
5589:
4436:
Petroleum Exports by Country (2014) from Harvard Atlas of Economic Complexity
4003:
3439:
3395:
3029:
2860:
2852:
2848:
2836:
2775:
2677:
2611:
2606:
2565:
2300:
2037:
2016:
1797:
1641:
1553:
1498:
1270:
916:
765:
746:
598:
582:
571:
478:
291:
12422:
U.S. National Library of Medicine: Hazardous Substances Databank â Crude Oil
11965:"Oil projections in retrospect: Revisions, accuracy and current uncertainty"
11710:"OPEC and allies agree to historic 10 million barrel per day production cut"
11482:
10614:
10410:
9178:
8355:
8223:
7447:
7414:
7192:
6888:
368:
353:
13867:
13797:
13689:
13679:
13674:
13664:
13654:
13540:
13520:
13465:
13249:
13217:
13156:
13053:
12955:
12861:
12738:
12672:
11547:
10716:
10437:
10172:
10000:"New UK cost of living threat as oil rises to highest price in seven years"
9473:
9087:
6500:
6455:
6449:
6404:
6284:
6277:
6115:
5934:
5834:
5647:
4484:
3977:
3564:
3040:
2921:
2907:
2903:
2826:
2815:
2743:
2667:
2555:
2512:
2454:
2048:
1837:
1768:
1740:
1724:
1431:
1401:
1397:
1377:, or used to power the refinery's own burners. During the winter, butane (C
1358:
1310:
982:
950:
931:
857:
853:
833:
735:
727:
652:
640:
326:. Oil has played a key role in industrialization and economic development.
314:
before 2035 as global economies lower dependencies on petroleum as part of
217:
142:
12102:
9698:
9613:"A liquid market: Thanks to LNG, spare gas can now be sold the world over"
8456:
8312:
3304:
1767:. Kerogen formation represents a halfway point between organic matter and
13837:
13759:
13709:
13530:
13500:
13445:
13435:
13121:
12800:
12783:
12701:
12563:
12533:
12528:
12201:
12167:"The GeGaLo index: Geopolitical gains and losses after energy transition"
11836:
11605:"Where our oil comes from - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)"
10057:
9612:
9110:"Chevron Crude Oil Marketing â North America Posted Pricing â California"
7956:
7861:"US expected to surpass Saudi Arabia, Russia as world's top oil producer"
7546:"Skansen PrzemysĆu Naftowego w BĂłbrce / Museum of Oil Industry at Bobrka"
7267:
6813:
6436:
6400:
6127:
5840:
5828:
5762:
5727:
3669:
3076:
3072:
3064:
3060:
3001:
2982:
2663:
2458:
2426:
2421:, into numerous products for direct use or use in manufacturing, such as
2360:
2354:
2321:
2234:
2210:
1990:
1986:
1974:
1899:
1868:
Geologists often refer to the temperature range in which oil forms as an
1849:
1845:
1841:
1833:
1809:
1716:
1696:
1580:
1568:
1517:
1506:
1370:
1338:
1266:
1071:
1037:
946:
920:
872:
813:
799:
772:
719:
706:
in 1847 noticed a natural petroleum seepage in the coal mine at riddings
609:
423:
396:
245:
229:
181:
123:
12224:, Washington, DC: U.S. Energy Information Administration, May 28, 2015,
11416:
9504:
7821:
Times, Christopher S. Wren Special to The New York (November 13, 1974).
6858:. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 316.
6217:
6000:
some commentators expect a realignment of international power away from
5863:
are examples of areas that petroleum affects without man's involvement.
3202:
Global fossil carbon emissions, an indicator of consumption, from 1800.
3150:
were driven by a global surge in demand as the world recovered from the
2964:
1993:
material buried deeply enough for subterranean heat to cook it into oil,
926:
The top three oil-producing countries as of 2018 are the United States,
677:
473:; there were oil pits near Ardericca and Babylon, and a pitch spring on
437:
13887:
13754:
13744:
13510:
13348:
13254:
11562:"Iran-Iraq War | Causes, Summary, Casualties, & Facts | Britannica"
7230:
6530:
6001:
5989:
5946:
5881:
4886:
4858:
4311:
3398:(1000 bbl) per day and in thousand cubic metres (1000 m) per day:
3394:
This table orders the amount of petroleum consumed in 2011 in thousand
3142:
resulted in a 65% decline in global oil prices at the beginning of the
3048:
3044:
2787:
2751:
2528:
2341:
2112:
2096:
1941: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1788:
1661:
1645:
1629:
1510:
1481:
1326:
1236:
1010:
821:
776:
711:
656:
559:
548:
509:
427:
253:
197:
10777:
10754:"Extraction of Petroleum Hydrocarbons from Soil by Mechanical Shaking"
8044:
6820:. Translated by Bandy, Mark Chance; Bandy, Jean A. Mineola, NY: Dover.
6316:
3883:
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on
2108:. These two countries have the world's largest deposits of oil sands.
508:
In the 7th century, petroleum was among the essential ingredients for
426:
drilled the world's first successful oil well at what is now known as
13882:
13613:
13560:
13505:
13495:
13405:
13353:
13289:
13284:
13279:
13259:
12940:
12568:
12453:
12164:
10957:
10663:
Sommer, Ulrich; Paul, Carolin; Moustaka-Gouni, Maria (May 20, 2015).
9694:
9685:
9683:
9553:"Country Comparison :: Refined Petroleum Products â Consumption"
8765:. United States, Office of Technology Assessment. 1989. p. 104.
8703:
7696:
Hard oiler!: the story of Canadiansʌ quest for oil at home and abroad
6651:
6565:
6257:
6221:
World oil production by average barrels per day between 2011 and 2022
6134:
6119:
5950:
5939:
5876:
5819:
5781:
5776:
5731:
5723:
5659:
5600:
has risen over the last 150 years to current levels of over 415
4743:
4191:
3250:
Oil consumption by percentage of total per region from 1980 to 2006:
3080:
2991:
2894:
is the transportation of petroleum and derivatives such as gasoline (
2807:
2791:
2590:
2582:
2551:
2532:
2466:
2446:
2397:
the benchmark crude oil for emerging heavy, high TAN (acidic) crudes.
2371:
2337:
2105:
2100:
2082:
2020:
1828:
1669:
1576:
1564:
1486:
1455:
1258:
1210:
632:
567:
540:
524:, with clear descriptions given in Arabic handbooks such as those of
482:
474:
458:
372:
357:
287:
233:
166:
162:
11498:"The Russia-Saudi Arabia oil price war during the COVID-19 pandemic"
9841:"End of Oil-Export Ban Provides Blueprint for Bipartisan Compromise"
8581:
8522:
5416:
Countries whose oil production is 10% or less of their consumption.
1916:
1497:. Treibs noted the close structural similarity of this molecule and
836:, during which oil facilities were a major strategic asset and were
13877:
13857:
13852:
13832:
13827:
13603:
13593:
13515:
13450:
13222:
12950:
12906:
12901:
12765:
12417:
Joint Organisations Data Initiative | Oil and Gas Data Transparency
12120:
9487:
Ferris, S. W.; Cowles, H. C.; Henderson, L. M. (November 1, 1929).
9003:. Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers. 2009. Archived from
6304:
6299:
5823:
5815:
5811:
5802:
5631:
5405:
4947:
3835:
2771:
2767:
2516:
2491:
2442:
2430:
2422:
2364:
2345:
2052:
1860:
intrusions, however, could have created greater localized heating.
1805:
1715:
Some phenolic compounds produced from previous reactions worked as
1692:
1649:
1622:
1533:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1278:
1223:
1135:
1125:
1091:
1079:
1033:
1017:
817:
808:
750:
731:
707:
647:
636:
586:
311:
213:
209:
189:
185:
177:
72:
52:
35:
12427:
12389:
11779:. Heidelberg: Springer Science & Business Media. p. 195.
9680:
8142:"Crude Oil Forecast | Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers"
8112:"Canada's oil sands survive, but can't thrive in a $ 50 oil world"
8058:. Today in Energy â U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA).
7466:
A Heritage of Light: Lamps and Lighting in the Early Canadian Home
6165:) but one whose consultations may be protected by the doctrine of
2818:
of crude, and downstream concerns refining crude oil into various
1567:
around the world, and then with more heat into liquid and gaseous
673:
87:
13545:
13535:
13415:
13410:
13325:
11186:/publications/2021/Jul/Reaching-Zero-with-Renewables-Biojet-Fuels
6470:
6432:
6428:
6099:
6021:
5954:
5860:
5848:
4772:
4628:
4358:
4238:
3619:
3275:
3108:
2799:
2783:
2692:
2651:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2524:
2462:
2438:
2434:
2407:
2117:
2008:
1792:
1732:
1688:
1684:
1665:
1637:
1610:
1606:
1560:
1439:
1362:
1286:
1045:
1002:
994:
970:
685:
669:
605:
529:
501:
470:
466:
450:
386:
303:
271:
205:
201:
193:
12103:"Peak Oil Presentation at the Technical University of Clausthal"
9650:
8052:"The United States is now the largest global crude oil producer"
7017:"Greek fire | Byzantine, Naval Warfare, Incendiary | Britannica"
6287:, an insider pun in the German industry, refers to that effect.
6157:. Economists have characterized OPEC as a textbook example of a
5568:
2802:. The industry is usually divided into three major components:
2638:(olefins) are one important class of these precursor molecules.
1763:
from the Earth's surface where temperatures may reach around 50
1687:. The anaerobic decay products of amino acids, monosaccharides,
1254:
Unconventional resources are much larger than conventional ones.
612:
that, in 1795, had hundreds of hand-dug wells under production.
13862:
13749:
13734:
13724:
13684:
13598:
12311:"Life on Mars? Rover's Latest Discovery Puts It 'On the Table'"
11845:
9766:
Stocker, Marc; Baffes, John; Vorisek, Dana (January 18, 2018).
9371:"Energy Alternatives and the Future of Oil and Gas in the Gulf"
9245:"Organic Hydrocarbons: Compounds made from carbon and hydrogen"
7579:(1st Lyons Press ed.). Guilford, CN: Lyons Press. p.
7290:
7105:
6387:
6158:
6111:
5970:
5735:
4830:
4715:
4686:
4599:
4513:
4290:
4264:
4217:
4170:
4144:
4097:
3956:
3719:
3694:
3644:
3594:
3539:
3262:
3055:âa reference price for buyers and sellers of crude oil such as
2895:
2881:
2844:
2835:
Other geographic regions' consumption patterns are as follows:
2718:
2673:
2616:
2543:
2536:
2450:
2307:
throughout the world. Some of the common reference crudes are:
2206:
1997:
1736:
1728:
1653:
1529:
1314:
1298:
1274:
1196:
1155:
1145:
1115:
1087:
1083:
1067:
1041:
1006:
998:
966:
927:
876:
791:
758:
696:
689:
665:
119:
98:
11496:
Ma, Richie Ruchuan; Xiong, Tao; Bao, Yukun (October 1, 2021).
11439:"International â U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)"
11232:"Aviation emissions: 'We can't wait for hydrogen or electric'"
10512:"Global Monitoring Laboratory â Carbon Cycle Greenhouse Gases"
9838:
9759:
8582:"Organic geochemistry â A retrospective of its first 70 years"
8523:"Organic geochemistry â A retrospective of its first 70 years"
7328:
7291:"Deutsche Erdölförderung: Klein-Texas in der LĂŒneburger Heide"
1754:
477:. Great quantities of it were found on the banks of the river
13644:
13618:
13588:
13550:
13490:
13485:
13480:
12145:
10894:
9851:
9819:
9635:
6240:
5856:
4801:
4332:
4076:
3799:
3514:
3489:
3464:
3172:
2417:
Once extracted, oil is refined and separated, most easily by
2385:(Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) countries
2024:
2012:
1981:
Three conditions must be present for oil reservoirs to form:
1857:
1821:
1817:
1801:
1723:
order of bacteria also produced antibiotic compounds (e.g.,
1707:
were not extensively hydrolyzed under these mild conditions.
1549:
1521:
1349:. Alkanes with more than 16 carbon atoms can be refined into
1165:
962:
496:
418:
221:
172:
Once extracted, oil is refined and separated, most easily by
12416:
12410:
U.S. Department of Energy EIA â World supply and consumption
12218:
U.S. Crude Oil Production Forecast â Analysis of Crude Types
10379:
9401:"How long will world's oil reserves last? 53 years, says BP"
9177:. New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX). 2006. Archived from
7614:
Historical dictionary of the petroleum industry, 2nd Edition
6130:
alone accounting for 67.2 percent of OPEC's total reserves.
5673:
1764:
13872:
13812:
13565:
13043:
11714:
11628:
Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries. (2023).
11258:"This is how to ensure sustainable alternatives to plastic"
11052:
10731:"Acidic ocean deadly for Vancouver Island scallop industry"
10315:
Ritchie, Hannah; Roser, Max; Rosado, Pablo (May 11, 2020).
10103:"Use of oil â U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)"
9974:"Global oil's comeback year presages more strength in 2022"
8662:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 103â130.
7430:
Faktor Ăl: die Mineralölwirtschaft in Deutschland 1859â1974
6414:
6244:
6233:
6107:
6103:
6075:
6069:
6057:
6049:
5601:
4968:
In order of net imports in 2011, 2009 and 2006 in thousand
4657:
4541:
4441:
In order of net exports in 2011, 2009 and 2006 in thousand
4426:
4384:
4362:
4336:
4268:
4242:
4195:
4148:
4122:
4054:
4050:
4028:
4024:
3981:
3748:
3744:
3568:
3271:
2382:
2028:
1813:
1541:
958:
544:
66:
11963:
Wachtmeister, Henrik; Henke, Petter; Höök, Mikael (2018).
10854:
10450:
8800:"Abiogenic origin of hydrocarbons: an historical overview"
5871:
A tarball is a blob of crude oil (not to be confused with
5855:, extraction, refining and combustion). Phenomena such as
2646:
2314:(WTI), a very high-quality, sweet, light oil delivered at
1791:
or products similar to it) and those with high H/C ratio (
771:
The first oil well in the Americas was drilled in 1859 by
608:
documented a flourishing oil extraction industry based in
134:
covers both naturally occurring unprocessed crude oil and
13704:
13570:
13343:
10799:
Waste discharges during the offshore oil and gas activity
10225:"Production of Crude Oil including Lease Condensate 2016"
8208:(2nd ed.). Tulsa, OK: Penn Well Corp. pp. 1â4.
7741:
7673:"Oil Museum of Canada, Black Gold: Canada's Oil Heritage"
5953:, thus eliminating the economic imperative for open-boat
5872:
5608:. The rise in Arctic temperature has reduced the minimum
4973:
4969:
4446:
4442:
3936:
2688:
2659:
2197:
1704:
1700:
1537:
942:, the United States became the world's largest producer.
533:
12285:"Astrophile: Titan lake has more liquid fuel than Earth"
11878:"Goldman Sachs says commodity rally is unlikely to last"
11633:
10662:
10199:"Crude oil including lease condensate production (Mb/d)"
9911:
9134:
8082:"US soon to leapfrog Saudis, Russia as top oil producer"
7997:"Commodity Markets: Evolution, Challenges, and Policies"
6506:
International Safety Guide for Oil Tankers and Terminals
2284:
oil since it produces a higher yield of gasoline, while
1090:, and traces of metals such as iron, nickel, copper and
469:
was used in the construction of the walls and towers of
13333:
11732:
International Commodity Markets and the Role of Cartels
11587:"Opec: What is it and what is happening to oil prices?"
9885:
6056:
The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (
3111:
targeting nations that had supported Israel during the
3095:, rather than any country's domestic production level.
2490:
Petroleum is used mostly, by volume, for refining into
1760:
1361:
is an alkane with approximately 25 carbon atoms, while
12394:
11678:
Partial Hegemony: Oil Politics and International Order
11280:
11278:
9971:
9860:"OPEC+ Moves to End Price War With 10 Million B/D Cut"
9839:
Amy Harder; Christian Berthelsen (December 20, 2015).
9781:
9718:
9658:"Pricing Differences Among Various Types of Crude Oil"
6378:
production methods. In particular, the combination of
6232:
even fueled the sales of low fuel economy vehicles in
2774:(petrol). Petroleum is also the raw material for many
676:
in Poland (then Austria), with a larger one opened at
12006:"Daqing Oilfield rejuvenated by virtue of technology"
11962:
11735:(reprint ed.). Abingdon: Routledge. p. 81.
10751:
10509:
9486:
6087:
6078:
2700:, used in speciality carbon products or as solid fuel
1414:
The components in an oil sample can be determined by
695:
Oil sands have been mined since the 18th century. In
262:
can be damaging to the environment and human health.
13934:
International Association of Oil & Gas Producers
11776:
European Yearbook of International Economic Law 2010
10919:
9822:"U.S. Ruling Loosens Four-Decade Ban On Oil Exports"
9765:
9437:
9128:
8368:
8307:. Washington, DC: American Society of Microbiology.
6993:
Fundamentals of Oil & Gas Industry for Beginners
6638:
6466:
6256:
OPEC. Upward revisions are primarily a result of US
6149:
The formation of OPEC marked a turning point toward
6072:
2906:
to the United States, but due to the development of
2581:
Closely related to fuels for combustion engines are
1438:
in Canada, where it is usually referred to as crude
741:
The world's first oil refinery was built in 1856 by
12395:
API â the trade association of the US oil industry.
11348:Arezki, Rabah; BrĂŒckner, Markus (October 1, 2011).
11275:
10578:
9438:Hess, J.; Bednarz, D.; Bae, J.; Pierce, J. (2011).
9237:
9142:(Report). Ottawa: Government of Canada. p. 9.
7616:. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield. p. 621.
7519:
7175:
Oil in Burma: the extraction of "earth-oil" to 1914
6066:
5588:is the carbon dioxide from burning petroleum (plus
764:The demand for petroleum as a fuel for lighting in
512:, an incendiary projectile weapon that was used by
278:, so petroleum is one of the major contributors to
274:of petroleum fuels all release large quantities of
30:"Crude oil" redirects here. For the 2008 film, see
12121:"New study raises doubts about Saudi oil reserves"
10314:
9929:
8698:(Report). Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.
7729:History of the Chemical Industry in Lambton County
7572:
7399:(1. Aufl ed.). Horb am Neckar: Geiger. 1994.
7268:"Scenes from Modern Life: World Events: 1844â1856"
7148:Keoke, Emory Dean; Porterfield, Kay Marie (2003).
6903:
2766:. The largest volume products of the industry are
1759:Kerogen formation continued to a depth of about 1
11956:
9820:Christian Berthelsen; Lynn Cook (June 24, 2014).
9607:
9605:
8403:Use of ozone depleting substances in laboratories
8369:Alboudwarej, Hussein; et al. (Summer 2006).
7491:"James Young: Biography on Undiscovered Scotland"
6647:"Libyan tremors threaten to rattle the oil world"
5606:180â300 ppmv of the prior 800 thousand years
3099:demand, and storage shocks, and shocks to global
2391:Heavy, by which heavy oil in California is priced
2023:forms, from which the liquid can be extracted by
1863:
1575:. Formation of petroleum occurs from hydrocarbon
13983:
12351:
12326:
11937:
9919:"Energy crunch: How high will oil prices climb?"
9027:"Heavy Sour Crude Oil, A Challenge For Refiners"
8762:Polar Prospects:A minerals treaty for Antarctica
8653:
8651:
8649:
8647:
8645:
8643:
8641:
8639:
8637:
8635:
8520:
8279:The Oil & Gas Industry: A Nontechnical Guide
7147:
7073:
6645:Krauss, Clifford; Mouawad, Jad (March 1, 2011).
6516:List of oil exploration and production companies
5969:are the main alternative for road transport and
2381:, a weighted average of oil blends from various
2072:
1656:of the bacteria: e.g., amino acids went through
659:as a way to ration vital gasoline during the war
310:. Production of petroleum is estimated to reach
10922:World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
10390:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
10075:
6873:. London: Kluwer Law International. p. 8.
6789:
6394:
5844:have been shown to degrade these contaminants.
1735:. Combination happened in a similar fashion as
1648:respectively. These were further anaerobically
949:, with 62.5 percent coming from the Arab five:
395:, published in 1546 by the German mineralogist
352:(literally 'rock oil'), which comes from Latin
11347:
10953:
10951:
9602:
8199:
8197:
7792:"10.2 An Overview â Baku: City that Oil Built"
7079:A shared legacy: Islamic science East and West
5559:Environmental impact of the petroleum industry
3226:Rate of world energy usage per year from 1970.
2593:stabilizers. All are derived from petroleum.
2273:if it contains substantial amounts of sulfur.
1556:existed. Temperatures also remained constant.
1458:contain an estimated 3.6 trillion barrels (570
516:against Arab ships, which were then attacking
252:in the 20th century. Some countries, known as
12469:
11182:"Reaching Zero with Renewables: Biojet Fuels"
10382:"Contributions to accelerating atmospheric CO
9727:"A Structural Model of the Global Oil Market"
9317:. Cera.com. November 14, 2006. Archived from
8689:
8687:
8632:
8429:. Government of Alberta. 2007. Archived from
8302:
7427:
7220:
6644:
5584:As of 2018, about a quarter of annual global
2374:, used as a reference for heavy Far East oil)
2367:, used as a reference for light Far East oil)
2141:The examples and perspective in this article
1098:varies over fairly narrow limits as follows:
12302:
11680:. Oxford University Press. pp. 94â118.
10581:"The "Greenhouse" Effect and Climate Change"
9689:
9557:Central Intelligence Agency â World Factbook
8722:
8693:
8477:
8329:
7428:Karlsch, Rainer; Stokes, Raymond G. (2003).
7221:McKain, David L.; Bernard, L. Allen (1994).
6812:
6590:12.4 gigatonnes petroleum (and about 1 Gt CO
5711:Volunteers cleaning up the aftermath of the
3171:Crude oil is traded as a future on both the
3043:, or the oil price, generally refers to the
2558:are typically estimated at 190 km (1.2
2213:(vertical) and relative production quantity.
1489:compound (left) extracted from petroleum by
1407:These different components are separated by
1078:, while the other organic compounds contain
499:dates back to more than 2000 years ago. The
12100:
10993:
10948:
10050:
9642:"International Crude Oil Market Handbook",
9203:Reaction Kinetics, Mechanisms and Catalysis
9112:. Crudemarketing.chevron.com. May 1, 2007.
8194:
7177:. Bangkok: White Lotus Press. p. 329.
6672:"Peak Oil Demand Is Coming But Not So Soon"
6161:(a group whose members cooperate to reduce
6151:national sovereignty over natural resources
6137:of dominant Anglo-American oil firms (the "
5949:by providing an inexpensive substitute for
3091:(WCS). Oil prices are determined by global
2324:, consisting of 15 oils from fields in the
2267:if it contains relatively little sulfur or
1755:Transformation of kerogen into fossil fuels
899:and caused oil prices to more than double.
145:. Drilling is carried out after studies of
118:, is a naturally occurring yellowish-black
12476:
12462:
12003:
11914:
11829:
11495:
10272:
10256:. U.S. Energy Information Administration.
10230:. U.S. Energy Information Administration.
10201:. U.S. Energy Information Administration.
10058:"Historical Crude Oil Intraday Data (CLA)"
9199:
8972:
8966:
8791:
8684:
8579:
7823:"Soviet Moves Ahead of U.S. in oil output"
7744:The Caspian: Politics, Energy and Security
7742:Akiner, Shirin; Aldis, Anne, eds. (2004).
7459:
7457:
7205:
6962:"ASTM International â Standards Worldwide"
5976:
5411:
1365:has 35 and up, although these are usually
934:. In 2018, due in part to developments in
718:Young eventually succeeded, by distilling
593:as early as 1415â1450. The French General
12282:
12200:
12190:
12072:. Boston: Springer US. pp. 219â235.
11988:
11765:
11537:
11462:
11121:
11056:Journal of High Resolution Chromatography
10857:Critical Reviews in Environmental Control
10818:Torrey Canyon bombing by the Navy and RAF
10706:
10688:
10638:Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet
10604:
10486:
10476:
10427:
10409:
9528:"Daily global crude oil demand 2006â2020"
9463:
9077:
8913:
8884:
8864:"The Mysterious Origin and Supply of Oil"
8338:The chemistry and technology of petroleum
8303:Ollivier, Bernard; Magot, Michel (2005).
7903:. The Administration. 1990. p. 252.
7638:
7611:
7265:
6098:. It was founded on 14 September 1960 in
3188:
2261:. Additionally, it may be referred to as
2179:Learn how and when to remove this message
1957:Learn how and when to remove this message
1066:The hydrocarbons in crude oil are mostly
543:were exploited in the area around modern
11665:
11647:"OPEC Share of World Crude Oil Reserves"
11639:
11636:. ISSN: 0475-0608. (See pages 7 and 22).
11622:
11597:
10915:
10913:
10127:U.S. Energy Information Administration.
9263:"Crude oil is made into different fuels"
9054:"The Oil Question: Nature and Prognosis"
8728:
8694:Braun, R.L.; Burnham, A.K. (June 1993).
8657:
7432:. Stokes, Raymond G. Munich: C.H. Beck.
7172:
6727:"The Economic Benefits of Oil & Gas"
6577:
6571:Unconventional (oil & gas) reservoir
6216:
5933:
5575:
5567:
5552:
4430:
3904:
3861:List of countries by proven oil reserves
3843:This country is not a major oil producer
3303:
3238:Daily oil consumption from 1980 to 2006.
3162:
3024:
3016:
2963:
2880:
2717:
2645:
2610:
2196:
2091:Unconventional (oil & gas) reservoir
1968:
1480:
1257:
1249:
646:
626:
570:products for military purposes. Through
436:
417:
333:
13396:China National Offshore Oil Corporation
12018:from the original on December 12, 2011.
11728:
11106:"Why Petroleum Did Not Save the Whales"
10907:Natural Oil and Gas Seeps in California
9997:
9753:Palestine and the ArabâIsraeli Conflict
8973:Lambertson, Giles (February 16, 2008).
8741:from the original on September 21, 2021
8335:
8275:
8236:
7570:
7463:
7454:
7106:Joseph P. Riva Jr.; Gordon I. Atwater.
6871:Environmental regulation of oil and gas
6843:
6670:Bullard, Nathaniel (December 9, 2021).
6669:
3291:Oil consumption 1980 to 2007 by region.
2485:
2047:Petroleum has mostly been recovered by
2004:reservoir rock where it can accumulate,
1450:. These oil sands resources are called
883:of October 1973. The embargo caused an
726:The production of these oils and solid
14:
13984:
13270:Unconventional (oil and gas) reservoir
13029:2020 RussiaâSaudi Arabia oil price war
12483:
12405:U.S. Energy Information Administration
12283:Moskvitch, Katia (December 13, 2013).
12231:from the original on November 22, 2019
11927:from the original on October 19, 2011.
11671:
11659:
11386:
11304:from the original on December 31, 2020
10836:from the original on November 19, 2008
10758:Environmental Science & Technology
10179:from the original on September 4, 2010
9525:
9493:Industrial & Engineering Chemistry
9051:
8874:from the original on January 27, 2016.
8797:
8729:Malyshev, Dmitry (December 13, 2013).
8660:Chemistry of fossil fuels and biofuels
8257:from the original on November 22, 2021
8203:
7977:
7907:from the original on November 22, 2021
7735:
7698:. Toronto: Dundurn Press. p. 43.
7377:from the original on December 18, 2019
7288:
7245:"The History Of Romanian Oil Industry"
7138:Istoria Romaniei, Vol II, p. 300, 1960
7040:
6910:. Cambridge University Press. p.
6868:
6824:
6707:from the original on December 18, 2020
6698:
6435:in 3-billion-year-old rock samples in
6321:economic toll of the COVID-19 pandemic
6033:2020 RussiaâSaudi Arabia oil price war
3140:2020 RussiaâSaudi Arabia oil price war
1883:
664:early commercial well was hand dug in
27:Naturally occurring combustible liquid
12457:
12308:
12067:
12049:from the original on January 27, 2021
11632:(58th ed.), 90 pages. Retrieved from
10910:
10808:by Stanislave Patin, tr. Elena Cascio
10569:. Retrieved 19:14, February 19, 2011.
10361:from the original on January 19, 2021
10331:from the original on November 3, 2020
10191:
10149:web page. Table Posted: March 1, 2010
10109:from the original on December 4, 2020
9750:
9724:
9135:Natural Resources Canada (May 2011).
8975:"Oil Shale: Ready to Unlock the Rock"
7820:
7789:
7779:from the original on August 15, 2009.
7339:from the original on October 14, 2017
7309:from the original on January 26, 2017
6990:
6934:
6765:, in the American Heritage Dictionary
6330:
2851:(40%). The world consumes 36 billion
2099:oil that has escaped to the surface.
551:. These fields were described by the
13401:China National Petroleum Corporation
12390:Global Fossil Infrastructure Tracker
12250:
11875:
11467:. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press.
11103:
10741:from the original on April 27, 2014.
10302:US Energy Information Administration
10260:from the original on January 3, 2018
10217:
9581:
9269:from the original on August 23, 2009
8455:. Infomine Inc. 2008. Archived from
8092:from the original on October 6, 2018
8062:from the original on October 3, 2018
7726:
7289:Lucius, Robert von (June 23, 2009).
6901:
6594:eq from methane)/50 gigatonnes total
6334:
6180:
6176:
5401:US Energy Information Administration
4942:US Energy Information Administration
3869:
3827:US Energy Information Administration
2927:
2855:(5.8 km) of oil per year, with
2641:
2297:analysis in petroleum laboratories.
2253:if it has a density between that of
2127:
1939:adding citations to reliable sources
1910:
1710:
1591:In the absence of plentiful oxygen,
824:, had taken the lead in production.
768:and around the world quickly grew.
566:also distilled crude oil to produce
141:Petroleum is primarily recovered by
11917:"China's car industry overtakes US"
11896:from the original on April 29, 2018
11853:from the original on August 2, 2019
10522:from the original on March 16, 2007
10254:"U.S. Imports by Country of Origin"
9998:Elliott, Larry (January 18, 2022).
9870:from the original on April 10, 2020
9866:. Journal of Petroleum Technology.
8954:. The Strauss Center. June 19, 2020
8453:"Oil Sands in Canada and Venezuela"
7766:
7693:
7120:from the original on April 29, 2015
7055:from the original on March 15, 2020
6939:. Taylor & Francis. p. 3.
6737:from the original on March 31, 2024
6616:"EIA Energy Kids â Oil (petroleum)"
3854:List of countries by oil production
3852:For oil production by country, see
2680:. Hydrogen sulfide is a product of
1836:materials of the crust, especially
1779:in which the reactions were mostly
1664:, which in turn reacted further to
1476:
1357:. At the heavier end of the range,
842:German invasion of the Soviet Union
723:substance resembling paraffin wax.
574:, distillation became available in
338:A fractional distillation apparatus
298:at almost all stages of use. These
138:that consist of refined crude oil.
24:
13461:National Iranian South Oil Company
13177:Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin
12363:globalsouthstudies.as.virginia.edu
12109:from the original on July 5, 2007.
11686:10.1093/oso/9780197546376.001.0001
11389:The Journal of Conflict Resolution
11328:U4 Anti-Corruption Resource Centre
10631:
10083:Statistical Review of World Energy
9857:
9623:from the original on June 14, 2014
9419:from the original on April 6, 2020
9381:from the original on April 6, 2020
9351:from the original on April 6, 2020
9341:"Peak oil: Does it really matter?"
8981:from the original on July 11, 2017
8827:10.1111/j.1751-3928.2006.tb00271.x
8779:from the original on July 29, 2020
8032:from the original on July 10, 2017
7967:from the original on June 9, 2007.
7937:from the original on July 22, 2019
7746:. New York: Routledge. p. 5.
7501:from the original on June 29, 2017
7278:from the original on July 5, 2017.
7044:Studies in Early Petroleum History
6959:
6526:Manure-derived synthetic crude oil
5983:2022 boycott of Russia and Belarus
1586:
520:. Crude oil was also distilled by
25:
14023:
13929:Intercontinental Exchange Futures
13818:Chicago Bridge & Iron Company
13471:Oil & Gas Development Company
12383:
12127:from the original on May 29, 2010
11835:
11104:York, Richard (January 1, 2017).
11006:from the original on July 7, 2015
10644:from the original on May 24, 2020
10560:Deep ice tells long climate story
10510:US Department of Commerce, NOAA.
10351:"Methane Tracker 2020 â Analysis"
10234:from the original on May 22, 2015
10205:from the original on May 14, 2020
10160:Deutsche Stiftung Weltbevölkerung
9444:American Journal of Public Health
9116:from the original on June 7, 2010
8710:from the original on May 17, 2020
8620:from the original on June 7, 2019
8561:from the original on June 7, 2019
8182:from the original on May 31, 2020
8152:from the original on May 15, 2020
8122:from the original on May 18, 2020
7879:from the original on May 16, 2020
7841:from the original on May 31, 2020
6972:from the original on July 6, 2017
6249:Energy Information Administration
5697:in the Timor Sea, September 2009.
3859:For oil reserves by country, see
3183:
2859:being the largest consumers. The
2654:, commonly referred to as Asphalt
2288:oil commands a higher price than
2280:crude oil is more desirable than
2123:
844:included the goal to capture the
781:Cherrytree Township, Pennsylvania
432:Cherrytree Township, Pennsylvania
409:History of the petroleum industry
286:include direct releases, such as
13966:
13965:
12276:
12209:
12158:
12139:
12113:
12094:
12061:
12031:
12022:
11997:
11931:
11915:Chris Hogg (February 10, 2009).
11908:
11869:
11804:
11759:
11722:
11702:
11630:OPEC Annual Statistical Bulletin
11579:
11554:
11489:
11456:
11431:
11380:
11366:10.1016/j.euroecorev.2011.03.004
11341:
11316:
11250:
11224:
11199:
11174:
11149:
11097:
11074:
11046:
11018:
10987:
10981:10.1016/j.orggeochem.2004.01.022
10883:
10848:
10822:
10811:
10792:
10745:
10723:
10656:
10625:
10572:
10553:
10534:
10503:
10444:
10373:
10343:
10308:
10246:
10165:
10152:
10121:
10095:
10025:
9991:
9965:
9947:
9832:
9813:
9744:
9585:A Century of Petroleum Transport
9315:"CERA report on total world oil"
8977:. Construction Equipment Guide.
8606:10.1016/j.orggeochem.2005.09.001
8547:10.1016/j.orggeochem.2005.09.001
8240:Heavy Oil Recovery and Upgrading
7225:. Parkersburg, WV: D.L. McKain.
6831:
6655:. Chennai, India. Archived from
6584:
6469:
6448:This section is an excerpt from
6427:have found organic molecules of
6339:
6185:
6062:
6048:This section is an excerpt from
5704:
5686:
5672:
4398:
4377:
4351:
4325:
4304:
4283:
4257:
4231:
4210:
4184:
4163:
4137:
4111:
4090:
4069:
4043:
4017:
3996:
3970:
3949:
3917:In petroleum industry parlance,
3874:
3284:
3243:
3231:
3219:
3195:
2932:
2920:This section is an excerpt from
2873:This section is an excerpt from
2710:This section is an excerpt from
2132:
1915:
1024:and be recovered (or burned) as
891:, which was caused by a drop in
761:(still operational as of 2020).
495:The use of petroleum in ancient
481:, one of the tributaries of the
86:
65:
51:
13476:Oil and Natural Gas Corporation
12309:Chang, Kenneth (June 7, 2018).
12258:"Titan Has More Oil Than Earth"
12004:Ni Weiling (October 16, 2006).
11841:"OPEC Is Dead, Long Live OPEC+"
11286:"Is it the end of the oil age?"
11081:How Capitalism Saved the Whales
10092:, Workbook (xlsx), London, 2012
9575:
9545:
9519:
9480:
9431:
9393:
9363:
9333:
9307:
9281:
9255:
9193:
9163:
9102:
9052:Rhodes, Christopher J. (2008).
9045:
9019:
8993:
8944:
8907:
8901:10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2012.11.002
8878:
8856:
8753:
8573:
8514:
8471:
8445:
8415:
8396:
8362:
8296:
8269:
8230:
8164:
8134:
8104:
8074:
8014:
7989:
7971:
7957:"The price of oil â in context"
7949:
7919:
7891:
7853:
7814:
7783:
7760:
7720:
7687:
7665:
7656:
7605:
7564:
7538:
7513:
7482:
7468:. University of Toronto Press.
7421:
7389:
7351:
7321:
7282:
7259:
7237:
7214:
7199:
7166:
7141:
7132:
7099:
7067:
7034:
7009:
6984:
6953:
6928:
6895:
6862:
5960:
5730:accidents have damaged natural
2402:Canadian Select â delivered at
1926:needs additional citations for
902:
827:
668:in 1853, and another in nearby
622:
14012:Glassforming liquids and melts
13944:Society of Petroleum Engineers
13715:Port Harcourt Refining Company
13381:Abu Dhabi National Oil Company
11990:10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.03.013
11662:, The Rise of OPEC, pp. 59â93.
10280:AEO2014 Early Release Overview
8282:. PennWell Books. p. 31.
7769:"Oil Strategy in World War II"
7548:. May 19, 2007. Archived from
7495:www.undiscoveredscotland.co.uk
7488:
7329:"Deutsches Erdölmuseum Wietze"
7152:. Facts on File. p. 199.
7083:Edicions Universitat Barcelona
6806:
6768:
6749:
6719:
6692:
6663:
6608:
6143:restrictions in oil production
4963:
4416:
3310:(source: see file description)
3296:
3032:of oil from 1861 to 2020 from
1864:Oil window (temperature range)
1676:in turn ultimately decayed to
1652:at an accelerated rate by the
988:
794:became operational in 1858 at
284:negative environmental effects
13:
1:
12890:Production sharing agreements
12450:, August 10, 1878, p. 85
12101:Campbell CJ (December 2000).
10632:Change, NASA Global Climate.
9489:"Composition of Paraffin Wax"
9375:Al Jazeera Center for Studies
9291:. Eia.doe.gov. Archived from
8580:Kvenvolden, Keith A. (2006).
7612:Vassiliou, Marius S. (2018).
7208:Russian Oil and Gas Institute
7173:Longmuir, Marilyn V. (2001).
7041:Forbes, Robert James (1958).
6699:R, Tom; all; Warren, Hayley.
6442:
6007:
5653:
5637:
5572:A diesel fuel spill on a road
3847:
3129:financial crisis of 2007â2008
2670:, derived from petroleum oil.
2550:. There is also petroleum in
2494:and gasoline, both important
2073:Unconventional oil reservoirs
1906:
1313:into gasoline, the ones from
114:, also referred to as simply
13924:Canadian petroleum companies
13919:American Petroleum Institute
13456:National Iranian Oil Company
13441:Kuwait Petroleum Corporation
12444:A Short History of Petroleum
12399:American Petroleum Institute
12146:Peak Oil Info and Strategies
12123:. Iags.org. March 31, 2004.
11876:Hume, Neil (March 8, 2016).
11040:10.1016/0025-326X(86)90217-1
10996:"Texas Primer: The Tar Ball"
10830:"Pumping of the Erika cargo"
10690:10.1371/journal.pone.0125239
10579:Mitchell, John F.B. (1989).
9732:. Bank of Canada. p. 13
8888:Marine and Petroleum Geology
8658:Schobert, Harold H. (2013).
7524:. Harvard University Press.
7520:Frank, Alison Fleig (2005).
6937:Nanotechnology: The Business
6601:
6395:Hydrocarbons on other worlds
4950:already passed in this state
3838:already passed in this state
2867:
2596:
2511:, easy transportability and
1471:
639:, three of a total of 19 in
558:in the 10th century, and by
373:
358:
329:
7:
13939:International Energy Agency
12924:Enhanced oil recovery (EOR)
12078:10.1007/978-1-4757-9293-5_8
11522:10.1016/j.eneco.2021.105517
10994:Drew Jubera (August 1987).
10804:September 26, 2009, at the
10453:"Global Carbon Budget 2018"
10158:From DSW-Datareport 2008 ("
9794:Central Intelligence Agency
8938:10.1016/j.tecto.2011.01.003
8798:Glasby, Geoffrey P (2006).
7489:By, Undiscovered Scotland.
6844:Redwood, Boverton (1911). "
6561:Total petroleum hydrocarbon
6462:
6293:
6276:(EOR) techniques (example:
6253:International Energy Agency
6102:by the first five members (
6015:
5866:
5755:Deepwater Horizon oil spill
5722:Crude oil and refined fuel
5549:Source: CIA World Factbook
5271:Republic of China (Taiwan)
4077:China, People's Republic of
3911:countries by oil production
3899:Top oil-producing countries
3131:, and the more recent 2013
2704:
2662:, used in the packaging of
2249:if it has high density, or
2155:, discuss the issue on the
887:. This was followed by the
604:Early British explorers to
10:
14028:
13526:PTT Public Company Limited
13127:East Midlands Oil Province
13112:List of natural gas fields
12712:Integrated asset modelling
10296:December 20, 2013, at the
10285:December 20, 2013, at the
10145:November 10, 2008, at the
9751:Smith, Charles D. (2006).
9215:10.1007/s11144-020-01732-9
8408:February 27, 2008, at the
8237:Speight, James G. (2019).
7571:Maugeri, Leonardo (2005).
7464:Russell, Loris S. (2003).
6906:Ancient Chinese Inventions
6701:"Peak Oil Is Already Here"
6447:
6297:
6047:
6019:
5980:
5657:
5563:
5556:
4420:
3858:
3851:
3352:
3316:
3021:Oil traders, Houston, 2009
2919:
2872:
2709:
2600:
2190:
2076:
1896:abiogenic petroleum origin
1890:Abiogenic petroleum origin
1887:
1424:unresolved complex mixture
1273:of 100. Black spheres are
775:at what is now called the
406:
402:
377:
362:
346:comes from Medieval Latin
155:reservoir characterization
151:sedimentary basin analysis
40:Petroleum (disambiguation)
29:
13961:
13911:
13898:Weatherford International
13777:
13627:
13579:
13431:Iraq National Oil Company
13367:
13324:
13309:
13300:
13185:
13102:
12984:
12870:
12764:
12692:
12635:
12594:
12587:
12509:
12491:
12192:10.1016/j.esr.2019.100406
11938:OPEC Secretariat (2008).
11463:Alnasrawi, Abbas (1994).
11028:Marine Pollution Bulletin
10934:10.1007/s11274-004-6694-z
10877:10.1080/10643388909388372
10488:21.11116/0000-0002-518C-5
10478:10.5194/essd-10-2141-2018
10457:Earth System Science Data
9644:Energy Intelligence Group
9405:Christian Science Monitor
9345:Oil & Gas Middle East
8521:Kvenvolden, K.A. (2006).
7865:Christian Science Monitor
6783:January 10, 2017, at the
6348:This section needs to be
6194:This section needs to be
6169:under international law.
5929:
5887:Chromobacterium violaceum
5734:and human livelihoods in
3148:record-high energy prices
2941:This article needs to be
2209:content (horizontal) and
1880:are one example of this.
1528:(water with no dissolved
867:, Saudi Arabia and other
788:first commercial oil well
564:Arab and Persian chemists
528:(Rhazes). The streets of
318:and a transition towards
316:climate change mitigation
75:pumping an oil well near
11940:"World Oil Outlook 2008"
11812:"OPEC: Member Countries"
11674:"The Stagnation of OPEC"
11672:Colgan, Jeff D. (2021).
11401:10.1177/0022002708327644
11354:European Economic Review
11123:10.1177/2378023117739217
10634:"Arctic Sea Ice Minimum"
10565:August 30, 2007, at the
10134:October 6, 2008, at the
9456:10.2105/AJPH.2011.300233
9289:"EIA reserves estimates"
9070:10.3184/003685008X395201
8500:10.1002/ange.19360493803
8371:"Highlighting Heavy Oil"
8276:Hilyard, Joseph (2012).
8243:. Elsevier. p. 13.
8204:Norman, J. Hyne (2001).
8088:. The Associated Press.
8022:"EIA â Electricity Data"
6556:Thermal depolymerization
6486:Barrel of oil equivalent
6317:BP's Energy Outlook 2020
5679:Kelp after an oil spill.
5586:greenhouse gas emissions
3158:
2914:
1485:Structure of a vanadium
1394:unsaturated hydrocarbons
595:Louis-Joseph de Montcalm
413:
13949:World Petroleum Council
13823:China Oilfield Services
12880:Petroleum fiscal regime
12579:Western Canadian Select
12574:West Texas Intermediate
12435:The American CyclopĂŠdia
12171:Energy Strategy Reviews
11771:Terhechte, Jörg Philipp
11767:Terhechte, Jörg Philipp
11086:March 15, 2012, at the
10615:10.1029/RG027i001p00115
10411:10.1073/pnas.0702737104
9845:The Wall Street Journal
9826:The Wall Street Journal
9171:"Light Sweet Crude Oil"
8336:Speight, J. G. (1999).
7113:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
7021:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
6935:Burke, Michael (2008).
6855:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
6425:Mars Science Laboratory
6155:international relations
6042:
5977:International relations
5412:Non-producing consumers
3089:Western Canadian Select
3057:West Texas Intermediate
2974:West Texas Intermediate
2502:liquefied petroleum gas
2395:Western Canadian Select
2312:West Texas Intermediate
2243:if it has low density,
2223:West Texas Intermediate
1852:. The heat varied with
1579:in a variety of mainly
1571:via a process known as
1544:faster than they could
1409:fractional distillation
1375:liquefied petroleum gas
1036:produces predominantly
13426:Indian Oil Corporation
12912:Submersible pump (ESP)
12857:Underbalanced drilling
12678:of gasoline and diesel
12151:June 17, 2012, at the
11324:"Oil, gas, and mining"
11292:. September 17, 2020.
11211:www.europarl.europa.eu
10546:July 24, 2011, at the
9797:. 2015. Archived from
8427:Mines and Minerals Act
8423:"Oil Sands â Glossary"
8305:Petroleum Microbiology
7650:July 29, 2013, at the
6536:Oil reserves in France
6315:In 2020, according to
6222:
5942:
5938:A bottle of unrefined
5911:Pseudomonas aeruginosa
5581:
5580:Seawater acidification
5573:
5406:peak production of oil
4438:
3914:
3836:peak production of oil
3404:Consuming nation 2011
3391:
3189:Consumption statistics
3168:
3036:
3022:
3014:
2889:
2727:
2655:
2619:
2476:
2318:for North American oil
2214:
1978:
1502:
1396:that have one or more
1282:
1277:and white spheres are
1263:2,2,4-Trimethylpentane
1255:
1180:Composition by weight
1102:Composition by weight
1052:", often shortened to
1050:natural-gas condensate
660:
644:
616:Merkwiller-Pechelbronn
446:
434:
347:
339:
260:Petroleum exploitation
38:. For other uses, see
13803:Cameron International
13245:Petrodollar recycling
13228:fossil fuel phase-out
12791:Differential sticking
12744:Reflection seismology
12717:Petroleum engineering
12559:OPEC Reference Basket
11634:https://asb.opec.org/
11090:by James S. Robbins,
10737:. February 26, 2014.
10621:on September 4, 2008.
10585:Reviews of Geophysics
10088:May 16, 2013, at the
10033:"Brent Crude Futures"
9925:. September 27, 2021.
9725:Ellwanger, Reinhard.
9582:Edge, Graham (1998).
8313:10.1128/9781555817589
7933:. November 23, 1973.
7927:"The Arab Oil Threat"
7727:Ford, R.W. A (1988).
7370:. February 23, 1880.
6991:Dalvi, Samir (2015).
6761:May 16, 2020, at the
6578:Explanatory footnotes
6417:taken in 2015 by the
6274:Enhanced Oil Recovery
6220:
6124:global oil production
5937:
5923:Saccharomyces estuari
5658:Further information:
5579:
5571:
5553:Environmental effects
4434:
4423:Fossil fuel exporters
3908:
3307:
3166:
3069:OPEC Reference Basket
3028:
3020:
3011:OPEC Reference Basket
2967:
2884:
2721:
2649:
2615:General structure of
2614:
2601:Further information:
2552:oil sands (tar sands)
2546:of some areas of the
2379:OPEC Reference Basket
2200:
2193:Benchmark (crude oil)
1972:
1658:oxidative deamination
1546:decompose aerobically
1484:
1390:aromatic hydrocarbons
1261:
1253:
1076:aromatic hydrocarbons
804:James Miller Williams
650:
630:
440:
421:
337:
300:environmental effects
128:geological formations
58:A sample of petroleum
13700:Occidental Petroleum
13014:1990 oil price shock
12840:Shale oil extraction
12813:Drilling engineering
12796:Directional drilling
12722:Reservoir simulation
12045:. January 27, 2021.
11262:World Economic Forum
11116:: 2378023117739217.
10961:Organic Geochemistry
9899:. September 30, 2020
9801:on November 11, 2020
9789:"The World Factbook"
9755:. New York: Bedford.
9668:on November 13, 2010
9321:on November 25, 2010
9033:on November 21, 2008
8870:. October 11, 2005.
8844:on February 26, 2008
8586:Organic Geochemistry
8459:on December 19, 2008
8412:. TemaNord 2003:516.
8118:. October 18, 2017.
7900:Annual Energy Review
7802:on December 13, 2010
6902:Deng, Yinke (2011).
6869:Zhiguo, Gao (1998).
6731:Department of Energy
6384:hydraulic fracturing
5893:Cladosporium resinae
4571:United Arab Emirates
4119:United Arab Emirates
3432:National production/
2994:(Russian export mix)
2887:La Crosse, Wisconsin
2519:products, including
2486:Fuels and lubricants
2340:. The oil landed at
2161:create a new article
2153:improve this article
2143:may not represent a
2095:Oil-eating bacteria
1935:improve this article
1812:(this term includes
1613:among the matter to
1605:were able to reduce
1495:organic geochemistry
955:United Arab Emirates
936:hydraulic fracturing
796:Oil Springs, Ontario
591:Western Pennsylvania
539:In the 9th century,
250:economic development
34:. For the fuel, see
13848:Naftiran Intertrade
13793:Amec Foster Wheeler
13720:Reliance Industries
13609:Naftiran Intertrade
13421:Hindustan Petroleum
13019:2000s energy crisis
12448:Scientific American
12264:. February 13, 2008
12183:2019EneSR..2600406O
11981:2018ApEn..220..138W
11514:2021EneEc.10205517M
10973:2004OrGeo..35..725H
10869:1989CRvEC..19..309S
10770:1999EnST...33.1940S
10681:2015PLoSO..1025239S
10597:1989RvGeo..27..115M
10469:2018ESSD...10.2141L
10402:2007PNAS..10418866C
10396:(47): 18866â18870.
9961:. January 19, 2022.
9697:(October 2, 2017).
9505:10.1021/ie50239a029
9159:on October 3, 2013.
8930:2011Tectp.504...14G
8819:2006ReGeo..56...83G
8598:2006OrGeo..37....1K
8539:2006OrGeo..37....1K
8492:1936AngCh..49..682T
8433:on November 1, 2007
7333:www.erdoelmuseum.de
7085:. pp. 57â82 .
6818:De Natura Fossilium
6380:horizontal drilling
5992:" With the rise of
5905:Micrococcus varians
5899:Bacillus submarinus
5759:SS Atlantic Empress
5693:Oil slick from the
5644:specialty chemicals
5616:Ocean acidification
4915:Trinidad and Tobago
3115:, resulting in the
3053:benchmark crude oil
2892:Petroleum transport
2875:Petroleum transport
2676:and its derivative
2334:East Shetland Basin
2111:On the other hand,
1884:Abiogenic petroleum
1878:Athabasca oil sands
1854:geothermal gradient
1743:molecules react to
1640:were hydrolyzed to
1563:, found in various
1436:Athabasca oil sands
1181:
1103:
975:Athabasca oil sands
940:horizontal drilling
895:in the wake of the
392:De Natura Fossilium
356:'rock' (from Greek
93:An oil refinery in
13695:Marathon Petroleum
13117:List of oil fields
12727:Reservoir modeling
12485:Petroleum industry
12316:The New York Times
11566:www.britannica.com
11238:. October 11, 2021
10928:(6â7): 1317â1322.
10897:on August 20, 2008
10321:emissions by fuel"
9943:. October 5, 2021.
9295:on August 30, 2010
9175:About the Exchange
9007:on August 27, 2009
8735:large.stanford.edu
8176:Green Car Congress
8086:www.abqjournal.com
7963:. April 18, 2006.
7931:The New York Times
7827:The New York Times
7790:Alakbarov, Farid.
7694:May, Gary (1998).
7367:The New York Times
6960:Totten, George E.
6546:Petroleum politics
6521:List of oil fields
6372:Unconventional oil
6331:Unconventional oil
6230:1985â2003 oil glut
6223:
6163:market competition
6141:"). In the 1970s,
5943:
5746:, France and many
5713:Prestige oil spill
5664:List of oil spills
5582:
5574:
4976:and thousand m/d:
4449:and thousand m/d:
4439:
3915:
3913:from 2006 to 2012}
3392:
3385: < 0.0015
3378: 0.005â0.0015
3169:
3152:COVID-19 recession
3121:Iranian Revolution
3037:
3023:
3015:
2890:
2831:energy consumption
2764:petroleum products
2732:petroleum industry
2728:
2712:Petroleum industry
2656:
2620:
2513:relative abundance
2219:petroleum industry
2215:
2087:Oil shale reserves
2079:Unconventional oil
1979:
1548:. Approximately 1
1503:
1452:unconventional oil
1416:gas chromatography
1283:
1256:
1179:
1101:
897:Iranian Revolution
838:extensively bombed
743:Ignacy Ćukasiewicz
661:
645:
447:
441:An oil derrick in
435:
371:'oil' (from Greek
340:
308:resource conflicts
147:structural geology
136:petroleum products
126:, and is found in
122:mixture of mainly
95:Ahmadi Governorate
14002:Chemical mixtures
13979:
13978:
13957:
13956:
13843:Nabors Industries
13773:
13772:
12971:Well intervention
12946:Petroleum product
12845:Ljungström method
12749:Seismic inversion
12734:Petroleum geology
12688:
12687:
12429:"Petroleum"
12087:978-1-4757-9295-9
11952:on April 7, 2009.
11786:978-3-540-78883-6
11742:978-1-315-50088-1
11695:978-0-19-754637-6
10891:"Seeps Home Page"
10778:10.1021/es9809758
10764:(11): 1940â1945.
10516:www.esrl.noaa.gov
10325:Our World in Data
9704:Our World in Data
9619:. July 14, 2012.
9595:978-1-8715-6527-0
9499:(11): 1090â1092.
9407:. July 14, 2014.
9251:on July 19, 2011.
9181:on March 14, 2008
9149:978-1-100-16436-6
8772:978-1-4289-2232-7
8669:978-0-521-11400-4
8384:on April 11, 2012
8347:978-0-8247-0217-5
8322:978-1-55581-758-9
8289:978-1-59370-254-0
8250:978-0-12-813025-4
8215:978-0-87814-823-3
7867:. July 12, 2018.
7767:Baldwin, Hanson.
7753:978-0-7007-0501-6
7705:978-1-55002-316-9
7683:on July 29, 2013.
7623:978-1-5381-1159-8
7590:978-1-59921-118-3
7531:978-0-674-01887-7
7475:978-0-8020-3765-7
7439:978-3-406-50276-7
7406:978-3-89264-910-6
7184:978-974-7534-60-3
7159:978-0-8160-5367-4
7092:978-84-475-3285-8
7002:978-93-5206-419-9
6946:978-1-4200-5399-9
6921:978-0-521-18692-6
6880:978-90-411-0726-8
6802:979-8-3539-8917-2
6703:. Bloomberg.com.
6659:on March 6, 2011.
6541:Petroleum geology
6369:
6368:
6215:
6214:
6177:Future production
5967:Electric vehicles
5744:GalĂĄpagos Islands
5695:Montara oil spill
5596:. Atmospheric CO
5547:
5546:
5425:Consuming nation
5397:
5396:
5000:10bbl/day (2006)
4994:10bbl/day (2009)
4988:10bbl/day (2011)
4985:Importing nation
4957:
4951:
4938:
4937:
4458:Exporting nation
4414:
4413:
3940:
3896:
3895:
3844:
3839:
3831:Population Data:
3823:
3822:
3390:
3389:
3342: 0.035â0.025
3144:COVID-19 pandemic
3093:supply and demand
3034:Our World in Data
2962:
2961:
2857:developed nations
2776:chemical products
2642:Other derivatives
2603:Petroleum product
2316:Cushing, Oklahoma
2189:
2188:
2181:
2163:, as appropriate.
1967:
1966:
1959:
1745:urea-formaldehyde
1711:Kerogen formation
1554:anoxic conditions
1514:organic materials
1444:Orinoco oil sands
1420:mass spectrometry
1285:The alkanes from
1248:
1247:
1174:
1173:
1096:chemical elements
910:energy efficiency
860:in total output.
655:poster promoting
244:(16 million
161:reserves such as
16:(Redirected from
14019:
13969:
13968:
13670:Hess Corporation
13391:Bharat Petroleum
13322:
13321:
13307:
13306:
12994:1967 Oil Embargo
12830:Lost circulation
12668:Posted oil price
12592:
12591:
12549:Isthmus-34 Light
12478:
12471:
12464:
12455:
12454:
12439:
12431:
12374:
12373:
12371:
12369:
12355:
12349:
12348:
12346:
12344:
12338:www.psupress.org
12330:
12324:
12323:
12306:
12300:
12299:
12297:
12295:
12280:
12274:
12273:
12271:
12269:
12254:
12248:
12247:
12238:
12236:
12230:
12223:
12213:
12207:
12206:
12204:
12194:
12162:
12156:
12143:
12137:
12136:
12134:
12132:
12117:
12111:
12110:
12098:
12092:
12091:
12065:
12059:
12058:
12056:
12054:
12035:
12029:
12026:
12020:
12019:
12001:
11995:
11994:
11992:
11960:
11954:
11953:
11951:
11945:. Archived from
11944:
11935:
11929:
11928:
11912:
11906:
11905:
11903:
11901:
11873:
11867:
11866:
11860:
11858:
11833:
11827:
11826:
11824:
11822:
11808:
11802:
11801:
11795:
11793:
11763:
11757:
11756:
11751:
11749:
11726:
11720:
11719:
11718:. April 9, 2020.
11706:
11700:
11699:
11669:
11663:
11657:
11651:
11650:
11643:
11637:
11626:
11620:
11619:
11617:
11615:
11601:
11595:
11594:
11583:
11577:
11576:
11574:
11572:
11558:
11552:
11551:
11541:
11502:Energy Economics
11493:
11487:
11486:
11460:
11454:
11453:
11451:
11449:
11435:
11429:
11428:
11384:
11378:
11377:
11345:
11339:
11338:
11336:
11334:
11320:
11314:
11313:
11311:
11309:
11282:
11273:
11272:
11270:
11268:
11254:
11248:
11247:
11245:
11243:
11228:
11222:
11221:
11219:
11217:
11203:
11197:
11196:
11194:
11192:
11178:
11172:
11171:
11169:
11167:
11153:
11147:
11146:
11125:
11101:
11095:
11078:
11072:
11071:
11050:
11044:
11043:
11022:
11016:
11015:
11013:
11011:
10991:
10985:
10984:
10955:
10946:
10945:
10917:
10908:
10906:
10904:
10902:
10893:. Archived from
10887:
10881:
10880:
10852:
10846:
10845:
10843:
10841:
10826:
10820:
10815:
10809:
10796:
10790:
10789:
10749:
10743:
10742:
10727:
10721:
10720:
10710:
10692:
10660:
10654:
10653:
10651:
10649:
10629:
10623:
10622:
10617:. Archived from
10608:
10576:
10570:
10557:
10551:
10538:
10532:
10531:
10529:
10527:
10507:
10501:
10500:
10490:
10480:
10463:(4): 2141â2194.
10448:
10442:
10441:
10431:
10413:
10377:
10371:
10370:
10368:
10366:
10347:
10341:
10340:
10338:
10336:
10312:
10306:
10276:
10270:
10269:
10267:
10265:
10250:
10244:
10243:
10241:
10239:
10229:
10221:
10215:
10214:
10212:
10210:
10195:
10189:
10188:
10186:
10184:
10169:
10163:
10156:
10150:
10125:
10119:
10118:
10116:
10114:
10099:
10093:
10079:
10073:
10072:
10070:
10068:
10054:
10048:
10047:
10045:
10043:
10029:
10023:
10022:
10020:
10018:
9995:
9989:
9988:
9986:
9984:
9969:
9963:
9962:
9951:
9945:
9944:
9933:
9927:
9926:
9915:
9909:
9908:
9906:
9904:
9889:
9883:
9882:
9877:
9875:
9855:
9849:
9848:
9836:
9830:
9829:
9817:
9811:
9810:
9808:
9806:
9785:
9779:
9778:
9776:
9774:
9763:
9757:
9756:
9748:
9742:
9741:
9739:
9737:
9731:
9722:
9716:
9715:
9713:
9711:
9687:
9678:
9677:
9675:
9673:
9664:. Archived from
9654:
9648:
9647:
9639:
9633:
9632:
9630:
9628:
9609:
9600:
9599:
9579:
9573:
9572:
9570:
9568:
9563:on June 16, 2013
9559:. Archived from
9549:
9543:
9542:
9540:
9538:
9523:
9517:
9516:
9484:
9478:
9477:
9467:
9450:(9): 1568â1579.
9435:
9429:
9428:
9426:
9424:
9397:
9391:
9390:
9388:
9386:
9367:
9361:
9360:
9358:
9356:
9337:
9331:
9330:
9328:
9326:
9311:
9305:
9304:
9302:
9300:
9285:
9279:
9278:
9276:
9274:
9259:
9253:
9252:
9247:. Archived from
9241:
9235:
9234:
9197:
9191:
9190:
9188:
9186:
9167:
9161:
9160:
9158:
9152:. Archived from
9141:
9132:
9126:
9125:
9123:
9121:
9106:
9100:
9099:
9081:
9058:Science Progress
9049:
9043:
9042:
9040:
9038:
9029:. Archived from
9023:
9017:
9016:
9014:
9012:
8997:
8991:
8990:
8988:
8986:
8970:
8964:
8963:
8961:
8959:
8948:
8942:
8941:
8911:
8905:
8904:
8882:
8876:
8875:
8860:
8854:
8853:
8851:
8849:
8843:
8837:. Archived from
8807:Resource Geology
8804:
8795:
8789:
8788:
8786:
8784:
8757:
8751:
8750:
8748:
8746:
8726:
8720:
8719:
8717:
8715:
8704:10.2172/10169154
8691:
8682:
8681:
8655:
8630:
8629:
8627:
8625:
8577:
8571:
8570:
8568:
8566:
8518:
8512:
8511:
8475:
8469:
8468:
8466:
8464:
8449:
8443:
8442:
8440:
8438:
8419:
8413:
8400:
8394:
8393:
8391:
8389:
8383:
8377:. Archived from
8366:
8360:
8359:
8333:
8327:
8326:
8300:
8294:
8293:
8273:
8267:
8266:
8264:
8262:
8234:
8228:
8227:
8201:
8192:
8191:
8189:
8187:
8168:
8162:
8161:
8159:
8157:
8138:
8132:
8131:
8129:
8127:
8108:
8102:
8101:
8099:
8097:
8078:
8072:
8071:
8069:
8067:
8048:
8042:
8041:
8039:
8037:
8018:
8012:
8011:
8009:
8007:
7993:
7987:
7986:
7984:
7975:
7969:
7968:
7953:
7947:
7946:
7944:
7942:
7923:
7917:
7916:
7914:
7912:
7895:
7889:
7888:
7886:
7884:
7857:
7851:
7850:
7848:
7846:
7818:
7812:
7811:
7809:
7807:
7798:. Archived from
7787:
7781:
7780:
7764:
7758:
7757:
7739:
7733:
7732:
7724:
7718:
7717:
7691:
7685:
7684:
7679:. Archived from
7669:
7663:
7660:
7654:
7642:
7636:
7635:
7609:
7603:
7602:
7578:
7568:
7562:
7561:
7559:
7557:
7542:
7536:
7535:
7517:
7511:
7510:
7508:
7506:
7486:
7480:
7479:
7461:
7452:
7451:
7425:
7419:
7418:
7393:
7387:
7386:
7384:
7382:
7376:
7363:
7355:
7349:
7348:
7346:
7344:
7325:
7319:
7318:
7316:
7314:
7286:
7280:
7279:
7263:
7257:
7256:
7255:on June 3, 2009.
7251:. Archived from
7241:
7235:
7234:
7218:
7212:
7211:
7203:
7197:
7196:
7170:
7164:
7163:
7145:
7139:
7136:
7130:
7129:
7127:
7125:
7103:
7097:
7096:
7075:Salim Al-Hassani
7071:
7065:
7064:
7062:
7060:
7049:Brill Publishers
7038:
7032:
7031:
7029:
7027:
7013:
7007:
7006:
6995:. Notion Press.
6988:
6982:
6981:
6979:
6977:
6957:
6951:
6950:
6932:
6926:
6925:
6909:
6899:
6893:
6892:
6866:
6860:
6859:
6837:
6835:
6834:
6828:
6822:
6821:
6810:
6804:
6793:
6787:
6772:
6766:
6753:
6747:
6746:
6744:
6742:
6723:
6717:
6716:
6714:
6712:
6696:
6690:
6689:
6687:
6685:
6667:
6661:
6660:
6642:
6636:
6635:
6633:
6631:
6622:. Archived from
6612:
6595:
6588:
6479:
6474:
6473:
6364:
6361:
6355:
6343:
6342:
6335:
6210:
6207:
6201:
6189:
6188:
6181:
6090:
6085:
6084:
6081:
6080:
6077:
6074:
6071:
6068:
6026:Petro-aggression
5994:renewable energy
5708:
5690:
5676:
5419:
5418:
5408:expected in 2020
4979:
4978:
4954:
4946:
4452:
4451:
4404:
4402:
4401:
4383:
4381:
4380:
4357:
4355:
4354:
4331:
4329:
4328:
4310:
4308:
4307:
4289:
4287:
4286:
4263:
4261:
4260:
4237:
4235:
4234:
4216:
4214:
4213:
4190:
4188:
4187:
4169:
4167:
4166:
4143:
4141:
4140:
4117:
4115:
4114:
4096:
4094:
4093:
4075:
4073:
4072:
4049:
4047:
4046:
4023:
4021:
4020:
4002:
4000:
3999:
3976:
3974:
3973:
3955:
3953:
3952:
3934:
3924:
3923:
3878:
3877:
3870:
3842:
3834:
3401:
3400:
3386:
3384:
3379:
3377:
3372:
3371: 0.01â0.005
3370:
3365:
3364: 0.015â0.01
3363:
3358:
3357: 0.02â0.015
3356:
3350:
3349: 0.025â0.02
3348:
3343:
3341:
3336:
3335: 0.05â0.035
3334:
3329:
3327:
3322:
3321: > 0.07
3320:
3314:
3313:
3288:
3269:
3260:
3254:
3247:
3235:
3223:
3212:
3206:
3199:
3051:(159 litres) of
3008:
2999:
2989:
2980:
2971:
2957:
2954:
2948:
2936:
2935:
2928:
2666:, among others,
2574:
2573:
2507:Due to its high
2184:
2177:
2173:
2170:
2164:
2136:
2135:
2128:
1962:
1955:
1951:
1948:
1942:
1919:
1911:
1874:thermal cracking
1827:Catagenesis was
1824:) respectively.
1491:Alfred E. Treibs
1477:Fossil petroleum
1464:
1463:
1182:
1178:
1104:
1100:
1061:light crude oils
556:Abu Bakr al-Razi
532:were paved with
526:Abu Bakr al-Razi
522:Persian chemists
514:Byzantine Greeks
463:Diodorus Siculus
443:Okemah, Oklahoma
381:
376:
366:
361:
320:renewable energy
276:greenhouse gases
226:synthetic rubber
90:
69:
55:
32:Crude Oil (film)
21:
14027:
14026:
14022:
14021:
14020:
14018:
14017:
14016:
13982:
13981:
13980:
13975:
13953:
13907:
13903:John Wood Group
13893:Valaris Limited
13786:
13783:
13780:
13769:
13635:APA Corporation
13623:
13575:
13374:
13371:
13363:
13318:
13315:
13312:
13302:
13296:
13197:Classification
13181:
13104:
13098:
13034:Nationalization
13004:1979 oil crisis
12999:1973 oil crisis
12980:
12966:Water injection
12934:Steam injection
12929:Gas reinjection
12897:Artificial lift
12866:
12808:Drill stem test
12760:
12684:
12631:
12583:
12505:
12487:
12482:
12426:
12386:
12380:
12378:
12377:
12367:
12365:
12357:
12356:
12352:
12342:
12340:
12332:
12331:
12327:
12307:
12303:
12293:
12291:
12281:
12277:
12267:
12265:
12256:
12255:
12251:
12243:
12234:
12232:
12228:
12221:
12215:
12214:
12210:
12163:
12159:
12153:Wayback Machine
12144:
12140:
12130:
12128:
12119:
12118:
12114:
12099:
12095:
12088:
12066:
12062:
12052:
12050:
12037:
12036:
12032:
12027:
12023:
12002:
11998:
11961:
11957:
11949:
11942:
11936:
11932:
11913:
11909:
11899:
11897:
11882:Financial Times
11874:
11870:
11856:
11854:
11834:
11830:
11820:
11818:
11810:
11809:
11805:
11791:
11789:
11787:
11764:
11760:
11747:
11745:
11743:
11727:
11723:
11708:
11707:
11703:
11696:
11670:
11666:
11658:
11654:
11645:
11644:
11640:
11627:
11623:
11613:
11611:
11603:
11602:
11598:
11585:
11584:
11580:
11570:
11568:
11560:
11559:
11555:
11494:
11490:
11475:
11461:
11457:
11447:
11445:
11437:
11436:
11432:
11385:
11381:
11346:
11342:
11332:
11330:
11322:
11321:
11317:
11307:
11305:
11284:
11283:
11276:
11266:
11264:
11256:
11255:
11251:
11241:
11239:
11230:
11229:
11225:
11215:
11213:
11205:
11204:
11200:
11190:
11188:
11180:
11179:
11175:
11165:
11163:
11155:
11154:
11150:
11102:
11098:
11088:Wayback Machine
11079:
11075:
11051:
11047:
11023:
11019:
11009:
11007:
10992:
10988:
10956:
10949:
10918:
10911:
10900:
10898:
10889:
10888:
10884:
10853:
10849:
10839:
10837:
10828:
10827:
10823:
10816:
10812:
10806:Wayback Machine
10797:
10793:
10750:
10746:
10729:
10728:
10724:
10675:(5): e0125239.
10661:
10657:
10647:
10645:
10630:
10626:
10577:
10573:
10567:Wayback Machine
10558:
10554:
10548:Wayback Machine
10539:
10535:
10525:
10523:
10508:
10504:
10449:
10445:
10385:
10378:
10374:
10364:
10362:
10349:
10348:
10344:
10334:
10332:
10320:
10313:
10309:
10298:Wayback Machine
10287:Wayback Machine
10277:
10273:
10263:
10261:
10252:
10251:
10247:
10237:
10235:
10227:
10223:
10222:
10218:
10208:
10206:
10197:
10196:
10192:
10182:
10180:
10171:
10170:
10166:
10157:
10153:
10147:Wayback Machine
10136:Wayback Machine
10126:
10122:
10112:
10110:
10101:
10100:
10096:
10090:Wayback Machine
10080:
10076:
10066:
10064:
10056:
10055:
10051:
10041:
10039:
10031:
10030:
10026:
10016:
10014:
9996:
9992:
9982:
9980:
9970:
9966:
9953:
9952:
9948:
9935:
9934:
9930:
9917:
9916:
9912:
9902:
9900:
9891:
9890:
9886:
9873:
9871:
9858:Jacobs, Trent.
9856:
9852:
9837:
9833:
9818:
9814:
9804:
9802:
9787:
9786:
9782:
9772:
9770:
9764:
9760:
9749:
9745:
9735:
9733:
9729:
9723:
9719:
9709:
9707:
9691:Ritchie, Hannah
9688:
9681:
9671:
9669:
9656:
9655:
9651:
9641:
9640:
9636:
9626:
9624:
9611:
9610:
9603:
9596:
9580:
9576:
9566:
9564:
9551:
9550:
9546:
9536:
9534:
9526:Sönnichsen, N.
9524:
9520:
9485:
9481:
9436:
9432:
9422:
9420:
9399:
9398:
9394:
9384:
9382:
9369:
9368:
9364:
9354:
9352:
9339:
9338:
9334:
9324:
9322:
9313:
9312:
9308:
9298:
9296:
9287:
9286:
9282:
9272:
9270:
9265:. Eia.doe.gov.
9261:
9260:
9256:
9243:
9242:
9238:
9198:
9194:
9184:
9182:
9169:
9168:
9164:
9156:
9150:
9139:
9133:
9129:
9119:
9117:
9108:
9107:
9103:
9050:
9046:
9036:
9034:
9025:
9024:
9020:
9010:
9008:
8999:
8998:
8994:
8984:
8982:
8971:
8967:
8957:
8955:
8950:
8949:
8945:
8912:
8908:
8883:
8879:
8862:
8861:
8857:
8847:
8845:
8841:
8802:
8796:
8792:
8782:
8780:
8773:
8759:
8758:
8754:
8744:
8742:
8731:"Origin of oil"
8727:
8723:
8713:
8711:
8692:
8685:
8670:
8656:
8633:
8623:
8621:
8578:
8574:
8564:
8562:
8519:
8515:
8486:(38): 682â686.
8476:
8472:
8462:
8460:
8451:
8450:
8446:
8436:
8434:
8421:
8420:
8416:
8410:Wayback Machine
8401:
8397:
8387:
8385:
8381:
8375:Oilfield Review
8367:
8363:
8348:
8334:
8330:
8323:
8301:
8297:
8290:
8274:
8270:
8260:
8258:
8251:
8235:
8231:
8216:
8202:
8195:
8185:
8183:
8170:
8169:
8165:
8155:
8153:
8140:
8139:
8135:
8125:
8123:
8110:
8109:
8105:
8095:
8093:
8080:
8079:
8075:
8065:
8063:
8050:
8049:
8045:
8035:
8033:
8020:
8019:
8015:
8005:
8003:
7995:
7994:
7990:
7982:
7976:
7972:
7955:
7954:
7950:
7940:
7938:
7925:
7924:
7920:
7910:
7908:
7897:
7896:
7892:
7882:
7880:
7859:
7858:
7854:
7844:
7842:
7819:
7815:
7805:
7803:
7788:
7784:
7765:
7761:
7754:
7740:
7736:
7725:
7721:
7706:
7692:
7688:
7671:
7670:
7666:
7661:
7657:
7652:Wayback Machine
7643:
7639:
7624:
7610:
7606:
7591:
7569:
7565:
7555:
7553:
7552:on May 19, 2007
7544:
7543:
7539:
7532:
7518:
7514:
7504:
7502:
7487:
7483:
7476:
7462:
7455:
7440:
7426:
7422:
7407:
7397:Erdöl in Wietze
7395:
7394:
7390:
7380:
7378:
7374:
7361:
7357:
7356:
7352:
7342:
7340:
7327:
7326:
7322:
7312:
7310:
7287:
7283:
7266:Thomas Eakins.
7264:
7260:
7243:
7242:
7238:
7219:
7215:
7204:
7200:
7185:
7171:
7167:
7160:
7146:
7142:
7137:
7133:
7123:
7121:
7104:
7100:
7093:
7072:
7068:
7058:
7056:
7051:. p. 149.
7039:
7035:
7025:
7023:
7015:
7014:
7010:
7003:
6989:
6985:
6975:
6973:
6958:
6954:
6947:
6933:
6929:
6922:
6900:
6896:
6881:
6867:
6863:
6832:
6830:
6829:
6825:
6811:
6807:
6794:
6790:
6785:Wayback Machine
6773:
6769:
6763:Wayback Machine
6754:
6750:
6740:
6738:
6725:
6724:
6720:
6710:
6708:
6697:
6693:
6683:
6681:
6668:
6664:
6643:
6639:
6629:
6627:
6626:on July 7, 2017
6614:
6613:
6609:
6604:
6599:
6598:
6593:
6589:
6585:
6580:
6575:
6491:Filling station
6475:
6468:
6465:
6460:
6459:
6453:
6445:
6410:CassiniâHuygens
6397:
6365:
6359:
6356:
6353:
6344:
6340:
6333:
6302:
6296:
6211:
6205:
6202:
6199:
6190:
6186:
6179:
6174:
6173:
6088:
6065:
6061:
6053:
6045:
6028:
6020:Main articles:
6018:
6010:
5996:and addressing
5985:
5979:
5963:
5932:
5869:
5720:
5719:
5718:
5717:
5716:
5709:
5700:
5699:
5698:
5691:
5682:
5681:
5680:
5677:
5666:
5656:
5640:
5625:
5610:Arctic ice pack
5599:
5595:
5566:
5561:
5555:
5414:
5409:
5011:United States
5003:10m/day (2006)
4997:10m/day (2009)
4991:10m/day (2011)
4966:
4948:peak production
4473:10bbl/d (2006)
4467:10bbl/d (2009)
4461:10bbl/d (2011)
4437:
4429:
4419:
4399:
4397:
4378:
4376:
4352:
4350:
4326:
4324:
4305:
4303:
4284:
4282:
4258:
4256:
4232:
4230:
4211:
4209:
4185:
4183:
4164:
4162:
4138:
4136:
4112:
4110:
4091:
4089:
4070:
4068:
4044:
4042:
4018:
4016:
3997:
3995:
3971:
3969:
3950:
3948:
3933:
3909:World map with
3903:
3902:
3901:
3900:
3897:
3892:
3879:
3875:
3864:
3857:
3850:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3382:
3381:
3380:
3375:
3374:
3373:
3368:
3367:
3366:
3361:
3360:
3359:
3354:
3353:
3346:
3345:
3344:
3339:
3338:
3337:
3332:
3331:
3330:
3328: 0.07â0.05
3325:
3324:
3323:
3318:
3317:
3299:
3292:
3289:
3280:
3278:
3267:
3265:
3258:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3239:
3236:
3227:
3224:
3215:
3214:
3210:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3191:
3186:
3161:
3156:
3155:
3146:. In 2021, the
3133:oil supply glut
3125:1979 oil crisis
3117:1973 oil crisis
3101:economic growth
3013:
3006:
3004:
2997:
2995:
2987:
2985:
2978:
2976:
2969:
2958:
2952:
2949:
2946:
2937:
2933:
2925:
2917:
2900:
2899:
2885:Oil train near
2878:
2870:
2865:
2864:
2841:Central America
2780:pharmaceuticals
2715:
2707:
2644:
2624:pharmaceuticals
2609:
2599:
2571:
2569:
2540:rock formations
2521:pharmaceuticals
2488:
2479:
2471:pharmaceuticals
2461:) used to make
2332:systems in the
2295:crude oil assay
2195:
2185:
2174:
2168:
2165:
2150:
2137:
2133:
2126:
2093:
2075:
2062:artificial lift
1963:
1952:
1946:
1943:
1932:
1920:
1909:
1892:
1886:
1866:
1757:
1721:actinomycetales
1713:
1681:
1674:Monosaccharides
1634:polysaccharides
1626:
1618:
1589:
1587:Anaerobic decay
1505:Petroleum is a
1479:
1474:
1461:
1459:
1448:extra heavy oil
1384:
1380:
1355:lubricating oil
1336:
1332:
1324:
1320:
1308:
1304:
1296:
1292:
991:
979:extra heavy oil
905:
889:1979 oil crisis
830:
802:). Businessman
625:
553:Arab geographer
455:Sargon of Akkad
416:
411:
405:
332:
324:electrification
296:water pollution
238:pharmaceuticals
105:
104:
103:
102:
101:
91:
82:
81:
80:
70:
61:
60:
59:
56:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
14025:
14015:
14014:
14009:
14004:
13999:
13994:
13977:
13976:
13974:
13973:
13962:
13959:
13958:
13955:
13954:
13952:
13951:
13946:
13941:
13936:
13931:
13926:
13921:
13915:
13913:
13909:
13908:
13906:
13905:
13900:
13895:
13890:
13885:
13880:
13875:
13870:
13865:
13860:
13855:
13850:
13845:
13840:
13835:
13830:
13825:
13820:
13815:
13810:
13805:
13800:
13795:
13789:
13787:
13778:
13775:
13774:
13771:
13770:
13768:
13767:
13762:
13757:
13752:
13747:
13742:
13740:Surgutneftegas
13737:
13732:
13727:
13722:
13717:
13712:
13707:
13702:
13697:
13692:
13687:
13682:
13677:
13672:
13667:
13662:
13660:Eneos Holdings
13657:
13652:
13650:ConocoPhillips
13647:
13642:
13640:Cenovus Energy
13637:
13631:
13629:
13625:
13624:
13622:
13621:
13616:
13611:
13606:
13601:
13596:
13591:
13585:
13583:
13581:Energy trading
13577:
13576:
13574:
13573:
13568:
13563:
13558:
13553:
13548:
13543:
13538:
13533:
13528:
13523:
13518:
13513:
13508:
13503:
13498:
13493:
13488:
13483:
13478:
13473:
13468:
13463:
13458:
13453:
13448:
13443:
13438:
13433:
13428:
13423:
13418:
13413:
13408:
13403:
13398:
13393:
13388:
13383:
13377:
13375:
13368:
13365:
13364:
13362:
13361:
13356:
13351:
13346:
13341:
13336:
13330:
13328:
13319:
13310:
13304:
13298:
13297:
13295:
13294:
13293:
13292:
13287:
13282:
13277:
13267:
13265:Swing producer
13262:
13257:
13252:
13247:
13242:
13237:
13236:
13235:
13230:
13220:
13215:
13210:
13209:
13208:
13203:
13195:
13189:
13187:
13183:
13182:
13180:
13179:
13174:
13169:
13164:
13159:
13154:
13149:
13144:
13139:
13137:Gulf of Mexico
13134:
13129:
13124:
13119:
13114:
13108:
13106:
13100:
13099:
13097:
13096:
13091:
13086:
13081:
13076:
13071:
13066:
13061:
13056:
13051:
13046:
13041:
13036:
13031:
13026:
13024:2010s oil glut
13021:
13016:
13011:
13009:1980s oil glut
13006:
13001:
12996:
12990:
12988:
12982:
12981:
12979:
12978:
12973:
12968:
12963:
12958:
12953:
12948:
12943:
12938:
12937:
12936:
12931:
12921:
12916:
12915:
12914:
12909:
12904:
12894:
12893:
12892:
12887:
12876:
12874:
12868:
12867:
12865:
12864:
12859:
12854:
12849:
12848:
12847:
12837:
12832:
12827:
12826:
12825:
12818:Drilling fluid
12815:
12810:
12805:
12804:
12803:
12793:
12788:
12787:
12786:
12776:
12770:
12768:
12762:
12761:
12759:
12758:
12756:Seismic source
12753:
12752:
12751:
12741:
12736:
12731:
12730:
12729:
12724:
12714:
12709:
12704:
12698:
12696:
12690:
12689:
12686:
12685:
12683:
12682:
12681:
12680:
12670:
12665:
12660:
12655:
12650:
12645:
12639:
12637:
12633:
12632:
12630:
12629:
12624:
12619:
12614:
12609:
12604:
12598:
12596:
12589:
12585:
12584:
12582:
12581:
12576:
12571:
12566:
12561:
12556:
12554:Japan Cocktail
12551:
12546:
12541:
12536:
12531:
12526:
12521:
12515:
12513:
12507:
12506:
12504:
12503:
12501:Primary energy
12498:
12492:
12489:
12488:
12481:
12480:
12473:
12466:
12458:
12452:
12451:
12440:
12424:
12419:
12414:
12413:
12412:
12402:
12392:
12385:
12384:External links
12382:
12376:
12375:
12350:
12325:
12301:
12275:
12249:
12208:
12157:
12138:
12112:
12093:
12086:
12060:
12030:
12021:
12011:Economic Daily
11996:
11969:Applied Energy
11955:
11930:
11907:
11868:
11828:
11803:
11785:
11758:
11741:
11721:
11701:
11694:
11664:
11652:
11638:
11621:
11596:
11593:. May 3, 2022.
11578:
11553:
11488:
11473:
11455:
11430:
11379:
11360:(7): 955â963.
11340:
11315:
11274:
11249:
11236:Energy Monitor
11223:
11198:
11173:
11148:
11096:
11094:, August 1992.
11073:
11062:(7): 383â395.
11045:
11034:(7): 313â319.
11017:
10986:
10967:(6): 725â746.
10947:
10909:
10882:
10863:(4): 309â340.
10847:
10821:
10810:
10791:
10744:
10722:
10655:
10624:
10606:10.1.1.459.471
10591:(1): 115â139.
10571:
10552:
10533:
10502:
10443:
10383:
10372:
10342:
10318:
10307:
10271:
10245:
10228:(CVS download)
10216:
10190:
10164:
10151:
10120:
10094:
10074:
10049:
10024:
9990:
9964:
9946:
9928:
9910:
9884:
9850:
9831:
9812:
9780:
9758:
9743:
9717:
9699:"Fossil Fuels"
9679:
9649:
9634:
9601:
9594:
9574:
9544:
9518:
9479:
9430:
9392:
9362:
9332:
9306:
9280:
9254:
9236:
9209:(2): 963â974.
9192:
9162:
9148:
9127:
9101:
9064:(4): 317â375.
9044:
9018:
8992:
8965:
8943:
8917:Tectonophysics
8906:
8877:
8855:
8790:
8771:
8752:
8721:
8683:
8668:
8631:
8572:
8513:
8470:
8444:
8414:
8395:
8361:
8346:
8328:
8321:
8295:
8288:
8268:
8249:
8229:
8214:
8193:
8163:
8133:
8103:
8073:
8043:
8013:
7988:
7970:
7948:
7918:
7890:
7852:
7813:
7782:
7759:
7752:
7734:
7719:
7704:
7686:
7664:
7655:
7637:
7622:
7604:
7589:
7563:
7537:
7530:
7512:
7481:
7474:
7453:
7438:
7420:
7405:
7388:
7350:
7320:
7281:
7258:
7236:
7213:
7198:
7183:
7165:
7158:
7140:
7131:
7098:
7091:
7066:
7033:
7008:
7001:
6983:
6952:
6945:
6927:
6920:
6894:
6879:
6861:
6850:Chisholm, Hugh
6823:
6805:
6788:
6767:
6748:
6718:
6691:
6678:Bloomberg News
6662:
6637:
6606:
6605:
6603:
6600:
6597:
6596:
6591:
6582:
6581:
6579:
6576:
6574:
6573:
6568:
6563:
6558:
6553:
6548:
6543:
6538:
6533:
6528:
6523:
6518:
6513:
6511:Lead poisoning
6508:
6503:
6498:
6493:
6488:
6482:
6481:
6480:
6464:
6461:
6454:
6446:
6444:
6441:
6403:largest moon,
6396:
6393:
6376:unconventional
6367:
6366:
6347:
6345:
6338:
6332:
6329:
6298:Main article:
6295:
6292:
6213:
6212:
6193:
6191:
6184:
6178:
6175:
6167:state immunity
6054:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6017:
6014:
6009:
6006:
5998:climate change
5978:
5975:
5962:
5959:
5931:
5928:
5917:Candida marina
5868:
5865:
5824:wood treatment
5740:Gulf of Mexico
5710:
5703:
5702:
5701:
5692:
5685:
5684:
5683:
5678:
5671:
5670:
5669:
5668:
5667:
5655:
5652:
5639:
5636:
5623:
5620:carbon dioxide
5597:
5593:
5565:
5562:
5557:Main article:
5554:
5551:
5545:
5544:
5541:
5538:
5535:
5531:
5530:
5527:
5524:
5521:
5517:
5516:
5513:
5510:
5507:
5503:
5502:
5499:
5496:
5493:
5489:
5488:
5485:
5482:
5479:
5475:
5474:
5471:
5468:
5465:
5461:
5460:
5457:
5454:
5451:
5447:
5446:
5443:
5440:
5437:
5433:
5432:
5429:
5426:
5423:
5413:
5410:
5404:
5395:
5394:
5391:
5388:
5385:
5382:
5379:
5376:
5373:
5369:
5368:
5365:
5362:
5359:
5356:
5353:
5350:
5347:
5343:
5342:
5339:
5336:
5333:
5330:
5327:
5324:
5321:
5317:
5316:
5313:
5310:
5307:
5304:
5301:
5298:
5295:
5291:
5290:
5287:
5284:
5281:
5278:
5275:
5272:
5269:
5265:
5264:
5261:
5258:
5255:
5252:
5249:
5246:
5243:
5239:
5238:
5235:
5232:
5229:
5226:
5223:
5220:
5217:
5213:
5212:
5209:
5206:
5203:
5200:
5197:
5194:
5191:
5187:
5186:
5183:
5180:
5177:
5174:
5171:
5168:
5165:
5161:
5160:
5157:
5154:
5151:
5148:
5145:
5142:
5139:
5135:
5134:
5131:
5128:
5125:
5122:
5119:
5116:
5113:
5109:
5108:
5105:
5102:
5099:
5096:
5093:
5090:
5087:
5083:
5082:
5079:
5076:
5073:
5070:
5067:
5064:
5061:
5057:
5056:
5053:
5050:
5047:
5044:
5041:
5038:
5035:
5031:
5030:
5027:
5024:
5021:
5018:
5015:
5012:
5009:
5005:
5004:
5001:
4998:
4995:
4992:
4989:
4986:
4983:
4965:
4962:
4936:
4935:
4932:
4929:
4926:
4923:
4920:
4917:
4912:
4908:
4907:
4904:
4901:
4898:
4895:
4892:
4889:
4884:
4880:
4879:
4876:
4873:
4870:
4867:
4864:
4861:
4856:
4852:
4851:
4848:
4845:
4842:
4839:
4836:
4833:
4828:
4824:
4823:
4820:
4817:
4814:
4811:
4808:
4805:
4799:
4795:
4794:
4791:
4788:
4785:
4782:
4779:
4776:
4770:
4766:
4765:
4762:
4759:
4756:
4753:
4750:
4747:
4741:
4737:
4736:
4733:
4730:
4727:
4724:
4721:
4718:
4713:
4709:
4708:
4705:
4702:
4699:
4696:
4693:
4690:
4684:
4680:
4679:
4676:
4673:
4670:
4667:
4664:
4661:
4655:
4651:
4650:
4647:
4644:
4641:
4638:
4635:
4632:
4626:
4622:
4621:
4618:
4615:
4612:
4609:
4606:
4603:
4597:
4593:
4592:
4589:
4586:
4583:
4580:
4577:
4574:
4568:
4564:
4563:
4560:
4557:
4554:
4551:
4548:
4545:
4539:
4535:
4534:
4531:
4528:
4525:
4522:
4519:
4516:
4511:
4507:
4506:
4503:
4500:
4497:
4494:
4491:
4488:
4482:
4478:
4477:
4474:
4471:
4468:
4465:
4462:
4459:
4456:
4435:
4418:
4415:
4412:
4411:
4408:
4406:United Kingdom
4395:
4391:
4390:
4387:
4374:
4370:
4369:
4366:
4348:
4344:
4343:
4340:
4322:
4318:
4317:
4314:
4301:
4297:
4296:
4293:
4280:
4276:
4275:
4272:
4254:
4250:
4249:
4246:
4228:
4224:
4223:
4220:
4207:
4203:
4202:
4199:
4181:
4177:
4176:
4173:
4160:
4156:
4155:
4152:
4134:
4130:
4129:
4126:
4108:
4104:
4103:
4100:
4087:
4083:
4082:
4079:
4066:
4062:
4061:
4058:
4040:
4036:
4035:
4032:
4014:
4010:
4009:
4006:
3993:
3989:
3988:
3985:
3967:
3963:
3962:
3959:
3946:
3942:
3941:
3932:Oil Production
3930:
3927:
3898:
3894:
3893:
3882:
3880:
3873:
3868:
3867:
3866:
3865:
3849:
3846:
3821:
3820:
3817:
3814:
3811:
3808:
3805:
3802:
3796:
3795:
3792:
3789:
3786:
3783:
3780:
3777:
3775:United Kingdom
3771:
3770:
3767:
3764:
3761:
3758:
3755:
3752:
3741:
3740:
3737:
3734:
3731:
3728:
3725:
3722:
3716:
3715:
3712:
3709:
3706:
3703:
3700:
3697:
3691:
3690:
3687:
3684:
3681:
3678:
3675:
3672:
3666:
3665:
3662:
3659:
3656:
3653:
3650:
3647:
3641:
3640:
3637:
3634:
3631:
3628:
3625:
3622:
3616:
3615:
3612:
3609:
3606:
3603:
3600:
3597:
3591:
3590:
3587:
3584:
3581:
3578:
3575:
3572:
3561:
3560:
3557:
3554:
3551:
3548:
3545:
3542:
3536:
3535:
3532:
3529:
3526:
3523:
3520:
3517:
3511:
3510:
3507:
3504:
3501:
3498:
3495:
3492:
3486:
3485:
3482:
3479:
3476:
3473:
3470:
3467:
3461:
3460:
3457:
3454:
3451:
3448:
3445:
3442:
3436:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3388:
3387:
3351:
3298:
3295:
3294:
3293:
3290:
3283:
3281:
3266:
3257:
3251:
3249:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3218:
3216:
3209:
3203:
3201:
3194:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3184:Use by country
3182:
3160:
3157:
3113:Yom Kippur War
3005:
2996:
2986:
2977:
2968:
2960:
2959:
2940:
2938:
2931:
2926:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2879:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2748:transportation
2716:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2701:
2698:Petroleum coke
2695:
2685:
2682:sulfur removal
2671:
2643:
2640:
2598:
2595:
2509:energy density
2497:primary energy
2487:
2484:
2478:
2475:
2399:
2398:
2392:
2386:
2375:
2368:
2358:
2352:
2319:
2187:
2186:
2147:of the subject
2145:worldwide view
2140:
2138:
2131:
2125:
2124:Classification
2122:
2074:
2071:
2042:oil refineries
2033:
2032:
2005:
1994:
1965:
1964:
1923:
1921:
1914:
1908:
1905:
1888:Main article:
1885:
1882:
1865:
1862:
1784:rearrangements
1756:
1753:
1712:
1709:
1695:combined into
1679:
1624:
1616:
1588:
1585:
1526:stagnant water
1509:derived from
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1382:
1378:
1334:
1330:
1322:
1318:
1306:
1302:
1294:
1290:
1246:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1233:
1232:
1229:
1226:
1220:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1207:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1193:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1172:
1171:
1168:
1162:
1161:
1158:
1152:
1151:
1148:
1142:
1141:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1110:Percent range
1108:
1026:associated gas
990:
987:
904:
901:
893:oil production
881:Yom Kippur War
846:Baku oilfields
829:
826:
624:
621:
576:Western Europe
518:Constantinople
415:
412:
407:Main article:
404:
401:
331:
328:
304:state-led wars
280:climate change
159:Unconventional
92:
85:
84:
83:
77:Lubbock, Texas
71:
64:
63:
62:
57:
50:
49:
48:
47:
46:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
14024:
14013:
14010:
14008:
14005:
14003:
14000:
13998:
13997:Causes of war
13995:
13993:
13990:
13989:
13987:
13972:
13964:
13963:
13960:
13950:
13947:
13945:
13942:
13940:
13937:
13935:
13932:
13930:
13927:
13925:
13922:
13920:
13917:
13916:
13914:
13910:
13904:
13901:
13899:
13896:
13894:
13891:
13889:
13886:
13884:
13881:
13879:
13876:
13874:
13871:
13869:
13866:
13864:
13861:
13859:
13856:
13854:
13851:
13849:
13846:
13844:
13841:
13839:
13836:
13834:
13831:
13829:
13826:
13824:
13821:
13819:
13816:
13814:
13811:
13809:
13806:
13804:
13801:
13799:
13796:
13794:
13791:
13790:
13788:
13785:
13776:
13766:
13765:Valero Energy
13763:
13761:
13758:
13756:
13753:
13751:
13748:
13746:
13743:
13741:
13738:
13736:
13733:
13731:
13730:Suncor Energy
13728:
13726:
13723:
13721:
13718:
13716:
13713:
13711:
13708:
13706:
13703:
13701:
13698:
13696:
13693:
13691:
13688:
13686:
13683:
13681:
13678:
13676:
13673:
13671:
13668:
13666:
13663:
13661:
13658:
13656:
13653:
13651:
13648:
13646:
13643:
13641:
13638:
13636:
13633:
13632:
13630:
13626:
13620:
13617:
13615:
13612:
13610:
13607:
13605:
13602:
13600:
13597:
13595:
13592:
13590:
13587:
13586:
13584:
13582:
13578:
13572:
13569:
13567:
13564:
13562:
13559:
13557:
13554:
13552:
13549:
13547:
13544:
13542:
13539:
13537:
13534:
13532:
13529:
13527:
13524:
13522:
13519:
13517:
13514:
13512:
13509:
13507:
13504:
13502:
13499:
13497:
13494:
13492:
13489:
13487:
13484:
13482:
13479:
13477:
13474:
13472:
13469:
13467:
13464:
13462:
13459:
13457:
13454:
13452:
13449:
13447:
13444:
13442:
13439:
13437:
13434:
13432:
13429:
13427:
13424:
13422:
13419:
13417:
13414:
13412:
13409:
13407:
13404:
13402:
13399:
13397:
13394:
13392:
13389:
13387:
13384:
13382:
13379:
13378:
13376:
13373:
13366:
13360:
13359:TotalEnergies
13357:
13355:
13352:
13350:
13347:
13345:
13342:
13340:
13337:
13335:
13332:
13331:
13329:
13327:
13323:
13320:
13317:
13308:
13305:
13303:organisations
13301:Companies and
13299:
13291:
13288:
13286:
13283:
13281:
13278:
13276:
13273:
13272:
13271:
13268:
13266:
13263:
13261:
13258:
13256:
13253:
13251:
13248:
13246:
13243:
13241:
13240:Petrocurrency
13238:
13234:
13231:
13229:
13226:
13225:
13224:
13221:
13219:
13216:
13214:
13213:Oil shale gas
13211:
13207:
13204:
13202:
13199:
13198:
13196:
13194:
13193:Abbreviations
13191:
13190:
13188:
13184:
13178:
13175:
13173:
13170:
13168:
13165:
13163:
13160:
13158:
13155:
13153:
13152:Permian Basin
13150:
13148:
13145:
13143:
13140:
13138:
13135:
13133:
13130:
13128:
13125:
13123:
13120:
13118:
13115:
13113:
13110:
13109:
13107:
13101:
13095:
13092:
13090:
13089:United States
13087:
13085:
13082:
13080:
13077:
13075:
13072:
13070:
13067:
13065:
13062:
13060:
13057:
13055:
13052:
13050:
13049:Seven Sisters
13047:
13045:
13042:
13040:
13037:
13035:
13032:
13030:
13027:
13025:
13022:
13020:
13017:
13015:
13012:
13010:
13007:
13005:
13002:
13000:
12997:
12995:
12992:
12991:
12989:
12987:
12983:
12977:
12974:
12972:
12969:
12967:
12964:
12962:
12959:
12957:
12954:
12952:
12949:
12947:
12944:
12942:
12939:
12935:
12932:
12930:
12927:
12926:
12925:
12922:
12920:
12917:
12913:
12910:
12908:
12905:
12903:
12900:
12899:
12898:
12895:
12891:
12888:
12886:
12883:
12882:
12881:
12878:
12877:
12875:
12873:
12869:
12863:
12860:
12858:
12855:
12853:
12850:
12846:
12843:
12842:
12841:
12838:
12836:
12833:
12831:
12828:
12824:
12821:
12820:
12819:
12816:
12814:
12811:
12809:
12806:
12802:
12799:
12798:
12797:
12794:
12792:
12789:
12785:
12782:
12781:
12780:
12777:
12775:
12772:
12771:
12769:
12767:
12763:
12757:
12754:
12750:
12747:
12746:
12745:
12742:
12740:
12737:
12735:
12732:
12728:
12725:
12723:
12720:
12719:
12718:
12715:
12713:
12710:
12708:
12705:
12703:
12702:Core sampling
12700:
12699:
12697:
12695:
12691:
12679:
12676:
12675:
12674:
12671:
12669:
12666:
12664:
12661:
12659:
12656:
12654:
12651:
12649:
12646:
12644:
12641:
12640:
12638:
12634:
12628:
12625:
12623:
12620:
12618:
12615:
12613:
12610:
12608:
12605:
12603:
12600:
12599:
12597:
12593:
12590:
12586:
12580:
12577:
12575:
12572:
12570:
12567:
12565:
12562:
12560:
12557:
12555:
12552:
12550:
12547:
12545:
12542:
12540:
12539:Indian Basket
12537:
12535:
12532:
12530:
12527:
12525:
12522:
12520:
12517:
12516:
12514:
12512:
12508:
12502:
12499:
12497:
12494:
12493:
12490:
12486:
12479:
12474:
12472:
12467:
12465:
12460:
12459:
12456:
12449:
12445:
12441:
12437:
12436:
12430:
12425:
12423:
12420:
12418:
12415:
12411:
12408:
12407:
12406:
12403:
12400:
12396:
12393:
12391:
12388:
12387:
12381:
12364:
12360:
12354:
12339:
12335:
12329:
12322:
12318:
12317:
12312:
12305:
12290:
12289:New Scientist
12286:
12279:
12263:
12259:
12253:
12246:
12235:September 13,
12227:
12220:
12219:
12212:
12203:
12202:11250/2634876
12198:
12193:
12188:
12184:
12180:
12176:
12172:
12168:
12161:
12154:
12150:
12147:
12142:
12126:
12122:
12116:
12108:
12104:
12097:
12089:
12083:
12079:
12075:
12071:
12064:
12048:
12044:
12040:
12034:
12025:
12017:
12013:
12012:
12007:
12000:
11991:
11986:
11982:
11978:
11974:
11970:
11966:
11959:
11948:
11941:
11934:
11926:
11922:
11918:
11911:
11895:
11891:
11887:
11883:
11879:
11872:
11865:
11852:
11848:
11847:
11842:
11838:
11832:
11817:
11813:
11807:
11800:
11788:
11782:
11778:
11777:
11772:
11768:
11762:
11755:
11744:
11738:
11734:
11733:
11725:
11717:
11716:
11711:
11705:
11697:
11691:
11687:
11683:
11679:
11675:
11668:
11661:
11656:
11648:
11642:
11635:
11631:
11625:
11610:
11606:
11600:
11592:
11588:
11582:
11567:
11563:
11557:
11549:
11545:
11540:
11535:
11531:
11527:
11523:
11519:
11515:
11511:
11507:
11503:
11499:
11492:
11484:
11480:
11476:
11474:0-313-29186-1
11470:
11466:
11459:
11444:
11440:
11434:
11426:
11422:
11418:
11414:
11410:
11406:
11402:
11398:
11394:
11390:
11383:
11375:
11371:
11367:
11363:
11359:
11355:
11351:
11344:
11329:
11325:
11319:
11303:
11299:
11295:
11291:
11290:The Economist
11287:
11281:
11279:
11263:
11259:
11253:
11237:
11233:
11227:
11212:
11208:
11202:
11187:
11183:
11177:
11162:
11158:
11152:
11145:
11141:
11137:
11133:
11129:
11124:
11119:
11115:
11111:
11107:
11100:
11093:
11089:
11085:
11082:
11077:
11069:
11065:
11061:
11057:
11049:
11041:
11037:
11033:
11029:
11021:
11005:
11001:
11000:Texas Monthly
10997:
10990:
10982:
10978:
10974:
10970:
10966:
10962:
10954:
10952:
10943:
10939:
10935:
10931:
10927:
10923:
10916:
10914:
10896:
10892:
10886:
10878:
10874:
10870:
10866:
10862:
10858:
10851:
10835:
10832:. Total.com.
10831:
10825:
10819:
10814:
10807:
10803:
10800:
10795:
10787:
10783:
10779:
10775:
10771:
10767:
10763:
10759:
10755:
10748:
10740:
10736:
10732:
10726:
10718:
10714:
10709:
10704:
10700:
10696:
10691:
10686:
10682:
10678:
10674:
10670:
10666:
10659:
10643:
10639:
10635:
10628:
10620:
10616:
10612:
10607:
10602:
10598:
10594:
10590:
10586:
10582:
10575:
10568:
10564:
10561:
10556:
10549:
10545:
10542:
10537:
10521:
10517:
10513:
10506:
10498:
10494:
10489:
10484:
10479:
10474:
10470:
10466:
10462:
10458:
10454:
10447:
10439:
10435:
10430:
10425:
10421:
10417:
10412:
10407:
10403:
10399:
10395:
10391:
10387:
10376:
10360:
10356:
10352:
10346:
10330:
10326:
10322:
10311:
10304:
10303:
10299:
10295:
10292:
10288:
10284:
10281:
10275:
10259:
10255:
10249:
10233:
10226:
10220:
10204:
10200:
10194:
10178:
10174:
10168:
10161:
10155:
10148:
10144:
10141:
10137:
10133:
10130:
10124:
10108:
10104:
10098:
10091:
10087:
10084:
10078:
10063:
10059:
10053:
10038:
10034:
10028:
10013:
10009:
10005:
10001:
9994:
9979:
9975:
9968:
9960:
9956:
9950:
9942:
9938:
9932:
9924:
9920:
9914:
9898:
9894:
9888:
9881:
9869:
9865:
9861:
9854:
9846:
9842:
9835:
9827:
9823:
9816:
9800:
9796:
9795:
9790:
9784:
9769:
9762:
9754:
9747:
9728:
9721:
9706:
9705:
9700:
9696:
9692:
9686:
9684:
9667:
9663:
9659:
9653:
9645:
9638:
9622:
9618:
9617:The Economist
9614:
9608:
9606:
9597:
9591:
9587:
9586:
9578:
9562:
9558:
9554:
9548:
9533:
9529:
9522:
9514:
9510:
9506:
9502:
9498:
9494:
9490:
9483:
9475:
9471:
9466:
9461:
9457:
9453:
9449:
9445:
9441:
9434:
9418:
9414:
9410:
9406:
9402:
9396:
9380:
9376:
9372:
9366:
9350:
9346:
9342:
9336:
9320:
9316:
9310:
9294:
9290:
9284:
9268:
9264:
9258:
9250:
9246:
9240:
9232:
9228:
9224:
9220:
9216:
9212:
9208:
9204:
9196:
9180:
9176:
9172:
9166:
9155:
9151:
9145:
9138:
9131:
9115:
9111:
9105:
9097:
9093:
9089:
9085:
9080:
9075:
9071:
9067:
9063:
9059:
9055:
9048:
9032:
9028:
9022:
9006:
9002:
8996:
8980:
8976:
8969:
8953:
8947:
8939:
8935:
8931:
8927:
8923:
8919:
8918:
8910:
8902:
8898:
8894:
8890:
8889:
8881:
8873:
8869:
8865:
8859:
8840:
8836:
8832:
8828:
8824:
8820:
8816:
8812:
8808:
8801:
8794:
8778:
8774:
8768:
8764:
8763:
8756:
8745:September 21,
8740:
8736:
8732:
8725:
8709:
8705:
8701:
8697:
8690:
8688:
8679:
8675:
8671:
8665:
8661:
8654:
8652:
8650:
8648:
8646:
8644:
8642:
8640:
8638:
8636:
8619:
8615:
8611:
8607:
8603:
8599:
8595:
8591:
8587:
8583:
8576:
8560:
8556:
8552:
8548:
8544:
8540:
8536:
8532:
8528:
8524:
8517:
8509:
8505:
8501:
8497:
8493:
8489:
8485:
8481:
8474:
8458:
8454:
8448:
8432:
8428:
8424:
8418:
8411:
8407:
8404:
8399:
8380:
8376:
8372:
8365:
8357:
8353:
8349:
8343:
8339:
8332:
8324:
8318:
8314:
8310:
8306:
8299:
8291:
8285:
8281:
8280:
8272:
8256:
8252:
8246:
8242:
8241:
8233:
8225:
8221:
8217:
8211:
8207:
8200:
8198:
8181:
8177:
8173:
8167:
8151:
8147:
8143:
8137:
8121:
8117:
8113:
8107:
8091:
8087:
8083:
8077:
8061:
8057:
8053:
8047:
8031:
8027:
8023:
8017:
8002:
7998:
7992:
7981:
7974:
7966:
7962:
7958:
7952:
7936:
7932:
7928:
7922:
7906:
7902:
7901:
7894:
7878:
7874:
7870:
7866:
7862:
7856:
7840:
7836:
7832:
7828:
7824:
7817:
7801:
7797:
7793:
7786:
7778:
7774:
7770:
7763:
7755:
7749:
7745:
7738:
7730:
7723:
7715:
7711:
7707:
7701:
7697:
7690:
7682:
7678:
7674:
7668:
7659:
7653:
7649:
7646:
7641:
7633:
7629:
7625:
7619:
7615:
7608:
7600:
7596:
7592:
7586:
7582:
7577:
7576:
7567:
7551:
7547:
7541:
7533:
7527:
7523:
7516:
7500:
7496:
7492:
7485:
7477:
7471:
7467:
7460:
7458:
7449:
7445:
7441:
7435:
7431:
7424:
7416:
7412:
7408:
7402:
7398:
7392:
7373:
7369:
7368:
7360:
7354:
7338:
7334:
7330:
7324:
7308:
7304:
7300:
7297:(in German).
7296:
7292:
7285:
7277:
7273:
7269:
7262:
7254:
7250:
7246:
7240:
7232:
7228:
7224:
7217:
7209:
7202:
7194:
7190:
7186:
7180:
7176:
7169:
7161:
7155:
7151:
7144:
7135:
7119:
7115:
7114:
7109:
7102:
7094:
7088:
7084:
7080:
7076:
7070:
7054:
7050:
7046:
7045:
7037:
7022:
7018:
7012:
7004:
6998:
6994:
6987:
6971:
6967:
6963:
6956:
6948:
6942:
6938:
6931:
6923:
6917:
6913:
6908:
6907:
6898:
6890:
6886:
6882:
6876:
6872:
6865:
6857:
6856:
6851:
6847:
6841:
6840:public domain
6827:
6819:
6815:
6809:
6803:
6799:
6792:
6786:
6782:
6778:
6777:
6771:
6764:
6760:
6757:
6752:
6736:
6732:
6728:
6722:
6706:
6702:
6695:
6680:
6679:
6673:
6666:
6658:
6654:
6653:
6648:
6641:
6625:
6621:
6617:
6611:
6607:
6587:
6583:
6572:
6569:
6567:
6564:
6562:
6559:
6557:
6554:
6552:
6551:Petrocurrency
6549:
6547:
6544:
6542:
6539:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6524:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6496:Gas/oil ratio
6494:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6483:
6478:
6477:Energy portal
6472:
6467:
6457:
6451:
6440:
6438:
6434:
6430:
6426:
6423:
6421:
6416:
6412:
6411:
6406:
6402:
6392:
6389:
6385:
6381:
6377:
6373:
6363:
6351:
6346:
6337:
6336:
6328:
6324:
6322:
6318:
6313:
6309:
6306:
6301:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6281:
6279:
6275:
6271:
6267:
6261:
6259:
6254:
6250:
6246:
6242:
6237:
6235:
6231:
6227:
6219:
6209:
6206:February 2021
6197:
6192:
6183:
6182:
6170:
6168:
6164:
6160:
6156:
6152:
6147:
6144:
6140:
6139:Seven Sisters
6136:
6131:
6129:
6125:
6121:
6117:
6113:
6109:
6105:
6101:
6097:
6093:
6092:
6083:
6059:
6051:
6040:
6038:
6037:IranâIraq War
6034:
6027:
6023:
6013:
6005:
6003:
5999:
5995:
5991:
5984:
5974:
5972:
5968:
5958:
5956:
5952:
5948:
5941:
5936:
5927:
5925:
5924:
5919:
5918:
5913:
5912:
5907:
5906:
5901:
5900:
5895:
5894:
5889:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5874:
5864:
5862:
5858:
5854:
5851:exploration,
5850:
5845:
5843:
5842:
5837:
5836:
5831:
5830:
5825:
5821:
5817:
5813:
5808:
5806:
5805:
5800:
5798:
5793:
5792:
5791:Torrey Canyon
5785:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5771:
5769:
5764:
5760:
5756:
5751:
5749:
5745:
5741:
5737:
5733:
5729:
5725:
5714:
5707:
5696:
5689:
5675:
5665:
5661:
5651:
5649:
5645:
5635:
5633:
5629:
5621:
5617:
5613:
5611:
5607:
5603:
5591:
5590:methane leaks
5587:
5578:
5570:
5560:
5550:
5542:
5539:
5536:
5533:
5532:
5528:
5525:
5522:
5519:
5518:
5514:
5511:
5508:
5505:
5504:
5500:
5497:
5494:
5491:
5490:
5486:
5483:
5480:
5477:
5476:
5472:
5469:
5466:
5463:
5462:
5458:
5455:
5452:
5449:
5448:
5444:
5441:
5438:
5435:
5434:
5430:
5427:
5424:
5421:
5420:
5417:
5407:
5403:
5402:
5392:
5389:
5386:
5383:
5380:
5377:
5374:
5371:
5370:
5366:
5363:
5360:
5357:
5354:
5351:
5348:
5345:
5344:
5340:
5337:
5334:
5331:
5328:
5325:
5322:
5319:
5318:
5314:
5311:
5308:
5305:
5302:
5299:
5296:
5293:
5292:
5288:
5285:
5282:
5279:
5276:
5273:
5270:
5267:
5266:
5262:
5259:
5256:
5253:
5250:
5247:
5244:
5241:
5240:
5236:
5233:
5230:
5227:
5224:
5221:
5218:
5215:
5214:
5210:
5207:
5204:
5201:
5198:
5195:
5192:
5189:
5188:
5184:
5181:
5178:
5175:
5172:
5169:
5166:
5163:
5162:
5158:
5155:
5152:
5149:
5146:
5143:
5140:
5137:
5136:
5132:
5129:
5126:
5123:
5120:
5117:
5114:
5111:
5110:
5106:
5103:
5100:
5097:
5094:
5091:
5088:
5085:
5084:
5080:
5077:
5074:
5071:
5068:
5065:
5062:
5059:
5058:
5054:
5051:
5048:
5045:
5042:
5039:
5036:
5033:
5032:
5028:
5025:
5022:
5019:
5016:
5013:
5010:
5007:
5006:
5002:
4999:
4996:
4993:
4990:
4987:
4984:
4981:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4971:
4961:
4958:
4952:
4949:
4944:
4943:
4933:
4930:
4927:
4924:
4921:
4918:
4916:
4913:
4910:
4909:
4905:
4902:
4899:
4896:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4882:
4881:
4877:
4874:
4871:
4868:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4854:
4853:
4849:
4846:
4843:
4840:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4826:
4825:
4821:
4818:
4815:
4812:
4809:
4806:
4803:
4800:
4797:
4796:
4792:
4789:
4786:
4783:
4780:
4777:
4774:
4771:
4768:
4767:
4763:
4760:
4757:
4754:
4751:
4748:
4745:
4742:
4739:
4738:
4734:
4731:
4728:
4725:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4711:
4710:
4706:
4703:
4700:
4697:
4694:
4691:
4688:
4685:
4682:
4681:
4677:
4674:
4671:
4668:
4665:
4662:
4659:
4656:
4653:
4652:
4648:
4645:
4642:
4639:
4636:
4633:
4630:
4627:
4624:
4623:
4619:
4616:
4613:
4610:
4607:
4604:
4601:
4598:
4595:
4594:
4590:
4587:
4584:
4581:
4578:
4575:
4572:
4569:
4566:
4565:
4561:
4558:
4555:
4552:
4549:
4546:
4543:
4540:
4537:
4536:
4532:
4529:
4526:
4523:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4509:
4508:
4504:
4501:
4498:
4495:
4492:
4489:
4486:
4483:
4480:
4479:
4476:10m/d (2006)
4475:
4472:
4470:10m/d (2009)
4469:
4466:
4464:10m/d (2011)
4463:
4460:
4457:
4454:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4444:
4433:
4428:
4424:
4409:
4407:
4396:
4393:
4392:
4388:
4386:
4375:
4372:
4371:
4367:
4364:
4360:
4349:
4346:
4345:
4341:
4338:
4334:
4323:
4320:
4319:
4315:
4313:
4302:
4299:
4298:
4294:
4292:
4281:
4278:
4277:
4273:
4270:
4266:
4255:
4252:
4251:
4247:
4244:
4240:
4229:
4226:
4225:
4221:
4219:
4208:
4205:
4204:
4200:
4197:
4193:
4182:
4179:
4178:
4174:
4172:
4161:
4158:
4157:
4153:
4150:
4146:
4135:
4132:
4131:
4127:
4124:
4120:
4109:
4106:
4105:
4101:
4099:
4088:
4085:
4084:
4080:
4078:
4067:
4064:
4063:
4059:
4056:
4052:
4041:
4038:
4037:
4033:
4030:
4026:
4015:
4012:
4011:
4007:
4005:
4004:United States
3994:
3991:
3990:
3986:
3983:
3979:
3968:
3965:
3964:
3960:
3958:
3947:
3944:
3943:
3938:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3912:
3907:
3890:
3889:MediaWiki.org
3886:
3881:
3872:
3871:
3862:
3855:
3845:
3840:
3837:
3832:
3829:
3828:
3818:
3815:
3812:
3809:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3797:
3793:
3790:
3787:
3784:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3772:
3768:
3765:
3762:
3759:
3756:
3753:
3750:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3738:
3735:
3732:
3729:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3717:
3713:
3710:
3707:
3704:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3692:
3688:
3685:
3682:
3679:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3667:
3663:
3660:
3657:
3654:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3642:
3638:
3635:
3632:
3629:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3617:
3613:
3610:
3607:
3604:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3592:
3588:
3585:
3582:
3579:
3576:
3573:
3570:
3566:
3563:
3562:
3558:
3555:
3552:
3549:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3537:
3533:
3530:
3527:
3524:
3521:
3518:
3516:
3513:
3512:
3508:
3505:
3502:
3499:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3487:
3483:
3480:
3477:
3474:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3462:
3458:
3455:
3452:
3449:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3440:United States
3438:
3437:
3431:
3426:
3421:
3416:
3412:(1000 m/
3411:
3406:
3403:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3315:
3311:
3306:
3302:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3273:
3264:
3246:
3241:
3234:
3229:
3222:
3217:
3198:
3193:
3192:
3181:
3178:
3174:
3165:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3096:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3035:
3031:
3030:Nominal price
3027:
3019:
3012:
3003:
2993:
2984:
2975:
2966:
2956:
2944:
2939:
2930:
2929:
2923:
2912:
2909:
2905:
2897:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2876:
2862:
2861:United States
2858:
2854:
2850:
2849:North America
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2832:
2828:
2823:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2725:
2720:
2713:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2683:
2679:
2678:sulfuric acid
2675:
2672:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2658:
2657:
2653:
2648:
2639:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2607:Petrochemical
2604:
2594:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2579:
2577:
2567:
2564:
2563:(short scale)
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2548:Earth's crust
2545:
2542:in the upper
2541:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2505:
2503:
2499:
2498:
2493:
2483:
2474:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2437:and chemical
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2415:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2396:
2393:
2390:
2389:Midway Sunset
2387:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2373:
2369:
2366:
2362:
2359:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2320:
2317:
2313:
2310:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2296:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2274:
2272:
2271:
2266:
2265:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2247:
2242:
2241:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2203:marker crudes
2199:
2194:
2183:
2180:
2172:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2148:
2146:
2139:
2130:
2129:
2121:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2107:
2102:
2098:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2070:
2067:
2063:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2045:
2043:
2039:
2038:petrochemical
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1976:
1971:
1961:
1958:
1950:
1940:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1924:This section
1922:
1918:
1913:
1912:
1904:
1901:
1897:
1891:
1881:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1861:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1798:stoichiometry
1794:
1790:
1785:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1773:Earth's crust
1770:
1766:
1762:
1752:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1708:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1642:simple sugars
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1620:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1602:
1597:
1595:
1584:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1557:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1512:
1508:
1500:
1499:chlorophyll a
1496:
1492:
1488:
1483:
1469:
1467:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1427:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1412:
1410:
1405:
1403:
1399:
1398:benzene rings
1395:
1391:
1386:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1328:
1316:
1312:
1300:
1288:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1271:octane number
1268:
1264:
1260:
1252:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1177:
1169:
1167:
1164:
1163:
1160:0.05 to 6.0%
1159:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1150:0.05 to 1.5%
1149:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
986:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
943:
941:
937:
933:
929:
924:
922:
918:
917:United States
913:
911:
900:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
861:
859:
855:
849:
847:
843:
839:
835:
825:
823:
819:
815:
810:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
784:
782:
778:
774:
769:
767:
766:North America
762:
760:
756:
752:
748:
747:kerosene lamp
744:
739:
737:
733:
729:
724:
721:
716:
713:
709:
705:
700:
698:
693:
691:
687:
682:
679:
675:
671:
667:
658:
654:
649:
642:
638:
634:
629:
620:
617:
613:
611:
607:
602:
600:
599:Fort Duquesne
596:
592:
588:
584:
583:Seneca people
579:
577:
573:
572:Islamic Spain
569:
565:
561:
557:
554:
550:
546:
542:
537:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
506:
504:
503:
498:
493:
491:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
444:
439:
433:
429:
425:
420:
410:
400:
398:
394:
393:
388:
383:
380:
375:
370:
365:
360:
355:
351:
350:
345:
336:
327:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
290:, as well as
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
204:used to make
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
170:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
139:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
100:
96:
89:
78:
74:
68:
54:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
14007:Fossil fuels
13868:Schlumberger
13798:Baker Hughes
13690:Marathon Oil
13680:Imperial Oil
13675:Husky Energy
13665:Galp Energia
13655:Devon Energy
13541:Saudi Aramco
13521:Petrovietnam
13466:NNPC Limited
13370:National oil
13250:Petrofiction
13218:Orphan wells
13186:Other topics
13157:Persian Gulf
13084:Saudi Arabia
13054:Standard Oil
12862:Well logging
12739:Petrophysics
12495:
12433:
12379:
12366:. Retrieved
12362:
12353:
12341:. Retrieved
12337:
12328:
12320:
12314:
12304:
12294:December 14,
12292:. Retrieved
12288:
12278:
12268:February 13,
12266:. Retrieved
12261:
12252:
12240:
12233:, retrieved
12217:
12211:
12174:
12170:
12160:
12141:
12129:. Retrieved
12115:
12096:
12069:
12063:
12051:. Retrieved
12043:The Guardian
12042:
12033:
12024:
12009:
11999:
11972:
11968:
11958:
11947:the original
11933:
11920:
11910:
11898:. Retrieved
11881:
11871:
11862:
11855:. Retrieved
11844:
11837:Cohen, Ariel
11831:
11819:. Retrieved
11815:
11806:
11797:
11790:. Retrieved
11775:
11761:
11753:
11746:. Retrieved
11731:
11724:
11713:
11704:
11677:
11667:
11655:
11641:
11629:
11624:
11612:. Retrieved
11608:
11599:
11590:
11581:
11571:February 16,
11569:. Retrieved
11565:
11556:
11505:
11501:
11491:
11464:
11458:
11448:February 16,
11446:. Retrieved
11442:
11433:
11395:(1): 50â71.
11392:
11388:
11382:
11357:
11353:
11343:
11331:. Retrieved
11327:
11318:
11308:December 31,
11306:. Retrieved
11289:
11265:. Retrieved
11261:
11252:
11240:. Retrieved
11235:
11226:
11214:. Retrieved
11210:
11201:
11189:. Retrieved
11185:
11176:
11164:. Retrieved
11160:
11151:
11143:
11113:
11109:
11099:
11091:
11076:
11059:
11055:
11048:
11031:
11027:
11020:
11008:. Retrieved
10999:
10989:
10964:
10960:
10925:
10921:
10899:. Retrieved
10895:the original
10885:
10860:
10856:
10850:
10838:. Retrieved
10824:
10813:
10794:
10761:
10757:
10747:
10734:
10725:
10672:
10668:
10658:
10646:. Retrieved
10637:
10627:
10619:the original
10588:
10584:
10574:
10555:
10536:
10524:. Retrieved
10515:
10505:
10460:
10456:
10446:
10393:
10389:
10375:
10363:. Retrieved
10354:
10345:
10333:. Retrieved
10324:
10310:
10300:
10291:Early report
10274:
10264:February 21,
10262:. Retrieved
10248:
10236:. Retrieved
10219:
10207:. Retrieved
10193:
10181:. Retrieved
10167:
10154:
10123:
10111:. Retrieved
10097:
10077:
10065:. Retrieved
10061:
10052:
10042:February 22,
10040:. Retrieved
10036:
10027:
10015:. Retrieved
10004:The Guardian
10003:
9993:
9981:. Retrieved
9977:
9967:
9958:
9949:
9940:
9931:
9922:
9913:
9901:. Retrieved
9896:
9887:
9879:
9872:. Retrieved
9864:pubs.spe.org
9863:
9853:
9844:
9834:
9825:
9815:
9803:. Retrieved
9799:the original
9792:
9783:
9771:. Retrieved
9761:
9752:
9746:
9734:. Retrieved
9720:
9708:. Retrieved
9702:
9672:February 17,
9670:. Retrieved
9666:the original
9661:
9652:
9643:
9637:
9625:. Retrieved
9616:
9588:. Roundoak.
9584:
9577:
9565:. Retrieved
9561:the original
9556:
9547:
9535:. Retrieved
9531:
9521:
9496:
9492:
9482:
9447:
9443:
9433:
9421:. Retrieved
9404:
9395:
9383:. Retrieved
9374:
9365:
9353:. Retrieved
9344:
9335:
9323:. Retrieved
9319:the original
9309:
9297:. Retrieved
9293:the original
9283:
9271:. Retrieved
9257:
9249:the original
9239:
9206:
9202:
9195:
9183:. Retrieved
9179:the original
9174:
9165:
9154:the original
9130:
9118:. Retrieved
9104:
9061:
9057:
9047:
9037:November 29,
9035:. Retrieved
9031:the original
9021:
9011:November 29,
9009:. Retrieved
9005:the original
8995:
8983:. Retrieved
8968:
8956:. Retrieved
8946:
8924:(1): 14â24.
8921:
8915:
8909:
8892:
8886:
8880:
8868:Live Science
8867:
8858:
8846:. Retrieved
8839:the original
8813:(1): 85â98.
8810:
8806:
8793:
8781:. Retrieved
8761:
8755:
8743:. Retrieved
8734:
8724:
8712:. Retrieved
8659:
8622:. Retrieved
8589:
8585:
8575:
8563:. Retrieved
8530:
8527:Org. Geochem
8526:
8516:
8483:
8479:
8473:
8461:. Retrieved
8457:the original
8447:
8435:. Retrieved
8431:the original
8426:
8417:
8398:
8386:. Retrieved
8379:the original
8374:
8364:
8337:
8331:
8304:
8298:
8278:
8271:
8261:November 18,
8259:. Retrieved
8239:
8232:
8205:
8184:. Retrieved
8175:
8166:
8154:. Retrieved
8145:
8136:
8124:. Retrieved
8115:
8106:
8094:. Retrieved
8085:
8076:
8064:. Retrieved
8055:
8046:
8034:. Retrieved
8025:
8016:
8004:. Retrieved
8000:
7991:
7978:World Bank.
7973:
7960:
7951:
7939:. Retrieved
7930:
7921:
7911:November 18,
7909:. Retrieved
7899:
7893:
7881:. Retrieved
7864:
7855:
7843:. Retrieved
7826:
7816:
7804:. Retrieved
7800:the original
7795:
7785:
7772:
7762:
7743:
7737:
7731:. p. 5.
7728:
7722:
7695:
7689:
7681:the original
7676:
7667:
7658:
7640:
7613:
7607:
7574:
7566:
7554:. Retrieved
7550:the original
7540:
7521:
7515:
7503:. Retrieved
7494:
7484:
7465:
7429:
7423:
7396:
7391:
7379:. Retrieved
7365:
7353:
7341:. Retrieved
7332:
7323:
7311:. Retrieved
7294:
7284:
7271:
7261:
7253:the original
7248:
7239:
7222:
7216:
7207:
7201:
7174:
7168:
7149:
7143:
7134:
7122:. Retrieved
7111:
7101:
7078:
7069:
7057:. Retrieved
7043:
7036:
7024:. Retrieved
7020:
7011:
6992:
6986:
6974:. Retrieved
6965:
6955:
6936:
6930:
6905:
6897:
6870:
6864:
6853:
6826:
6817:
6814:Bauer, Georg
6808:
6791:
6774:
6770:
6751:
6739:. Retrieved
6730:
6721:
6711:December 31,
6709:. Retrieved
6694:
6684:December 11,
6682:. Retrieved
6675:
6665:
6657:the original
6650:
6640:
6628:. Retrieved
6624:the original
6619:
6610:
6586:
6501:Heavy metals
6456:Petrofiction
6450:Petrofiction
6419:
6408:
6398:
6370:
6357:
6349:
6325:
6314:
6310:
6303:
6289:
6285:oil constant
6282:
6268:, Guara and
6262:
6238:
6224:
6203:
6195:
6148:
6132:
6116:Saudi Arabia
6055:
6029:
6011:
5986:
5964:
5961:Alternatives
5944:
5921:
5915:
5909:
5903:
5897:
5891:
5885:
5870:
5846:
5839:
5835:Arthrobacter
5833:
5827:
5809:
5803:
5796:
5790:
5786:
5774:
5768:Exxon Valdez
5767:
5752:
5748:other places
5721:
5648:demulsifiers
5641:
5614:
5583:
5548:
5523:Netherlands
5467:South Korea
5415:
5398:
5297:Netherlands
5141:South Korea
4967:
4959:
4953:
4945:
4939:
4485:Saudi Arabia
4440:
3978:Saudi Arabia
3918:
3916:
3841:
3833:
3830:
3824:
3565:Saudi Arabia
3434:consumption
3419:in millions
3393:
3309:
3300:
3170:
3097:
3041:price of oil
3038:
2950:
2942:
2922:Price of oil
2908:supertankers
2904:Persian Gulf
2901:
2827:civilization
2824:
2820:end products
2794:, synthetic
2778:, including
2729:
2724:oil reserves
2668:Paraffin wax
2664:frozen foods
2621:
2580:
2575:
2556:oil reserves
2506:
2495:
2489:
2480:
2455:acrylic acid
2419:distillation
2416:
2400:
2370:Minas (from
2344:terminal in
2299:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2275:
2268:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2244:
2238:
2216:
2175:
2169:January 2024
2166:
2142:
2110:
2094:
2066:"waterflood"
2057:permeability
2049:oil drilling
2046:
2034:
1980:
1953:
1947:October 2016
1944:
1933:Please help
1928:verification
1925:
1893:
1870:"oil window"
1869:
1867:
1826:
1810:woody plants
1776:
1769:fossil fuels
1758:
1748:
1741:formaldehyde
1725:streptomycin
1717:bactericides
1714:
1697:fulvic acids
1670:α-keto acids
1600:
1593:
1590:
1569:hydrocarbons
1558:
1504:
1493:, father of
1465:
1432:saline water
1428:
1413:
1406:
1402:carcinogenic
1389:
1387:
1359:paraffin wax
1284:
1175:
1074:and various
1072:cycloalkanes
1065:
1053:
1030:solution gas
1029:
1025:
1015:
992:
983:Orinoco Belt
951:Saudi Arabia
944:
932:Saudi Arabia
925:
914:
906:
903:21st century
869:Arab nations
862:
858:Soviet Union
854:Saudi Arabia
850:
834:World War II
831:
828:20th century
785:
770:
763:
740:
736:West Lothian
728:paraffin wax
725:
717:
701:
694:
683:
662:
653:World War II
641:West Lothian
623:19th century
614:
603:
580:
538:
507:
500:
494:
448:
390:
384:
343:
341:
258:
246:cubic metres
218:refrigerants
174:distillation
171:
143:oil drilling
140:
131:
124:hydrocarbons
115:
111:
107:
106:
44:
13838:Halliburton
13710:Phillips 66
13531:QatarEnergy
13501:Petrobangla
13436:KazMunayGas
13326:Supermajors
13275:heavy crude
13162:Prudhoe Bay
13142:Niger Delta
13122:Caspian Sea
12885:Concessions
12835:Measurement
12801:Geosteering
12784:Squeeze job
12694:Exploration
12643:Consumption
12602:Consumption
12595:Natural gas
12524:Bonny Light
12070:Asphaltenes
12053:January 27,
11975:: 138â153.
11660:Colgan 2021
11609:www.eia.gov
11443:www.eia.gov
11092:The Freeman
11010:October 20,
10365:January 22,
10335:January 22,
10113:December 4,
10037:www.ice.com
10017:January 19,
9983:January 19,
9903:January 19,
9805:January 19,
9773:January 19,
9736:January 19,
8952:"Tar sands"
8895:: 115â134.
8848:January 29,
8592:(1): 1â11.
8533:(1): 1â11.
8480:Angew. Chem
8056:www.eia.gov
8026:www.eia.gov
7108:"petroleum"
6756:"petroleum"
6620:www.eia.gov
6437:Gale Crater
6226:Consumption
6128:Middle East
6002:petrostates
5841:Rhodococcus
5829:Micrococcus
5807:oil spill.
5763:Amoco Cadiz
5728:tanker ship
5626:) from the
5604:, from the
4964:Importation
4417:Exportation
3987:10,460,710
3961:10,551,497
3939:/day, 2016)
3885:Phabricator
3670:South Korea
3429:per capita
3424:per capita
3297:Consumption
3207: Total
3077:Bonny Light
3073:Tapis crude
3065:Dubai Crude
3061:Brent Crude
3002:Dubai Crude
2983:Brent Crude
2847:(41%), and
2788:fertilizers
2752:oil tankers
2736:exploration
2529:fertilizers
2459:para-xylene
2322:Brent Blend
2235:API gravity
2211:API gravity
2205:with their
2040:plants and
1991:hydrocarbon
1987:source rock
1975:hydrocarbon
1900:geochemical
1834:radioactive
1777:catagenesis
1662:imino acids
1646:amino acids
1581:endothermic
1573:catagenesis
1518:zooplankton
1507:fossil fuel
1339:diesel fuel
1267:hydrocarbon
1199:(paraffins)
1185:Hydrocarbon
1054:condensate.
1038:natural gas
989:Composition
947:Middle East
921:commodities
873:oil embargo
871:imposed an
820:company in
814:natural gas
800:Canada West
773:Edwin Drake
753:(1854). at
720:cannel coal
704:James Young
610:Yenangyaung
424:Edwin Drake
397:Georg Bauer
254:petrostates
230:fertilizers
200:; chemical
130:. The name
13986:Categories
13888:Transocean
13755:Tullow Oil
13745:TechnipFMC
13511:PetroChina
13349:ExxonMobil
13255:Shale band
13132:East Texas
13105:and fields
12919:Downstream
12872:Production
12779:Completion
12707:Geophysics
12648:Production
12607:Production
12544:Indonesian
12519:Argus Sour
12511:Benchmarks
12177:: 100406.
12131:August 29,
11508:: 105517.
10840:August 29,
10183:August 29,
10129:Excel file
10067:August 30,
10062:PortaraCQG
9923:Al-Jazeera
9695:Roser, Max
9627:January 6,
9567:October 9,
9537:October 9,
9325:August 29,
9299:August 29,
9273:August 29,
9120:August 29,
9001:"Glossary"
8463:October 2,
8437:October 2,
8096:October 6,
8066:October 6,
8001:World Bank
7773:oil150.com
7231:B0006P93DY
7026:October 1,
6531:Oil burden
6443:In fiction
6008:Corruption
5990:Age of Oil
5981:See also:
5947:extinction
5882:oil spills
5732:ecosystems
5654:Oil spills
5638:Extraction
5628:atmosphere
5512:1,537,000
5498:1,874,000
5484:2,060,000
5470:2,061,000
5456:2,677,000
5442:5,578,000
5428:(bbl/day)
5245:Singapore
4887:Azerbaijan
4859:Kazakhstan
4421:See also:
4389:1,006,841
4368:1,348,361
4342:1,522,902
4316:1,595,199
4312:Kazakhstan
4295:1,647,975
4274:1,769,615
4248:1,999,885
4222:2,186,877
4201:2,276,967
4175:2,515,459
4154:2,923,825
4128:3,106,077
4102:3,662,694
4081:3,980,650
4060:3,990,956
4034:4,451,516
4008:8,875,817
3919:production
3848:Production
3417:Population
3407:(1000 bbl/
3045:spot price
2953:March 2022
2812:downstream
2796:fragrances
2792:pesticides
2750:(often by
2740:extraction
2726:as of 2013
2583:Lubricants
2533:pesticides
2467:pesticides
2425:(petrol),
2355:Dubai-Oman
2342:Sullom Voe
2305:references
2191:See also:
2113:oil shales
2097:biodegrade
2077:See also:
2017:reservoirs
1907:Reservoirs
1789:anthracene
1749:diagenesis
1630:hydrolysis
1565:oil shales
1516:, such as
1511:fossilized
1373:, sold as
1371:flared off
1327:hexadecane
1244:remainder
1237:Asphaltics
1218:30 to 60%
1211:Naphthenes
1205:15 to 60%
1170:< 0.1%
1140:0.1 to 2%
1130:10 to 14%
1120:83 to 85%
1011:oil fields
885:oil crisis
822:Azerbaijan
777:Drake Well
751:oil "mine"
712:Derbyshire
657:carpooling
643:, Scotland
585:and other
560:Marco Polo
549:Azerbaijan
541:oil fields
510:Greek fire
485:. Ancient
428:Drake Well
306:and other
288:oil spills
264:Extraction
234:pesticides
198:lubricants
180:(petrol),
13992:Petroleum
13883:TC Energy
13784:companies
13614:Trafigura
13561:Sonatrach
13506:Petrobras
13496:Pertamina
13406:Ecopetrol
13372:companies
13316:companies
13314:petroleum
13290:tight oil
13285:oil shale
13280:oil sands
13260:Shale gas
13201:sweet oil
13172:Venezuela
13147:North Sea
13103:Provinces
13094:Venezuela
12941:Midstream
12636:Petroleum
12496:Petroleum
12368:April 17,
12343:April 17,
12262:Space.com
11890:0307-1766
11857:August 2,
11821:April 22,
11614:March 26,
11530:0140-9883
11425:155043015
11409:0022-0027
11374:0014-2921
11298:0013-0613
11140:115153877
11132:2378-0231
10786:0013-936X
10699:1932-6203
10601:CiteSeerX
10497:1866-3508
10420:0027-8424
10209:April 14,
10012:0261-3077
9874:April 10,
9513:0019-7866
9413:0882-7729
9231:213601465
9223:1878-5204
9185:April 21,
8714:March 18,
8678:795763460
8508:0044-8249
8036:April 18,
7873:0882-7729
7835:0362-4331
7806:March 18,
7714:278980961
7677:lclmg.org
7632:315479839
7599:212226551
7556:March 18,
7505:March 18,
7343:March 18,
7313:March 18,
7303:0174-4909
6976:March 18,
6846:Petroleum
6816:(1955) .
6776:Petroleum
6741:March 31,
6652:The Hindu
6630:March 18,
6602:Citations
6566:Waste oil
6420:Curiosity
6258:tight oil
6135:oligopoly
6120:Venezuela
5951:whale oil
5940:whale oil
5877:pollutant
5820:quinoline
5799:oil spill
5782:bulldozed
5777:oil slick
5770:oil spill
5660:Oil spill
5375:Thailand
4744:Venezuela
4192:Venezuela
3444:18,835.5
3213: Oil
3081:Urals oil
2992:Urals oil
2868:Transport
2808:midstream
2760:marketing
2756:pipelines
2597:Chemicals
2591:viscosity
2447:propylene
2372:Indonesia
2350:benchmark
2338:North Sea
2157:talk page
2106:Venezuela
2101:Oil sands
2083:Oil sands
2021:oil field
2002:permeable
1829:pyrolytic
1693:aldehydes
1601:anaerobic
1577:pyrolysis
1534:sediments
1487:porphyrin
1472:Formation
1456:Venezuela
1269:with the
1231:3 to 30%
1224:Aromatics
601:in 1750.
568:flammable
483:Euphrates
475:Zakynthos
459:Herodotus
422:In 1859,
349:petroleum
344:petroleum
342:The word
330:Etymology
167:oil shale
163:oil sands
132:petroleum
112:crude oil
108:Petroleum
18:Crude oil
13971:Category
13878:Subsea 7
13858:Petrofac
13853:NOV Inc.
13833:GE Power
13828:Enbridge
13782:services
13604:Mercuria
13594:Glencore
13556:Sonangol
13516:Petronas
13451:Naftogaz
13223:Peak oil
13206:sour oil
12961:Upstream
12956:Refining
12951:Pipeline
12907:Pumpjack
12902:Gas lift
12823:invasion
12766:Drilling
12653:Reserves
12612:Reserves
12226:archived
12149:Archived
12125:Archived
12107:Archived
12047:Archived
12016:Archived
11925:Archived
11921:BBC News
11900:March 8,
11894:Archived
11851:Archived
11816:opec.org
11792:June 11,
11773:(eds.).
11748:June 11,
11591:BBC News
11548:34898736
11483:28965749
11417:27638653
11302:Archived
11267:April 3,
11242:April 3,
11216:April 3,
11191:April 3,
11166:April 3,
11084:Archived
11004:Archived
10942:84888286
10834:Archived
10802:Archived
10739:Archived
10717:25993440
10669:PLOS ONE
10642:Archived
10563:Archived
10544:Archived
10520:Archived
10438:17962418
10359:Archived
10329:Archived
10294:Archived
10283:Archived
10258:Archived
10232:Archived
10203:Archived
10177:Archived
10143:Archived
10132:Archived
10107:Archived
10086:Archived
9868:Archived
9710:March 6,
9621:Archived
9532:Statista
9474:21778473
9423:April 6,
9417:Archived
9385:April 6,
9379:Archived
9355:April 6,
9349:Archived
9267:Archived
9114:Archived
9096:31407897
9088:19192735
9079:10367496
8979:Archived
8958:June 26,
8872:Archived
8835:17968123
8777:Archived
8739:Archived
8708:Archived
8618:Archived
8614:95305299
8559:Archived
8555:95305299
8406:Archived
8356:44958948
8255:Archived
8224:49853640
8186:April 5,
8180:Archived
8156:April 5,
8150:Archived
8126:April 5,
8120:Archived
8090:Archived
8060:Archived
8030:Archived
7965:Archived
7961:CBC News
7941:July 22,
7935:Archived
7905:Archived
7883:April 5,
7877:Archived
7845:April 4,
7839:Archived
7796:azer.com
7777:Archived
7648:Archived
7499:Archived
7448:52134361
7415:75489983
7381:June 15,
7372:Archived
7337:Archived
7307:Archived
7276:Archived
7193:48517638
7124:June 30,
7118:Archived
7059:April 3,
7053:Archived
6970:Archived
6966:astm.org
6889:39313498
6781:Archived
6759:Archived
6735:Archived
6705:Archived
6463:See also
6401:Saturn's
6360:May 2022
6305:Peak oil
6300:Peak oil
6294:Peak oil
6016:Conflict
5867:Tarballs
5861:tar pits
5853:drilling
5816:picoline
5812:pyridine
5797:Prestige
5789:SS
5632:scallops
5540:575,011
5529:150,513
5526:946,700
5515:244,363
5501:297,942
5487:327,514
5473:327,673
5459:425,609
5453:Germany
5445:886,831
5431:(m/day)
5399:Source:
5349:Belgium
5115:Germany
4940:Source:
4775:(OPEC)
4746:(OPEC)
4410:939,760
3929:Country
3825:Source:
3804:1,453.6
3779:1,607.9
3754:1,694.4
3724:1,791.5
3699:2,132.7
3674:2,230.2
3649:2,259.1
3624:2,400.1
3599:2,594.2
3574:2,817.5
3544:3,145.1
3519:3,292.2
3494:4,464.1
3469:9,790.0
3422:bbl/year
3255: US
2804:upstream
2800:plastics
2784:solvents
2772:gasoline
2768:fuel oil
2744:refining
2705:Industry
2650:Natural
2632:solvents
2628:reagents
2560:trillion
2554:. Known
2525:solvents
2517:chemical
2492:fuel oil
2463:plastics
2443:ethylene
2439:reagents
2431:kerosene
2423:gasoline
2412:Primorsk
2404:Hardisty
2365:Malaysia
2346:Shetland
2151:You may
2053:porosity
2025:drilling
1989:rich in
1806:plankton
1719:and the
1650:oxidized
1638:proteins
1611:nitrates
1607:sulfates
1603:bacteria
1596:bacteria
1536:such as
1501:(right).
1351:fuel oil
1347:jet fuel
1343:kerosene
1279:hydrogen
1136:Nitrogen
1126:Hydrogen
1092:vanadium
1080:nitrogen
1058:volatile
1034:gas well
1022:solution
1018:oil well
856:and the
818:Branobel
809:oil boom
732:Bathgate
708:Alfreton
702:Chemist
678:PloieÈti
637:Broxburn
587:Iroquois
312:peak oil
282:. Other
268:refining
214:textiles
210:solvents
206:plastics
202:reagents
190:jet fuel
186:kerosene
178:gasoline
73:Pumpjack
13546:Sinopec
13536:Rosneft
13416:Gazprom
13411:Equinor
13339:Chevron
12986:History
12852:Tracers
12774:Blowout
12663:Exports
12658:Imports
12622:Exports
12617:Imports
12438:. 1879.
12179:Bibcode
11977:Bibcode
11539:8652835
11510:Bibcode
10969:Bibcode
10901:May 17,
10865:Bibcode
10766:Bibcode
10708:4439082
10677:Bibcode
10648:May 24,
10593:Bibcode
10526:May 24,
10465:Bibcode
10429:2141868
10398:Bibcode
10238:May 30,
9978:Reuters
9959:Reuters
9465:3154246
8985:May 21,
8926:Bibcode
8815:Bibcode
8783:May 12,
8624:July 1,
8594:Bibcode
8565:July 1,
8535:Bibcode
8488:Bibcode
8388:July 4,
8116:Reuters
8006:May 13,
7295:FAZ.NET
7272:pbs.org
6852:(ed.).
6842::
6433:propane
6429:benzene
6422:rover's
6350:updated
6196:updated
6100:Baghdad
6022:oil war
5955:whaling
5849:seismic
5801:or the
5646:called
5564:Climate
5543:91,663
5537:Turkey
5481:France
5323:Turkey
5167:France
5026:12,220
4804:(OPEC)
4773:Algeria
4689:(OPEC)
4660:(OPEC)
4631:(OPEC)
4629:Nigeria
4602:(OPEC)
4573:(OPEC)
4544:(OPEC)
4487:(OPEC)
4359:Algeria
4239:Nigeria
3887:and on
3620:Germany
3472:1,556.5
3447:2,994.6
3396:barrels
3276:Oceania
3123:in the
3109:embargo
3085:Isthmus
3059:(WTI),
2943:updated
2853:barrels
2843:(44%),
2816:storage
2758:), and
2693:Asphalt
2652:bitumen
2636:Alkenes
2587:greases
2566:barrels
2435:asphalt
2408:Alberta
2336:of the
2301:Barrels
2233:), its
2118:kerogen
2029:pumping
2009:caprock
1793:methane
1781:radical
1733:kerogen
1689:phenols
1685:methane
1666:ammonia
1654:enzymes
1594:aerobic
1561:kerogen
1440:bitumen
1367:cracked
1363:asphalt
1337:) into
1311:refined
1287:pentane
1197:Alkanes
1188:Average
1107:Element
1068:alkanes
1046:heptane
1003:propane
995:methane
981:in the
971:bitumen
879:in the
757:, near
686:lignite
670:Romania
606:Myanmar
530:Baghdad
502:I Ching
490:tablets
487:Persian
471:Babylon
467:asphalt
451:bitumen
445:in 1922
403:History
387:naphtha
272:burning
242:barrels
194:asphalt
169:exist.
13912:Others
13863:Saipem
13760:TĂŒpraĆ
13750:TNK-BP
13735:Sunoco
13725:Repsol
13685:Lukoil
13628:Others
13599:Gunvor
13233:timing
13167:Russia
13079:Norway
13064:France
13059:Canada
12084:
11888:
11846:Forbes
11783:
11739:
11692:
11546:
11536:
11528:
11481:
11471:
11423:
11415:
11407:
11372:
11333:May 9,
11296:
11138:
11130:
11110:Socius
10940:
10784:
10735:cbc.ca
10715:
10705:
10697:
10603:
10495:
10436:
10426:
10418:
10173:"IBGE"
10010:
9646:, 2011
9592:
9511:
9472:
9462:
9411:
9229:
9221:
9146:
9094:
9086:
9076:
8833:
8769:
8676:
8666:
8612:
8553:
8506:
8354:
8344:
8319:
8286:
8247:
8222:
8212:
7871:
7833:
7750:
7712:
7702:
7630:
7620:
7597:
7587:
7528:
7472:
7446:
7436:
7413:
7403:
7301:
7249:rri.ro
7229:
7191:
7181:
7156:
7089:
6999:
6943:
6918:
6887:
6877:
6848:". In
6836:
6800:
6388:strata
6278:DaQing
6159:cartel
6118:, and
6112:Kuwait
6096:profit
5971:biojet
5930:Whales
5838:, and
5818:, and
5742:, the
5738:, the
5736:Alaska
5724:spills
5509:Spain
5495:Italy
5439:Japan
5274:1,009
5248:1,172
5234:1,558
5228:1,381
5222:1,292
5219:Italy
5208:1,555
5202:1,439
5196:1,346
5193:Spain
5182:1,893
5176:1,749
5170:1,697
5156:2,150
5150:2,139
5144:2,170
5130:2,483
5124:2,323
5118:2,235
5104:1,687
5098:2,233
5092:2,349
5089:India
5078:5,097
5072:4,235
5066:4,329
5063:Japan
5052:3,438
5046:4,328
5040:5,487
5037:China
5029:1,943
5023:1,531
5020:9,631
5017:1,388
5014:8,728
4875:1,114
4869:1,299
4863:1,396
4847:1,071
4841:1,168
4835:1,405
4831:Canada
4813:1,066
4807:1,468
4790:1,847
4784:1,767
4778:1,568
4761:2,203
4755:1,748
4749:1,715
4732:2,542
4726:2,132
4720:1,752
4716:Norway
4704:1,363
4698:1,878
4692:1,760
4687:Angola
4675:1,438
4669:1,764
4663:1,915
4646:2,146
4640:1,939
4634:2,257
4617:2,150
4611:2,124
4605:2,343
4600:Kuwait
4588:2,515
4582:2,303
4576:2,524
4559:2,519
4553:2,486
4547:2,540
4533:1,044
4530:6,565
4527:1,144
4524:7,194
4521:1,126
4518:7,083
4514:Russia
4505:1,376
4502:8,651
4499:1,164
4496:7,322
4493:1,325
4490:8,336
4403:
4382:
4356:
4330:
4309:
4291:Norway
4288:
4265:Angola
4262:
4236:
4218:Mexico
4215:
4189:
4171:Brazil
4168:
4145:Kuwait
4142:
4116:
4098:Canada
4095:
4074:
4048:
4022:
4001:
3975:
3957:Russia
3954:
3720:France
3695:Mexico
3645:Canada
3595:Brazil
3540:Russia
3427:m/year
3383:
3376:
3369:
3362:
3355:
3347:
3340:
3333:
3326:
3319:
3270:
3268:
3263:Europe
3261:
3259:
3253:
3211:
3205:
3127:, the
3119:, the
3087:, and
3049:barrel
3009:
3007:
3000:
2998:
2990:
2988:
2981:
2979:
2972:
2970:
2896:petrol
2845:Africa
2810:, and
2798:, and
2722:World
2674:Sulfur
2630:, and
2617:Alkene
2589:, and
2544:strata
2537:porous
2451:butene
2427:diesel
2363:(from
2330:Ninian
2251:medium
2207:sulfur
2089:, and
1998:porous
1822:lianas
1818:shrubs
1737:phenol
1729:lignin
1530:oxygen
1315:nonane
1309:) are
1299:octane
1281:atoms.
1275:carbon
1191:Range
1166:Metals
1156:Sulfur
1146:Oxygen
1116:Carbon
1088:sulfur
1086:, and
1084:oxygen
1044:, and
1042:hexane
1007:butane
999:ethane
967:Kuwait
965:, and
930:, and
928:Russia
877:Israel
840:. The
798:(then
792:Canada
759:Krosno
755:BĂłbrka
697:Wietze
690:Wietze
666:Poland
631:Shale
379:áŒÎ»Î±ÎčÎżÎœ
374:Ă©laion
367:) and
182:diesel
153:, and
120:liquid
99:Kuwait
79:, U.S.
36:Petrol
13779:Major
13645:Cepsa
13619:Vitol
13589:Enron
13551:SOCAR
13491:Pemex
13486:PDVSA
13481:Orlen
13446:Lotos
13386:ANCAP
13354:Shell
13311:Major
13069:India
12673:Price
12627:Price
12569:Urals
12564:Tapis
12534:Dubai
12529:Brent
12229:(PDF)
12222:(PDF)
11950:(PDF)
11943:(PDF)
11421:S2CID
11413:JSTOR
11136:S2CID
10938:S2CID
10138:from
9730:(PDF)
9227:S2CID
9157:(PDF)
9140:(PDF)
9092:S2CID
8842:(PDF)
8831:S2CID
8803:(PDF)
8610:S2CID
8551:S2CID
8382:(PDF)
7983:(PDF)
7375:(PDF)
7362:(PDF)
6676:BNN,
6405:Titan
6270:Tiber
6241:BRICS
5857:seeps
5804:Erika
5726:from
4956:2007.
4802:Qatar
4333:Qatar
3819:0.10
3807:231.1
3800:Italy
3794:0.93
3782:255.6
3769:2.54
3757:269.4
3739:0.03
3733:10.5
3727:284.8
3714:1.39
3702:339.1
3689:0.02
3683:16.8
3677:354.6
3664:1.54
3658:24.6
3652:359.2
3639:0.06
3633:10.7
3627:381.6
3614:0.99
3602:412.4
3589:3.64
3577:447.9
3559:3.35
3547:500.0
3534:0.26
3525:1198
3522:523.4
3515:India
3509:0.03
3503:12.8
3497:709.7
3490:Japan
3484:0.41
3475:1345
3465:China
3459:0.51
3453:21.8
3414:day)
3409:day)
3173:NYMEX
3159:Trade
3047:of a
2915:Price
2837:South
2687:Bulk
2622:Many
2361:Tapis
2326:Brent
2286:sweet
2282:heavy
2278:Light
2264:sweet
2259:heavy
2255:light
2246:heavy
2240:light
2229:, or
2227:Brent
2201:Some
2159:, or
2013:water
1858:magma
1814:trees
1802:algae
1705:waxes
1532:) or
1522:algae
1325:) to
1297:) to
963:Qatar
674:JasĆo
635:near
633:bings
497:China
479:Issus
414:Early
369:oleum
364:ÏÎÏÏα
359:pétra
354:petra
222:paint
13873:Snam
13813:CH2M
13566:TPAO
13074:Iraq
13044:OPEC
13039:GECF
12588:Data
12370:2021
12345:2021
12296:2013
12270:2008
12237:2018
12133:2010
12082:ISBN
12055:2021
11902:2016
11886:ISSN
11859:2019
11823:2020
11794:2023
11781:ISBN
11750:2023
11737:ISBN
11715:CNBC
11690:ISBN
11616:2024
11573:2023
11544:PMID
11526:ISSN
11479:OCLC
11469:ISBN
11450:2023
11405:ISSN
11370:ISSN
11335:2022
11310:2020
11294:ISSN
11269:2022
11244:2022
11218:2022
11193:2022
11168:2022
11128:ISSN
11012:2014
10903:2010
10842:2010
10782:ISSN
10713:PMID
10695:ISSN
10650:2020
10528:2020
10493:ISSN
10434:PMID
10416:ISSN
10367:2021
10337:2021
10266:2018
10240:2017
10211:2020
10185:2010
10140:this
10115:2020
10081:BP:
10069:2022
10044:2024
10019:2022
10008:ISSN
9985:2022
9941:CNBC
9905:2022
9897:OECD
9876:2020
9807:2022
9775:2022
9738:2022
9712:2020
9674:2008
9629:2013
9590:ISBN
9569:2020
9539:2020
9509:ISSN
9470:PMID
9425:2020
9409:ISSN
9387:2020
9357:2020
9327:2010
9301:2010
9275:2010
9219:ISSN
9187:2008
9144:ISBN
9122:2010
9084:PMID
9039:2020
9013:2020
8987:2008
8960:2022
8850:2008
8785:2020
8767:ISBN
8747:2021
8716:2018
8674:OCLC
8664:ISBN
8626:2019
8567:2019
8504:ISSN
8465:2008
8439:2008
8390:2012
8352:OCLC
8342:ISBN
8317:ISBN
8284:ISBN
8263:2020
8245:ISBN
8220:OCLC
8210:ISBN
8188:2020
8158:2020
8146:CAPP
8128:2020
8098:2018
8068:2018
8038:2017
8008:2022
7943:2019
7913:2020
7885:2020
7869:ISSN
7847:2020
7831:ISSN
7808:2018
7748:ISBN
7710:OCLC
7700:ISBN
7628:OCLC
7618:ISBN
7595:OCLC
7585:ISBN
7558:2018
7526:ISBN
7507:2018
7470:ISBN
7444:OCLC
7434:ISBN
7411:OCLC
7401:ISBN
7383:2018
7345:2018
7315:2018
7299:ISSN
7227:ASIN
7189:OCLC
7179:ISBN
7154:ISBN
7126:2008
7087:ISBN
7061:2019
7028:2023
6997:ISBN
6978:2018
6941:ISBN
6916:ISBN
6885:OCLC
6875:ISBN
6798:ISBN
6743:2024
6713:2020
6686:2021
6632:2018
6431:and
6415:Mars
6382:and
6266:Tupi
6245:OPEC
6234:OECD
6108:Iraq
6104:Iran
6091:-pek
6058:OPEC
6050:OPEC
6043:OPEC
6024:and
5920:and
5859:and
5662:and
5602:ppmv
5390:606
5384:538
5378:592
5364:546
5358:597
5355:101
5352:634
5338:576
5335:103
5332:650
5329:103
5326:650
5315:149
5312:936
5309:155
5306:973
5303:151
5300:948
5289:150
5286:942
5283:150
5280:944
5277:160
5263:125
5260:787
5257:146
5254:916
5251:186
5237:248
5231:220
5225:205
5211:247
5205:229
5199:214
5185:301
5179:278
5173:270
5159:342
5153:340
5147:345
5133:395
5127:369
5121:355
5107:268
5101:355
5095:373
5081:810
5075:673
5069:688
5055:547
5049:688
5043:872
4934:199
4931:155
4928:160
4925:167
4922:112
4919:177
4903:532
4900:145
4897:912
4894:133
4891:836
4878:177
4872:207
4866:222
4850:170
4844:187
4838:223
4816:169
4810:233
4793:297
4787:281
4781:249
4764:350
4758:278
4752:273
4735:404
4729:339
4723:279
4707:217
4701:299
4695:280
4678:229
4672:280
4666:304
4658:Iraq
4649:341
4643:308
4637:359
4620:342
4614:338
4608:373
4591:400
4585:366
4579:401
4562:401
4556:395
4550:403
4542:Iran
4427:OPEC
4425:and
4385:Oman
4363:OPEC
4337:OPEC
4269:OPEC
4243:OPEC
4196:OPEC
4149:OPEC
4123:OPEC
4055:OPEC
4051:Iran
4029:OPEC
4025:Iraq
3982:OPEC
3816:1.41
3813:8.9
3791:1.51
3788:9.5
3766:1.32
3763:8.3
3749:OPEC
3745:Iran
3736:1.67
3711:1.13
3708:7.1
3705:109
3686:2.67
3661:3.91
3636:1.70
3611:0.78
3608:4.9
3605:193
3569:OPEC
3556:1.29
3553:8.1
3550:140
3531:0.16
3506:2.04
3500:127
3481:0.43
3478:2.7
3456:3.47
3450:314
3274:and
3272:Asia
3175:and
3138:The
3107:oil
3105:OPEC
3039:The
2839:and
2770:and
2754:and
2730:The
2691:and
2605:and
2469:and
2429:and
2383:OPEC
2377:The
2328:and
2290:sour
2270:sour
2257:and
2231:Oman
2217:The
2055:and
2027:and
2000:and
1848:and
1820:and
1808:and
1739:and
1703:and
1701:Fats
1691:and
1683:and
1668:and
1644:and
1636:and
1621:and
1609:and
1542:silt
1540:and
1520:and
1418:and
1392:are
1388:The
1353:and
1345:and
1265:, a
1032:. A
1013:.
1005:and
977:and
959:Iraq
938:and
865:1973
786:The
545:Baku
461:and
322:and
294:and
270:and
196:and
188:and
165:and
13808:CGG
13705:OMV
13571:YPF
13344:Eni
12446:",
12197:hdl
12187:doi
12074:doi
11985:doi
11973:220
11682:doi
11534:PMC
11518:doi
11506:102
11397:doi
11362:doi
11161:IEA
11118:doi
11064:doi
11036:doi
10977:doi
10930:doi
10873:doi
10774:doi
10703:PMC
10685:doi
10611:doi
10483:hdl
10473:doi
10424:PMC
10406:doi
10394:104
10355:IEA
10317:"CO
9662:EIA
9501:doi
9460:PMC
9452:doi
9448:101
9211:doi
9207:129
9074:PMC
9066:doi
8934:doi
8922:504
8897:doi
8823:doi
8700:doi
8602:doi
8543:doi
8496:doi
8309:doi
6399:On
5873:tar
5634:).
5622:(CO
5393:96
5387:86
5381:94
5372:15
5367:87
5361:95
5346:14
5341:92
5320:13
5294:12
5268:11
5242:10
4970:bbl
4911:16
4906:85
4883:15
4855:14
4827:13
4798:12
4769:11
4740:10
4443:bbl
3937:bbl
3810:60
3785:61
3760:74
3730:62
3680:48
3655:33
3630:82
3586:6.4
3583:40
3580:27
3177:ICE
2762:of
2689:tar
2660:Wax
2477:Use
2457:,
2433:to
1937:by
1660:to
1538:mud
1228:15%
1215:49%
1202:30%
1028:or
1016:An
973:in
863:In
790:in
779:in
734:in
688:in
589:in
534:tar
430:in
382:).
292:air
116:oil
110:or
97:in
13988::
13334:BP
12976:XT
12432:.
12361:.
12336:.
12319:.
12313:.
12287:.
12260:.
12239:,
12195:.
12185:.
12175:26
12173:.
12169:.
12105:.
12080:.
12041:.
12014:.
12008:.
11983:.
11971:.
11967:.
11923:.
11919:.
11892:.
11884:.
11880:.
11861:.
11849:.
11843:.
11839:.
11814:.
11796:.
11752:.
11712:.
11688:.
11676:.
11607:.
11589:.
11564:.
11542:.
11532:.
11524:.
11516:.
11504:.
11500:.
11477:.
11441:.
11419:.
11411:.
11403:.
11393:53
11391:.
11368:.
11358:55
11356:.
11352:.
11326:.
11300:.
11288:.
11277:^
11260:.
11234:.
11209:.
11184:.
11159:.
11142:.
11134:.
11126:.
11112:.
11108:.
11060:21
11058:.
11032:17
11030:.
11002:.
10998:.
10975:.
10965:35
10963:.
10950:^
10936:.
10926:21
10924:.
10912:^
10871:.
10861:19
10859:.
10780:.
10772:.
10762:33
10760:.
10756:.
10733:.
10711:.
10701:.
10693:.
10683:.
10673:10
10671:.
10667:.
10640:.
10636:.
10609:.
10599:.
10589:27
10587:.
10583:.
10518:.
10514:.
10491:.
10481:.
10471:.
10461:10
10459:.
10455:.
10432:.
10422:.
10414:.
10404:.
10392:.
10388:.
10357:.
10353:.
10327:.
10323:.
10289:"
10175:.
10162:")
10105:.
10060:.
10035:.
10006:.
10002:.
9976:.
9957:.
9939:.
9921:.
9895:.
9878:.
9862:.
9843:.
9824:.
9791:.
9701:.
9693:;
9682:^
9660:.
9615:.
9604:^
9555:.
9530:.
9507:.
9497:21
9495:.
9491:.
9468:.
9458:.
9446:.
9442:.
9415:.
9403:.
9377:.
9373:.
9347:.
9343:.
9225:.
9217:.
9205:.
9173:.
9090:.
9082:.
9072:.
9062:91
9060:.
9056:.
8932:.
8920:.
8893:40
8891:.
8866:.
8829:.
8821:.
8811:56
8809:.
8805:.
8775:.
8737:.
8733:.
8706:.
8686:^
8672:.
8634:^
8616:.
8608:.
8600:.
8590:37
8588:.
8584:.
8557:.
8549:.
8541:.
8531:37
8529:.
8525:.
8502:.
8494:.
8484:49
8482:.
8425:.
8373:.
8350:.
8315:.
8253:.
8218:.
8196:^
8178:.
8174:.
8148:.
8144:.
8114:.
8084:.
8054:.
8028:.
8024:.
7999:.
7959:.
7929:.
7875:.
7863:.
7837:.
7829:.
7825:.
7794:.
7771:.
7708:.
7675:.
7626:.
7593:.
7583:.
7497:.
7493:.
7456:^
7442:.
7409:.
7364:.
7335:.
7331:.
7305:.
7293:.
7274:.
7270:.
7247:.
7187:.
7116:.
7110:.
7081:.
7047:.
7019:.
6968:.
6964:.
6914:.
6912:40
6883:.
6733:.
6729:.
6674:.
6649:.
6618:.
6439:.
6323:.
6260:.
6114:,
6110:,
6106:,
6089:OH
6070:oÊ
6060:,
6039:.
6004:.
5926:.
5914:,
5908:,
5902:,
5896:,
5890:,
5832:,
5814:,
5772:.
5761:,
5757:,
5750:.
5534:8
5520:7
5506:6
5492:5
5478:4
5464:3
5450:2
5436:1
5422:#
5216:9
5190:8
5164:7
5138:6
5112:5
5086:4
5060:3
5034:2
5008:1
4982:#
4822:â
4819:â
4712:9
4683:8
4654:7
4625:6
4596:5
4567:4
4538:3
4510:2
4481:1
4455:#
4394:20
4373:19
4347:18
4321:17
4300:16
4279:15
4253:14
4227:13
4206:12
4180:11
4159:10
3528:1
3312:.
3083:,
3079:,
3075:,
3071:,
3067:,
3063:,
2822:.
2806:,
2790:,
2786:,
2782:,
2746:,
2742:,
2738:,
2585:,
2572:10
2531:,
2527:,
2523:,
2504:.
2473:.
2465:,
2453:,
2449:,
2445:,
2414:.
2406:,
2225:,
2085:,
2081:,
2044:.
2007:A
1996:A
1985:A
1973:A
1844:,
1842:Th
1840:,
1816:,
1804:,
1765:°C
1761:km
1699:.
1678:CO
1672:.
1632::
1462:10
1404:.
1383:10
1341:,
1335:34
1331:16
1329:(C
1323:20
1317:(C
1307:18
1301:(C
1295:12
1289:(C
1241:6%
1082:,
1070:,
1063:.
1048:("
1001:,
997:,
961:,
957:,
953:,
923:.
710:,
651:A
547:,
465:,
266:,
236:,
232:,
228:,
224:,
220:,
216:,
212:,
208:;
192:;
184:,
157:.
149:,
12477:e
12470:t
12463:v
12442:"
12401:)
12397:(
12372:.
12347:.
12298:.
12272:.
12205:.
12199::
12189::
12181::
12135:.
12090:.
12076::
12057:.
11993:.
11987::
11979::
11904:.
11825:.
11698:.
11684::
11649:.
11618:.
11575:.
11550:.
11520::
11512::
11485:.
11452:.
11427:.
11399::
11376:.
11364::
11337:.
11312:.
11271:.
11246:.
11220:.
11195:.
11170:.
11120::
11114:3
11070:.
11066::
11042:.
11038::
11014:.
10983:.
10979::
10971::
10944:.
10932::
10905:.
10879:.
10875::
10867::
10844:.
10788:.
10776::
10768::
10719:.
10687::
10679::
10652:.
10613::
10595::
10530:.
10499:.
10485::
10475::
10467::
10440:.
10408::
10400::
10384:2
10369:.
10339:.
10319:2
10278:"
10268:.
10242:.
10213:.
10187:.
10117:.
10071:.
10046:.
10021:.
9987:.
9907:.
9847:.
9828:.
9809:.
9777:.
9740:.
9714:.
9676:.
9631:.
9598:.
9571:.
9541:.
9515:.
9503::
9476:.
9454::
9427:.
9389:.
9359:.
9329:.
9303:.
9277:.
9233:.
9213::
9189:.
9124:.
9098:.
9068::
9041:.
9015:.
8989:.
8962:.
8940:.
8936::
8928::
8903:.
8899::
8852:.
8825::
8817::
8787:.
8749:.
8718:.
8702::
8680:.
8628:.
8604::
8596::
8569:.
8545::
8537::
8510:.
8498::
8490::
8467:.
8441:.
8392:.
8358:.
8325:.
8311::
8292:.
8265:.
8226:.
8190:.
8160:.
8130:.
8100:.
8070:.
8040:.
8010:.
7985:.
7945:.
7915:.
7887:.
7849:.
7810:.
7756:.
7716:.
7634:.
7601:.
7581:3
7560:.
7534:.
7509:.
7478:.
7450:.
7417:.
7385:.
7347:.
7317:.
7233:.
7210:.
7195:.
7162:.
7128:.
7095:.
7063:.
7030:.
7005:.
6980:.
6949:.
6924:.
6891:.
6745:.
6715:.
6688:.
6634:.
6592:2
6452:.
6362:)
6358:(
6352:.
6208:)
6204:(
6198:.
6082:/
6079:k
6076:É
6073:p
6067:Ë
6064:/
6052:.
5988:"
5715:.
5624:2
5598:2
5594:2
4974:d
4972:/
4447:d
4445:/
4365:)
4361:(
4339:)
4335:(
4271:)
4267:(
4245:)
4241:(
4198:)
4194:(
4151:)
4147:(
4133:9
4125:)
4121:(
4107:8
4086:7
4065:6
4057:)
4053:(
4039:5
4031:)
4027:(
4013:4
3992:3
3984:)
3980:(
3966:2
3945:1
3935:(
3891:.
3863:.
3856:.
3751:)
3747:(
3571:)
3567:(
3279:.
2955:)
2951:(
2945:.
2924:.
2877:.
2714:.
2576:^
2570:Ă
2441:(
2182:)
2176:(
2171:)
2167:(
2149:.
2031:.
1960:)
1954:(
1949:)
1945:(
1931:.
1850:U
1846:U
1838:K
1787:(
1680:2
1625:2
1623:N
1619:S
1617:2
1615:H
1550:m
1466:^
1460:Ă
1381:H
1379:4
1333:H
1321:H
1319:9
1305:H
1303:8
1293:H
1291:5
42:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
