Crusading movement

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requirement for intelligence and espionage had grown. Naval warfare was increasingly important. Alliances required grooming. Innovative tactics were developed with different variations deployed depending on circumstances. Expertise in siege warfare were expensive. The difficulties of the movement caused disillusionment and doubts that the objectives of the movements were practical. The political authority of the papacy was eroded by the Western Schism to such an extent that congresses ignored. Increasingly independent secular rulers prioritised their own ambitions. There was no doubt that Europe needed a crusade to resist the Ottoman threat, but self interest became an unavoidable barrier to this. In this situation it is difficult to find evidence of popular sentiment, particularly=y as actual crusading had long become divorced from most commoners' lives. In one case from 1488

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locations such as Antioch over sentimental objectives like Jerusalem. They couldn't comprehend the merging of pilgrimage and warfare. The advocacy for infidel eradication by St. Bernard and the militant role of the Templars would deeply shock them. Suspicions arose among the Byzantines that Westerners aimed for imperial conquest, leading to growing animosity. Despite occasionally using the term "holy war" in historical contexts, Byzantine conflicts were not inherently holy but perceived as just, defending the empire and Christian faith. War, to the Byzantines, was justified solely for the defence of the empire, in contrast to Muslim expansionist ideals and Western knights' notion of holy warfare to glorify Christianity.

2152: 40: 8874: 1885: 6227: 2504:, Dominican and military orders as were all institutionalised. A catalyst for the Reformation was the growing opposition to developments in the use of indulgences. Relations between western Christians, the Greeks and the Muslims were also soured by the behaviour of the crusaders. These differences became an enduring barrier between the Latin, the Orthodox and Islamic worlds. The crusading movement had a reputation of a defeated aggressor and unification of the Christian churches became problematic. 2022:. What these all had in common was that they were independent of the church. The first seems to have been a response to the preaching of the Albigensian Crusade and also religious processions seeking God's support for the fighting in Iberia. The church considered such outbreaks by rather unconventional crusaders as unauthorised and therefore illegitimate. There is little remaining evidence for the identities, thoughts and feelings of those who took part. One unaccredited piece is the 1352: 11824: 11961: 1646:. It developed further the paradigm of working in the secular world for the imposition of what the church considered justice. After the initial success of the early crusades the settlers who remained or later migrated were militarily vulnerable. During the 12th and 13th centuries, frequent supportive expeditions were required to maintain territory that had been gained. A cycle developed of military failure, pleas for support and declarations of crusades from the church. 960:, or a form of Christian holy war. The theory was based on the idea that Christian warfare could be justified even though it was considered a sin. It was necessary to meet three criteria if a war was to be considered just. Firstly, it must be declared by an authority that the church considered legitimate. Secondly, the war must have defensive objectives or to be for the recovery of stolen property and rights. Lastly, the intentions of those taking part must be good. 11774: 7029: 1238: 11848: 7019: 11876: 11927: 11800: 11763: 8886: 11944: 11910: 11978: 1260:

of the movement it was impossible to exclude others, including women. Indeed, retinues included many to provide services who could also fight in emergencies. The church considered that engaging in crusade must be entirely voluntary. Recruitment propaganda used understandable mediums which could also be unclear. For the poor the instituition of the crusade was offensive, while in church doctrines it was an act of self-defence.

11812: 7039: 11893: 980:. Gregory VII even planned to lead a campaign himself in support of the Byzantine Empire in 1074. He was unable to gather the necessary support, possibly because his personal leadership was unacceptable. Despite this, his plans did leave a template for future crusades. As did the campaigns in Spain where leading thinkers and fighters developed practical and fundamental arguments for the crusading movement. 11836: 2489:. Closer contact with the Muslim and Byzantine worlds enabled access for western European scholars to classical Greek and Roman texts. This led to the rediscovery by pre-Christian philosophy, science, and medicine. It is difficult to identify exactly the source of cultural interchange. The increase of knowledge of Islamic culture was the result of contact that stretched the breadth of the 1833:. Collectively they left bodies of works themed on the crusades later in the century. This material transmitted information about crusading unmediated by the church. It is reinforced the status quo, the class identity of the nobility and its position in society. When the outcomes of events was less positive this was also a method of spreading criticisms of organisation and behaviour. 2780:. The reinterpretation of Saladin as a hero against Western imperialism gained traction among nationalist Arabs, fueled by anti-imperialist sentiment. The intersection of history and contemporary politics is evident in the development of ideas surrounding jihad and Arab nationalism. Historical parallels between the Crusades and modern political events, such as the establishment of 137:, Participants were considered part of Christ's army and demonstrated this by attaching crosses of cloth to their outfits. This marked them as followers and devotees of Christ and was in response to biblical passages exhorting Christian "to carry one's cross and follow Christ". Everyone could be involved, with the church considering anyone who died campaigning a 1991:. This led to papal sanctioned provincial administrations and the codification of preaching. Local church authorities were required to report to these administrators on crusading policy. Propaganda was now more coherent despite an occasionally ad-hoc implementation. Funding was increased through the introduction of 2637:. His suggestion was that there were six. In his work he highlighted the failures. In addition he raised the damage that religious conflict had inflicted on France and the church. The key points were the victims of papal aggression, the sale of indulgences, abuses in the church, corruption, and conflicts at home. 2054:. In 1227, Hugo became pope and adopted the name Gregory IX. He clashed with Frederick II over territory in Italy, excommunicating him in 1239 and deploying the crusading tools of indulgences, privileges, and taxes in 1241. The Christian right to land ownership was foundational to crusading ideology, although 2767:

rule. Arab historians, influenced by historical opposition to Turkish control over their homelands, adopted a Western perspective on the Crusades. Syrian Christians proficient in Arabic played a vital role by translating French histories into Arabic. The first modern biography of Saladin was authored

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Troubadours expressed discontent with expeditions in their southern French homeland. Additionally, reports of sexual immorality, greed, and arrogance exhibited by crusaders was viewed as incompatible with the ideals of a holy war. This gave commentators excuses or reasons for failures and setbacks in

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in 1948, have been drawn. In contemporary Western discourse, right-wing perspectives have emerged, viewing Christianity as under threat analogous to the Crusades, using crusader symbols and anti-Islamic rhetoric for propaganda purposes. Madden argues that Arab nationalism absorbed a constructed view

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from the leaders of the crusades, poets wrote praising the ideals of the nobility. These relationships were of a feudal nature and were presented in this context. To demonstrate this the crusaders were God's vassals fighting the restore to him the (Holy) land. Muslims were presented as having stolen

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the class differences were shown as within camps rather the between camps. The elite warrior class in both camps shared an identity that was not divided on religious or political groups. Epics began to include incidents of conversion to Christianity. This in part may have offered hope for a positive

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did not explicitly mention the crusades. But is likely there were propaganda motivations behind presenting the Muslim characters in monstrous terms and as idolators. Whatever the motivation Christian writers continued to use these representations. Muslim characters were described as evil and as less

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Historians now take a greater interest than before questioning why significant numbers of the lower classes travelled on the early crusades or took part in the unsanctioned popular outbreaks of the 13th and 14th centuries. The papacy wanted to recruit warriors who could fight, but in the early years

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and the sacred sites of Palestine from non-Christians. The city was considered to be Christ's legacy and it was symbolic of divine restoration. The site of Christ's redemptive acts was pivotal for the inception of the First Crusade and the subsequent establishment of crusading as an institution. The

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The Byzantines harboured a negative perspective on holy warfare, failing to grasp the concept of the Crusades and finding them repugnant. Although some initially embraced Westerners due to a common Christianity, their trust soon waned. With a pragmatic approach, the Byzantines prioritised strategic

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were popular and attracted knights from across the Catholic states of Europe. In this way they became a chivalric cult. Following the tradition started by Innocent III, popes requested advice on strategies that could be implemented in the recovery of the Holy Land. Over twenty example papers remain

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the purpose behind this was for the church to be able to destroy its ideologically is competitors for the purpose of justifying Christianity entry into aggressive violent conflict. This prejudice was not derived from ethnic identity or race. The church considered that all of humanity were descended

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blamed the sins of the Catholic Church for the failure of the crusades. He also criticised the use of crusading against those he considered had maintained the faith, such as the Albigensians and Waldensians. The Lutheran scholar Matthew Dresser (1536–1607) went further. He praised for their faith,

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to converts and failed in attempts to raise a crusade in 1464. In this period the funding and military capability was inadequate, timed badly or just misdirected. One contributing factor was that warfare was now both increasingly professional and costly. There was more contractual recruitment. The

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and the actions of major families. Innocent III developed new practices and revised the ideology of crusading from 1198 when he became pope. This included a new executive office constituted for the organisation of the Fourth Crusade. Executives were appointed in each church province in addition to

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Later pope's would develop the institution even further. Not only would crusaders avoid what were considered the God-imposed punishments for their sins but the guilt and the sin itself would be expunged. The method through which this was achieved was the granting by the church of what was called a

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carved out of the Byzantine Empire as a result of the crusading movement following the Fourth Crusade offers a better match to the traditional model of colonialism. Venice had a political and economic stake in these territories. Indeed, this was to such a degree that the region attracted settlers

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developed the objective of reunification with the Greek church as an essential prerequisite for further crusades. In planning the funding of this crusade he created a complex tax gathering regime by Latin Christendom into twenty-six collectorates, each directed by a general collector. In order to

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of 1212. Despite hostility from the literate these crusades became so mytho-historicised in the written histories that they are some of the most highly remembered events transmitted by word of mouth from the period. That said "Children's Crusade" is not a precise definition. At the time the Latin

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that he reached out beyond the noble warrior class. He offered all other Christians the opportunity to redeem their vows without even going on crusade. This led to the unforeseen consequence of creating a market for religious rewards. This would later scandalise some devout Christians and through

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The reformers now viewed the church as an independent force with God given authority to act in the secular world for religious regeneration. The creation of the institutions of crusading were a means by which the church could act militarily with the support of the armed aristocracy. This would in

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produced contrasting vernacular stories of adventure. At this point the early chroniclers concentrated on the moral lessons that could be taken from the crusades. This reinforced normative moral and cultural positions. Academic crusade historian Paul Chevedden argued that the early accounts were

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was obsolete and the only contact that common people had with the movement was the preaching of the indulgence. While the success or failure of propaganda varied in extent, local attitude and capability, there is no evidence that it was popular apathy or hostility that caused of the mobilisation

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The crusaders established polities known as the Latin East, because it was impossible to defend Jerusalem in isolation. Despite this, regular campaigns were required in addition to the capability provided by the military orders. In Spain further expeditions were launched in 1114, 1118, and 1122.

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followed. In this period the idea developed of Reconquista as a foundational historical memory. It became celebrated as part of Spanish national identity and was entrenched in conservative circles. When Spain restored democracy in 1978, Reconquista lost this historiographical hegemony. However,

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both raised noteworthy concerns and the Teutonic Order for one, amongst others of the military orders were criticised for arrogance, greed, using their great wealth to pay for luxurious lifestyles, and an inadequate response in the Holy Land. Collaboration was difficult because of open conflict

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could be explained. Some, such as Gerhoh of Reichersberg, linked this to the expected coming of the Antichrist and increased puritanism. This puritanism was the church's response to criticism, and included processions and reforms such as gambling bans and restrictions on women. Primary sources

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centuries the concepts behind the crusading movement were rarely questioned, but there is evidence that practice was criticised. Events such as crusades against non-conforming Christians, the sack of Constantinople by the Fourth Crusade, crusading against the German Hohenstaufen dynasty and the

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The success of the First Crusade that began the crusading movement and the century was seen as astonishing. The explanation for this was given that it was only possible through the will of God. Paschal succeeded Urban as pope before news of the outcome reached Europe. He had experience of the

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century the papacy became an entity capable of organised violence in the same manner as secular kingdoms and principalities. This required command and control systems that were not always fully developed or efficient. The result was the papacy leading secular fighting forces for its own ends.

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developed together, and in time chivalry helped shap the ethos, ideals and principles of crusaders. Tournaments were held where knights could exhibit their martial prowess. This provided venues where the crusading movement could recruit, spread propaganda and announce the enlistment of senior

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and associated with European colonialism. This is a view that was contested. The Latin settlements did not easily fit to the model of a colony. They were neither directly controlled or exploited by a homeland. Historians have used the idea of a religious colony in order to accommodate these

2377:. This was a Tuscan military order he founded that was modeled on the knights of Malta. The Hospitallers remained the only independent military order with a positive strategy. Other orders continued as aristocratic corporations while lay powers absorbed local orders, outposts, and priories. 1134:

Literature presented the exemplar of an idealised, perfect knight in works such as romance Alexandre written around 1130. These works extolled adventure, courage, charity and manners. The church could not accept readily all the values presented. Its spiritual views contrasted with ideas of

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and the men who garrisoned them. These new techniques in turn developed new social mores developed during extensive training. In turn this led to the rise of combat as sport. At this time although knights were praised in literature they remained distinct from the aristocracy. Crusading and

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ended the Hospitallers military ability by capturing their Maltese base. In 1809, he suppressed the Order of St Stephen, and the Teutonic Order's identity as a military order ended when it lost its German possessions and relocated to Vienna. In 1936, the Spanish Catholic church supported

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used crusading as a conceptual tool to critique religion, civilisation and cultural mores. For them the positives effects of crusading, such as the increasing liberty that municipalities were able to purchase from feudal lords, were only by-products. This view was then criticised in the

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fighting in Spain so readily applied similar remissions of sin to the combatants there, without the need for a pilgrimage to Jerusalem. He did not stop there with the application of the institutions of crusading. He also did this against the Orthodox christians of Byzantium in favour of

1860::24 all implored believers to pick up their cross and follow Christ. It was a personal relationship with God that these crusaders were attempting to form. It demonstrated their belief. It enabled anyone to become involved, irrespective of gender, wealth, or social standing. This was 2468:

discrepancies in their colonial theories. A different definition covers a territory conquered and settled with religious motivation. This territory maintains close contact with its homeland, share the same religious views and requires support in both military and financial terms.

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It was in certain social and feudal networks that early crusade recruitment concentrated. Not only did these groups provide manpower, but also funding. Although it may have been pragmatic acceptance of the pressure of the reform movement that prompted the sales of churches and

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expanded on Fleury in a new, empirical, objective approach, placing crusading in a narrative of progress towards modernity. The cultural consequences of growth in trade, the rise of the Italian cities and progress are elaborated in his work. In this he influenced his student

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The crusading movement found that creating a single accepted ideology and an understanding of that ideology was a practical challenge. This was because the church did not have the necessary bureaucratic systems to consolidate thinking across the papacy, the monastic orders,

1718:. The later crusade failed, with the result that the movement suffered its largest crisis until the 1400s. Fighting continued in Spain where there was three campaigns and there was one in the East in 1177. But it was the news of the crusaders defeat by the Muslims at the 2705:. Michaud's viewpoint provoked Muslim attitudes. Previously, the crusading movement had aroused little interest among Islamic and Arabic scholars. This changed with the collapse of the Ottoman Empire and the penetration of European power into the Eastern Mediterrarean. 2484:

and Venice planting profitable trading outposts across the region. Many historians argue that the increasingly frequent contact between the Latin Christian and Islamic cultures was a positive. It was foundational in the progress of European civilisation and the

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in Jerusalem. This is a site of Christian pilgrimage built where Christian Roman authorities pinpointed the purported location of Jesus' burial and resurrection in Jerusalem in 325. One of the objectives of the Crusades was to free the Holy Sepulchre from Muslim

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between the Templars and Hospitallers and among Christians in the Baltic. The autonomy of the orders was viewed in the church as leading to a loss of effectiveness in the East and overly friendlt relations with Muslims. A minority within the church including

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and how this could be used in recruiting such large followings. Modern academic opinion is split on the definition of a crusade. Riley-Smith disregards these popular uprisings as not meeting the criteria, while Gary Dickson has produced in depth research.

1619:. Urban expressed two key objectives for the crusade. Firstly, the freeing of Christians from Muslim rule. Secondly, freeing the church known as the Holy Sepulchre from Muslim control. This was believed to mark the location of Chris's tomb in Jerusalem. 1280:

or dedicate places of worship. These were acts theat existed before the crusading movement, but they became increasingly popular in association. They may have formed part of other forms of regular religious devotion. In 1099 Jerusalem was known as

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turn lead to creation of formal processes for the raising of armed forces through which the church could enforce its will. While these fundamentals applied the crusading movement flourished, when they ceased to be significant the movement declined.

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century. This was that they too could have their sins forgiven if they supported him in fighting for papal causes, but only if this service was given altruistically. Later popes expanded on this offer to those willing to fight for their causes.

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century, it enabled them in the refashioning of the church along the moral and spiritual lines they believed in. Historians consider that this was a pivotal moment, because the church was now under the control of men who supported a concept of

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The many surviving written sources are of questionable accuracy. Dates and details are not consistent and they are interwoven with typical myth-history stories and ideas. Clerical writing contrasted the imagined innocence of the

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belief. When Acre was lost to the Egyptians there were resulting popular but brief outbursts of crusade fervour. However, the most Christians did not typically crusade to Jerusalem. Instead, they would often build models of the

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for the sins they committed and while they fought the church would protect all their property from harm. The enthusiasm of the crusading movement challenged what had been conventional theology. This can be seen in a letter from

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of Segni led preaching campaigns and helped relax controls on funding and recruitment. He used the five percent income tax on the church known as the "clerical twentieth" to pay mercenaries in the Fifth Crusade and other

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in dismissing the concept that the crusades were a legitimate defence, as they were disproportionate to the threat presented; Palestine was an objective, not because of reason but because of fanaticism and superstition.

2633:. Dresser considered that the flaw in the crusading movement was that the idea of restoring the physical holy places was "detestable superstition". One of the first to number the crusades was the French Catholic lawyer 1143:, it became an adventure normalised in Europe, creating separation between the knights and other social classes. At this point the relationship between knightly adventure, religious, and secular motivation was altered. 1995:

and greater donations. He was also the first pope to deploy the apparatus of crusading against his fellow Christians. This innovation became a frequent approach by the papacy that was used against those it considered

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were providing medical services and added a military wing to become a much larger organisation. These orders became Latin Christendom's first professional fighting forces and played a major part in the defence of the

1404:. This caricature continued to be used long after the fighting over territory subsided. At no time was the noun Muslim used, instead Muslims were called Saracens. Other derogatory adjectives were also used, such as 1167:

and the other crusader states. Papal acknowledgement encouraged significant donations of money, land and recruits from across western Europe. The orders built their own castles and developed international autonomy.

1013:. Rome was the estate of St Peter, so the popes' campaigns were defensive and only fought for the preservation of Christian territory. The church combined two themes in the creation of crusading, one from the 2300:

The movement continued levying of church taxes and preaching of indulgences. As it did the commissioning of advisory tracts reconsidering the political, financial, and military issues with luminaries like as

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southern French Albigensian all drew condemnation. Questions were raised about the objectives of these and whether they were a distraction from the primary cause of fighting for the Holy Land. In particular,

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The crusading movement left an enduring legacy, defining western culture in the late medieval period and leaving an historical impact on the Islamic world. The impact touched every aspect of European life.

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churches and commitments of military support for the Byzantines. Eugenius coordinated this support in defence of Constantinople from 1440 and 1444. Despite this the Turks were decisively victorious at the

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Using these theories the church supported various Christian groups in conflicts with their Muslim neighbours at the borders of Christendom. In what is now Northern Spain encouragement was given during the

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the Children's Crusade. Joachim believed all history and the future could be divided into three ages. The third of these was the age of the Holy Spirit. The representatives of this age were children, or

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excellence, achieved glory through military deeds and romantic love. Even though the church feared the warrior class it needed to co-opt its power and did this symbolically through developed liturgical

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in November 1095. He made two offers to those who would travel to Jerusalem and fight for control of the sites Christians considered sacred. They were that those who fought would receive exemption from

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to sanctify new knights. In time kings represented themselves as members of the knighthood for propaganda purposes. Crusading became seen as integral to the ideas of this ideal. From the time of the

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Almost immediately, the First Crusade provoked literary examination. Initially this served as propaganda for the crusading movement and was based on a few separate but related works. One of these,

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the creation of military religious orders was one of the few innovations from outside Europe. In 1119 a small band of knights formed to protect pilgrims journeying to Jerusalem. These became the

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parishioners were influenced by their priest's criticism of crusading to such an extent that they prevented collectors taking away donations. Contrasting accounts record successful preaching in

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campaigns to reclaim the Holy Land were the ones that attracted the greatest support, but the crusading movement's theatre of war extended wider than just Palestine. Crusades were waged in the

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with the sexual license that was seen on the official crusades. It was the sin of the crusaders that was believed to bring God's displeasure and explain why the crusades were not successful.

129:. A "just war" was one where a legitimate authority is the instigator, there is a valid cause, and it is waged with good intentions. The Crusades were seen by their adherents as a special 2708:

In a 2001 article—"The Historiography of the Crusades"—Giles Constable attempted to categorise what is meant by "Crusade" into four areas of contemporary crusade study. His view was that

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within the church and between the church and the emperor. However, the reform faction successfully created the ideology for men they saw as God's agents. From the second half of the 11th

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of the Crusades created by colonial powers in the 19th century, contributing to modern tensions. Madden suggests that the crusading movement, from a medieval perspective, engaged in a

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The idea that the crusades were an important part of national history and identity continued to evolve. In scholarly literature, the term "holy war" was replaced by the neutral German

2586:. The writers were writing with the knowledge of the unexpected success of the First Crusade. For Chevedden, more can be learned about how the crusading movement was viewed in the 11th 2353:. Rivalry between Catholic monarchs prevented anti-Protestant crusades, but individual some military actions were still rewarded with crusader privileges. These include Irish Catholic 2143:

tackle fraud each collector would further delegate tax liability assessment. This system raised vast amounts which in turn prompted further clerical criticism of obligatory taxation.

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were not typically impressive. The creation of disciplined units was challenging. In feudal Europe strategy and institutions were too immature. Power structures were too fragmented.

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initiated the search for new ideas. The response to which showed a resilience that would enable the continuation of the movement. This was not without opposition. Matthew Paris in

9659: 8662: 751:. Christianity's requirement to avoid violence was still a significant issue for the warrior class. Gregory VII offered them a potential solution In the latter part of the 11th 2026:. This includes allegedly verbatim lyrics of the marching song of children heading east and offers evidence of eschatological beliefs. The church was unable to comprehend the 2409:

century the crusading movement ended practical terms, although the Hospitallers continued. Other orders were largely irrelevant outside the Hapsburg Empire and following the

1950:. In this apocalyptic mytho-history was melded to descriptions of the Children's Crusade. Innocent III built on this in 1213 announcing the end of Islam in the calls for the 1568:

around 1059. He involved the papacy in the long running conflict with Muslims in the Mediterranean region. The church became involved in, and gave approval for, campaigns in

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In 1212 there was an outbreak of popular crusading that is now known as the Children's crusade. This was the first of a number of similar events which lasted until 1514 the

1982:. At this point in time the ideas of nationalism were largely absent. A more atomised society meant that literature tended to rather praise individual deeds of heroes like 669:

took control of the governance of the church with ambitions to use this control to eradicate behaviour they viewed as corrupt. This takeover was initially supported by the

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The movement enabled the papacy to consolidate its leadership of the Latin church. The clergy became inured to violence, while the church developed closer links with

2195:. This was without authorisation from the church, but the order utilised privileges granted half a century earlier by Innocent IV. The campaigns known as journeys or 1848:. These indicated that they were marked by the cross. This was reinforced by cloth crosses that they attached to their clothes. All of this was taken from the Bible. 341: 10974: 10304: 9453: 8551: 2237:. In Italy there was political anarchy. As a result the church granted crusade indulgences to anyone who could be recruited to fight against the threat presented by 2547:

century by the colonial powers. This in turn led to the rise of Arab nationalism. For Madden, the crusading movement is a defensive and solely medieval phenomenon.

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in France, Germany, and Hungary, as well as in Italy where popes indulged in armed conflict with their opponents. By definition all the crusades were waged with

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this land. Their mistreatment of its Christian inhabitants was considered an injustice for which revenge was required. In return, the perception of the Islamic

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and in congratulating Robert on his safe return from Jerusalem he pointedly omits any reference at all of the fact that Robert had been fighting on a crusade.

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than human. Their physical appearance was described as devilish and they were represented as having dark skin. Islamic ritual was mocked and insults made to

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century saw further outbreaks of popular and unsanctioned crusading enthusiasm. These were often prompted by major events such as the Mongol victory at the

11009: 1271:. In 1268 he gathered the best crusading arguments in one work. The poor had different viewpoints to the theologians. Often based on an end of the world 6984: 1836:

In the latter part of the century Europeans developed language, fashion and cultural mores for crusading. Terms were adopted for those involved such as

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assert that within the broader context of Muslim historical events, the Crusades were considered a marginal issue when compared to the collapse of the

2249:. The rival popes even called for crusades against each other. Eventually the movement and the papacy united in the face of the growing threat of the 2062:

continued the policies of both Gregory IX and Innocent IV from his ascension in 1254 which led to further crusading against the Hohenstaufen dynasty.

8923: 8577: 5256: 8652: 2776:'s visit to Jerusalem in 1898. The visit triggered a renewed interest in Saladin, who had previously been overshadowed by more recent leaders like 2086:

what was otherwise considered God's work. In this was defeats experienced such as during the First Crusade, by Saladin at Hattin and the defeat of

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ideas related to Christians forming individual relationships with Christ. It was believed these were instigated and assisted by God. Secondly, the

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and the reformed papacy. They honoured the same saints. With inter-marriage this cultural mores were spread through society. Paschal's successor

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century onwards the crusading movement generated propaganda material to spread the word. A good example was the work of a Dominican friar called

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Innovations in military technology and thinking made the first crusades feasible. Tactics developed to utilise heavily armoured cavalry. Italy's

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nationalis theirs between 1487 and 1499. In 1523, the Hospitallers retreated from Rhodes to Crete and Sicily and in 1530 to Malta and Gozo. The

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with developments for the intended funding of professional armies, including a six-year tithe on clerical incomes. However, the politics of the

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century in the works of Urban II who died ignorant of the crusade's success. Albert's adventure stories were developed and extended in turn by

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right-wing circles. Here, Christianity is considered to be under a similar existential Islamic religious and demographic threat. The result is

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figures. Despite the undoubted courage and commitment of crusading knights and some notable commanders in military terms the campaigns in the

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friars, and the developing universities. Ideas were transmitted through inclusion in literary works that included romances, travelogues like

1911:. He included the fighting of the infidel in opaque works that combined writings on the past, on the present, and on the future. These works 1654: 9936: 7641: 6574: 2435:

because of its strong ideological connotations it remains fundamental to understanding of the medieval period within conservative circles.

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The movement continued developing innovative organisational financial methods. However in 1274 it faced a significant low. In response the

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Dennis, Gorge T. (2001). "Defenders of the Christian People:Holy War in Byzantium". In Laiou, Angeliki E.; Parviz Mottahedeh, Roy (eds.).

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meant that the population welcomed, accepted and believed in a wide range of prophecy. One significant example of this was the writing of

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on the subject of lost love. Crusading wasn't a distinct genre, but the subject. The troubadours had northern French equivalents called

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resulted in an opposing position. This encouraged violent resistance to the idea of the imposition Christian governance on these terms.

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century and transmitted into Arab nationalism. For him the crusades are a medieval phenomenon in which the crusaders were engaged in a

1870:", a sacrifice motivated by charity for fellow Christians. It began to be considered that all those who died campaigning were martyrs. 662:. The use of the term oversimplifies what was in fact numerous discrete initiatives, not all of which were the result of papal action. 874:

could agree in principle. So the importance to recruitment of the granting of indulgences became increasingly redundant and declined.

10984: 9279: 6143: 103:. The institution of crusading began with the encouragement of the church reformers who had undertaken what is commonly known as the 10936: 10888: 10445: 10395: 9702: 9315: 8370: 2668:

proposed that the crusades were one stage in the improvement of European civilisation; that paradigm was further developed by the

2520: 9707: 7634: 1021:. The first was the wars of the Jews. These were believed to have come from the instigation and will of God. The second was the 133: – a physical and spiritual journey authorised and protected by the church. The actions were both pilgrimage and 10866: 10856: 10620: 10552: 10420: 9664: 9572: 9303: 9223: 9171: 8969: 8064: 8006: 141:. This movement was an important part of late-medieval western culture, that impacted politics, the economy and wider society. 11445: 9181: 8916: 6452: 6069: 6044: 6012: 5891: 5827: 5788: 5749: 5721: 5693: 5666: 5640: 5610: 5580: 5554: 5532: 5505: 5469: 5444: 5421: 5395: 5368: 5341: 5245: 5222: 5197: 5143: 5113: 5090: 5043:

García-Sanjuán, Alejandro (2018). "Rejecting al-Andalus, exalting the Reconquista: historical memory in contemporary Spain".

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Buck, Andrew D. (2020). "Settlement, Identity, and Memory in the Latin East: An Examination of the Term 'Crusader States'".

2571:

literally translates as the deeds of the Franks. It created a template for later works based on papal, northern French, and

1040:

The historian Carl Erdmann mapped out the three stages for the argument creating the institution of the crusading movement:

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in 1872, while the Egyptian Sayyid Ali al-Hariri produced the initial Arabic history of the Crusades in response to Kaiser

2447:

Historians have debated whether the Latin States created by the movement in the Eastern Europe were the first examples of

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presents some negativity but also respect for them as opponents. It was considered values of chivalry were shared. In the

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argues that modern tensions are the result of a constructed view of the crusades created by colonial powers in the 19th

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century. This extended the reformers philosophy to end secular control of the Latin church and impose control over the

1433:. Typical of medieval opinion this was a social construct in which the differentiators were cultural. For example, the 1084: 419: 349: 227: 190: 2202:

from the period that is book-ended by the 1274 council of Lyon and the 1314 council of Vienna. The movement continued

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century, some writers continued to seek atonement for their sins through the practice of crusading. At the same time

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dedicating their lives to the cause. Frankish exiles from the East toured Christendom's courts seeking assistance.

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This article is about the ideology and institutions associated with crusading. For the expeditions themselves, see

2516:. Thinkers, politicians, and historians in the Islamic world draw an equivalence with more recent events like the 2107:. Crusaders were thought to have fallen under satanic influence and doubts were raised about forcible conversion. 169:

approval and through this reinforced the Western European concept of a single, unified Christian church under the

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century by crusade enthusiasts as being unnecessarily hostile to, and ignorant of, the crusades. Alternatively,

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that would otherwise migrated to the Latin East. It this way its success actually weakened the crusader states.

806:. It was not considered a reward for the suffering endured by the crusader while on crusade. It was in the 1213 802:

reinforced the importance of the oaths crusaders took. He also emphasised the view the forgiveness of sin was a

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including Paul Alphandery and Etienne Delaruelle focus on the popular groundswells of religious fervour, and

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extinguished the Templars around 1312. This was probably for financial and political reasons. He pressurised

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ideas. It considered military success or failure entirely to God's will in its promotion of violent action.

1899:

century the crusading movement existed in a culture where it was believed that everything that happened was

1175:

fell, bringing to a close the holding of Christian territory in the Holy Land the Hospitallers relocated to

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Unsanctioned popular crusading exploded in 1096, 1212, 1251, 1309, and 1320. These all exhibited violent

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Riley-Smith, Jonathan (2001). "The crusading movement". In Hartmann, Anja V.; Hauser, Beatrice (eds.).

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Honig, Jan Willem (2001). "Warfare in the Middle Ages". In Hartmann, Anja V.; Hauser, Beatrice (eds.).

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Flori, Jean (2005). "Ideology and Motivations in the First Crusade". In Nicholson, Helen J. (ed.).

5564: 2808: 2354: 329: 27: 9946: 5295:"Theorizing the Crusades: Identity, Institutions, and Religious War in Medieval Latin Christendom" 858:

created an international rule of law that was secular rather than religious. The wars against the

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Jubb, M. (2005). "The Crusaders' Perceptions of their Opponents". In Nicholson, Helen J. (ed.).

4916:(2001). "The Historiography of the Crusades". In Angeliki E. Laiou and Roy P. Mottahedeh (ed.). 798:

made the same offer privileges and extended the protection of property to crusaders' relations.

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Historians trace the beginnings of the crusading movement to the significant changes within the

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The Rights of War and Peace: Political Thought and the International Order from Grotius to Kant

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about Crusading are rarer. But there are examples in the literary language of southern France,

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argues that these modern tensions are the result of constructed view developed during the 19th

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in November 1444, captured the city in 1453 and expanded territorially over a 28-year period.

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prevented progress. Egypt was not blockaded and no new foothold was established in the East.

1740: 1729:

coincided with the early years of crusading. Crusading themes were the subject of developing

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Luttrell, Anthony (1995). "The Military Orders, 1312–1798". In Riley-Smith, Jonathan (ed.).

2058:

acknowledged Muslim rights he considered these only existed under the authority of Christ.

11933: 11598: 11548: 11533: 11410: 11119: 11019: 10969: 10964: 10921: 10881: 10809: 10478: 10435: 10385: 10173: 10125: 10120: 10095: 9931: 9885: 9788: 9778: 9614: 9607: 9458: 9372: 9144: 9134: 9097: 8829: 8824: 8819: 8814: 8809: 8804: 8799: 8794: 8789: 8756: 8683: 8526: 8486: 8305: 8207: 8182: 8121: 7926: 7901: 7837: 7544: 7539: 7479: 7414: 7319: 7032: 6974: 6770: 6677: 6647: 6632: 6438: 6177: 5650: 5623:(1995b). "The State of Mind of the Crusaders to the East". In Riley-Smith, Jonathan (ed.). 5620: 5590: 5189: 2721: 2640: 2501: 2431: 2203: 1164: 1094: 1034: 965: 791: 775: 130: 1900: 8: 11804: 11767: 11743: 11728: 11647: 11637: 11623: 11603: 11593: 11563: 11543: 11472: 11203: 11032: 10959: 10789: 10718: 10645: 10502: 10483: 10223: 10218: 10145: 9863: 9838: 9717: 9697: 9644: 9545: 9443: 9340: 9308: 9252: 8878: 8602: 8592: 8541: 8399: 8385: 8245: 7987: 7750: 7509: 7439: 7382: 7299: 7125: 6918: 6898: 6878: 6843: 6775: 6687: 6554: 6372: 6303: 6079: 5809: 5770: 5731: 5351:

Lloyd, Simon (1995). "The Crusading Movement 1095-1274". In Riley-Smith, Jonathan (ed.).

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should be fought in defence of Christendom, an idea developed under the reformist popes

765: 689:. Secular rulers, even including the emperor, were subject to this and could be removed. 601: 586: 536: 394: 364: 6387: 5567:(2005). "National feeling and the lagacy of the crusade". In Nicholson, Helen J. (ed.). 5515:

Phillips, Jonathan (1995). "The Latin East, 1098-1291". In Riley-Smith, Jonathan (ed.).

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successfully captured Smyrni. The precedent was later followed successfully in the 1571

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in 1095. He was responding to requests for military support from the Byzantine Emperor

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Crusade and Jihad: The Thousand-Year War Between the Muslim World and the Global North

2732:, such as Ernst-Dieter Hehl focus on the phenomenon of Latin holy wars. The historian 1473:

they were presented as equals following the same codes of conduct. By the time of the

1009:. This enabled various popes to use canon law in the call for crusades against their 12003: 11679: 11558: 11464: 11388: 11287: 11260: 11179: 11127: 11077: 10836: 10804: 10799: 10794: 10784: 10774: 10723: 10375: 10294: 10289: 10243: 10183: 10052: 9848: 9233: 9154: 9092: 8836: 8741: 8516: 8502: 8476: 8461: 8365: 8350: 8280: 8270: 8139: 8071: 7972: 7936: 7832: 7494: 7469: 7449: 7429: 7419: 7309: 7291: 7260: 7193: 7110: 7084: 7018: 6760: 6730: 6720: 6710: 6627: 6617: 6602: 6469: 6216: 6206: 6065: 6040: 6008: 5974: 5887: 5823: 5784: 5745: 5717: 5707: 5689: 5662: 5636: 5606: 5576: 5550: 5528: 5501: 5465: 5440: 5417: 5391: 5364: 5337: 5311: 5294: 5270: 5241: 5218: 5193: 5165: 5139: 5109: 5086: 5064: 5029: 5016:

Forey, Alan (1995). "The Military Orders 1120-1312". In Riley-Smith, Jonathan (ed.).

5002: 4979: 4951: 4942: 4923: 4894: 4847: 4799: 4773: 2517: 2490: 2481: 2410: 2289: 2226: 2138:

made the case that aggression in areas like the Baltic actually hindered conversion.

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rhetoric and symbols. This provides an argument for a contest with a religious foe.

11423: 11265: 11240: 10819: 10779: 10135: 10075: 9463: 9448: 9149: 9129: 9124: 9107: 9087: 8726: 8531: 8511: 8431: 8416: 8315: 8217: 8091: 7931: 7889: 7884: 7864: 7847: 7760: 7484: 7399: 7344: 7314: 7265: 7225: 7208: 7198: 7133: 7105: 6979: 6928: 6923: 6863: 6828: 6740: 6697: 6667: 6589: 6507: 6477: 6325: 6194: 6099: 6000: 5962: 5914: 5879: 5405: 5306: 5052: 4874: 4822: 2760: 2733: 2578: 2540: 2509: 2419: 2398: 2338: 2207: 2013: 1992: 1979: 1908: 1884: 1879: 1782: 1719: 1691: 1667: 1581: 1416:. This was literature that supported the church's opinion that the crusades were a 1372: 1242: 1232: 851: 659: 648: 634: 578: 541: 506: 501: 399: 369: 334: 264: 237: 138: 104: 5056: 11852: 11632: 11538: 11329: 11027: 10508: 10410: 10348: 10090: 10041: 9587: 9242: 8784: 8751: 8695: 8689: 8546: 8451: 8355: 8167: 7661: 7626: 7524: 7499: 7287: 7270: 7115: 6989: 6903: 6873: 6597: 6514: 6265: 6152: 6055: 5813: 5774: 5735: 5593:(1995). "The Crusading Movement and Historians". In Riley-Smith, Jonathan (ed.). 5208: 5076: 4917: 4913: 4761: 2599: 2591: 2505: 2294: 2130: 2123: 2044: 1988: 1904: 1774: 1687: 1460: 1155: 1151: 994: 935: 909: 871: 783: 652: 551: 476: 377: 314: 309: 284: 269: 254: 126: 6382: 6298: 5330:

Theorizing Medieval Geopolitics - War and World Order in the Age of the Crusades

4863:"Crusade Creationism "versus" Pope Urban Ii's Conceptualization of the Crusades" 11840: 11628: 11528: 11324: 11213: 11159: 11092: 11072: 10831: 10672: 10512: 10498: 10473: 10468: 10259: 10233: 10163: 9978: 9880: 9875: 9858: 9798: 9692: 9639: 9468: 9388: 9237: 8847: 8672: 8466: 8441: 8405: 8345: 8338: 8333: 8323: 8177: 8162: 8101: 7977: 7967: 7723: 7474: 7464: 7459: 7454: 7434: 7424: 7339: 7282: 7175: 7138: 6893: 6838: 6792: 6745: 6725: 6569: 6492: 6349: 6344: 5918: 5703: 5179: 5153: 5123: 4975: 4787: 2362: 2246: 2188: 2170: 2162: 2139: 1941: 1715: 1635: 1612: 1604: 1376: 1277: 1210: 1196: 1140: 1048: 1026: 1022: 998: 859: 647:

enacted during the mid and latter eleventh century. These are now known as the

630: 571: 471: 324: 289: 274: 100: 8040: 6226: 2769: 1686:. These families often had a history of pilgrimage, along with connections to 1037:

to create the legal and theocratic justifications for the crusading movement.

850:

Popes continued in the practice of issuing crusade bulls for generations, but

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Crusade Propaganda and Ideology: Model Sermons for the Preaching of the Cross

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concept of forming an individual relationship with Christ that came from the

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The thoughts and writing on these theories were eventually consolidated into

890: 761: 682: 299: 294: 279: 249: 170: 158: 96: 92: 69: 11984: 5883: 5126:(1995). "The Crusading Movement 1271-1700". In Riley-Smith, Jonathan (ed.). 1351: 11823: 11816: 11366: 11314: 11245: 11235: 10916: 10848: 10713: 10609: 10440: 10370: 10248: 10057: 10028: 9895: 9592: 9335: 9294: 8841: 8716: 8572: 8536: 8275: 8197: 8041: 7787: 7782: 7777: 7765: 7529: 7359: 7230: 7148: 6818: 6715: 6519: 6243: 6235: 5953:

Kedar, Benjamin Z. (1998). "Crusade Historians and the Massacres of 1096".

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wars, that were believed to have been instigated and assisted by God, with

76: 11967: 11882: 8901: 4826: 739:

from the church on behalf of God. They did this by demonstrating genuine

731:

Before the crusading movement was established, the church had developed a

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in the Mediterranean. New routes were created to serve the Outremer with

2477: 2464: 2346: 2322:

and an extraordinary response for a crusade to relieve Belgrade in 1456.

2269: 2218: 2217:

In 1132 a new approach and crusading institution was devised. This was a

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and his followers' ideas for missionary conquest was also in accordance;

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makes historical parallels, provoking paradigms of jihad and struggle.

2315: 1997: 1971: 1857: 1730: 1698:

it was decided that crusading would be deployed in both Iberia and the

1631: 1421: 1080: 1033:. In this way the church was able to combine the ideas of holy war and 867: 813: 807: 740: 736: 88: 73: 6113: 5257:"The New Crusaders: Contemporary Extreme Right Symbolism and Rhetoric" 2455:

is the name that is often used for these states. This translates as a

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were all supported with crusade indulgences and taxation. By the 18th

2310: 2273: 1959: 1923: 1889: 1828: 1812: 1804: 1785:, French, German, Spanish, and Italian that touch on the topic in an 1498: 1437: 1417: 863: 844: 832: 692:

The reformist groups opposed previously widespread behaviour such as

7053: 5676:

Routledge, Michael (1995). "Songs". In Riley-Smith, Jonathan (ed.).

2393:

and issues associated with Spanish national identity. That said the

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The Crusades from the Perspective of Byzantium and the Muslim World

4919:

The Crusades from the Perspective of Byzantium and the Muslim World

2648: 2414: 2390: 2238: 2187:. At the grassroots movements in France and Germany continued. The 2082: 2027: 1888:

Jean de Mandeville is sent forth from England on his expedition by

1798: 1794: 1786: 1608: 1401: 1237: 1136: 1123: 1076: 951: 898: 894: 840: 757: 710: 686: 207: 84: 65: 57: 20: 6121: 3144: 1789:

that date from the later half of the century. Two notable Occitan

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Bull, Marcus (1995). "Origins". In Riley-Smith, Jonathan (ed.).

4663: 2629:

but considered that Urban II was motivated by his conflict with

1777:

which is borrowed from Latin for the term deeds done. Surviving

1450:

or barbarians for the Muslims, and self-identified crusaders as

10578: 9352: 9272: 9139: 8663:

Pope Pius XII 1942 consecration to the Immaculate Heart of Mary

8106: 8016: 7921: 5859:

The Race for Paradise : an Islamic History of the Crusades

4484: 4482: 4469: 4467: 4332: 2781: 2319: 2001: 1853: 1849: 1699: 1683: 1591:

Urban II laid the foundations of the crusading movement at the

1503: 1451: 1200: 1180: 1128: 886: 701: 693: 83:. The members of the church defined this movement in legal and 4140: 4138: 3083: 3081: 3068: 3066: 2598:

century. William documented the early history of the military

1478:

resolution at a time when military failure pointed to defeat.

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in particular, but went on to lead to conflict with his son,

154: 4738: 4726: 4716: 4714: 4545: 4543: 4541: 4479: 4464: 4428: 4380: 4167: 4165: 4024: 3625: 3219: 2276:

negotiation with the Byzantine Empire. The discussions with

1070: 161:, campaigns were fought against those the church considered 6394: 4995:

The Children's Crusade: Medieval History, Modern Mythistory

4675: 4452: 4416: 4392: 4286: 4284: 4271: 4269: 4254: 4218: 4135: 4111: 3363: 3351: 3078: 3063: 3038: 3036: 3034: 1765:

in Southern France. These are given the collective name of

1733:

literature in the languages of Western Europe. Examples of

1710:

Eugenius III developed an equivalence between fighting the

1426: 1117:

built increasingly large navies. Society was controlled by

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resulted in agreement to unify the Latin, Greek Orthodox,

1420:

contest between good and evil. According to the historian

655:. He named the changes after one of the leading reforming 8552:

Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution

5457:

The Papal Monarchy - The Western Church from 1050 to 1250

4711: 4651: 4591: 4579: 4538: 4162: 3892: 3690: 3688: 3661: 3637: 3291: 2956: 2944: 2602:. In this he illustrated the tension between secular and 2272:'s elevation to the papacy in 1431 the church engaged in 2245:. In 1378 the papacy was divided in what is known as the 1722:

that restored the energy and commitment of the movement.

1430: 1146:

In the polities created by the crusading movement in the

5903:"Long Time Going:Religion and the Duration of Crusading" 4699: 4567: 4526: 4404: 4308: 4281: 4266: 4242: 4012: 3808: 3748: 3384: 3382: 3380: 3378: 3279: 3207: 3108: 3031: 2995: 2973: 2971: 2463:

century historiography this became a focus for European

79:

initiated, supported, and sometimes directed during the

4440: 4368: 4296: 4230: 4206: 4189: 4177: 4150: 4084: 4072: 3577: 3553: 3517: 3481: 3469: 2842: 2830: 2476:

The crusading movement created a flourishing system of

2241:

and for the popes and the papacy that was now based in

144:

The original focus and objective was the liberation of

10518:

Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America

4639: 4627: 4615: 4603: 4555: 4356: 4344: 4060: 4048: 4036: 3988: 3976: 3964: 3904: 3880: 3868: 3700: 3685: 3457: 3445: 3421: 3267: 3183: 3120: 2884: 2872: 2389:

century, crusading activity was mainly related to the

2349:

and became the first duke under oath to his uncle the

1485:

from the many crusaders who also wrote poetry such as

1457:

As contact increased respect for the Turks developed.

87:

terms that were based on the concepts of holy war and

11788: 8583:

Dogma of the Immaculate Conception of the Virgin Mary

4499: 4497: 4099: 3940: 3856: 3844: 3832: 3820: 3796: 3760: 3649: 3613: 3601: 3589: 3493: 3375: 3339: 3303: 3231: 3171: 2983: 2968: 2617:

and the Ottoman expansion shaped opinion. Protestant

91:. In theological terms, the movement merged ideas of 3772: 3195: 3159: 3019: 2932: 2920: 2862: 2860: 2701:

century novels of Scott and the French histories by

2260:

failure of large scale crusading against the Turks.

1187:(1530–1798). The orders successor organisation, the 3784: 3541: 3529: 2908: 2896: 1714:, fighting the Muslims in Spain and the Muslims in 700:. The changes were not without opposition, causing 122:The idea of crusading as holy war was based on the 7656: 5677: 5624: 5594: 5516: 5379: 5352: 5127: 5017: 4835: 4494: 3409: 3255: 2716:are concerned with where the crusades were aimed, 651:, from a term popularised by the French historian 6084:"Were There Any Crusades in the Twelfth Century?" 2857: 1440:adopted terminology inherited from the Greeks of 862:and in defence of Europe were conflicts on which 11995: 8653:Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII 2724:concentrate on how the crusades were organised, 1158:. Many other orders followed this template. The 735:that enabled Christians to gain forgiveness and 6033:War, Peace and World Orders in European History 5102:War, Peace and World Orders in European History 5680:The Oxford Illustrated History of The Crusades 5627:The Oxford Illustrated History of The Crusades 5597:The Oxford Illustrated History of The Crusades 5519:The Oxford Illustrated History of The Crusades 5382:The Oxford Illustrated History of The Crusades 5355:The Oxford Illustrated History of The Crusades 5130:The Oxford Illustrated History of The Crusades 5042: 5020:The Oxford Illustrated History of The Crusades 4838:The Oxford Illustrated History of The Crusades 4326: 2329:century the military orders were transformed. 1694:shared his Spanish interests. In 1123, at the 1580:where the church worked with the republics of 1001:and others extended these theories in the 13th 11478:Architecture of cathedrals and great churches 11177: 10594: 8917: 7642: 7069: 6446: 6137: 2413:there were widespread confiscations. In 1798 2233:century for the recovery of territory in the 1826: 1285:but these practices made tangible crusading. 1216: 1208: 811: 191: 5619: 3934: 3718: 3679: 3333: 3013: 2254: 2196: 2043:In the years between 1217 and 1221 Cardinal 1818: 1810: 1802: 1766: 1750: 1738: 1466: 1392: 1387: 64:that described, regulated, and promoted the 8931: 6286:County Palatine of Cephalonia and Zakynthos 5649: 5589: 5071: 4744: 4720: 4338: 4171: 4129: 3898: 3667: 3403: 3321: 3042: 2851: 2566: 2529:United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine 2121: 2049: 1931: 1917: 1861: 1843: 1837: 1801:. They composed songs in the styles called 1458: 1445: 1371:(15th century), currently preserved in the 1332: 1322: 1316: 1310: 1304: 1298: 984: 955: 929: 920:Churches Militant, Penitent, and Triumphant 10601: 10587: 8924: 8910: 8668:Dogma of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary 8618:Prayer of Consecration to the Sacred Heart 7649: 7635: 7076: 7062: 6453: 6439: 6144: 6130: 2373:became the hereditary Grand Master of the 2371:Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany 2263: 1954:by announcing that the days of were over. 1922:. Others aligned themselves to this idea. 1044:defending Christen unity was a just cause; 972:of Southern Italy were supported in their 819:this become a contributing factor for the 198: 184: 6103: 5984:The Social Structure of the First Crusade 5675: 5489: 5310: 5206: 4912: 4860: 4792:The Two Cities: Medieval Europe 1050-1320 4693: 4573: 4422: 4410: 4030: 4018: 3754: 3742: 3730: 3583: 3571: 3511: 3225: 2380: 1101:on their habits. Dedicatory miniature in 1071:Knights, chivalry and the military orders 720: 6460: 5737:God's War: A New History of the Crusades 5514: 5377: 4760: 4732: 4488: 4473: 4434: 4386: 4314: 4290: 4275: 4248: 3369: 3357: 3189: 3087: 3072: 2150: 1883: 1653: 1513: 1350: 1340: 1236: 1088: 881: 38: 10342:Fostering of early experimental science 5808: 5769: 5730: 5702: 5563: 5430: 5178: 5152: 5122: 4992: 4873:(1). Taylor & Francis, Ltd.: 1–46. 4766:The Crusades: The War for the Holy Land 4681: 4669: 4657: 4645: 4633: 4621: 4609: 4597: 4585: 4561: 4549: 4532: 4458: 4446: 4398: 4374: 4302: 4260: 4236: 4224: 4212: 4200: 4183: 4156: 4144: 4117: 4093: 4078: 4066: 4054: 4042: 4006: 3994: 3982: 3970: 3958: 3946: 3922: 3910: 3886: 3874: 3862: 3850: 3826: 3814: 3778: 3706: 3694: 3643: 3631: 3499: 3487: 3475: 3463: 3451: 3309: 3213: 3177: 3153: 3138: 3126: 3114: 3102: 3057: 3025: 3001: 2977: 2836: 2531:. An opposing analogy has developed in 2512:looks on the movement as an example of 2422:'s coup by declaring a crusade against 1444:. They use the ethnology-cultural term 877: 11996: 10446:Fundamentalist – Modernist controversy 5541: 5453: 5404: 5327: 5292: 5158:Religious Warfare in Europe, 1400-1536 4964: 4936: 4786: 4705: 4520: 4362: 4350: 3838: 3802: 3766: 3655: 3619: 3607: 3595: 3439: 3388: 3345: 3297: 3249: 3237: 3201: 3165: 2989: 2962: 2950: 2938: 2926: 2914: 2902: 2890: 2878: 1203:, magic, and heresy listed in various 1199:to dissolve the order. The grounds of 1179:. Later the order conquered and ruled 1109:), BNF Lat 6067 fol. 3v, dated 1483/4. 1103:Gestorum Rhodie obsidionis commentarii 10582: 8905: 7630: 7083: 7057: 6434: 6125: 5776:The Debate on the Crusades, 1099–2010 5350: 5099: 5015: 4105: 3427: 3285: 3273: 2105:concerning the preaching of the cross 2030:of impoverished secular leaders like 1987:autonomous preaching by the like of 179: 11865: 5254: 5231: 4833: 4812: 4503: 3790: 3559: 3547: 3535: 3523: 3415: 3261: 2866: 2799:History of the Jews and the Crusades 2744:on behalf of their co-religionists. 2325:During the later 15th and early 16th 2007: 1638:. Aquinas continued this in the 13th 1599:that he received during the earlier 950:extended his thinking to create the 8522:Suppression of the Society of Jesus 7591:History of the Mediterranean region 7038: 6483:Decline of the Western Roman Empire 6151: 5410:The Concise History of the Crusades 5045:Journal of Medieval Iberian Studies 2191:recruited crusaders in Prussia and 1183:(1309–1522) and finally settled in 1005:century. This created a concept of 839:and others saw this as "the impure 111:century. It declined after the 16th 13: 8077:Archbasilica of Saint John Lateran 6575:Growth of the Eastern Roman Empire 5849: 5078:The Crusades: Islamic Perspectives 2158:Directorium ad passagium faciendum 1745:describing the events in the 1268 1085:Military order (religious society) 713:and would plan to make it happen. 244:In the Holy Land (1095–1291) 228:Military order (religious society) 153:, northeastern Europe against the 101:personal relationships with Christ 14: 12015: 7005:Historiography in the Middle Ages 5872:Palgrave Advances in the Crusades 5569:Palgrave Advances in the Crusades 5234:Palgrave Advances in the Crusades 5210:Crusading and the Crusader States 4922:. Dumbarton Oaks. pp. 1–22. 2550: 2521:mandates to govern Syria, Lebanon 2253:. By the end of the century, the 1189:Sovereign Military Order of Malta 1097:with senior knights, wearing the 639:History of the papacy (1048–1257) 624: 11976: 11959: 11942: 11925: 11908: 11891: 11874: 11846: 11834: 11822: 11810: 11798: 11773: 11772: 11761: 10889:State church of the Roman Empire 10608: 8884: 8872: 8203:Fourth Council of Constantinople 8158:Second Council of Constantinople 7576:Bibliography of European history 7171:Fall of the Western Roman Empire 7037: 7028: 7027: 7017: 6225: 5312:10.1111/j.1468-2478.2010.00642.x 4320: 2165:, from a manuscript of the 1330s 2110: 2038: 1702:. The outcome was a campaign by 1678:for political reasons in Italy. 1359:in one picture; illustration by 1226: 10872:First seven ecumenical councils 8173:Third Council of Constantinople 8097:First Council of Constantinople 7601:History of Western civilization 7204:Christianity in the Middle Ages 6503:Christianity in the Middle Ages 6498:Decline of Hellenistic religion 5941:from the original on 2022-08-16 5836:from the original on 2023-08-18 5797:from the original on 2023-08-18 5758:from the original on 2023-08-18 5478:from the original on 2023-08-18 5299:International Studies Quarterly 4901:from the original on 2022-04-05 4753: 3505: 2643:philosopher-historians such as 2343:Albrecht of Brandenburg-Ansbach 2341:when the last Prussian master, 2146: 1944:can be seen in elements of the 1873: 1727:Renaissance of the 12th century 1649: 1556:In the late 11th and early 12th 16:Framework of Christian holy war 11739:Relations with other religions 11145:Church of the East (Nestorian) 11140:Oriental Orthodox (Miaphysite) 10305:Separation of church and state 9974:Formal and material principles 9959:Separation of church and state 8412:Dissolution of the monasteries 7678:History of the Catholic Church 7445:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 7388:Christianity in the modern era 7159:Christianity in late antiquity 6781:Crisis of the late Middle Ages 6357:Livonian Brothers of the Sword 6244:Latin Empire of Constantinople 2789:on behalf of co-religionists. 2557:Historiography of the Crusades 1903:, either by God or fate. This 694:the sale of clerical positions 350:Crusades after Acre, 1291–1399 1: 9969:Hymnody of continental Europe 9120:Apostles in the New Testament 8286:Fourth Council of the Lateran 8261:Second Council of the Lateran 7870:Apostles in the New Testament 7596:History of the European Union 6955:Disability in the Middle Ages 6628:Rise of the Republic of Genoa 6560:Rise of the Venetian Republic 6291:Lordship of Argos and Nauplia 6088:The English Historical Review 5901:Horowitz, Michael C. (2009). 5057:10.1080/17546559.2016.1268263 4815:The English Historical Review 2824: 2561:Islamic views on the crusades 2500:and military capability. The 2161:, in a French translation by 2099:and Humbert of Romans's work 1930:self described themselves as 1537: 675:Henry III, Holy Roman Emperor 56:encompasses the framework of 8400:Catholic Counter-Reformation 8266:Third Council of the Lateran 8256:First Council of the Lateran 7712:Catholic ecumenical councils 5714:University of Michigan Press 2065: 1696:First Council of the Lateran 1369:Grandes Chroniques de France 827:century. As late as the 16th 780:Robert II, Count of Flanders 681:. The reformers believed in 679:Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor 205: 45:church of the Holy Sepulchre 7: 11446:Views on poverty and wealth 9417:Eastern Orthodox opposition 7555:Russian invasion of Ukraine 7166:Crisis of the Third Century 6339:State of the Teutonic Order 6212:Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia 5781:Manchester University Press 4861:Chevedden, Paul E. (2013). 3156:, pp. 14–16, 338, 359. 2804:List of principal crusaders 2792: 2335:State of the Teutonic Order 2185:Battle of Wadi al-Khaznadar 2129:and Richard of Mapham, the 2020:Hungarian Peasants' Crusade 1895:Towards the end of the 12th 1382:Literature such as the 11th 924:The 4th-century theologian 10: 12020: 11691:World Evangelical Alliance 11653:Traditionalist Catholicism 9434:Art patronage of Julius II 7746:History of the Roman Curia 7611:Military history of Europe 7606:Maritime history of Europe 6756:Rise of the Ottoman Empire 5997:Cambridge University Press 5919:10.1162/isec.2009.34.2.162 5913:(27). MIT Press: 162–193. 5498:Greenwood Publishing Group 5437:Cambridge University Press 5328:Latham, Andrew A. (2012). 5293:Latham, Andrew A. (2011). 5207:Jotischky, Andrew (2004). 5083:Edinburgh University Press 2594:before the end of the 12th 2554: 2168: 2069: 2011: 1940:. Another example of this 1877: 1658:13th-century miniature of 1545: 1509: 1344: 1292:with the exception of the 1252:Abreujamen de las estorias 1230: 1074: 928:Christianised theories of 913: 907: 782:. Sigebert is critical of 724: 628: 25: 18: 11756: 11706: 11686:World Council of Churches 11661: 11579: 11463: 11454: 11409: 11194: 11178: 11173:Latter Day Saint movement 11158: 11118: 11018: 10999: 10945: 10902: 10847: 10753: 10732: 10691: 10659: 10616: 10526: 10361: 10280: 10209: 10144: 10066: 9997: 9937:Calvinist–Arminian debate 9911: 9678: 9561: 9397: 9288: 9170: 9068: 8957: 8939: 8867: 8767: 8633: 8560: 8495: 8482:European wars of religion 8379: 8314: 8216: 8138: 8029: 7952: 7812: 7801: 7793:Eastern Catholic Churches 7668: 7581:Genetic history of Europe 7563: 7368: 7184: 7124: 7091: 7013: 6942: 6801: 6696: 6683:Mongol invasion of Europe 6588: 6468: 6403: 6324: 6234: 6223: 6168: 6159: 6022:Polk, William R. (2018). 5815:The World of the Crusades 5490:Nicholson, Helen (2004). 5262:Perspectives on Terrorism 2666:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz 2624:writing in his 1566 work 2438: 2092:Battle of Mansurah (1250) 2024:Austrian Rhymed Chronicle 1947:Austrian Rhymed Chronicle 1706:against Granada in 1125. 1481:There remain a number of 1191:still exists today. King 218:Ideology and institutions 215: 32:Crusader (disambiguation) 11714:Anti-Christian sentiment 10894:Christian biblical canon 10426:Christian existentialism 8613:Mary of the Divine Heart 8236:Clash against the empire 8188:Second Council of Nicaea 8082:Old St. Peter's Basilica 6276:Duchy of the Archipelago 6026:. Yale University Press. 6005:10.1017/CBO9780511496554 5709:The Albigensian Crusades 5414:Rowman & Littlefield 4672:, pp. 448–449, 454. 2809:List of Crusader castles 2076:During the 12th and 13th 1607:who were migrating into 1355:The eight phases of the 1193:Philip IV of France 745:admissions of wrongdoing 28:Crusade (disambiguation) 11768:Christianity portal 10927:Investiture Controversy 8933:History of Christianity 8879:Vatican City portal 8231:Investiture Controversy 8087:First Council of Nicaea 7586:History of Christianity 6638:Investiture Controversy 6608:Second Bulgarian Empire 6256:Kingdom of Thessalonica 6190:Principality of Antioch 6162:List of Crusader states 6096:Oxford University Press 6062:Oxford University Press 5982:Kostick, Conor (2008). 5884:10.1057/9780230524095_2 5863:Oxford University Press 5686:Oxford University Press 5655:What Were the Crusades? 5633:Oxford University Press 5603:Oxford University Press 5525:Oxford University Press 5462:Oxford University Press 5388:Oxford University Press 5361:Oxford University Press 5185:Contesting the Crusades 5162:Oxford University Press 5136:Oxford University Press 5026:Oxford University Press 4844:Oxford University Press 2703:Joseph François Michaud 2365:'s attack on England's 2264:15th and 16th centuries 2117:Second Council of Lyons 2101:De praedicatione crucis 1825:and German ones called 1660:Baldwin II of Jerusalem 1644:Eastern Orthodox Church 1603:. Alexios was fighting 1529:Les Passages d'Outremer 1327:were used for crusade. 1107:Siege of Rhodes of 1480 991:Collection of Canon Law 903:Battle of Nablus (1242) 11719:Christian universalism 11110:Western Rite Orthodoxy 10955:Protestant Reformation 10494:Fourth Great Awakening 10381:Second Great Awakening 9620:Fall of Constantinople 9412:Development of primacy 8891:Catholicism portal 8702:Second Vatican Council 8588:Our Lady of La Salette 8395:Protestant Reformation 8382:Protestant Reformation 8301:Second Council of Lyon 7690:Ecclesiastical history 7410:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 6995:Post-classical history 6751:Fall of Constantinople 6658:Capet–Plantagenet feud 6525:First Bulgarian Empire 6378:Bishopric of Ösel–Wiek 6281:Triarchy of Negroponte 6261:Principality of Achaea 6249:Duchy of Philippopolis 6105:10.1093/ehr/CX.437.553 6054:Tuck, Richard (1999). 5907:International Security 5857:Cobb, Paul M. (2014). 5547:The Crusaders' Kingdom 5454:Morris, Colin (1989). 5433:Narrating the Crusades 4993:Dickson, Gary (2008). 2819:Criticism of crusading 2567: 2430:. Thirty-six years of 2395:Cretan War (1645–1669) 2381:17th century and later 2375:Order of Saint Stephen 2337:became the hereditary 2309:attempted to persuade 2255: 2197: 2166: 2122: 2072:criticism of crusading 2050: 1932: 1918: 1892: 1862: 1844: 1838: 1827: 1819: 1811: 1803: 1767: 1751: 1739: 1670: 1662:granting the captured 1548:Res publica Christiana 1543: 1467: 1459: 1446: 1393: 1388: 1379: 1365:illuminated manuscript 1347:Christianity and Islam 1333: 1323: 1317: 1311: 1305: 1303:was used for children; 1299: 1256: 1217: 1209: 1110: 985: 956: 930: 905: 821:Protestant Reformation 812: 721:Penance and indulgence 49: 11377:Anointing of the Sick 10489:Reformed epistemology 10431:Third Great Awakening 10401:Seventh-day Adventist 10322:First Great Awakening 10195:Book of Common Prayer 9989:Protestant work ethic 9532:Independent Catholics 9483:Monastery dissolution 8598:First Vatican Council 8296:First Council of Lyon 8060:Constantine the Great 7756:Christian monasticism 7490:Industrial Revolution 6368:Bishopric of Courland 6363:Archbishopric of Riga 5820:Yale University Press 5704:Strayer, Joseph Reese 5651:Riley-Smith, Jonathan 5621:Riley-Smith, Jonathan 5591:Riley-Smith, Jonathan 5431:Mannion, Lee (2014). 2814:Women in the Crusades 2154: 2012:Further information: 1936:. This translates as 1887: 1878:Further information: 1676:Bohemond I of Antioch 1657: 1546:Further information: 1517: 1487:Theobald I of Navarre 1354: 1345:Further information: 1341:Perception of Muslims 1240: 1231:Further information: 1223:were probably false. 1148:Eastern Mediterranean 1092: 1075:Further information: 914:Further information: 908:Further information: 885: 725:Further information: 629:Further information: 42: 11698:Nondenominationalism 11571:Role in civilization 11038:Independent Catholic 10980:Relations with Islam 10960:Catholic Reformation 10312:Edicts of toleration 10121:Three Forms of Unity 9886:Bohemian Reformation 9459:Catholic Reformation 9316:Roman state religion 9135:Council of Jerusalem 8775:Sexual abuse scandal 8684:Mit brennender Sorge 8527:Age of Enlightenment 8306:Bernard of Clairvaux 8183:Byzantine Iconoclasm 8122:Council of Chalcedon 7902:Council of Jerusalem 7771:Role in civilization 7751:Religious institutes 7683:By country or region 7545:European debt crisis 7540:European integration 7480:Age of Enlightenment 7320:Republic of Florence 6975:Medieval reenactment 6771:Renaissance Humanism 6678:Medieval Warm Period 6648:Republic of Florence 6462:European Middle Ages 6178:Kingdom of Jerusalem 6080:Tyerman, Christopher 6039:. pp. 127–140. 5810:Tyerman, Christopher 5771:Tyerman, Christopher 5732:Tyerman, Christopher 5575:. pp. 204–224. 5527:. pp. 112–140. 5390:. pp. 326–364. 5255:Koch, Ariel (2017). 5240:. pp. 225–244. 5190:Blackwell Publishing 5138:. pp. 260–294. 5108:. pp. 113–126. 5028:. pp. 184–217. 4770:Simon & Schuster 3634:, p. 65, 69-70. 3442:, pp. 458, 495. 3252:, pp. 150, 335. 2768:by the Ottoman Turk 2722:Jonathan Riley-Smith 2641:Age of Enlightenment 2626:History of the Turks 2502:Medieval Inquisition 2449:European colonialism 2432:National Catholicism 2229:and in the late 17th 2204:Institutionalisation 2103:which translates as 1964:Mandeville's Travels 1938:order of little ones 1518:Illustration of the 1412:, enemy of God, and 1165:Kingdom of Jerusalem 1035:Christian pilgrimage 938:that dated from the 878:Christianity and war 776:Sigebert of Gembloux 131:Christian pilgrimage 68:. The crusades were 26:For other uses, see 11744:Unlimited atonement 11729:Cultural Christians 11168:Jehovah's Witnesses 10790:Sermon on the Mount 10719:Christian tradition 10646:Lists of Christians 10484:Liberation theology 10391:Jehovah's Witnesses 10224:Radical Reformation 9952:Resistance theories 9839:Christian mysticism 9834:Early Scholasticism 9546:Ecclesial community 9444:Counter-Reformation 9309:Constantinian shift 8603:Papal infallibility 8593:Our Lady of Lourdes 8542:Shimabara Rebellion 8386:Counter-Reformation 7510:Revolutions of 1848 7440:Early modern France 7221:Anglo-Saxon England 7126:Classical antiquity 6688:Kingdom of Portugal 6555:Old Church Slavonic 6540:Anglo-Saxon England 6373:Bishopric of Dorpat 6304:Knights Hospitaller 5688:. pp. 90–110. 5073:Hillenbrand, Carole 4827:10.1093/ehr/ceaa008 4735:, pp. 675–677. 4684:, pp. 225–226. 4523:, pp. 204–205. 4491:, pp. 674–675. 4476:, pp. 675–680. 4461:, pp. 147–149. 4437:, pp. 667–668. 4401:, pp. 152–154. 4389:, pp. 112–113. 4341:, pp. 4–5, 36. 4327:García-Sanjuán 2018 4263:, pp. 358–359. 4227:, pp. 279–280. 4147:, pp. 262–265. 4120:, pp. 399–401. 4033:, pp. 256–257. 4009:, pp. 351–352. 3925:, pp. 258–260. 3562:, pp. 234–235. 3526:, pp. 227–229. 3372:, pp. 169–170. 3360:, pp. 168–169. 3300:, pp. 335–336. 3288:, pp. 113–114. 3228:, pp. 195–198. 3141:, pp. 439–440. 3105:, pp. 238–239. 3090:, pp. 533–535. 3075:, pp. 524–525. 3060:, pp. 235–237. 2965:, pp. 128–129. 2953:, pp. 240–241. 2714:Hans Eberhard Mayer 2514:Western imperialism 2032:Nicholas of Cologne 1868:imitation of Christ 1753:Canso de la Crozada 1704:Alfonso the Battler 1688:Cluniac monasticism 1615:and had formed the 1601:Council of Piacenza 1593:Council of Clermont 1520:Council of Clermont 1491:Folquet de Marselha 1469:Chanson d'Aspremont 1197:Pope Clement V 1160:Knights Hospitaller 602:Crusade of the Poor 115:century Protestant 11861:Crusading movement 11589:Crusading movement 10857:Ante-Nicene period 10558:Oriental Orthodoxy 10201:King James Version 10013:Ninety-five Theses 9809:Apostolic Brethren 9583:Church of the East 9578:Oriental Orthodoxy 9424:Crusading movement 8944:Early Christianity 8648:Our Lady of Fátima 8437:Ignatius of Loyola 8361:Catherine of Siena 8329:Pope Boniface VIII 8148:Benedict of Nursia 8117:Council of Ephesus 7954:Ante-Nicene period 7907:Split with Judaism 7741:Crusading movement 7616:Crusading movement 7520:Russian Revolution 7355:Hundred Years' War 7251:Maritime republics 7154:Early Christianity 7144:Hellenistic period 7101:Paleolithic Europe 6869:In popular culture 6834:Crusading movement 6706:Hundred Years' War 6565:Civitas Schinesghe 6550:Carolingian Empire 6535:Kingdom of Croatia 6488:Barbarian kingdoms 6413:Crusading movement 6309:Hospitaller Rhodes 6271:Duchy of Neopatras 5991:Maier, C. (2000). 5967:10.1007/BF02335496 5878:. pp. 15–36. 5876:Palgrave Macmillan 5659:Palgrave Macmillan 5635:. pp. 66–90. 5573:Palgrave Macmillan 5412:(Third ed.). 5363:. pp. 34–64. 5238:Palgrave Macmillan 4999:Palgrave MacMillan 4978:. pp. 31–40. 4879:10.1111/hisn.12000 4846:. pp. 13–33. 3961:, p. 101-102. 3646:, pp. 14, 21. 2753:Carole Hillenbrand 2683:. Gibbon followed 2403:Holy League (1684) 2359:English Protestant 2303:Cardinal Bessarion 2278:John V Palaiologos 2223:Smyrniote crusades 2212:House of Barcelona 2167: 2088:Louis IX of France 1893: 1741:Chanson d'Antioche 1671: 1597:Alexios I Komnenos 1564:This was begun by 1544: 1380: 1294:Children's Crusade 1283:the remotest place 1257: 1115:maritime republics 1111: 1066:, and Gregory VII. 966:siege of Barbastro 926:Augustine of Hippo 906: 792:plenary indulgence 727:Crusade indulgence 529:Against Christians 233:Crusade indulgence 223:Crusading movement 54:crusading movement 50: 11786: 11785: 11752: 11751: 11680:Charta Oecumenica 11190: 11189: 11180:Iglesia ni Cristo 10995: 10994: 10975:French Revolution 10965:Thirty Years' War 10837:Apostolic fathers 10805:Great Commandment 10576: 10575: 10553:Eastern Orthodoxy 10421:Finnish Awakening 10376:Holiness movement 10317:Congregationalism 10276: 10275: 10136:Metrical psalters 9573:Eastern Orthodoxy 9517:Neo-Scholasticism 9224:Canon development 9125:Jewish Christians 8899: 8898: 8859:COVID-19 pandemic 8837:Pope Benedict XVI 8742:Pope John Paul II 8517:Pope Benedict XIV 8503:French Revolution 8487:Thirty Years' War 8477:Robert Bellarmine 8462:John of the Cross 8366:Pope Alexander VI 8351:Council of Vienne 8281:Francis of Assisi 8271:Pope Innocent III 8140:Early Middle Ages 8134: 8133: 8130: 8129: 8072:Arian controversy 8025: 8024: 7973:Apostolic Fathers 7624: 7623: 7550:COVID-19 pandemic 7495:French Revolution 7470:Habsburg monarchy 7450:Cossack Hetmanate 7430:Portuguese Empire 7420:Absolute monarchy 7415:Thirty Years' War 7310:Holy Roman Empire 7235:Bulgarian Empire 7194:Early Middle Ages 7111:Bronze Age Europe 7085:History of Europe 7051: 7050: 6960:Basic topics list 6761:Swiss mercenaries 6711:Wars of the Roses 6618:Kingdom of Poland 6603:Holy Roman Empire 6470:Early Middle Ages 6428: 6427: 6395:Free City of Riga 6217:Kingdom of Cyprus 6207:County of Tripoli 6071:978-0-19-820753-5 6046:978-0-415-24440-4 6014:978-0-521-59061-7 5893:978-1-4039-1237-4 5829:978-0-300-21739-1 5790:978-0-7190-7320-5 5751:978-0-674-02387-1 5723:978-0-472-06476-2 5695:978-0-19-285428-5 5668:978-0-230-22069-0 5642:978-0-19-285428-5 5612:978-0-19-285428-5 5605:. pp. 1–12. 5582:978-1-4039-1237-4 5556:978-1-84212-224-2 5549:. Phoenix Press. 5534:978-0-19-285428-5 5507:978-0-313-32685-1 5471:978-0-19-826925-0 5446:978-1-107-05781-4 5423:978-1-4422-1576-4 5406:Madden, Thomas F. 5397:978-0-19-285428-5 5370:978-0-19-285428-5 5343:978-0-415-87184-6 5247:978-1-4039-1237-4 5224:978-0-582-41851-6 5199:978-1-4051-1189-8 5145:978-0-19-285428-5 5115:978-0-415-24440-4 5092:978-0-7486-0630-6 5035:978-0-19-285428-5 5008:978-1-4039-9989-4 4957:978-0-7126-6633-6 4943:Europe: A History 4929:978-0-88402-277-0 4853:978-0-19-285428-5 4779:978-1-84983-688-3 4708:, pp. 31–40. 4660:, pp. 80–86. 4600:, pp. 47–50. 4588:, pp. 38–42. 4552:, pp. 16–17. 4425:, pp. 93–94. 3937:, pp. 66–67. 3935:Riley-Smith 1995b 3817:, pp. 24–26. 3745:, pp. 93–94. 3733:, pp. 91–92. 3719:Riley-Smith 1995b 3682:, pp. 78–80. 3680:Riley-Smith 1995b 3574:, pp. 94–95. 3430:, pp. 46–48. 3334:Riley-Smith 1995b 3324:, p. 50, 64. 3276:, pp. 43–44. 3216:, pp. 14–15. 3117:, pp. 40–41. 3014:Riley-Smith 1995b 3004:, pp. 69–70. 2893:, pp. 93–94. 2881:, pp. 80–81. 2690:William Robertson 2518:League of Nations 2491:Mediterranean Sea 2411:French Revolution 2367:Queen Elizabeth I 2227:Battle of Lepanto 2008:Popular crusading 1976:Confessio Amantis 1769:Chansons de geste 1566:Pope Alexander II 1447:barbarae nationes 1395:Chanson de Roland 1269:Humbert of Romans 1095:Pierre d'Aubusson 1017:and one from the 986:Collectio Canonum 978:Emirate of Sicily 940:Greco-Roman world 916:Miles Christianus 698:clerical marriage 671:Holy Roman Empire 621: 620: 607:Shepherds' (1320) 597:Shepherds' (1251) 581:(1096–1320) 531:(1209–1588) 466:(1147–1410) 344:(1291–1717) 151:Iberian Peninsula 99:ideas of forming 12011: 11989: 11981: 11980: 11979: 11972: 11971:from Wikiversity 11964: 11963: 11962: 11955: 11947: 11946: 11945: 11938: 11930: 11929: 11928: 11921: 11913: 11912: 11911: 11904: 11896: 11895: 11894: 11887: 11879: 11878: 11877: 11867: 11851: 11850: 11839: 11838: 11837: 11827: 11826: 11815: 11814: 11813: 11803: 11802: 11794: 11776: 11775: 11766: 11765: 11609:Environmentalism 11559:Church buildings 11461: 11460: 11276:Eastern Orthodox 11271:Eastern Catholic 11183: 11182: 11150:Eastern Catholic 11128:Eastern Orthodox 11016: 11015: 10937:Age of Discovery 10922:East–West Schism 10820:Great Commission 10751: 10750: 10603: 10596: 10589: 10580: 10579: 9995: 9994: 9382:Non-Chalcedonian 9363:Constantinople I 9155:General epistles 9150:Pauline epistles 9130:Paul the Apostle 9108:Great Commission 8926: 8919: 8912: 8903: 8902: 8889: 8888: 8877: 8876: 8875: 8854:Patriarch Kirill 8727:Pope John Paul I 8532:Anti-clericalism 8512:Pope Innocent XI 8432:Society of Jesus 8417:Council of Trent 8371:Age of Discovery 8316:Late Middle Ages 8218:High Middle Ages 8208:East–West Schism 8092:Pope Sylvester I 8038: 8037: 8027: 8026: 7937:General epistles 7932:Pauline epistles 7865:John the Baptist 7848:Great Commission 7810: 7809: 7761:Catholic culture 7651: 7644: 7637: 7628: 7627: 7485:Great Divergence 7400:Age of Discovery 7345:Late Middle Ages 7315:High Middle Ages 7226:Byzantine Empire 7209:Christianization 7199:Migration Period 7134:Classical Greece 7106:Neolithic Europe 7078: 7071: 7064: 7055: 7054: 7041: 7040: 7031: 7030: 7021: 6980:Medieval studies 6824:Church and State 6698:Late Middle Ages 6590:High Middle Ages 6508:Christianization 6478:Migration Period 6455: 6448: 6441: 6432: 6431: 6388:Order of Dobrzyń 6316:Genoese colonies 6229: 6195:County of Edessa 6146: 6139: 6132: 6123: 6122: 6117: 6107: 6075: 6050: 6027: 6018: 5987: 5978: 5949: 5947: 5946: 5897: 5866: 5844: 5842: 5841: 5805: 5803: 5802: 5766: 5764: 5763: 5727: 5699: 5683: 5672: 5646: 5630: 5616: 5600: 5586: 5560: 5538: 5522: 5511: 5486: 5484: 5483: 5450: 5427: 5401: 5385: 5374: 5358: 5347: 5324: 5314: 5289: 5287: 5286: 5277:. Archived from 5251: 5228: 5213:(1st ed.). 5203: 5175: 5149: 5133: 5119: 5096: 5068: 5039: 5023: 5012: 4989: 4973: 4961: 4933: 4914:Constable, Giles 4909: 4907: 4906: 4857: 4841: 4830: 4821:(573): 271–302. 4809: 4783: 4762:Asbridge, Thomas 4748: 4747:, pp. 6–66. 4745:Riley-Smith 2009 4742: 4736: 4730: 4724: 4721:Hillenbrand 1999 4718: 4709: 4703: 4697: 4696:, pp. 1–22. 4691: 4685: 4679: 4673: 4667: 4661: 4655: 4649: 4643: 4637: 4631: 4625: 4619: 4613: 4607: 4601: 4595: 4589: 4583: 4577: 4571: 4565: 4559: 4553: 4547: 4536: 4535:, pp. 8–12. 4530: 4524: 4518: 4507: 4501: 4492: 4486: 4477: 4471: 4462: 4456: 4450: 4444: 4438: 4432: 4426: 4420: 4414: 4408: 4402: 4396: 4390: 4384: 4378: 4372: 4366: 4360: 4354: 4348: 4342: 4339:Riley-Smith 1995 4336: 4330: 4324: 4318: 4312: 4306: 4300: 4294: 4288: 4279: 4273: 4264: 4258: 4252: 4246: 4240: 4234: 4228: 4222: 4216: 4210: 4204: 4198: 4187: 4181: 4175: 4172:Riley-Smith 1995 4169: 4160: 4154: 4148: 4142: 4133: 4130:Riley-Smith 1995 4127: 4121: 4115: 4109: 4103: 4097: 4091: 4082: 4076: 4070: 4064: 4058: 4052: 4046: 4040: 4034: 4028: 4022: 4016: 4010: 4004: 3998: 3992: 3986: 3980: 3974: 3968: 3962: 3956: 3950: 3944: 3938: 3932: 3926: 3920: 3914: 3908: 3902: 3899:Riley-Smith 1995 3896: 3890: 3884: 3878: 3872: 3866: 3860: 3854: 3848: 3842: 3836: 3830: 3824: 3818: 3812: 3806: 3800: 3794: 3788: 3782: 3776: 3770: 3764: 3758: 3752: 3746: 3740: 3734: 3728: 3722: 3716: 3710: 3704: 3698: 3692: 3683: 3677: 3671: 3668:Riley-Smith 1995 3665: 3659: 3653: 3647: 3641: 3635: 3629: 3623: 3617: 3611: 3605: 3599: 3593: 3587: 3581: 3575: 3569: 3563: 3557: 3551: 3545: 3539: 3533: 3527: 3521: 3515: 3509: 3503: 3497: 3491: 3490:, pp. 9–14. 3485: 3479: 3473: 3467: 3461: 3455: 3449: 3443: 3437: 3431: 3425: 3419: 3413: 3407: 3404:Riley-Smith 1995 3401: 3392: 3386: 3373: 3367: 3361: 3355: 3349: 3343: 3337: 3331: 3325: 3322:Riley-Smith 1995 3319: 3313: 3307: 3301: 3295: 3289: 3283: 3277: 3271: 3265: 3259: 3253: 3247: 3241: 3235: 3229: 3223: 3217: 3211: 3205: 3199: 3193: 3187: 3181: 3175: 3169: 3163: 3157: 3151: 3142: 3136: 3130: 3124: 3118: 3112: 3106: 3100: 3091: 3085: 3076: 3070: 3061: 3055: 3046: 3043:Riley-Smith 1995 3040: 3029: 3023: 3017: 3011: 3005: 2999: 2993: 2987: 2981: 2975: 2966: 2960: 2954: 2948: 2942: 2936: 2930: 2924: 2918: 2912: 2906: 2900: 2894: 2888: 2882: 2876: 2870: 2864: 2855: 2852:Riley-Smith 1995 2849: 2840: 2839:, p. xxiii. 2834: 2761:Mongol invasions 2739: 2734:Thomas F. Madden 2700: 2659: 2635:Étienne Pasquier 2631:Emperor Henry IV 2612: 2597: 2589: 2579:Albert of Aachen 2570: 2546: 2541:Thomas F. Madden 2510:Arab nationalism 2462: 2420:Francisco Franco 2408: 2399:Battle of Vienna 2388: 2339:Duchy of Prussia 2328: 2290:Cypriot Maronite 2270:Eugenius IV 2258: 2232: 2208:Capetian dynasty 2200: 2182: 2127: 2079: 2053: 2014:Popular crusades 1993:hypothecated tax 1980:Geoffrey Chaucer 1966:, poems such as 1935: 1921: 1909:Joachim of Fiore 1898: 1880:Papal income tax 1865: 1863:imitatio Christi 1847: 1841: 1832: 1824: 1816: 1808: 1772: 1756: 1747:siege of Antioch 1744: 1720:Battle of Hattin 1692:Pope Calixtus II 1668:Hugues de Payens 1641: 1625: 1559: 1542: 1539: 1535: 1497:. In return for 1495:Conon de Béthune 1472: 1464: 1449: 1398: 1391: 1389:chanson de geste 1385: 1373:Hermitage Museum 1336: 1326: 1320: 1314: 1308: 1302: 1266: 1247:People's Crusade 1243:Peter the Hermit 1233:Popular crusades 1222: 1214: 1105:(account of the 1011:enemies in Italy 1004: 988: 959: 945: 933: 852:Alberico Gentili 830: 826: 817: 754: 707: 649:Gregorian Reform 635:Gregorian Reform 335:Fall of Outremer 238:Papal income tax 210: 200: 193: 186: 177: 176: 139:Christian martyr 114: 110: 105:Gregorian Reform 12019: 12018: 12014: 12013: 12012: 12010: 12009: 12008: 11994: 11993: 11992: 11982: 11977: 11975: 11965: 11960: 11958: 11948: 11943: 11941: 11937:from Wikisource 11931: 11926: 11924: 11914: 11909: 11907: 11897: 11892: 11890: 11886:from Wiktionary 11880: 11875: 11873: 11870: 11866:sister projects 11863:at Knowledge's 11857: 11845: 11835: 11833: 11821: 11811: 11809: 11797: 11789: 11787: 11782: 11760: 11748: 11702: 11657: 11575: 11456: 11450: 11405: 11330:One true church 11186: 11154: 11114: 11003: 10991: 10941: 10898: 10843: 10770:in Christianity 10756: 10742: 10736: 10728: 10687: 10663: 10655: 10612: 10607: 10577: 10572: 10522: 10509:Christian right 10411:Oxford Movement 10386:Restorationists 10357: 10272: 10205: 10140: 10091:Presbyterianism 10062: 10042:Book of Concord 9993: 9917: 9915: 9907: 9674: 9564: 9557: 9393: 9292: 9284: 9243:Clement of Rome 9173: 9166: 9070: 9064: 8953: 8935: 8930: 8900: 8895: 8883: 8873: 8871: 8863: 8785:World Youth Day 8763: 8752:World Youth Day 8696:Pacem in terris 8690:Pope John XXIII 8629: 8556: 8547:Edict of Nantes 8505: 8501: 8491: 8457:Teresa of Ávila 8452:Tridentine Mass 8388: 8384: 8375: 8356:Knights Templar 8310: 8212: 8168:Gregorian chant 8126: 8052: 8049: 8046: 8044: 8033: 8021: 7948: 7817: 7805: 7797: 7664: 7662:Catholic Church 7655: 7625: 7620: 7559: 7525:Interwar period 7500:Napoleonic Wars 7364: 7335:Mongol invasion 7288:Crown of Aragon 7180: 7120: 7116:Iron Age Europe 7087: 7082: 7052: 7047: 7009: 6990:Neo-medievalism 6938: 6874:Itinerant court 6797: 6692: 6613:Georgian Empire 6598:Norman Conquest 6584: 6530:Frankish Empire 6464: 6459: 6429: 6424: 6408:Military orders 6399: 6328: 6320: 6266:Duchy of Athens 6230: 6221: 6164: 6155: 6153:Crusader states 6150: 6120: 6078: 6072: 6053: 6047: 6030: 6021: 6015: 5990: 5981: 5952: 5944: 5942: 5900: 5894: 5869: 5856: 5852: 5850:Further reading 5847: 5839: 5837: 5830: 5800: 5798: 5791: 5761: 5759: 5752: 5724: 5696: 5669: 5643: 5613: 5583: 5557: 5535: 5508: 5481: 5479: 5472: 5447: 5424: 5398: 5371: 5344: 5284: 5282: 5248: 5225: 5215:Pearson Longman 5200: 5180:Housley, Norman 5172: 5154:Housley, Norman 5146: 5124:Housley, Norman 5116: 5093: 5036: 5009: 4986: 4971: 4958: 4930: 4904: 4902: 4854: 4806: 4788:Barber, Malcolm 4780: 4756: 4751: 4743: 4739: 4731: 4727: 4719: 4712: 4704: 4700: 4692: 4688: 4680: 4676: 4668: 4664: 4656: 4652: 4644: 4640: 4632: 4628: 4620: 4616: 4608: 4604: 4596: 4592: 4584: 4580: 4572: 4568: 4560: 4556: 4548: 4539: 4531: 4527: 4519: 4510: 4502: 4495: 4487: 4480: 4472: 4465: 4457: 4453: 4445: 4441: 4433: 4429: 4421: 4417: 4409: 4405: 4397: 4393: 4385: 4381: 4377:, pp. 4–5. 4373: 4369: 4361: 4357: 4349: 4345: 4337: 4333: 4325: 4321: 4313: 4309: 4301: 4297: 4289: 4282: 4274: 4267: 4259: 4255: 4251:, pp. 348. 4247: 4243: 4235: 4231: 4223: 4219: 4211: 4207: 4199: 4190: 4182: 4178: 4170: 4163: 4155: 4151: 4143: 4136: 4128: 4124: 4116: 4112: 4104: 4100: 4092: 4085: 4077: 4073: 4065: 4061: 4053: 4049: 4041: 4037: 4029: 4025: 4017: 4013: 4005: 4001: 3993: 3989: 3981: 3977: 3969: 3965: 3957: 3953: 3945: 3941: 3933: 3929: 3921: 3917: 3909: 3905: 3897: 3893: 3885: 3881: 3873: 3869: 3861: 3857: 3849: 3845: 3837: 3833: 3825: 3821: 3813: 3809: 3801: 3797: 3789: 3785: 3777: 3773: 3765: 3761: 3753: 3749: 3741: 3737: 3729: 3725: 3717: 3713: 3705: 3701: 3693: 3686: 3678: 3674: 3666: 3662: 3654: 3650: 3642: 3638: 3630: 3626: 3618: 3614: 3606: 3602: 3594: 3590: 3582: 3578: 3570: 3566: 3558: 3554: 3546: 3542: 3534: 3530: 3522: 3518: 3510: 3506: 3498: 3494: 3486: 3482: 3478:, p. xiii. 3474: 3470: 3462: 3458: 3450: 3446: 3438: 3434: 3426: 3422: 3414: 3410: 3406:, pp. 8–9. 3402: 3395: 3387: 3376: 3368: 3364: 3356: 3352: 3344: 3340: 3332: 3328: 3320: 3316: 3308: 3304: 3296: 3292: 3284: 3280: 3272: 3268: 3260: 3256: 3248: 3244: 3236: 3232: 3224: 3220: 3212: 3208: 3200: 3196: 3188: 3184: 3176: 3172: 3164: 3160: 3152: 3145: 3137: 3133: 3125: 3121: 3113: 3109: 3101: 3094: 3086: 3079: 3071: 3064: 3056: 3049: 3041: 3032: 3024: 3020: 3012: 3008: 3000: 2996: 2988: 2984: 2976: 2969: 2961: 2957: 2949: 2945: 2937: 2933: 2925: 2921: 2913: 2909: 2901: 2897: 2889: 2885: 2877: 2873: 2865: 2858: 2850: 2843: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2795: 2737: 2710:Traditionalists 2698: 2657: 2610: 2600:Crusader States 2595: 2592:William of Tyre 2587: 2568:Gesta Francorum 2563: 2555:Main articles: 2553: 2544: 2506:Political Islam 2470:Venetian Greece 2460: 2457:Europe Overseas 2441: 2406: 2386: 2383: 2345:, converted to 2326: 2295:Battle of Varna 2266: 2230: 2180: 2177: 2169:Main articles: 2149: 2131:dean of Lincoln 2124:Chronica Majora 2113: 2097:Würzburg Annals 2077: 2074: 2068: 2041: 2016: 2010: 2000:, heretics, or 1989:Fulk of Neuilly 1978:, and works by 1933:ordo parvulorum 1905:Providentialism 1896: 1882: 1876: 1775:French language 1652: 1639: 1623: 1557: 1554: 1540: 1533: 1512: 1461:Gesta Francorum 1383: 1349: 1343: 1264: 1255:(14th century). 1235: 1229: 1156:Knights Templar 1152:Crusader states 1099:"Rhodian cross" 1087: 1073: 1002: 995:Anselm of Lucca 943: 922: 912: 910:Just war theory 880: 872:Roman Catholics 828: 824: 784:Pope Paschal II 752: 737:pardon for sins 729: 723: 705: 653:Augustin Fliche 641: 627: 622: 617: 587:People's (1096) 211: 206: 204: 127:Just war theory 112: 108: 35: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 12017: 12007: 12006: 11991: 11990: 11973: 11956: 11954:from Wikibooks 11939: 11922: 11920:from Wikiquote 11905: 11888: 11859: 11856: 11855: 11843: 11831: 11819: 11807: 11784: 11783: 11781: 11780: 11770: 11757: 11754: 11753: 11750: 11749: 11747: 11746: 11741: 11736: 11731: 11726: 11721: 11716: 11710: 11708: 11704: 11703: 11701: 11700: 11695: 11694: 11693: 11688: 11683: 11671: 11665: 11663: 11659: 11658: 11656: 11655: 11650: 11645: 11640: 11635: 11626: 11621: 11619:Fundamentalism 11616: 11614:Existentialism 11611: 11606: 11601: 11596: 11591: 11585: 11583: 11577: 11576: 11574: 11573: 11568: 11567: 11566: 11556: 11551: 11546: 11541: 11536: 11531: 11526: 11525: 11524: 11514: 11513: 11512: 11507: 11505:God the Father 11502: 11497: 11492: 11482: 11481: 11480: 11469: 11467: 11458: 11452: 11451: 11449: 11448: 11443: 11438: 11437: 11436: 11426: 11421: 11415: 11413: 11407: 11406: 11404: 11403: 11402: 11401: 11391: 11386: 11385: 11384: 11379: 11374: 11369: 11364: 11359: 11354: 11344: 11343: 11342: 11337: 11332: 11327: 11325:Body of Christ 11322: 11312: 11307: 11302: 11301: 11300: 11290: 11285: 11284: 11283: 11278: 11273: 11268: 11258: 11253: 11248: 11243: 11238: 11233: 11228: 11227: 11226: 11221: 11216: 11211: 11200: 11198: 11192: 11191: 11188: 11187: 11185: 11184: 11175: 11170: 11164: 11162: 11160:Restorationist 11156: 11155: 11153: 11152: 11147: 11142: 11137: 11136: 11135: 11124: 11122: 11116: 11115: 11113: 11112: 11107: 11106: 11105: 11100: 11095: 11090: 11085: 11080: 11075: 11070: 11065: 11060: 11055: 11050: 11040: 11035: 11030: 11024: 11022: 11013: 10997: 10996: 10993: 10992: 10990: 10989: 10988: 10987: 10977: 10972: 10967: 10962: 10957: 10951: 10949: 10943: 10942: 10940: 10939: 10934: 10929: 10924: 10919: 10914: 10908: 10906: 10900: 10899: 10897: 10896: 10891: 10886: 10885: 10884: 10879: 10869: 10864: 10862:Late antiquity 10859: 10853: 10851: 10845: 10844: 10842: 10841: 10840: 10839: 10832:Church fathers 10829: 10824: 10823: 10822: 10817: 10812: 10807: 10802: 10797: 10792: 10787: 10782: 10777: 10772: 10761: 10759: 10748: 10730: 10729: 10727: 10726: 10721: 10716: 10711: 10706: 10701: 10695: 10693: 10689: 10688: 10686: 10685: 10680: 10675: 10669: 10667: 10657: 10656: 10654: 10653: 10648: 10643: 10638: 10633: 10628: 10623: 10617: 10614: 10613: 10606: 10605: 10598: 10591: 10583: 10574: 10573: 10571: 10570: 10565: 10560: 10555: 10550: 10545: 10544: 10543: 10538: 10527: 10524: 10523: 10521: 10520: 10515: 10506: 10496: 10491: 10486: 10481: 10476: 10474:Pentecostalism 10471: 10469:Jesus movement 10466: 10458: 10453: 10448: 10443: 10438: 10433: 10428: 10423: 10418: 10413: 10408: 10403: 10398: 10393: 10388: 10383: 10378: 10373: 10367: 10365: 10359: 10358: 10356: 10355: 10346: 10345: 10344: 10334: 10329: 10324: 10319: 10314: 10309: 10308: 10307: 10297: 10292: 10286: 10284: 10278: 10277: 10274: 10273: 10271: 10270: 10263: 10260:Martyrs Mirror 10256: 10251: 10246: 10244:Martyrs' Synod 10241: 10236: 10234:Swiss Brethren 10231: 10226: 10221: 10215: 10213: 10207: 10206: 10204: 10203: 10198: 10191: 10186: 10181: 10176: 10171: 10166: 10161: 10156: 10150: 10148: 10142: 10141: 10139: 10138: 10133: 10128: 10123: 10118: 10113: 10108: 10103: 10098: 10093: 10088: 10083: 10078: 10072: 10070: 10064: 10063: 10061: 10060: 10055: 10050: 10045: 10038: 10033: 10032: 10031: 10026: 10021: 10016: 10003: 10001: 9992: 9991: 9986: 9981: 9979:Law and Gospel 9976: 9971: 9966: 9961: 9956: 9955: 9954: 9944: 9939: 9934: 9929: 9923: 9921: 9909: 9908: 9906: 9905: 9904: 9903: 9893: 9888: 9883: 9878: 9873: 9868: 9867: 9866: 9856: 9851: 9846: 9841: 9836: 9831: 9826: 9821: 9816: 9811: 9806: 9801: 9796: 9791: 9786: 9781: 9776: 9771: 9770: 9769: 9764: 9759: 9754: 9749: 9744: 9734: 9733: 9732: 9731: 9730: 9720: 9715: 9710: 9700: 9695: 9690: 9684: 9682: 9676: 9675: 9673: 9672: 9667: 9662: 9660:Ottoman Empire 9657: 9652: 9647: 9642: 9637: 9632: 9627: 9622: 9617: 9612: 9611: 9610: 9605: 9595: 9590: 9585: 9580: 9575: 9569: 9567: 9559: 9558: 9556: 9555: 9550: 9549: 9548: 9534: 9529: 9524: 9519: 9514: 9509: 9504: 9499: 9490: 9485: 9480: 9475: 9474: 9473: 9472: 9471: 9461: 9456: 9451: 9441: 9436: 9431: 9426: 9421: 9420: 9419: 9414: 9403: 9401: 9395: 9394: 9392: 9391: 9389:Biblical canon 9386: 9385: 9384: 9370: 9365: 9360: 9355: 9350: 9345: 9344: 9343: 9338: 9328: 9323: 9318: 9313: 9312: 9311: 9300: 9298: 9290:Late antiquity 9286: 9285: 9283: 9282: 9277: 9276: 9275: 9270: 9265: 9260: 9255: 9250: 9245: 9238:Church Fathers 9231: 9226: 9221: 9220: 9219: 9214: 9209: 9204: 9199: 9194: 9189: 9178: 9176: 9168: 9167: 9165: 9164: 9163: 9162: 9157: 9152: 9147: 9142: 9132: 9127: 9122: 9117: 9112: 9111: 9110: 9105: 9100: 9095: 9090: 9080: 9074: 9072: 9066: 9065: 9063: 9062: 9057: 9052: 9047: 9042: 9037: 9032: 9027: 9022: 9017: 9012: 9007: 9002: 8997: 8992: 8987: 8982: 8977: 8972: 8967: 8961: 8959: 8955: 8954: 8952: 8951: 8946: 8940: 8937: 8936: 8929: 8928: 8921: 8914: 8906: 8897: 8896: 8894: 8893: 8881: 8868: 8865: 8864: 8862: 8861: 8856: 8851: 8844: 8839: 8834: 8833: 8832: 8827: 8822: 8817: 8812: 8807: 8802: 8797: 8792: 8782: 8777: 8771: 8769: 8765: 8764: 8762: 8761: 8760: 8759: 8749: 8744: 8739: 8734: 8729: 8724: 8714: 8709: 8704: 8699: 8692: 8687: 8680: 8675: 8673:Lateran Treaty 8670: 8665: 8660: 8655: 8650: 8645: 8639: 8637: 8631: 8630: 8628: 8627: 8620: 8615: 8610: 8605: 8600: 8595: 8590: 8585: 8580: 8575: 8570: 8564: 8562: 8558: 8557: 8555: 8554: 8549: 8544: 8539: 8534: 8529: 8524: 8519: 8514: 8508: 8506: 8498:Baroque period 8496: 8493: 8492: 8490: 8489: 8484: 8479: 8474: 8469: 8467:Peter Canisius 8464: 8459: 8454: 8449: 8444: 8442:Francis Xavier 8439: 8434: 8429: 8424: 8419: 8414: 8409: 8406:Exsurge Domine 8402: 8397: 8391: 8389: 8380: 8377: 8376: 8374: 8373: 8368: 8363: 8358: 8353: 8348: 8346:Pope Clement V 8343: 8342: 8341: 8339:Avignon Papacy 8334:Western Schism 8331: 8326: 8324:Thomas Aquinas 8320: 8318: 8312: 8311: 8309: 8308: 8303: 8298: 8293: 8288: 8283: 8278: 8273: 8268: 8263: 8258: 8253: 8248: 8243: 8238: 8233: 8228: 8222: 8220: 8214: 8213: 8211: 8210: 8205: 8200: 8195: 8190: 8185: 8180: 8178:Saint Boniface 8175: 8170: 8165: 8163:Pope Gregory I 8160: 8155: 8150: 8144: 8142: 8136: 8135: 8132: 8131: 8128: 8127: 8125: 8124: 8119: 8114: 8109: 8104: 8102:Biblical canon 8099: 8094: 8089: 8084: 8079: 8074: 8069: 8068: 8067: 8056: 8054: 8035: 8031:Late antiquity 8023: 8022: 8020: 8019: 8014: 8009: 8004: 7999: 7998: 7997: 7992: 7991: 7990: 7985: 7980: 7978:Pope Clement I 7968:Church Fathers 7965: 7959: 7957: 7950: 7949: 7947: 7946: 7945: 7944: 7939: 7934: 7929: 7924: 7919: 7909: 7904: 7899: 7894: 7893: 7892: 7887: 7882: 7877: 7867: 7862: 7857: 7852: 7851: 7850: 7845: 7840: 7835: 7824: 7822: 7807: 7799: 7798: 7796: 7795: 7790: 7785: 7780: 7775: 7774: 7773: 7768: 7758: 7753: 7748: 7743: 7738: 7737: 7736: 7731: 7729:Biblical canon 7724:Catholic Bible 7721: 7720: 7719: 7709: 7708: 7707: 7697: 7692: 7687: 7686: 7685: 7674: 7672: 7666: 7665: 7654: 7653: 7646: 7639: 7631: 7622: 7621: 7619: 7618: 7613: 7608: 7603: 7598: 7593: 7588: 7583: 7578: 7573: 7567: 7565: 7561: 7560: 7558: 7557: 7552: 7547: 7542: 7537: 7532: 7527: 7522: 7517: 7512: 7507: 7502: 7497: 7492: 7487: 7482: 7477: 7475:Russian Empire 7472: 7467: 7465:British Empire 7462: 7460:Dutch Republic 7457: 7455:Swedish Empire 7452: 7447: 7442: 7437: 7435:Spanish Empire 7432: 7427: 7425:Ottoman Empire 7422: 7417: 7412: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7396: 7395: 7385: 7380: 7374: 7372: 7366: 7365: 7363: 7362: 7357: 7352: 7347: 7342: 7340:Serbian Empire 7337: 7332: 7327: 7322: 7317: 7312: 7307: 7285: 7280: 7275: 7274: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7258: 7248: 7247: 7246: 7241: 7233: 7228: 7223: 7218: 7213: 7212: 7211: 7201: 7196: 7190: 7188: 7182: 7181: 7179: 7178: 7176:Late antiquity 7173: 7168: 7163: 7162: 7161: 7151: 7146: 7141: 7139:Roman Republic 7136: 7130: 7128: 7122: 7121: 7119: 7118: 7113: 7108: 7103: 7097: 7095: 7089: 7088: 7081: 7080: 7073: 7066: 7058: 7049: 7048: 7046: 7045: 7035: 7025: 7014: 7011: 7010: 7008: 7007: 7002: 6997: 6992: 6987: 6985:Misconceptions 6982: 6977: 6972: 6967: 6962: 6957: 6952: 6946: 6944: 6940: 6939: 6937: 6936: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6916: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6896: 6891: 6886: 6881: 6876: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6841: 6836: 6831: 6826: 6821: 6816: 6811: 6805: 6803: 6799: 6798: 6796: 6795: 6793:Little Ice Age 6790: 6789: 6788: 6778: 6773: 6768: 6763: 6758: 6753: 6748: 6746:Western Schism 6743: 6738: 6733: 6728: 6723: 6718: 6713: 6708: 6702: 6700: 6694: 6693: 6691: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6675: 6670: 6665: 6660: 6655: 6650: 6645: 6640: 6635: 6630: 6625: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6600: 6594: 6592: 6586: 6585: 6583: 6582: 6577: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6557: 6552: 6547: 6542: 6537: 6532: 6527: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6511: 6510: 6500: 6495: 6493:Late antiquity 6490: 6485: 6480: 6474: 6472: 6466: 6465: 6458: 6457: 6450: 6443: 6435: 6426: 6425: 6423: 6422: 6421: 6420: 6410: 6404: 6401: 6400: 6398: 6397: 6392: 6391: 6390: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6354: 6353: 6352: 6350:Livonian Order 6347: 6345:Teutonic Order 6335: 6333: 6322: 6321: 6319: 6318: 6313: 6312: 6311: 6301: 6293: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6253: 6252: 6251: 6240: 6238: 6232: 6231: 6224: 6222: 6220: 6219: 6214: 6209: 6204: 6203: 6202: 6192: 6187: 6186: 6185: 6174: 6172: 6166: 6165: 6160: 6157: 6156: 6149: 6148: 6141: 6134: 6126: 6119: 6118: 6076: 6070: 6051: 6045: 6028: 6019: 6013: 5988: 5979: 5955:Jewish History 5950: 5898: 5892: 5867: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5845: 5828: 5806: 5789: 5767: 5750: 5728: 5722: 5700: 5694: 5673: 5667: 5647: 5641: 5617: 5611: 5587: 5581: 5561: 5555: 5543:Prawer, Joshua 5539: 5533: 5512: 5506: 5487: 5470: 5451: 5445: 5428: 5422: 5402: 5396: 5375: 5369: 5348: 5342: 5325: 5305:(1): 223–243. 5290: 5252: 5246: 5229: 5223: 5204: 5198: 5176: 5170: 5150: 5144: 5120: 5114: 5097: 5091: 5069: 5051:(1): 127–145. 5040: 5034: 5013: 5007: 4990: 4984: 4976:Dumbarton Oaks 4962: 4956: 4938:Davies, Norman 4934: 4928: 4910: 4858: 4852: 4831: 4810: 4804: 4784: 4778: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4749: 4737: 4725: 4710: 4698: 4694:Constable 2001 4686: 4674: 4662: 4650: 4638: 4626: 4614: 4602: 4590: 4578: 4574:Chevedden 2013 4566: 4554: 4537: 4525: 4508: 4493: 4478: 4463: 4451: 4449:, p. 143. 4439: 4427: 4423:Nicholson 2004 4415: 4411:Nicholson 2004 4403: 4391: 4379: 4367: 4365:, p. 227. 4355: 4353:, p. 282. 4343: 4331: 4319: 4317:, p. 360. 4307: 4305:, p. 293. 4295: 4293:, p. 364. 4280: 4278:, p. 352. 4265: 4253: 4241: 4239:, p. 264. 4229: 4217: 4215:, p. 279. 4205: 4203:, p. 281. 4188: 4186:, p. 270. 4176: 4161: 4159:, p. 275. 4149: 4134: 4122: 4110: 4108:, p. 211. 4098: 4096:, p. 260. 4083: 4081:, p. 314. 4071: 4059: 4057:, p. 247. 4047: 4045:, p. 352. 4035: 4031:Jotischky 2004 4023: 4021:, p. 211. 4019:Jotischky 2004 4011: 3999: 3997:, p. 648. 3987: 3985:, p. 620. 3975: 3973:, p. 223. 3963: 3951: 3939: 3927: 3915: 3913:, p. 336. 3903: 3891: 3889:, p. 207. 3879: 3877:, p. 330. 3867: 3855: 3843: 3841:, p. 155. 3831: 3819: 3807: 3805:, p. 408. 3795: 3793:, p. 298. 3783: 3771: 3769:, p. 478. 3759: 3757:, p. 111. 3755:Routledge 1995 3747: 3743:Routledge 1995 3735: 3731:Routledge 1995 3723: 3711: 3709:, p. 335. 3699: 3697:, p. 293. 3684: 3672: 3660: 3658:, p. 118. 3648: 3636: 3624: 3622:, p. 147. 3612: 3610:, p. 117. 3600: 3598:, p. 120. 3588: 3586:, pp. 97. 3584:Routledge 1995 3576: 3572:Routledge 1995 3564: 3552: 3550:, p. 226. 3540: 3538:, p. 232. 3528: 3516: 3512:Routledge 1995 3504: 3492: 3480: 3468: 3466:, p. xxv. 3456: 3454:, p. 263. 3444: 3432: 3420: 3408: 3393: 3391:, p. 359. 3374: 3362: 3350: 3348:, p. 252. 3338: 3326: 3314: 3302: 3290: 3278: 3266: 3254: 3242: 3240:, p. 121. 3230: 3226:Jotischky 2004 3218: 3206: 3194: 3182: 3170: 3158: 3143: 3131: 3129:, p. 919. 3119: 3107: 3092: 3077: 3062: 3047: 3030: 3018: 3006: 2994: 2992:, p. 123. 2982: 2967: 2955: 2943: 2941:, p. 144. 2931: 2929:, p. 110. 2919: 2907: 2895: 2883: 2871: 2856: 2841: 2828: 2826: 2823: 2822: 2821: 2816: 2811: 2806: 2801: 2794: 2791: 2751:Scholars like 2552: 2551:Historiography 2549: 2440: 2437: 2382: 2379: 2363:Spanish Armada 2265: 2262: 2247:Western Schism 2189:Teutonic Order 2171:Teutonic Order 2163:Jean de Vignay 2148: 2145: 2140:Pope Gregory X 2112: 2109: 2070:Main article: 2067: 2064: 2040: 2037: 2009: 2006: 1942:Apocalypticism 1875: 1872: 1664:Al Aqsa Mosque 1651: 1648: 1636:Augustinianism 1634:elaborated on 1613:Constantinople 1605:Turkish people 1511: 1508: 1377:St. Petersburg 1357:Song of Roland 1342: 1339: 1278:Holy Sepulchre 1273:eschatological 1228: 1225: 1211:Vox in excelso 1141:Fourth Crusade 1072: 1069: 1068: 1067: 1052: 1049:Pope Gregory I 1045: 1027:Christocentric 1023:Christocentric 999:Thomas Aquinas 893:depicting the 879: 876: 860:Ottoman Empire 722: 719: 631:Cluniac Reform 626: 625:Major features 623: 619: 618: 610: 609: 604: 599: 594: 589: 575: 574: 572:Spanish Armada 569: 564: 559: 554: 549: 544: 539: 525: 524: 519: 514: 509: 504: 499: 498: 497: 492: 487: 479: 474: 460: 459: 458: 457: 452: 447: 442: 437: 432: 427: 422: 417: 412: 402: 397: 392: 391: 390: 385: 380: 372: 367: 362: 357: 352: 342:Later Crusades 338: 337: 332: 327: 322: 317: 312: 307: 302: 297: 292: 287: 282: 277: 272: 267: 262: 257: 252: 241: 240: 235: 230: 225: 216: 213: 212: 203: 202: 195: 188: 180: 70:religious wars 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12016: 12005: 12002: 12001: 11999: 11988:from Wikidata 11987: 11986: 11974: 11970: 11969: 11957: 11953: 11952: 11940: 11936: 11935: 11923: 11919: 11918: 11906: 11902: 11901: 11889: 11885: 11884: 11872: 11871: 11868: 11862: 11854: 11849: 11844: 11842: 11832: 11830: 11825: 11820: 11818: 11808: 11806: 11801: 11796: 11795: 11792: 11779: 11771: 11769: 11764: 11759: 11758: 11755: 11745: 11742: 11740: 11737: 11735: 11732: 11730: 11727: 11725: 11722: 11720: 11717: 11715: 11712: 11711: 11709: 11705: 11699: 11696: 11692: 11689: 11687: 11684: 11682: 11681: 11677: 11676: 11675: 11672: 11670: 11667: 11666: 11664: 11660: 11654: 11651: 11649: 11646: 11644: 11641: 11639: 11636: 11634: 11630: 11627: 11625: 11622: 11620: 11617: 11615: 11612: 11610: 11607: 11605: 11602: 11600: 11597: 11595: 11592: 11590: 11587: 11586: 11584: 11582: 11578: 11572: 11569: 11565: 11562: 11561: 11560: 11557: 11555: 11554:Popular piety 11552: 11550: 11547: 11545: 11542: 11540: 11537: 11535: 11532: 11530: 11527: 11523: 11520: 11519: 11518: 11515: 11511: 11508: 11506: 11503: 11501: 11498: 11496: 11493: 11491: 11488: 11487: 11486: 11483: 11479: 11476: 11475: 11474: 11471: 11470: 11468: 11466: 11462: 11459: 11453: 11447: 11444: 11442: 11439: 11435: 11432: 11431: 11430: 11427: 11425: 11422: 11420: 11417: 11416: 11414: 11412: 11408: 11400: 11397: 11396: 11395: 11392: 11390: 11387: 11383: 11380: 11378: 11375: 11373: 11370: 11368: 11365: 11363: 11360: 11358: 11355: 11353: 11350: 11349: 11348: 11345: 11341: 11338: 11336: 11335:People of God 11333: 11331: 11328: 11326: 11323: 11321: 11318: 11317: 11316: 11313: 11311: 11308: 11306: 11303: 11299: 11296: 11295: 11294: 11291: 11289: 11286: 11282: 11279: 11277: 11274: 11272: 11269: 11267: 11264: 11263: 11262: 11259: 11257: 11254: 11252: 11249: 11247: 11244: 11242: 11239: 11237: 11234: 11232: 11229: 11225: 11222: 11220: 11217: 11215: 11212: 11210: 11207: 11206: 11205: 11202: 11201: 11199: 11197: 11193: 11181: 11176: 11174: 11171: 11169: 11166: 11165: 11163: 11161: 11157: 11151: 11148: 11146: 11143: 11141: 11138: 11134: 11131: 11130: 11129: 11126: 11125: 11123: 11121: 11117: 11111: 11108: 11104: 11101: 11099: 11096: 11094: 11091: 11089: 11086: 11084: 11081: 11079: 11076: 11074: 11071: 11069: 11066: 11064: 11061: 11059: 11056: 11054: 11051: 11049: 11046: 11045: 11044: 11041: 11039: 11036: 11034: 11031: 11029: 11026: 11025: 11023: 11021: 11017: 11014: 11011: 11007: 11002: 11001:Denominations 10998: 10986: 10983: 10982: 10981: 10978: 10976: 10973: 10971: 10970:Enlightenment 10968: 10966: 10963: 10961: 10958: 10956: 10953: 10952: 10950: 10948: 10944: 10938: 10935: 10933: 10930: 10928: 10925: 10923: 10920: 10918: 10915: 10913: 10910: 10909: 10907: 10905: 10901: 10895: 10892: 10890: 10887: 10883: 10880: 10878: 10875: 10874: 10873: 10870: 10868: 10865: 10863: 10860: 10858: 10855: 10854: 10852: 10850: 10846: 10838: 10835: 10834: 10833: 10830: 10828: 10825: 10821: 10818: 10816: 10813: 10811: 10808: 10806: 10803: 10801: 10798: 10796: 10793: 10791: 10788: 10786: 10783: 10781: 10778: 10776: 10773: 10771: 10768: 10767: 10766: 10763: 10762: 10760: 10758: 10752: 10749: 10746: 10740: 10735: 10731: 10725: 10722: 10720: 10717: 10715: 10712: 10710: 10707: 10705: 10702: 10700: 10697: 10696: 10694: 10690: 10684: 10683:New Testament 10681: 10679: 10678:Old Testament 10676: 10674: 10671: 10670: 10668: 10666: 10662: 10658: 10652: 10649: 10647: 10644: 10642: 10639: 10637: 10634: 10632: 10629: 10627: 10624: 10622: 10619: 10618: 10615: 10611: 10604: 10599: 10597: 10592: 10590: 10585: 10584: 10581: 10569: 10566: 10564: 10563:Protestantism 10561: 10559: 10556: 10554: 10551: 10549: 10546: 10542: 10539: 10537: 10534: 10533: 10532: 10529: 10528: 10525: 10519: 10516: 10514: 10510: 10507: 10504: 10500: 10497: 10495: 10492: 10490: 10487: 10485: 10482: 10480: 10477: 10475: 10472: 10470: 10467: 10465: 10464: 10459: 10457: 10454: 10452: 10449: 10447: 10444: 10442: 10439: 10437: 10436:Azusa Revival 10434: 10432: 10429: 10427: 10424: 10422: 10419: 10417: 10416:Laestadianism 10414: 10412: 10409: 10407: 10404: 10402: 10399: 10397: 10394: 10392: 10389: 10387: 10384: 10382: 10379: 10377: 10374: 10372: 10369: 10368: 10366: 10364: 10360: 10354: 10353:Old Lutherans 10350: 10347: 10343: 10340: 10339: 10338: 10335: 10333: 10330: 10328: 10325: 10323: 10320: 10318: 10315: 10313: 10310: 10306: 10303: 10302: 10301: 10298: 10296: 10293: 10291: 10288: 10287: 10285: 10283: 10279: 10269: 10268: 10264: 10262: 10261: 10257: 10255: 10252: 10250: 10247: 10245: 10242: 10240: 10237: 10235: 10232: 10230: 10227: 10225: 10222: 10220: 10217: 10216: 10214: 10212: 10208: 10202: 10199: 10197: 10196: 10192: 10190: 10187: 10185: 10182: 10180: 10177: 10175: 10172: 10170: 10167: 10165: 10162: 10160: 10157: 10155: 10152: 10151: 10149: 10147: 10143: 10137: 10134: 10132: 10129: 10127: 10124: 10122: 10119: 10117: 10114: 10112: 10109: 10107: 10104: 10102: 10099: 10097: 10094: 10092: 10089: 10087: 10084: 10082: 10079: 10077: 10074: 10073: 10071: 10069: 10065: 10059: 10056: 10054: 10051: 10049: 10046: 10044: 10043: 10039: 10037: 10034: 10030: 10027: 10025: 10022: 10020: 10019:Diet of Worms 10017: 10015: 10014: 10010: 10009: 10008: 10005: 10004: 10002: 10000: 9996: 9990: 9987: 9985: 9982: 9980: 9977: 9975: 9972: 9970: 9967: 9965: 9962: 9960: 9957: 9953: 9950: 9949: 9948: 9945: 9943: 9940: 9938: 9935: 9933: 9930: 9928: 9925: 9924: 9922: 9920: 9919:Protestantism 9914: 9910: 9902: 9899: 9898: 9897: 9894: 9892: 9889: 9887: 9884: 9882: 9879: 9877: 9874: 9872: 9869: 9865: 9862: 9861: 9860: 9857: 9855: 9852: 9850: 9847: 9845: 9842: 9840: 9837: 9835: 9832: 9830: 9827: 9825: 9822: 9820: 9817: 9815: 9812: 9810: 9807: 9805: 9802: 9800: 9797: 9795: 9792: 9790: 9787: 9785: 9782: 9780: 9777: 9775: 9772: 9768: 9765: 9763: 9760: 9758: 9755: 9753: 9750: 9748: 9745: 9743: 9740: 9739: 9738: 9735: 9729: 9726: 9725: 9724: 9721: 9719: 9716: 9714: 9711: 9709: 9706: 9705: 9704: 9701: 9699: 9696: 9694: 9691: 9689: 9686: 9685: 9683: 9681: 9677: 9671: 9670:North America 9668: 9666: 9663: 9661: 9658: 9656: 9653: 9651: 9648: 9646: 9643: 9641: 9638: 9636: 9633: 9631: 9628: 9626: 9623: 9621: 9618: 9616: 9613: 9609: 9606: 9604: 9601: 9600: 9599: 9596: 9594: 9591: 9589: 9586: 9584: 9581: 9579: 9576: 9574: 9571: 9570: 9568: 9566: 9560: 9554: 9551: 9547: 9544: 9543: 9542: 9538: 9535: 9533: 9530: 9528: 9525: 9523: 9520: 9518: 9515: 9513: 9510: 9508: 9505: 9503: 9500: 9498: 9494: 9491: 9489: 9486: 9484: 9481: 9479: 9476: 9470: 9467: 9466: 9465: 9462: 9460: 9457: 9455: 9452: 9450: 9447: 9446: 9445: 9442: 9440: 9437: 9435: 9432: 9430: 9427: 9425: 9422: 9418: 9415: 9413: 9410: 9409: 9408: 9405: 9404: 9402: 9400: 9396: 9390: 9387: 9383: 9379: 9376: 9375: 9374: 9371: 9369: 9366: 9364: 9361: 9359: 9356: 9354: 9351: 9349: 9346: 9342: 9339: 9337: 9334: 9333: 9332: 9329: 9327: 9324: 9322: 9319: 9317: 9314: 9310: 9307: 9306: 9305: 9302: 9301: 9299: 9296: 9291: 9287: 9281: 9280:Early African 9278: 9274: 9271: 9269: 9266: 9264: 9263:Justin Martyr 9261: 9259: 9256: 9254: 9251: 9249: 9246: 9244: 9241: 9240: 9239: 9235: 9232: 9230: 9227: 9225: 9222: 9218: 9215: 9213: 9210: 9208: 9205: 9203: 9200: 9198: 9195: 9193: 9190: 9188: 9185: 9184: 9183: 9180: 9179: 9177: 9175: 9169: 9161: 9158: 9156: 9153: 9151: 9148: 9146: 9143: 9141: 9138: 9137: 9136: 9133: 9131: 9128: 9126: 9123: 9121: 9118: 9116: 9113: 9109: 9106: 9104: 9101: 9099: 9096: 9094: 9091: 9089: 9086: 9085: 9084: 9083:Life of Jesus 9081: 9079: 9076: 9075: 9073: 9071:Apostolic Age 9067: 9061: 9058: 9056: 9053: 9051: 9048: 9046: 9043: 9041: 9038: 9036: 9033: 9031: 9028: 9026: 9023: 9021: 9018: 9016: 9013: 9011: 9008: 9006: 9003: 9001: 8998: 8996: 8993: 8991: 8988: 8986: 8983: 8981: 8978: 8976: 8973: 8971: 8968: 8966: 8963: 8962: 8960: 8956: 8950: 8947: 8945: 8942: 8941: 8938: 8934: 8927: 8922: 8920: 8915: 8913: 8908: 8907: 8904: 8892: 8887: 8882: 8880: 8870: 8869: 8866: 8860: 8857: 8855: 8852: 8850: 8849: 8845: 8843: 8840: 8838: 8835: 8831: 8828: 8826: 8823: 8821: 8818: 8816: 8813: 8811: 8808: 8806: 8803: 8801: 8798: 8796: 8793: 8791: 8788: 8787: 8786: 8783: 8781: 8778: 8776: 8773: 8772: 8770: 8766: 8758: 8755: 8754: 8753: 8750: 8748: 8745: 8743: 8740: 8738: 8735: 8733: 8732:Mother Teresa 8730: 8728: 8725: 8722: 8718: 8715: 8713: 8710: 8708: 8705: 8703: 8700: 8698: 8697: 8693: 8691: 8688: 8686: 8685: 8681: 8679: 8676: 8674: 8671: 8669: 8666: 8664: 8661: 8659: 8658:Pope Pius XII 8656: 8654: 8651: 8649: 8646: 8644: 8641: 8640: 8638: 8636: 8632: 8626: 8625: 8624:Rerum novarum 8621: 8619: 8616: 8614: 8611: 8609: 8608:Pope Leo XIII 8606: 8604: 8601: 8599: 8596: 8594: 8591: 8589: 8586: 8584: 8581: 8579: 8578:United States 8576: 8574: 8571: 8569: 8568:Pope Pius VII 8566: 8565: 8563: 8559: 8553: 8550: 8548: 8545: 8543: 8540: 8538: 8535: 8533: 8530: 8528: 8525: 8523: 8520: 8518: 8515: 8513: 8510: 8509: 8507: 8504: 8499: 8494: 8488: 8485: 8483: 8480: 8478: 8475: 8473: 8470: 8468: 8465: 8463: 8460: 8458: 8455: 8453: 8450: 8448: 8445: 8443: 8440: 8438: 8435: 8433: 8430: 8428: 8425: 8423: 8420: 8418: 8415: 8413: 8410: 8408: 8407: 8403: 8401: 8398: 8396: 8393: 8392: 8390: 8387: 8383: 8378: 8372: 8369: 8367: 8364: 8362: 8359: 8357: 8354: 8352: 8349: 8347: 8344: 8340: 8337: 8336: 8335: 8332: 8330: 8327: 8325: 8322: 8321: 8319: 8317: 8313: 8307: 8304: 8302: 8299: 8297: 8294: 8292: 8289: 8287: 8284: 8282: 8279: 8277: 8274: 8272: 8269: 8267: 8264: 8262: 8259: 8257: 8254: 8252: 8251:Scholasticism 8249: 8247: 8244: 8242: 8239: 8237: 8234: 8232: 8229: 8227: 8226:Pope Urban II 8224: 8223: 8221: 8219: 8215: 8209: 8206: 8204: 8201: 8199: 8196: 8194: 8191: 8189: 8186: 8184: 8181: 8179: 8176: 8174: 8171: 8169: 8166: 8164: 8161: 8159: 8156: 8154: 8151: 8149: 8146: 8145: 8143: 8141: 8137: 8123: 8120: 8118: 8115: 8113: 8110: 8108: 8105: 8103: 8100: 8098: 8095: 8093: 8090: 8088: 8085: 8083: 8080: 8078: 8075: 8073: 8070: 8066: 8063: 8062: 8061: 8058: 8057: 8055: 8051: 8043: 8039: 8036: 8032: 8028: 8018: 8015: 8013: 8010: 8008: 8005: 8003: 8002:Justin Martyr 8000: 7996: 7993: 7989: 7986: 7984: 7981: 7979: 7976: 7975: 7974: 7971: 7970: 7969: 7966: 7964: 7961: 7960: 7958: 7955: 7951: 7943: 7940: 7938: 7935: 7933: 7930: 7928: 7925: 7923: 7920: 7918: 7915: 7914: 7913: 7912:New Testament 7910: 7908: 7905: 7903: 7900: 7898: 7895: 7891: 7888: 7886: 7883: 7881: 7878: 7876: 7875:Commissioning 7873: 7872: 7871: 7868: 7866: 7863: 7861: 7858: 7856: 7853: 7849: 7846: 7844: 7841: 7839: 7836: 7834: 7831: 7830: 7829: 7826: 7825: 7823: 7820: 7819:Apostolic Age 7815: 7811: 7808: 7804: 7800: 7794: 7791: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7781: 7779: 7776: 7772: 7769: 7767: 7764: 7763: 7762: 7759: 7757: 7754: 7752: 7749: 7747: 7744: 7742: 7739: 7735: 7732: 7730: 7727: 7726: 7725: 7722: 7718: 7715: 7714: 7713: 7710: 7706: 7705:Papal primacy 7703: 7702: 7701: 7698: 7696: 7693: 7691: 7688: 7684: 7681: 7680: 7679: 7676: 7675: 7673: 7671: 7667: 7663: 7659: 7652: 7647: 7645: 7640: 7638: 7633: 7632: 7629: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7579: 7577: 7574: 7572: 7571:Art of Europe 7569: 7568: 7566: 7562: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7516: 7513: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7394: 7391: 7390: 7389: 7386: 7384: 7381: 7379: 7376: 7375: 7373: 7371: 7370:Modern period 7367: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7313: 7311: 7308: 7305: 7301: 7297: 7293: 7289: 7286: 7284: 7281: 7279: 7276: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7253: 7252: 7249: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7236: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7219: 7217: 7214: 7210: 7207: 7206: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7191: 7189: 7187: 7183: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7160: 7157: 7156: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7131: 7129: 7127: 7123: 7117: 7114: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7104: 7102: 7099: 7098: 7096: 7094: 7090: 7086: 7079: 7074: 7072: 7067: 7065: 7060: 7059: 7056: 7044: 7036: 7034: 7026: 7024: 7020: 7016: 7015: 7012: 7006: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6986: 6983: 6981: 6978: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6961: 6958: 6956: 6953: 6951: 6948: 6947: 6945: 6941: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6832: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6817: 6815: 6812: 6810: 6807: 6806: 6804: 6800: 6794: 6791: 6787: 6784: 6783: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6703: 6701: 6699: 6695: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6653:Scholasticism 6651: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6639: 6636: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6595: 6593: 6591: 6587: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6531: 6528: 6526: 6523: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6515:Rise of Islam 6513: 6509: 6506: 6505: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6484: 6481: 6479: 6476: 6475: 6473: 6471: 6467: 6463: 6456: 6451: 6449: 6444: 6442: 6437: 6436: 6433: 6419: 6416: 6415: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6406: 6405: 6402: 6396: 6393: 6389: 6386: 6385: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6358: 6355: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6342: 6340: 6337: 6336: 6334: 6332: 6327: 6323: 6317: 6314: 6310: 6307: 6306: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6294: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6277: 6274: 6272: 6269: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6250: 6247: 6246: 6245: 6242: 6241: 6239: 6237: 6233: 6228: 6218: 6215: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6201: 6198: 6197: 6196: 6193: 6191: 6188: 6184: 6181: 6180: 6179: 6176: 6175: 6173: 6171: 6167: 6163: 6158: 6154: 6147: 6142: 6140: 6135: 6133: 6128: 6127: 6124: 6115: 6111: 6106: 6101: 6097: 6093: 6089: 6085: 6081: 6077: 6073: 6067: 6063: 6059: 6058: 6052: 6048: 6042: 6038: 6034: 6029: 6025: 6020: 6016: 6010: 6006: 6002: 5998: 5994: 5989: 5985: 5980: 5976: 5972: 5968: 5964: 5960: 5956: 5951: 5940: 5936: 5932: 5928: 5924: 5920: 5916: 5912: 5908: 5904: 5899: 5895: 5889: 5885: 5881: 5877: 5873: 5868: 5864: 5860: 5855: 5854: 5835: 5831: 5825: 5821: 5817: 5816: 5811: 5807: 5796: 5792: 5786: 5782: 5778: 5777: 5772: 5768: 5757: 5753: 5747: 5743: 5742:Belknap Press 5739: 5738: 5733: 5729: 5725: 5719: 5715: 5711: 5710: 5705: 5701: 5697: 5691: 5687: 5682: 5681: 5674: 5670: 5664: 5660: 5656: 5652: 5648: 5644: 5638: 5634: 5629: 5628: 5622: 5618: 5614: 5608: 5604: 5599: 5598: 5592: 5588: 5584: 5578: 5574: 5570: 5566: 5565:Richard, Jean 5562: 5558: 5552: 5548: 5544: 5540: 5536: 5530: 5526: 5521: 5520: 5513: 5509: 5503: 5499: 5495: 5494: 5488: 5477: 5473: 5467: 5463: 5459: 5458: 5452: 5448: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5429: 5425: 5419: 5415: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5399: 5393: 5389: 5384: 5383: 5376: 5372: 5366: 5362: 5357: 5356: 5349: 5345: 5339: 5335: 5331: 5326: 5322: 5318: 5313: 5308: 5304: 5300: 5296: 5291: 5281:on 2021-03-24 5280: 5276: 5272: 5268: 5264: 5263: 5258: 5253: 5249: 5243: 5239: 5235: 5230: 5226: 5220: 5216: 5212: 5211: 5205: 5201: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5186: 5181: 5177: 5173: 5171:0-19-820811-1 5167: 5163: 5159: 5155: 5151: 5147: 5141: 5137: 5132: 5131: 5125: 5121: 5117: 5111: 5107: 5103: 5098: 5094: 5088: 5084: 5080: 5079: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5041: 5037: 5031: 5027: 5022: 5021: 5014: 5010: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4991: 4987: 4985:0-88402-277-3 4981: 4977: 4970: 4969: 4963: 4959: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4944: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4925: 4921: 4920: 4915: 4911: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4867:The Historian 4864: 4859: 4855: 4849: 4845: 4840: 4839: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4811: 4807: 4805:0-415-17414-7 4801: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4758: 4746: 4741: 4734: 4733:Asbridge 2012 4729: 4722: 4717: 4715: 4707: 4702: 4695: 4690: 4683: 4678: 4671: 4666: 4659: 4654: 4648:, p. 87. 4647: 4642: 4636:, p. 71. 4635: 4630: 4624:, p. 67. 4623: 4618: 4612:, p. 79. 4611: 4606: 4599: 4594: 4587: 4582: 4576:, p. 13. 4575: 4570: 4564:, p. 32. 4563: 4558: 4551: 4546: 4544: 4542: 4534: 4529: 4522: 4517: 4515: 4513: 4505: 4500: 4498: 4490: 4489:Asbridge 2012 4485: 4483: 4475: 4474:Asbridge 2012 4470: 4468: 4460: 4455: 4448: 4443: 4436: 4435:Asbridge 2012 4431: 4424: 4419: 4413:, p. 96. 4412: 4407: 4400: 4395: 4388: 4387:Phillips 1995 4383: 4376: 4371: 4364: 4359: 4352: 4347: 4340: 4335: 4328: 4323: 4316: 4315:Luttrell 1995 4311: 4304: 4299: 4292: 4291:Luttrell 1995 4287: 4285: 4277: 4276:Luttrell 1995 4272: 4270: 4262: 4257: 4250: 4249:Luttrell 1995 4245: 4238: 4233: 4226: 4221: 4214: 4209: 4202: 4197: 4195: 4193: 4185: 4180: 4173: 4168: 4166: 4158: 4153: 4146: 4141: 4139: 4132:, p. 57. 4131: 4126: 4119: 4114: 4107: 4102: 4095: 4090: 4088: 4080: 4075: 4069:, p. 28. 4068: 4063: 4056: 4051: 4044: 4039: 4032: 4027: 4020: 4015: 4008: 4003: 3996: 3991: 3984: 3979: 3972: 3967: 3960: 3955: 3949:, p. 14. 3948: 3943: 3936: 3931: 3924: 3919: 3912: 3907: 3901:, p. 46. 3900: 3895: 3888: 3883: 3876: 3871: 3865:, p. 21. 3864: 3859: 3853:, p. 29. 3852: 3847: 3840: 3835: 3829:, p. 20. 3828: 3823: 3816: 3811: 3804: 3799: 3792: 3787: 3780: 3775: 3768: 3763: 3756: 3751: 3744: 3739: 3732: 3727: 3721:, p. 87. 3720: 3715: 3708: 3703: 3696: 3691: 3689: 3681: 3676: 3670:, p. 36. 3669: 3664: 3657: 3652: 3645: 3640: 3633: 3628: 3621: 3616: 3609: 3604: 3597: 3592: 3585: 3580: 3573: 3568: 3561: 3556: 3549: 3544: 3537: 3532: 3525: 3520: 3513: 3508: 3502:, p. 24. 3501: 3496: 3489: 3484: 3477: 3472: 3465: 3460: 3453: 3448: 3441: 3436: 3429: 3424: 3418:, p. 25. 3417: 3412: 3405: 3400: 3398: 3390: 3385: 3383: 3381: 3379: 3371: 3370:Asbridge 2012 3366: 3359: 3358:Asbridge 2012 3354: 3347: 3342: 3336:, p. 84. 3335: 3330: 3323: 3318: 3312:, p. 53. 3311: 3306: 3299: 3294: 3287: 3282: 3275: 3270: 3264:, p. 22. 3263: 3258: 3251: 3246: 3239: 3234: 3227: 3222: 3215: 3210: 3204:, p. 15. 3203: 3198: 3192:, p. 16. 3191: 3190:Asbridge 2012 3186: 3180:, p. 14. 3179: 3174: 3168:, p. 98. 3167: 3162: 3155: 3150: 3148: 3140: 3135: 3128: 3123: 3116: 3111: 3104: 3099: 3097: 3089: 3088:Asbridge 2012 3084: 3082: 3074: 3073:Asbridge 2012 3069: 3067: 3059: 3054: 3052: 3044: 3039: 3037: 3035: 3027: 3022: 3016:, p. 80. 3015: 3010: 3003: 2998: 2991: 2986: 2980:, p. 61. 2979: 2974: 2972: 2964: 2959: 2952: 2947: 2940: 2935: 2928: 2923: 2917:, p. 82. 2916: 2911: 2905:, p. 80. 2904: 2899: 2892: 2887: 2880: 2875: 2869:, p. 26. 2868: 2863: 2861: 2853: 2848: 2846: 2838: 2833: 2829: 2820: 2817: 2815: 2812: 2810: 2807: 2805: 2802: 2800: 2797: 2796: 2790: 2788: 2787:defensive war 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2754: 2749: 2745: 2743: 2742:defensive war 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2706: 2704: 2696: 2691: 2686: 2685:Thomas Fuller 2682: 2678: 2673: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2662:Claude Fleury 2654: 2653:Edward Gibbon 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2636: 2632: 2627: 2623: 2620: 2619:martyrologist 2616: 2607: 2605: 2601: 2593: 2585: 2580: 2576: 2574: 2569: 2562: 2558: 2548: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2533:Western world 2530: 2526: 2522: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2494: 2492: 2488: 2483: 2479: 2474: 2471: 2466: 2459:. In mid-19th 2458: 2454: 2450: 2445: 2436: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2416: 2412: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2378: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2361:rule and the 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2323: 2321: 2317: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2298: 2296: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2261: 2257: 2252: 2251:Ottoman Turks 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2215: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2199: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2176: 2172: 2164: 2160: 2159: 2155:Start of the 2153: 2144: 2141: 2137: 2132: 2128: 2126: 2125: 2118: 2111:Later century 2108: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2093: 2089: 2084: 2073: 2063: 2061: 2057: 2052: 2046: 2039:Early century 2036: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2015: 2005: 2003: 1999: 1994: 1990: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1968:Piers Plowman 1965: 1961: 1955: 1953: 1952:Fifth Crusade 1949: 1948: 1943: 1939: 1934: 1929: 1925: 1920: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1891: 1886: 1881: 1871: 1869: 1864: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1846: 1840: 1839:crucesignatus 1834: 1831: 1830: 1823: 1822: 1815: 1814: 1807: 1806: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1771: 1770: 1764: 1760: 1755: 1754: 1748: 1743: 1742: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1723: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1707: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1679: 1677: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1656: 1647: 1645: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1620: 1618: 1617:Seljuk Empire 1614: 1611:, threatened 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1589: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1562: 1553: 1552:First Crusade 1549: 1531: 1530: 1525: 1521: 1516: 1507: 1505: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1483:Crusade songs 1479: 1476: 1475:Third Crusade 1471: 1470: 1463: 1462: 1455: 1453: 1448: 1443: 1439: 1436: 1435:First Crusade 1432: 1428: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1397: 1396: 1390: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1361:Simon Marmion 1358: 1353: 1348: 1338: 1335: 1328: 1325: 1324:crucesignatio 1319: 1313: 1307: 1301: 1295: 1291: 1286: 1284: 1279: 1274: 1270: 1263:From the 12th 1261: 1254: 1253: 1248: 1244: 1241:Miniature of 1239: 1234: 1227:Common people 1224: 1221: 1220: 1213: 1212: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1169: 1166: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1150:known as the 1149: 1144: 1142: 1138: 1132: 1130: 1125: 1120: 1116: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1093:Grand Master 1091: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1050: 1046: 1043: 1042: 1041: 1038: 1036: 1032: 1031:New Testament 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1015:Old Testament 1012: 1008: 1007:religious war 1000: 996: 992: 987: 981: 979: 975: 971: 967: 961: 958: 957:bellum sacrum 953: 949: 948:canon lawyers 942:. In the 11th 941: 937: 932: 931:bellum justum 927: 921: 917: 911: 904: 900: 897:battling the 896: 892: 891:San Bevignate 888: 884: 875: 873: 869: 865: 861: 857: 853: 848: 846: 842: 838: 837:martyrologist 834: 823:from the 16th 822: 816: 815: 809: 805: 804:gift from God 801: 797: 793: 787: 785: 781: 777: 772: 767: 763: 762:First Crusade 760:launched the 759: 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 728: 718: 714: 712: 703: 699: 695: 690: 688: 684: 683:papal primacy 680: 676: 672: 668: 663: 661: 658: 654: 650: 646: 640: 636: 632: 616: 614: 608: 605: 603: 600: 598: 595: 593: 590: 588: 585: 584: 583: 582: 580: 573: 570: 568: 565: 563: 560: 558: 555: 553: 550: 548: 545: 543: 540: 538: 535: 534: 533: 532: 530: 523: 520: 518: 515: 513: 510: 508: 505: 503: 500: 496: 493: 491: 488: 486: 483: 482: 480: 478: 475: 473: 470: 469: 468: 467: 465: 456: 453: 451: 448: 446: 443: 441: 438: 436: 433: 431: 428: 426: 423: 421: 418: 416: 413: 411: 408: 407: 406: 403: 401: 398: 396: 393: 389: 386: 384: 381: 379: 376: 375: 373: 371: 368: 366: 363: 361: 358: 356: 353: 351: 348: 347: 346: 345: 343: 336: 333: 331: 330:Lord Edward's 328: 326: 323: 321: 318: 316: 313: 311: 308: 306: 303: 301: 298: 296: 293: 291: 288: 286: 283: 281: 278: 276: 273: 271: 268: 266: 263: 261: 258: 256: 253: 251: 248: 247: 246: 245: 239: 236: 234: 231: 229: 226: 224: 221: 220: 219: 214: 209: 201: 196: 194: 189: 187: 182: 181: 178: 174: 172: 168: 164: 160: 159:Baltic region 156: 152: 147: 142: 140: 136: 132: 128: 125: 120: 118: 106: 102: 98: 97:New Testament 94: 93:Old Testament 90: 86: 82: 78: 75: 71: 67: 63: 59: 55: 46: 41: 37: 33: 29: 22: 11983: 11966: 11949: 11932: 11915: 11903:from Commons 11898: 11881: 11860: 11805:Christianity 11678: 11588: 11473:Architecture 11367:Confirmation 11315:Ecclesiology 11246:Original sin 11236:Nicene Creed 11033:Old Catholic 10917:Papal States 10849:Great Church 10815:Resurrection 10757:Christianity 10714:New Covenant 10665:(Scriptures) 10610:Christianity 10479:Charismatics 10462: 10441:Gospel music 10371:Camp meeting 10363:1789–present 10295:Missionaries 10265: 10258: 10249:Menno Simons 10193: 10189:Church music 10040: 10011: 9896:Conciliarism 9881:Papal Schism 9723:Scandinavian 9615:Great Schism 9593:Nestorianism 9565:Christianity 9497:priest holes 9423: 9378:Chalcedonian 9341:Christianity 9295:Great Church 9103:Resurrection 8846: 8842:Pope Francis 8768:21st century 8717:Pope Paul VI 8694: 8682: 8635:20th century 8622: 8573:Pope Pius IX 8561:19th century 8537:Pope Pius VI 8404: 8276:Latin Empire 8246:Universities 8198:Pope Leo III 8065:Christianity 8050:state church 8042:Great Church 7843:Resurrection 7806:(30–325/476) 7803:Early Church 7788:Latin Church 7783:Papal States 7778:Vatican City 7740: 7615: 7530:World War II 7383:Early modern 7360:Kalmar Union 7231:Papal States 7149:Roman Empire 6833: 6814:Architecture 6786:Great Famine 6776:Universities 6716:Hussite Wars 6633:Great Schism 6520:Papal States 6412: 6383:Dobrzyń Land 6299:Stato da Màr 6091: 6087: 6056: 6032: 6023: 5992: 5983: 5961:(2): 11–31. 5958: 5954: 5943:. Retrieved 5910: 5906: 5871: 5858: 5838:. Retrieved 5814: 5799:. Retrieved 5775: 5760:. Retrieved 5736: 5708: 5679: 5654: 5626: 5596: 5568: 5546: 5518: 5493:The Crusades 5492: 5480:. Retrieved 5456: 5432: 5416:Publishers. 5409: 5381: 5354: 5329: 5302: 5298: 5283:. Retrieved 5279:the original 5269:(5): 13–24. 5266: 5260: 5233: 5209: 5184: 5157: 5129: 5101: 5077: 5048: 5044: 5019: 4994: 4967: 4941: 4918: 4903:. Retrieved 4870: 4866: 4837: 4818: 4814: 4791: 4765: 4754:Bibliography 4740: 4728: 4723:, p. 5. 4701: 4689: 4682:Tyerman 2011 4677: 4670:Tyerman 2019 4665: 4658:Tyerman 2011 4653: 4646:Tyerman 2011 4641: 4634:Tyerman 2011 4629: 4622:Tyerman 2011 4617: 4610:Tyerman 2011 4605: 4598:Tyerman 2011 4593: 4586:Tyerman 2011 4581: 4569: 4562:Tyerman 2011 4557: 4550:Tyerman 2011 4533:Tyerman 2011 4528: 4506:, p. 1. 4459:Housley 2006 4454: 4447:Strayer 1992 4442: 4430: 4418: 4406: 4399:Housley 2006 4394: 4382: 4375:Tyerman 2011 4370: 4358: 4346: 4334: 4322: 4310: 4303:Housley 1995 4298: 4261:Tyerman 2019 4256: 4244: 4237:Housley 1995 4232: 4225:Housley 1995 4220: 4213:Housley 1995 4208: 4201:Housley 1995 4184:Housley 1995 4179: 4174:, p. 4. 4157:Housley 1995 4152: 4145:Housley 1995 4125: 4118:Tyerman 2019 4113: 4101: 4094:Housley 1995 4079:Tyerman 2019 4074: 4067:Tyerman 2019 4062: 4055:Tyerman 2006 4050: 4043:Tyerman 2019 4038: 4026: 4014: 4007:Tyerman 2019 4002: 3995:Tyerman 2006 3990: 3983:Tyerman 2006 3978: 3971:Tyerman 2011 3966: 3959:Dickson 2008 3954: 3947:Dickson 2008 3942: 3930: 3923:Tyerman 2019 3918: 3911:Tyerman 2019 3906: 3894: 3887:Richard 2005 3882: 3875:Tyerman 2019 3870: 3863:Mannion 2014 3858: 3851:Housley 2002 3846: 3834: 3827:Tyerman 2019 3822: 3815:Dickson 2008 3810: 3798: 3786: 3781:, p. 2. 3779:Tyerman 2019 3774: 3762: 3750: 3738: 3726: 3714: 3707:Tyerman 2019 3702: 3695:Tyerman 2019 3675: 3663: 3651: 3644:Tyerman 2019 3639: 3632:Tyerman 2019 3627: 3615: 3603: 3591: 3579: 3567: 3555: 3543: 3531: 3519: 3514:, p. 93 3507: 3500:Dickson 2008 3495: 3488:Dickson 2008 3483: 3476:Dickson 2008 3471: 3464:Tyerman 2019 3459: 3452:Housley 1995 3447: 3435: 3423: 3411: 3365: 3353: 3341: 3329: 3317: 3310:Tyerman 2019 3305: 3293: 3281: 3269: 3257: 3245: 3233: 3221: 3214:Tyerman 2019 3209: 3197: 3185: 3178:Tyerman 2019 3173: 3161: 3154:Tyerman 2019 3139:Tyerman 2019 3134: 3127:Tyerman 2006 3122: 3115:Tyerman 2011 3110: 3103:Tyerman 2019 3058:Tyerman 2019 3045:, p. 2. 3028:, p. 3. 3026:Tyerman 2019 3021: 3009: 3002:Tyerman 2019 2997: 2985: 2978:Tyerman 2011 2958: 2946: 2934: 2922: 2910: 2898: 2886: 2874: 2854:, p. 1. 2837:Tyerman 2019 2832: 2750: 2746: 2729: 2725: 2717: 2709: 2707: 2695:Walter Scott 2680: 2676: 2674: 2670:Rationalists 2639: 2625: 2613:century the 2608: 2606:motivation. 2604:providential 2577: 2564: 2537:anti-Islamic 2495: 2475: 2456: 2452: 2446: 2442: 2384: 2324: 2299: 2267: 2216: 2178: 2156: 2147:14th century 2120: 2114: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2095:include the 2075: 2060:Alexander IV 2051:crucesignati 2045:Hugo Ugolino 2042: 2017: 1956: 1945: 1937: 1913:foreshadowed 1894: 1874:13th century 1845:crucesignata 1835: 1761:against the 1737:include the 1724: 1708: 1680: 1672: 1650:12th century 1621: 1590: 1578:North Africa 1563: 1555: 1527: 1524:Jean Colombe 1480: 1456: 1381: 1368: 1356: 1329: 1306:peregrinatio 1290:antisemitism 1287: 1282: 1262: 1258: 1250: 1245:leading the 1170: 1145: 1133: 1112: 1102: 1064:Alexander II 1039: 990: 982: 962: 923: 856:Hugo Grotius 849: 835:the English 800:Innocent III 788: 747:and acts of 730: 715: 691: 664: 645:Latin church 642: 611: 577: 576: 527: 526: 462: 461: 405:Holy Leagues 340: 339: 243: 242: 222: 217: 143: 121: 77:Latin church 62:institutions 53: 51: 36: 11883:Definitions 11829:Middle Ages 11734:Persecution 11669:Christendom 11662:Cooperation 11599:Charismatic 11510:Holy Spirit 11419:Natural law 11382:Holy orders 11231:Christology 11224:Holy Spirit 11093:Pentecostal 11073:Evangelical 11068:Charismatic 10912:Monasticism 10904:Middle Ages 10867:Constantine 10810:Crucifixion 10692:Foundations 10568:Catholicism 10505:Protestants 10499:Evangelical 10174:39 Articles 10169:Elizabethan 10146:Anglicanism 10126:Westminster 10036:Melanchthon 9999:Lutheranism 9964:Nicodemites 9942:Arminianism 9913:Reformation 9854:Bonaventure 9829:Inquisition 9824:Waldensians 9774:Investiture 9752:Kievan Rus' 9708:Anglo-Saxon 9688:Pelagianism 9680:Middle Ages 9603:Iconodulism 9478:Thomas More 9399:Catholicism 9321:Monasticism 9304:Constantine 9229:Persecution 9187:Adoptionism 9172:Ante-Nicene 9115:Holy Spirit 9098:Crucifixion 9069:Origins and 8970:2nd and 3rd 8848:Laudato si' 8643:Pope Pius X 8472:Philip Neri 8447:Pope Pius V 8422:Thomas More 8291:Inquisition 8193:Charlemagne 8153:Monasticism 7963:Persecution 7855:Holy Spirit 7838:Crucifixion 7717:First seven 7515:World War I 7505:Nationalism 7393:Reformation 7378:Renaissance 7350:Black Death 7283:Kievan Rus' 7186:Middle Ages 7043:WikiProject 6970:Medievalism 6809:Agriculture 6673:Manorialism 6668:Communalism 6663:Monasticism 6580:Reconquista 6570:Kievan Rus' 6098:: 553–577. 4706:Dennis 2001 4521:Madden 2013 4363:Madden 2013 4351:Morris 1989 4329:, p. 4 3839:Madden 2013 3803:Barber 2012 3767:Morris 1989 3656:Latham 2012 3620:Morris 1989 3608:Latham 2012 3596:Latham 2012 3440:Morris 1989 3389:Davies 1997 3346:Prawer 2001 3298:Morris 1989 3250:Morris 1989 3238:Latham 2012 3202:Madden 2013 3166:Latham 2012 2990:Latham 2012 2963:Latham 2012 2951:Latham 2011 2939:Morris 1989 2927:Latham 2012 2915:Morris 1989 2903:Morris 1989 2891:Barber 2012 2879:Morris 1989 2770:Namık Kemal 2730:Generalists 2726:Popularists 2679:and French 2615:Reformation 2609:In the 16th 2584:anachronism 2582:already an 2573:Benedictine 2487:Renaissance 2465:nationalism 2385:In the 17th 2369:. In 1562, 2351:Polish king 2347:Lutheranism 2239:merceneries 2219:Holy League 2175:Holy League 2136:Roger Bacon 2056:Innocent IV 2002:schismatics 1984:Charlemagne 1928:Franciscans 1901:predestined 1829:Minnesänger 1791:troubadours 1787:allegorical 1735:Epic poetry 1622:In the 12th 1541: 1475 1438:Chroniclers 1249:. From the 1219:Ad providam 1205:papal bulls 845:profanation 796:Calixtus II 665:A group of 660:Gregory VII 613:Reconquista 562:Despenser's 537:Albigensian 365:Alexandrian 124:Greco-Roman 117:Reformation 107:in the 11th 85:theological 81:Middle Ages 11917:Quotations 11648:Prosperity 11624:Liberation 11564:Cathedrals 11549:Pilgrimage 11534:Literature 11411:Philosophy 11347:Sacraments 11320:Four marks 11281:Protestant 11256:Born again 11053:Anabaptist 11043:Protestant 10985:Influences 10947:Modern era 10651:By country 10290:Revivalism 10211:Anabaptism 10159:Henry VIII 9984:Literature 9608:Iconoclasm 9588:Chrysostom 9541:Vatican II 9507:Jansenists 9493:Mass rocks 9429:Lateran IV 9348:Athanasius 9268:Tertullian 9212:Marcionism 9207:Gnosticism 9160:Revelation 9078:Background 8721:coronation 8427:Pope Leo X 8012:Tertullian 7942:Revelation 7917:Background 7278:Viking Age 7093:Prehistory 6965:Land terms 6919:Technology 6899:Philosophy 6879:Literature 6844:Demography 6545:Viking Age 5945:2022-08-16 5840:2020-10-04 5801:2020-10-04 5762:2022-04-20 5482:2022-05-27 5285:2020-10-04 4905:2022-04-05 4106:Forey 1995 3428:Lloyd 1995 3286:Honig 2001 3274:Lloyd 1995 2825:References 2774:Wilhelm II 2718:Pluralists 2645:David Hume 2527:, and the 2401:, and the 2355:rebellions 2316:Wageningen 2274:ecumenical 2268:Following 1998:dissenters 1972:John Gower 1926:and other 1858:Matthew 16 1757:about the 1731:vernacular 1632:Decretists 1422:Jean Flori 1081:Knighthood 868:Calvinists 814:Quia maior 808:papal bull 741:contrition 615:(722–1492) 592:Children's 512:Lithuanian 135:penitental 89:pilgrimage 58:ideologies 11968:Resources 11951:Textbooks 11724:Criticism 11674:Ecumenism 11638:Mysticism 11604:Democracy 11594:Anarchism 11581:Movements 11544:Mythology 11522:Catechism 11517:Education 11434:Evolution 11357:Eucharist 11340:Canon law 11298:Theotokos 11293:Mariology 11251:Salvation 11241:Tradition 11088:Methodist 11048:Adventist 10882:Chalcedon 10456:Ecumenism 10406:Adventism 10396:Mormonism 10332:Millerism 10327:Methodism 10282:1640–1789 10184:Civil War 10131:Orthodoxy 10086:Huguenots 10068:Calvinism 10053:Eucharist 10048:Orthodoxy 9932:Eucharist 9864:Five Ways 9814:Dulcinian 9767:Pomerania 9693:Gregory I 9537:Vatican I 9527:Modernism 9512:Molinists 9502:Guadalupe 9373:Chalcedon 9368:Ephesus I 9358:Augustine 9234:Apostolic 9217:Montanism 9182:Diversity 8958:Centuries 8737:Communism 8707:Ecumenism 8053:(380–451) 8045:(180–451) 8034:(313–476) 7956:(100–325) 7325:Feudalism 7296:Catalonia 6950:Dark Ages 6859:Household 6854:Hastilude 6623:Feudalism 6037:Routledge 5975:153734729 5334:Routledge 5275:2334-3745 5106:Routledge 5065:157964339 4895:142787038 4796:Routledge 4504:Koch 2017 3791:Buck 2020 3560:Jubb 2005 3548:Jubb 2005 3536:Jubb 2005 3524:Jubb 2005 3416:Bull 1995 3262:Bull 1995 2867:Bull 1995 2757:Caliphate 2622:John Foxe 2525:Palestine 2498:feudalism 2391:Hapsburgs 2311:Mehmed II 2286:Nestorian 2066:Criticism 1960:mendicant 1924:Salimbene 1890:Edward II 1813:pastorela 1805:sirventes 1759:crusading 1626:century, 1499:patronage 1442:antiquity 1418:Manichean 1318:expeditio 1137:blessings 864:Lutherans 833:John Foxe 667:reformers 547:Stedinger 395:Nicopolis 360:Smyrniote 355:Aragonese 260:Norwegian 146:Jerusalem 74:Christian 72:that the 12004:Crusades 11998:Category 11853:Religion 11778:Category 11643:Pacifism 11457:features 11441:Politics 11394:Ablution 11362:Marriage 11266:Catholic 11196:Theology 11103:Reformed 11083:Lutheran 11078:Holiness 11058:Anglican 11028:Catholic 10932:Crusades 10877:Nicaea I 10827:Apostles 10800:Miracles 10795:Parables 10785:Ministry 10775:Nativity 10739:timeline 10636:Prophets 10631:Glossary 10548:Theology 10536:Missions 10531:Timeline 10503:Mainline 10451:Pacifism 10300:Baptists 10219:Theology 10179:Puritans 10154:Timeline 10096:Scotland 10024:Theology 9871:Wycliffe 9819:Crusades 9794:Bogomils 9747:Bulgaria 9703:Germanic 9655:Ethiopia 9553:Timeline 9331:Nicaea I 9326:Councils 9258:Irenaeus 9253:Ignatius 9248:Polycarp 9202:Donatism 9197:Docetism 9192:Arianism 9093:Ministry 8747:HIV/AIDS 8241:Crusades 7995:Irenaeus 7988:Ignatius 7983:Polycarp 7833:Ministry 7821:(30–100) 7695:Timeline 7564:See also 7535:Cold War 7330:Crusades 7300:Valencia 7033:Category 7000:Timeline 6889:Minstrel 6884:Medicine 6766:Chivalry 6721:Burgundy 6643:Crusades 6418:Crusades 6296:Venetian 6082:(1995). 5986:. 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