432:(GCHQ), informed about the technical specifications of different machines and which countries were buying which machines. Providing such information would have allowed the intelligence agencies to reduce the time needed to crack the encryption of messages produced by such machines from impossibly long to a feasible length. The secret relationship initiated by the agreement also involved Crypto AG not selling machines such as the CX-52, a more advanced version of the C-52, to certain countries; and the NSA writing the operations manuals for some of the CX-52 machines on behalf of the company, to ensure the full strength of the machines would not be used, thus again reducing the necessary cracking effort.
379:
856:прослушивали более чем сто стран (For half a century, the CIA and the BND have been tapping the diplomatic channels of 120 countries: In the 1980s, up to 40% of all secret diplomatic correspondence in the world went through the equipment of the Swiss Crypto AG, controlled by special services. Original of this material "Russian edition of Deutsche Welle": The intelligence services of the United States and Germany have been listening to more than a hundred countries for decades)
1573:
819:
29:
482:. It accused Buehler of leaking their encryption codes to Western intelligence. Buehler was interrogated for nine months but, being completely unaware of any flaw in the machines, was released in January 1993 after Crypto AG posted bail of $ 1m to Iran. Soon after Buehler's release Crypto AG dismissed him and sought to recover the $ 1m bail money from him personally. Swiss media and the German magazine
1561:
339:, for $ 5.75 million. This was effectively the start of Operation Rubikon. Hagelin had first been approached to sell to a partnership between the French and West-German intelligence services in 1967, but Hagelin contacted CIA and the Americans did not cooperate with the French. At this point, the company had 400 employees and the revenue increased from 100,000
523:
in the wake of the Crypto AG disclosures caused diplomatic tensions with Sweden, reportedly leading to the latter cancelling plans to celebrate 100 years of diplomatic relations with
Switzerland. The export controls preventing Swedish authorities from obtaining equipment from Crypto International was
491:
Crypto AG rejected these accusations as "pure invention", asserting in a press release that "in March 1994, the Swiss
Federal Prosecutor's Office initiated a wide-ranging preliminary investigation against Crypto AG, which was completed in 1997. The accusations regarding influence by third parties or
352:
In 2018, Crypto AG was liquidated, and its assets and intellectual property sold to two new companies. CyOne was created for Swiss domestic sales, while Crypto
International AG was founded in 2018 by Swedish entrepreneur Andreas Linde, who acquired the brand name, international distribution network,
419:
According to declassified (but partly redacted) US government documents released in 2015, in 1955 (just after encryption was added to the US Munitions List on
November 17, 1954) Crypto AG's founder Boris Hagelin and William Friedman entered into an unwritten agreement concerning the C-52 encryption
232:
revealed that Crypto AG was secretly owned by the CIA in a highly classified partnership with West German intelligence, and the spy agencies could easily break the codes used to send encrypted messages. The operation was known first by the code name "Thesaurus" and later the BND called it "Rubicon"
323:
in
Switzerland to avoid taxes. In 1952 the company, which until then had been incorporated in Stockholm, also moved to Switzerland. The official reason was that it was transferred as a result of a planned Swedish government nationalization of militarily important technology contractors. A holding
327:
During the 1950s, Hagelin and
Friedman had frequent mail correspondence, both personal and business alike. Crypto AG sent over new machines to the NSA and they had an ongoing discussion concerning which countries they would or would not sell the encryption systems to, and which countries to sell
474:
in 1991. On 7 August 1991, one day before
Bakhtiar's body was discovered, the Iranian Intelligence Service transmitted a coded message to Iranian embassies, inquiring "Is Bakhtiar dead?" Western governments deciphered this transmission, causing the Iranians to suspect their Crypto AG equipment.
855:
as ЦРУ и БНД полвека прослушивали дипканалы 120 стран: Через оборудование подконтрольной спецлужбам швейцарской Crypto AG в 1980-х шло до 40% всей секретной дипломатической переписки в мире. Оригинал этого материала "Русская редакция Deutsche Welle": Спецслужбы США и Германии десятилетиями
498:
has argued that Crypto AG had been actively working with the
British, US and West German secret services since 1956, going as far as to rig instruction manuals for the machines on the orders of the NSA. These claims were vindicated by US government documents declassified in 2015.
1329:
822:[The CIA and BND have been wiretapping more than 100 countries for decades: During Operation Rubicon, the CIA and BND gained access to secret encrypted communications in 120 countries. Investigation by ZDF, Washington Post and SRF.].
356:
In 2020, it was established following a parliamentary investigation that the Swiss government and its intelligence services were aware of the spying activities of Swiss-based Crypto for many years and had "benefited from the US-led spying".
516:(SRF) revealed that Crypto AG was, in fact, entirely controlled by the CIA and the BND. The project, initially known by codename "Thesaurus" and later as "Rubicon" operated from the end of the Second World War until 2018.
492:
manipulations, which had been repeatedly raised in the media, proved to be without foundation." Subsequent commentators were unmoved by this denial, stating that it was likely that Crypto AG products were indeed rigged.
1337:
235:
820:"ЦРУ и БНД десятилетиями прослушивали более 100 стран: В ходе операции "Рубикон" ЦРУ и БНД получали доступ к секретной зашифрованной переписке в 120 странах. Расследование ZDF, Washington Post и SRF"
1482:
582:
136:(BND) from 1970 until about 1993, with the CIA continuing as sole owner until about 2018. The mission of breaking encrypted communication using a secretly owned company was known as "
175:
and
Steinhausen, and did business throughout the world. The owners of Crypto AG were unknown, supposedly even to the managers of the firm, and they held their ownership through
1031:
Presenters: Peter F Muller, David Ridd; Producer: John
Forsyth; Readers: Lanna Joffrey, Annette Kossow, Blanca Belenguer, Mike Christofferson and Thilo Buergel (15 May 2021).
866:
900:
543:
520:
1618:
633:
439:(BND), enabling the agencies to read the encrypted traffic produced by the machines. Suspicions of this collusion were aroused in 1986 following US president
1234:
1613:
289:. When Germany invaded Norway in 1940, he moved from Sweden to the US and presented the device to the military, which in turn brought the device to the
1203:
790:
1608:
847:
1360:
420:
machines that compromised the security of some of the purchasers. Friedman was a notable US government cryptographer who was then working for the
1628:
1529:
992:
574:
470:
Further evidence suggesting that the Crypto AG machines were compromised was revealed after the assassination of former Iranian Prime Minister
1633:
660:
435:
Crypto AG had already earlier been accused of rigging its machines in collusion with intelligence agencies such as NSA, GCHQ, and the German
1623:
966:
1421:
1603:
1598:
1310:
870:
1017:
488:
took up his case in 1994, interviewing former employees and concluding that Crypto's machines had in fact repeatedly been rigged.
1211:
332:, a high-ranking NSA employee, and Lawrence E. Shinn, NSA's signal intelligence directory in Asia, took over the correspondence.
892:
1453:
637:
312:(NSA) and whom Hagelin had known since the 1930s. The same year, Hagelin's lawyer, Stuart Hedden, became deputy commander in
1071:
700:
460:
1483:"El arma más letal de los ingleses en Malvinas: cómo descifraban los mensajes en clave de Argentina casi en tiempo real"
349:
In 2010, Crypto AG sold G.V. LLC, a Wyoming company providing encryption and interception solutions for communications.
1260:
1140:
608:
1121:
Dymydiuk, Jason. "RUBICON and revelation: the curious robustness of the 'secret'CIA-BND operation with Crypto AG".
218:
were customers of Crypto AG, several of their friendly countries had the company's equipment. On 11 February 2020,
1242:
1593:
1330:"Depuis 1956, l'entreprise suisse Crypto AG collaborait avec le renseignement américain, britannique et allemand"
456:
297:. In the end he was awarded a licensing agreement. 140,000 units were made during the war for American troops.
1390:
538:
513:
229:
215:
137:
436:
336:
133:
112:
1361:"Cryptologie: un lecteur du "Temps" raconte les dessous de l'alliance entre la Suisse et les Anglo-saxons"
313:
290:
247:
129:
107:
1368:
1551:
443:'s announcement on national television that, through interception of diplomatic communications between
1454:"Uppgifter: Sverige avbokade firande med Schweiz efter konflikt om kontroversiellt krypteringsföretag"
1287:
1136:
335:
In June 1970, the company was bought in secret by the CIA and the West-German intelligence service,
128:
in 1952. The company was secretly purchased for US $ 5.75 million and jointly owned by the American
944:
421:
320:
309:
250:
were aware of and benefited from the Zug-based firm Crypto AG’s involvement in the US-led spying".
187:
141:
86:
668:
194:(GCHQ), and the BND, respectively. Crypto AG sold equipment to more than 120 countries, including
186:
products to benefit the American, British and German national signals intelligence agencies, the
1145:
478:
The Iranian government then arrested Crypto AG's top salesman, Hans Buehler, in March 1992 in
386:
The company had radio, Ethernet, STM, GSM, phone and fax encryption systems in its portfolio.
393:
275:
425:
183:
346:
In 1994, Crypto AG bought InfoGuard AG a company providing encryption solutions to banks.
8:
1533:
1314:
504:
305:
220:
1577:
1256:
841:
286:
267:
124:
was a Swiss company specialising in communications and information security founded by
1519:
923:
246:) and the CIA called it "Minerva". According to a Swiss parliamentary investigation, "
1523:
1093:
176:
1064:"Crypto and cipher machines - A list of popular machines and a history of Crypto AG"
1565:
764:
471:
1176:
452:
239:
1516:
located in the same location as the old company in Steinhausen/Zug (since 2018)
1063:
1172:
824:
444:
378:
294:
1543:
1587:
733:
533:
440:
329:
301:
263:
207:
125:
90:
67:
1032:
1264:
1037:
366:
279:
211:
164:
160:
39:
852:
1458:
1150:
1098:
1042:
484:
448:
361:
340:
96:
49:
737:
145:
1451:
1426:
282:, Cryptoteknik came under the control of Hagelin, an early investor.
271:
156:
16:
Swiss company specialising in communications and information security
742:
705:
494:
464:
199:
428:
agency. Hagelin kept both NSA and its United Kingdom counterpart,
1487:
172:
152:
28:
278:
that Damm had patented. After Damm's death, and just before the
1422:"Crypto affair prompts tensions between Switzerland and Sweden"
479:
259:
168:
1452:
Mikael Grill Pettersson; Fredrik Laurin (22 September 2020).
1395:
519:
The Swiss government's decision to impose export controls on
408:
403:
398:
258:
Crypto AG was established in Switzerland by the Russian-born
195:
1102:(in German). No. 36. 2 September 1996. pp. 206–207
867:"Swiss intelligence benefited from CIA-Crypto spying affair"
1513:
612:
544:
Spying on United Nations leaders by United States diplomats
429:
203:
191:
765:"Swiss machines 'used to spy on governments for decades'"
609:"The Scandalous History of the Last Rotor Cipher Machine"
509:
225:
791:"The CIA's 'Minerva' Secret | National Security Archive"
1540:
La Suisse sous couverture, Episode 1, Agents infiltrés
328:
older, weaker systems. In 1958 when Friedman retired,
1549:
967:"Business Entity Detail - Wyoming Secretary of State"
818:Шаталин, Вадим (Shatalin, Vadim) (12 February 2020).
343:
in the 1950s to 14 million Swiss franc in the 1970s.
144:, the company was a long-established manufacturer of
1536:
offering details on CIA's involvement with Crypto AG
1263:. Associated Communications Internet. Archived from
886:
884:
882:
880:
151:
The company had about 230 employees, had offices in
266:. Originally called AB Cryptoteknik and founded by
1542:, Radio Télévision Suisse, November 2019 (link to
1391:"#cryptoleaks: Wie die Crypto AG weltweit agierte"
1018:"No official outcry in Swiss Crypto spying affair"
1317:on 14 December 2010 – via biphome.spray.se.
877:
1585:
1480:
728:
726:
724:
360:The company and its history were the subject of
353:and product rights from the original Crypto AG.
308:, who in 1952 became chief cryptologist for the
1619:Central Intelligence Agency front organizations
1288:"NSA Backdoors in Crypto AG Ciphering Machines"
524:reportedly a reason behind Sweden's decision.
148:machines and a wide variety of cipher devices.
1232:
891:Dugstad, Line; Kibar, Osman (2 January 2015).
738:"How NSA and GCHQ spied on the Cold War world"
602:
600:
1204:"No Such Agency, part four: Rigging the game"
1202:Shane, Scott; Bowman, Tom (4 December 1995).
721:
634:"Headquarters and regional offices worldwide"
626:
285:Hagelin's hope was to sell the device to the
1416:
1414:
1279:
1261:"NSA, Crypto AG, and the Iraq-Iran conflict"
1165:
890:
846:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
182:The company has been criticised for selling
1614:Technology companies disestablished in 2018
1233:De Braeckeleer, Ludwig (29 December 2007).
1201:
1086:
947:(in German). ZDFmediathek. 11 February 2020
813:
811:
597:
1249:
1129:
27:
1411:
1358:
1195:
502:In 2020, an investigation carried out by
1609:Technology companies established in 1952
1285:
1171:
808:
694:
692:
690:
688:
686:
568:
566:
564:
562:
560:
558:
377:
1308:
921:
817:
459:in 1986. President Reagan then ordered
414:
1629:Swiss companies disestablished in 2018
1586:
1447:
1445:
1327:
1255:
1135:
1074:from the original on 30 September 2009
993:"The intelligence coup of the century"
990:
732:
698:
667:(in Swiss High German). Archived from
658:
575:"The intelligence coup of the century"
572:
430:Government Communications Headquarters
192:Government Communications Headquarters
939:
937:
683:
585:from the original on 11 February 2020
555:
324:company was set up in Liechtenstein.
1634:Companies based in the canton of Zug
1530:The intelligence coup of the century
1309:Baranyi, Laszlo (11 November 1998).
1141:"Crypto AG: The NSA's Trojan Whore?"
1120:
606:
304:, Hagelin became close friends with
1624:Swiss companies established in 1952
1442:
1286:Schneier, Bruce (11 January 2008).
451:, he had irrefutable evidence that
276:C-36 mechanical cryptograph machine
274:in 1920, the firm manufactured the
13:
1399:(in German). ZDF. 11 February 2020
1359:Bammerlin, Steven (30 July 2015).
1123:Intelligence and National Security
934:
869:. 10 November 2020. Archived from
14:
1645:
1506:
1481:Mariano Sciaroni (2 April 2024).
991:Miller, Greg (11 February 2020).
922:Bamford, James (2 October 2014).
903:from the original on 13 June 2019
661:"Spionage: Unheimlich kooperativ"
659:Müller, Leo (18 September 2013).
573:Miller, Greg (11 February 2020).
1604:Defunct companies of Switzerland
1599:Defence companies of Switzerland
1571:
1559:
699:Atmani, Mehdi (21 August 2015).
1474:
1383:
1352:
1321:
1302:
1226:
1210:. pp. 9–11. Archived from
1114:
1056:
1024:
1010:
984:
959:
915:
859:
607:Paul, Jon D. (31 August 2021).
457:West Berlin discotheque bombing
1328:Atmani, Mehdi (28 July 2015).
783:
757:
652:
424:(NSA), the main United States
210:nations. Although neither the
1:
1094:"Wer ist der befugte Vierte?"
549:
539:Operation Rubicon (Crypto AG)
514:Schweizer Radio und Fernsehen
437:Federal Intelligence Service
134:Federal Intelligence Service
113:Federal Intelligence Service
7:
1367:(in French). Archived from
1336:(in French). Archived from
1311:"The story about Crypto AG"
636:. Crypto AG. Archived from
527:
510:Zweites Deutsches Fernsehen
373:
293:, and the code-breakers in
291:Signal Intelligence Service
130:Central Intelligence Agency
108:Central Intelligence Agency
10:
1650:
1546:with subtitles in English)
447:and the Libyan embassy in
253:
248:Swiss intelligence service
216:People's Republic of China
1235:"The NSA-Crypto AG Sting"
319:In 1948 Hagelin moved to
103:
81:
73:
63:
55:
45:
35:
26:
1177:"Breaking Iranian Codes"
1033:"A Spy in Every Embassy"
455:of Libya was behind the
422:National Security Agency
310:National Security Agency
188:National Security Agency
140:". With headquarters in
1514:Crypto International AG
893:"Den skjulte partneren"
709:(in French). p. 11
521:Crypto International AG
370:programme in May 2021.
1594:Cryptography companies
1532:by Greg Miller at the
1290:. Schneier on Security
1183:. Schneier on Security
1146:CovertAction Quarterly
383:
243:
132:(CIA) and West German
381:
316:, Inspector General.
1245:on 29 December 2008.
1153:on 27 September 2007
1068:www.cryptomuseum.com
873:on 11 November 2020.
426:signals intelligence
415:Compromised machines
1526:at the Cryptomuseum
1512:Website of the new
1430:. 20 September 2020
1259:(2 November 1997).
1020:. 25 December 2020.
997:The Washington Post
945:"Operation Rubikon"
579:The Washington Post
505:The Washington Post
306:William F. Friedman
300:During his time in
221:The Washington Post
23:
771:. 11 February 2020
384:
287:United States Army
268:Arvid Gerhard Damm
21:
1524:Operation Rubicon
1371:on 17 August 2015
1340:on 16 August 2015
1208:The Baltimore Sun
897:Dagens Næringsliv
853:Alternate archive
795:nsarchive.gwu.edu
671:on 22 August 2016
138:Operation Rubikon
119:
118:
1641:
1576:
1575:
1574:
1564:
1563:
1562:
1555:
1501:
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1498:
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1449:
1440:
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1418:
1409:
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1406:
1404:
1387:
1381:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1356:
1350:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1313:. Archived from
1306:
1300:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1257:Grabbe, J. Orlin
1253:
1247:
1246:
1241:. Archived from
1230:
1224:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1199:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1175:(15 June 2004).
1169:
1163:
1162:
1160:
1158:
1149:. Archived from
1133:
1127:
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1118:
1112:
1111:
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1090:
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1079:
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988:
982:
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979:
977:
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957:
956:
954:
952:
941:
932:
931:
924:"The NSA and Me"
919:
913:
912:
910:
908:
899:(in Norwegian).
888:
875:
874:
863:
857:
851:
845:
837:
835:
833:
815:
806:
805:
803:
801:
787:
781:
780:
778:
776:
761:
755:
754:
752:
750:
736:(28 July 2015).
730:
719:
718:
716:
714:
701:"Agents doubles"
696:
681:
680:
678:
676:
656:
650:
649:
647:
645:
630:
624:
623:
621:
619:
604:
595:
594:
592:
590:
570:
472:Shapour Bakhtiar
467:in retaliation.
330:Howard C. Barlow
280:Second World War
238:
31:
24:
20:
1649:
1648:
1644:
1643:
1642:
1640:
1639:
1638:
1584:
1583:
1582:
1572:
1570:
1560:
1558:
1550:
1534:Washington Post
1509:
1504:
1494:
1492:
1479:
1475:
1465:
1463:
1450:
1443:
1433:
1431:
1420:
1419:
1412:
1402:
1400:
1389:
1388:
1384:
1374:
1372:
1357:
1353:
1343:
1341:
1326:
1322:
1307:
1303:
1293:
1291:
1284:
1280:
1270:
1268:
1254:
1250:
1231:
1227:
1217:
1215:
1214:on 1 March 2019
1200:
1196:
1186:
1184:
1173:Schneier, Bruce
1170:
1166:
1156:
1154:
1134:
1130:
1119:
1115:
1105:
1103:
1092:
1091:
1087:
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1062:
1061:
1057:
1047:
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1016:
1015:
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948:
943:
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935:
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916:
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904:
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860:
839:
838:
831:
829:
816:
809:
799:
797:
789:
788:
784:
774:
772:
763:
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758:
748:
746:
731:
722:
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710:
697:
684:
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672:
657:
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643:
641:
632:
631:
627:
617:
615:
605:
598:
588:
586:
571:
556:
552:
530:
463:of Tripoli and
453:Muammar Gaddafi
417:
376:
256:
234:
206:, and multiple
111:
99:
93:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1647:
1637:
1636:
1631:
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1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1581:
1580:
1568:
1548:
1547:
1537:
1527:
1517:
1508:
1507:External links
1505:
1503:
1502:
1473:
1441:
1410:
1382:
1351:
1320:
1301:
1278:
1267:on 7 June 2007
1248:
1225:
1194:
1164:
1128:
1113:
1085:
1055:
1023:
1009:
983:
958:
933:
914:
876:
858:
825:Deutsche Welle
807:
782:
756:
734:Corera, Gordon
720:
682:
651:
640:on 16 May 2011
625:
596:
553:
551:
548:
547:
546:
541:
536:
529:
526:
416:
413:
412:
411:
406:
401:
396:
375:
372:
295:Arlington Hall
255:
252:
208:Latin American
117:
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1038:Archive on 4
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82:Headquarters
40:Cryptography
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1578:Switzerland
1459:SVT Nyheter
1403:12 February
1375:13 February
1344:13 February
1271:13 February
1181:Crypto-Gram
1157:11 February
1106:13 February
1099:Der Spiegel
1078:22 February
1043:BBC Radio 4
951:12 February
907:13 February
775:13 February
713:13 February
589:11 February
512:(ZDF), and
485:Der Spiegel
461:the bombing
449:East Berlin
362:BBC Radio 4
341:Swiss franc
321:Steinhausen
190:(NSA), the
142:Steinhausen
115:(1970–1993)
110:(1970–2018)
97:Switzerland
87:Steinhausen
50:Cryptograph
46:Predecessor
1588:Categories
832:11 October
550:References
389:Machines:
184:backdoored
146:encryption
1566:Companies
1520:Crypto AG
1427:Swissinfo
1294:9 October
1218:9 October
1187:9 October
842:cite news
749:9 October
644:6 January
382:The CX-52
272:Stockholm
236:‹See Tfd›
157:Abu Dhabi
122:Crypto AG
22:Crypto AG
1365:Le Temps
1334:Le Temps
1239:OhmyNews
1139:(1999).
1072:Archived
901:Archived
800:23 April
769:BBC News
743:BBC News
706:Le Temps
675:30 March
583:Archived
528:See also
495:Le Temps
465:Benghazi
374:Products
200:Pakistan
36:Industry
1552:Portals
1544:Youtube
1495:2 April
1488:infobae
1041:. BBC.
1002:8 March
976:8 March
445:Tripoli
254:History
244:Rubikon
173:Selsdon
153:Abidjan
74:Defunct
64:Founder
56:Founded
1048:15 May
665:Bilanz
480:Tehran
240:German
169:Muscat
1396:heute
409:HX-63
404:CD-57
399:CX-52
260:Swede
196:India
104:Owner
1522:and
1497:2024
1468:2020
1436:2020
1405:2020
1377:2020
1346:2020
1296:2015
1273:2020
1220:2015
1189:2015
1159:2020
1108:2020
1080:2020
1050:2021
1004:2020
978:2020
953:2020
909:2020
848:link
834:2023
802:2023
777:2020
751:2015
715:2020
677:2017
646:2008
620:2021
613:IEEE
591:2020
394:C-52
228:and
214:nor
204:Iran
77:2018
59:1952
364:'s
337:BND
314:CIA
270:in
230:SRF
226:ZDF
91:Zug
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