54:
33:
370:
One study concluded "ust as people who travel to South
America are told to be careful about drinking the water, people who visit other areas like California, the Pacific Northwest, and Oregon need to be aware that they are at risk for developing a fungal infection, especially if their immune system
404:
According to a CDC summary, from 2004 to 2010, 60 cases were identified in the U.S.: 43 in Oregon, 15 in
Washington, and one each in Idaho and California. Slightly more than half of these cases were immunocompromised; 92% of all isolates were of the VGIIa subtype. In 2007, the first case in North
978:
Billmyre RB, Croll D, Li W, Mieczkowski P, Carter DA, Cuomo CA, Kronstad JW, Heitman J. Highly recombinant VGII Cryptococcus gattii population develops clonal outbreak clusters through both sexual macroevolution and asexual microevolution. MBio. 2014 Jul 29;5(4):e01494-14. doi:
448:
infection is more likely to be limited to the lung (rather than disseminating to the CNS). When CNS infection does occur, it may involve more localised lesions (cryptococcomas) rather than the diffuse infection characteristic of
1128:
Datta, Kausik; Bartlett, Karen H.; Baer, Rebecca; Byrnes, Edmond; Galanis, Eleni; Heitman, Joseph; Hoang, Linda; Leslie, Mira J.; MacDougall, Laura; Magill, Shelley S.; Morshed, Muhammad G.; Marr, Kieren A. (2009).
868:
Deborah J. Springer; R. Blake
Billmyre; Elan E. Filler; Kerstin Voelz; Rhiannon Pursall; Piotr A. Mieczkowski; Robert A. Larsen; Fred S. Dietrich; Robin C. May; Scott G. Filler; Joseph Heitman (August 21, 2014).
441:
is not particularly associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection or other forms of immunosuppression. Increased virulence may be related to its capability to rapidly proliferate within lymphocytes.
344:
VGIII MATα and MATa, and less commonly VGI MATα, in
Southern California. These isolates were fertile, were found to be indistinguishable from the human isolates by genome sequence, and were virulent in
261:
and tsunami, might have been responsible for carrying the fungus to North
America and its subsequent spread there. From 1999 through to early 2008, 216 people in British Columbia have been infected with
526:
infection need to take prescription antifungal medication for at least 6 months; usually the type of treatment depends on the severity of the infection and the parts of the body that are affected.
794:
401:
serotype B, subtype VGIIa, is largely responsible for clinical cases. The VGIIa subtype was responsible for the outbreaks in Canada; it then appeared in the U.S. Pacific
Northwest.
701:
461:
Culture of sputum, bronchoalveolar lavage, lung biopsy, cerebrospinal fluid or brain biopsy specimens on selective agar allows differentiation between the five members of the
819:
Hagen, Ferry; Khayhan, Kantarawee; Theelen, Bart; Kolecka, Anna; Polacheck, Itzhack; Sionov, Edward; Falk, Rama; Parnmen, Sittiporn; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten (2015-05-01).
286:
and in April 2010 had spread to Oregon. The most recently identified strain, designated VGIIc, is particularly virulent, having proved fatal in 19 of 218 known cases.
871:"Cryptococcus gattii VGIII Isolates Causing Infections in HIV/AIDS Patients in Southern California: Identification of the Local Environmental Source as Arboreal"
769:
390:
infections occur in Papua New Guinea and
Northern Australia. However cases have been reported in various other regions including Brazil, India and the
382:
infections were initially thought to be restricted to tropical and subtropical regions. C. gattii is the predominant cause of cryptococcosis in
798:
43:
weakly encapsulated (left) as it appears in nature, and (right) rehydrated with thick polysaccharide capsule as it appears once in the lungs.
1301:
1362:
538:
332:
of trees native to tropical as well as subtropical and temperate regions. It may then contaminate nearby soil or persist in wood products.
709:
998:"The fatal fungal outbreak on Vancouver Island is characterized by enhanced intracellular parasitism driven by mitochondrial regulation"
920:
541:, or infections in the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord), the treatment is amphotericin B in combination with flucytosine.
731:
416:
have probably undergone either bisexual or unisexual reproduction in multiple different locales, thus giving rise to novel virulent
1262:
1055:
638:
1056:"Clinical Practice Guidelines for Management of cryptococcal Disease: 2010 Update by Infectious Diseases Society of America"
753:
654:
1352:
1306:
996:
Ma, H; Hagen, F; Stekel, DJ; Johnston, SA; Sionov, E; Falk, R; Polacheck, I; Boekhout, T; May, RC (4 August 2009).
955:
675:
53:
1357:
408:
The multiple clonal clusters in the
Pacific Northwest likely arose independently of each other as a result of
1227:
751:
Rare, deadly tropical fungus moves into
Whatcom County | KOMO-TV - Seattle, Washington | Local & Regional
405:
Carolina was reported, subtype VGI, which is identical to the isolates found in
Australia and California.
283:
431:
notable for more causing cryptococcosis even in immunocompetent/otherwise healthy individuals. Unlike
1367:
1316:
1254:
574:
1382:
1372:
1392:
821:"Recognition of seven species in the Cryptococcus gattii/Cryptococcus neoformans species complex"
433:
357:
1377:
1189:
867:
569:
516:
258:
241:, and cerebral cryptococcomas. Occasionally, the fungus is associated with skin, soft tissue,
1329:
148:
266:, and eight died from complications related to it. The fungus also infects animals, such as
1009:
363:
676:"Did long ago tsunamis lead to mysterious, tropical fungal outbreak in Pacific northwest?"
534:
infections or mild-to-moderate pulmonary infections, the treatment is usually fluconazole.
8:
736:
409:
1013:
1167:
1130:
1111:
1076:
1032:
997:
897:
870:
659:
485:, either in its conventional or lipid formulation. The addition of oral or intravenous
383:
48:
592:
553:
340:
Soil debris associated with certain tree species has been found frequently to contain
1324:
1236:
1172:
1154:
1116:
1098:
1037:
980:
902:
850:
842:
634:
597:
505:
391:
351:
583:
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832:
587:
579:
512:
246:
1241:
1387:
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508:
212:
209:
115:
95:
1249:
1002:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
482:
234:
222:
837:
820:
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1158:
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846:
705:
279:
85:
1022:
1176:
1150:
1093:
1041:
984:
906:
854:
601:
531:
349:
and animal tests. Isolates were found associated with Canary Island pine (
125:
1120:
1275:
1221:
490:
486:
478:
329:
193:
105:
32:
674:
Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Health (October 1, 2019).
1267:
242:
238:
197:
1280:
1293:
501:
417:
65:
1183:
1288:
1206:
189:
1145:(8). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): 1185–1191.
629:
Tortora, Gerard J.; Funke, Berdell R.; Case, Christine L. (2021).
245:, bone, and joint infections. In recent years, it has appeared in
275:
254:
250:
205:
75:
1087:(1). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC): 71–83.
271:
185:
551:
481:
therapy (for 6–8 weeks or longer) with the antifungal drug
818:
412:
occurring within the highly sexual VGII population. VGII
278:. In 2007, the fungus appeared for the first time in the
267:
770:"Potentially deadly fungus spreading in U.S. and Canada"
673:
1127:
297:
has recently been divided into five species. These are
221:
is one of two organisms causing the infectious disease
795:"New, Deadly Cryptococcus Gattii Fungus Found in U.S."
253:
and the Pacific Northwest. It has been suggested that
995:
552:
Jenney A, Pandithage K, Fisher DA, Currie BJ (2004).
164:(Vanbreus. & Takashio) Kwon-Chung & Boekhout
1135:
into Pacific Northwest Region of the United States"
723:
500:infections, and surgery to resect infected lung (
496:Antifungals alone are often insufficient to cure
1344:
1077:"What Makes Cryptococcus neoformans a Pathogen?"
956:"Dictionnaire médical de l'Académie de Médecine"
628:
921:"Fungus deadly to Aids patients grows on trees"
732:"Alien Invasion:The Fungus that came to Canada"
633:(13th ed.). Harlow: Pearson. p. 665.
1074:
493:is then administered for six months or more.
320:
328:occupies an environmental niche in decaying
1075:Buchanan, Kent; Murphy, Juneann W. (1998).
515:are sometimes employed in the treatment of
465:species complex and the two members of the
942:Sherris Medical Microbiology - 7th Edition
31:
1166:
1110:
1092:
1031:
1021:
896:
886:
836:
591:
573:
477:Medical treatment consists of prolonged
1345:
729:
1188:
1187:
936:
934:
932:
930:
702:"Deadly fungus migrates to Vancouver"
1317:4bcefdc1-ab8e-43a0-bf76-c0e6c637f716
1048:
624:
622:
620:
618:
1363:Fungal plant pathogens and diseases
13:
1068:
927:
14:
1404:
615:
562:Journal of Clinical Microbiology
558:infection in Tropical Australia"
52:
989:
972:
948:
913:
861:
584:10.1128/jcm.42.8.3865-3868.2004
504:) or brain is often required.
374:
335:
289:
812:
787:
762:
744:
694:
667:
647:
489:improves response rates. Oral
229:). Clinical manifestations of
1:
655:"Cryptococcus gattii Q&A"
631:Microbiology: An Introduction
609:
1139:Emerging Infectious Diseases
1081:Emerging Infectious Diseases
888:10.1371/journal.ppat.1004285
708:. 2008-02-18. Archived from
472:
456:
423:
386:. The highest incidences of
233:infection include pulmonary
7:
825:Fungal Genetics and Biology
730:Struck, Doug (2007-04-08).
545:
537:For people who have severe
202:Filobasidiella bacillispora
10:
1409:
1353:Fungal pathogens of humans
797:2010-04-23. Archived from
321:Environmental microbiology
284:Whatcom County, Washington
1196:
838:10.1016/j.fgb.2015.02.009
154:
147:
49:Scientific classification
47:
39:
30:
23:
960:www.academie-medecine.fr
361:), and Pohutukawa tree (
237:(lung infection), basal
1023:10.1073/pnas.0902963106
979:10.1128/mBio.01494-14.
923:. Health24. 2014-08-22.
434:Cryptococcus neoformans
358:Liquidambar styraciflua
178:Cryptococcus neoformans
41:Cryptococcus neoformans
1358:Animal fungal diseases
1151:10.3201/eid1508.081384
1094:10.3201/eid0401.980109
517:central nervous system
397:In the United States,
355:), American sweetgum (
259:1964 Alaska earthquake
184:, is an encapsulated
530:For people who have
364:Metrosideros excelsa
176:, formerly known as
1228:Cryptococcus gattii
1198:Cryptococcus gattii
1133:Cryptococcus gattii
1014:2009PNAS..10612980M
737:The Washington Post
682:. Science X Network
410:sexual reproduction
295:Cryptococcus gattii
188:found primarily in
173:Cryptococcus gattii
158:Cryptococcus gattii
25:Cryptococcus gattii
756:2007-10-17 at the
660:The Globe and Mail
394:of North America.
384:sub-Saharan Africa
1340:
1339:
1325:Open Tree of Life
1190:Taxon identifiers
801:on April 25, 2010
640:978-1-292-27626-7
513:Ommaya reservoirs
469:species complex.
392:Pacific Northwest
371:is compromised."
352:Pinus canariensis
208:belonging to the
169:
168:
16:Species of fungus
1400:
1368:Fungi and humans
1333:
1332:
1320:
1319:
1310:
1309:
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671:
665:
664:
651:
645:
644:
626:
605:
595:
577:
568:(8): 3865–3868.
522:People who have
307:C. deuterogattii
303:C. bacillisporus
247:British Columbia
204:, a filamentous
160:
57:
56:
35:
21:
20:
1408:
1407:
1403:
1402:
1401:
1399:
1398:
1397:
1383:Tremellomycetes
1373:Fungi of Africa
1343:
1342:
1341:
1336:
1328:
1323:
1315:
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1305:
1300:
1292:
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1071:
1069:Further reading
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1058:
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1008:(31): 12980–5.
994:
990:
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973:
964:
962:
954:
953:
949:
940:
939:
928:
919:
918:
914:
881:(8): e1004285.
866:
862:
817:
813:
804:
802:
793:
792:
788:
779:
777:
776:. 22 April 2010
768:
767:
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758:Wayback Machine
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575:10.1.1.627.3222
548:
539:lung infections
475:
459:
426:
377:
338:
323:
292:
213:Tremellomycetes
165:
162:
156:
143:
116:Cryptococcaceae
96:Tremellomycetes
51:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1406:
1396:
1395:
1393:Fungus species
1390:
1385:
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988:
971:
947:
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875:PLOS Pathogens
860:
811:
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761:
743:
722:
693:
666:
646:
639:
613:
611:
608:
607:
606:
547:
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543:
542:
535:
483:amphotericin B
474:
471:
458:
455:
425:
422:
376:
373:
337:
334:
322:
319:
311:C. tetragattii
291:
288:
257:, such as the
235:cryptococcosis
223:cryptococcosis
196:climates. Its
167:
166:
163:
152:
151:
145:
144:
140:C. gattii
137:
135:
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123:
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37:
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28:
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15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1405:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1378:Fungi of Asia
1376:
1374:
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975:
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957:
951:
943:
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935:
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908:
904:
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894:
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876:
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796:
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771:
765:
759:
755:
752:
747:
739:
738:
733:
726:
712:on 2012-11-04
711:
707:
706:Vancouver Sun
703:
697:
681:
677:
670:
663:. 2007-02-10.
662:
661:
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514:
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507:
503:
499:
494:
492:
488:
484:
480:
470:
468:
467:C. neoformans
464:
454:
452:
451:C. neoformans
447:
443:
440:
436:
435:
430:
421:
419:
415:
411:
406:
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372:
368:
366:
365:
360:
359:
354:
353:
348:
343:
333:
331:
327:
318:
316:
315:C. decagattii
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
287:
285:
281:
280:United States
277:
273:
269:
265:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
227:C. neoformans
224:
220:
216:
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211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
174:
161:
159:
153:
150:
149:Binomial name
146:
142:
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136:
133:
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129:
128:
124:
121:
120:
117:
114:
111:
110:
107:
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100:
97:
94:
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87:
86:Basidiomycota
84:
81:
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71:
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67:
64:
61:
60:
55:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
29:
26:
22:
19:
1197:
1142:
1138:
1132:
1084:
1080:
1050:
1005:
1001:
991:
974:
963:. Retrieved
959:
950:
941:
915:
878:
874:
863:
828:
824:
814:
803:. Retrieved
799:the original
789:
778:. Retrieved
773:
764:
746:
735:
725:
714:. Retrieved
710:the original
696:
684:. Retrieved
679:
669:
658:
649:
630:
565:
561:
556:Cryptococcus
555:
532:asymptomatic
523:
521:
497:
495:
476:
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460:
450:
445:
444:
438:
432:
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413:
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403:
398:
396:
387:
379:
378:
375:Epidemiology
369:
362:
356:
350:
346:
341:
339:
336:Distribution
325:
324:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
293:
290:Nomenclature
263:
230:
226:
225:(along with
218:
217:
201:
181:
177:
172:
171:
170:
157:
155:
139:
138:
127:Cryptococcus
126:
40:
24:
18:
1276:iNaturalist
1222:Wikispecies
1131:"Spread of
519:infection.
506:Ventricular
491:fluconazole
487:flucytosine
479:intravenous
194:subtropical
106:Tremellales
1347:Categories
965:2024-02-14
805:2017-09-05
780:2017-09-05
716:2008-02-19
686:October 3,
610:References
418:phenotypes
243:lymph node
239:meningitis
198:teleomorph
82:Division:
1159:1080-6040
1103:1080-6040
847:1096-0937
831:: 16–48.
570:CiteSeerX
524:C. gattii
502:lobectomy
498:C. gattii
473:Treatment
463:C. gattii
457:Diagnosis
446:C. gattii
439:C. gattii
429:C. gattii
424:Pathology
414:C. gattii
399:C. gattii
388:C. gattii
380:C. gattii
342:C. gattii
326:C. gattii
299:C. gattii
264:C. gattii
231:C. gattii
219:C. gattii
134:Species:
72:Kingdom:
66:Eukaryota
1289:MycoBank
1250:Fungorum
1207:Wikidata
1177:19757550
1042:19651610
985:25073643
907:25144534
855:25721988
754:Archived
680:Phys.org
602:15297551
546:See also
347:in vitro
276:dolphins
255:tsunamis
190:tropical
112:Family:
62:Domain:
1330:6382511
1268:5237364
1213:Q149791
1168:2815957
1121:9452400
1112:2627665
1033:2722359
1010:Bibcode
898:4140843
774:Reuters
330:hollows
122:Genus:
102:Order:
92:Class:
1388:Yeasts
1314:NZOR:
1307:552467
1294:372381
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