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characteristic arrangement of atoms. X-ray or neutron diffraction can be used to identify which structures are present in the material, and thus which compounds are present. Crystallography covers the enumeration of the symmetry patterns which can be formed by atoms in a crystal and for this reason is related to
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is often used to help refine structures obtained by X-ray methods or to solve a specific bond; the methods are often viewed as complementary, as X-rays are sensitive to electron positions and scatter most strongly off heavy atoms, while neutrons are sensitive to nucleus positions and scatter strongly
523:
Crystallography is used by materials scientists to characterize different materials. In single crystals, the effects of the crystalline arrangement of atoms is often easy to see macroscopically because the natural shapes of crystals reflect the atomic structure. In addition, physical properties are
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is an eight-book series that outlines the standard notations for formatting, describing and testing crystals. The series contains books that covers analysis methods and the mathematical procedures for determining organic structure through x-ray crystallography, electron diffraction, and neutron
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Crystallography is useful in phase identification. When manufacturing or using a material, it is generally desirable to know what compounds and what phases are present in the material, as their composition, structure and proportions will influence the material's properties. Each phase has a
544:
measurements. Crystallographic studies help elucidate the relationship between a material's structure and its properties, aiding in developing new materials with tailored characteristics. This understanding is crucial in various fields, including metallurgy, geology, and materials science.
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form small, flat, platelike structures. Clay can be easily deformed because the platelike particles can slip along each other in the plane of the plates, yet remain strongly connected in the direction perpendicular to the plates. Such mechanisms can be studied by crystallographic
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denote a family of planes and their normals. In cubic materials the symmetry makes them equivalent, just as the way angle brackets denote a family of directions. In non-cubic materials, <hkl> is not necessarily perpendicular to
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diffraction. The
International tables are focused on procedures, techniques and descriptions and do not list the physical properties of individual crystals themselves. Each book is about 1000 pages and the titles of the books are:
613:. The double-helical structure of DNA was deduced from crystallographic data. The first crystal structure of a macromolecule was solved in 1958, a three-dimensional model of the myoglobin molecule obtained by X-ray analysis. The
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in the last decade of the 19th century enabled the determination of crystal structures on the atomic scale, which brought about the modern era of crystallography. The first X-ray diffraction experiment was conducted in 1912 by
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Advancements in crystallographic techniques, such as electron diffraction and X-ray crystallography, continue to expand our understanding of material behavior at the atomic level.
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diffraction. The quality and throughput of solving crystal structures greatly improved in the second half of the 20th century, with the developments of customized instruments and
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1780:
Kendrew, J. C.; Bodo, G.; Dintzis, H. M.; Parrish, R. G.; Wyckoff, H.; Phillips, D. C. (1958). "A Three-Dimensional Model of the
Myoglobin Molecule Obtained by X-Ray Analysis".
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354:, supporting theoretical and experimental discoveries in various domains. Modern-day scientific instruments for crystallography vary from laboratory-sized equipment, such as
528:. Most materials do not occur as a single crystal, but are poly-crystalline in nature (they exist as an aggregate of small crystals with different orientations). As such,
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when it is heated. The fcc structure is a close-packed structure unlike the bcc structure; thus the volume of the iron decreases when this transformation occurs.
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can be used to obtain images with in many cases atomic resolution from which crystallographic information can be obtained. There are also other methods such as
290:. This involved measuring the angles of crystal faces relative to each other and to theoretical reference axes (crystallographic axes), and establishing the
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techniques, which take diffraction patterns of samples with a large number of crystals, play an important role in structural determination.
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in materials. Crystallography plays a key role in many areas of biology, chemistry, and physics, as well new developments in these fields.
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617:(PDB) is a freely accessible repository for the structures of proteins and other biological macromolecules. Computer programs such as
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can convert into detailed positions of atoms, and sometimes electron density. At larger scales it includes experimental tools such as
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denote a plane of the crystal structure, and regular repetitions of that plane with a particular spacing. In the cubic system, the
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459:-containing materials, they produce diffraction patterns with high noise levels, which can sometimes be resolved by substituting
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often controlled by crystalline defects. The understanding of crystal structures is an important prerequisite for understanding
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2011:
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recognised the importance of the science of crystallography by proclaiming 2014 the
International Year of Crystallography.
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Sitzungsberichte der
Mathematisch-Physikalischen Classe der Königlich-Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu München
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2018:
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is the branch of science devoted to the study of molecular and crystalline structure and properties. The word
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It is hard to focus x-rays or neutrons, but since electrons are charged they can be focused and are used in
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to the (hkl) plane is the direction , but in lower-symmetry cases, the normal to (hkl) is not parallel to .
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1735:. North-Holland personal library (3rd ed.). Amsterdam ; New York: Elsevier Science B.V.
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236:, are themselves important scientific topics. Crystallography ranges from the fundamentals of
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International Tables for
Crystallography Vol. C: Mathematical, Physical and Chemical Tables
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Other physical properties are also linked to crystallography. For example, the minerals in
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of the crystal in question. The position in 3D space of each crystal face is plotted on a
8:
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pattern of monocrystalline silicon, taken at 20 kV with a field-emission electron source
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and
Alexander Reid. These developed into the two main branches of crystallography,
416:. Crystallographers often explicitly state the type of beam used, as in the terms
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1991:
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is the primary method for determining the molecular conformations of biological
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691:
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432:. These three types of radiation interact with the specimen in different ways.
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1757:"Materials Science and Engineering: An Introduction, 10th Edition | Wiley"
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which can be used to obtain crystallographic information about surfaces.
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1963:
1882:
Free book, Geometry of
Crystals, Polycrystals and Phase Transformations
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1004:
314:. The final plot allows the symmetry of the crystal to be established.
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1986:
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of directions which are related by symmetry operations. In the cubic
565:
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220:
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148:
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to each face is plotted on the net. Each point is labelled with its
232:
Crystallography is a broad topic, and many of its subareas, such as
42:
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3071:
2583:
2353:
2101:
456:
409:
322:
152:
1906:
1886:
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664:
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has been used to determine some protein structures, most notably
598:
413:
283:
634:
even off many light isotopes, including hydrogen and deuterium.
1628:
Brooks-Bartlett, Jonathan C.; Garman, Elspeth F. (2015-07-03).
618:
330:, while electron diffraction was first realized in 1927 in the
156:
2588:
622:
405:
318:
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was based on physical measurements of their geometry using a
4443:
1536:"The Scattering of Electrons by a Single Crystal of Nickel"
1465:"Crystallography before the Discovery of X-Ray Diffraction"
698:
would mean , , or the negative of any of those directions.
536:
3082:
629:
can be used to visualize biological molecular structures.
400:
Crystallographic methods depend mainly on analysis of the
175:
139:
4453:
2690:
1779:
1630:"The Nobel Science: One Hundred Years of Crystallography"
1503:
610:
606:
2685:
443:
Neutrons are scattered by the atomic nuclei through the
1681:(3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
1416:
Molčanov, Krešimir; Stilinović, Vladimir (2014-01-13).
1356:
451:
of neutrons is non-zero, so they are also scattered by
2578:
486:
to produce magnified images. There are many ways that
404:
patterns of a sample targeted by a beam of some type.
1703:"ISIS Neutron Diffraction with Isotopic Substitution"
1627:
1418:"Chemical Crystallography before X-ray Diffraction"
67:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1415:
2870:
408:are most commonly used; other beams used include
4542:
801:Definition and Exchange of Crystallographic Data
513:
252:. At the atomic scale it can involve the use of
143:A crystalline solid: atomic resolution image of
1506:"Interferenz-Erscheinungen bei Röntgenstrahlen"
256:to produce experimental data that the tools of
1533:
3577:
3098:
2856:
1922:
1674:
1583:"Diffraction of Cathode Rays by a Thin Film"
1504:Friedrich W, Knipping P, von Laue M (1912).
1463:Mascarenhas, Yvonne Primerano (2020-03-02).
1349:
794:Crystallography of Biological Macromolecules
264:to examine the relative orientations at the
2759:
1580:
1462:
1257:Reflection high-energy electron diffraction
773:Mathematical, Physical, and Chemical Tables
508:reflection high-energy electron diffraction
3584:
3570:
3105:
3091:
2863:
2849:
1929:
1915:
671:denote a direction vector (in real space).
3591:
1675:Cullity, B. D.; Stock, Stuart R. (2001).
1480:
1392:
492:scanning transmission electron microscopy
362:, to dedicated large facilities, such as
127:Learn how and when to remove this message
743:International Tables for Crystallography
174:
162:
138:
1422:Angewandte Chemie International Edition
759:Symmetry Relations Between Space Groups
736:
271:
14:
4543:
2032:
1830:
1725:
1469:Revista Brasileira de Ensino de Física
1336:International Union of Crystallography
1332:"Online Dictionary of Crystallography"
1312:International Union of Crystallography
1304:"Online Dictionary of Crystallography"
470:and therefore interact with the total
282:Before the 20th century, the study of
27:Scientific study of crystal structures
3565:
3086:
2844:
1910:
1887:American Crystallographic Association
807:
4499:
3060:
2823:
2163:Phase transformation crystallography
1534:Davisson, C.; Germer, L. H. (1927).
1497:
1308:Online dictionary of crystallography
518:
65:adding citations to reliable sources
36:
4523:
3544:
2670:Journal of Chemical Crystallography
1936:
1301:
496:high-resolution electron microscopy
455:. When neutrons are scattered from
24:
350:. Nowadays, crystallography is an
213:; "clear ice, rock-crystal"), and
171:in a face centered cubic structure
25:
4592:
1875:
1634:Interdisciplinary Science Reviews
1581:Thomson, G. P.; Reid, A. (1927).
1369:"The Evolution of the Goniometer"
965:Johann Friedrich Christian Hessel
438:spatial distribution of electrons
225:; "to write"). In July 2012, the
4522:
4510:
4498:
4487:
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3543:
3532:
3531:
3519:
3151:
3059:
3048:
3047:
2822:
2811:
2810:
2417:
1867:from the original on 6 May 2022.
1654:10.1179/0308018815Z.000000000116
1517:Interference phenomena in X-rays
1482:10.1590/1806-9126-RBEF-2019-0336
1277:Transmission electron microscopy
488:transmission electron microscopy
478:and the electrons of the sample.
184:electron backscatter diffraction
147:. Brighter spots are columns of
41:
1824:
1773:
1749:
1719:
1695:
1668:
1621:
1247:Precession electron diffraction
1217:Low-energy electron diffraction
1085:Jean-Baptiste L. Romé de l'Isle
780:Physical Properties of Crystals
500:low-energy electron diffraction
490:and related techniques such as
52:needs additional citations for
4581:Synchrotron-related techniques
2612:Bilbao Crystallographic Server
1574:
1527:
1456:
1409:
1361:
1324:
1295:
1232:Neutron diffraction at the ILL
1150:Ralph Walter Graystone Wyckoff
504:low-energy electron microscopy
377:
13:
1:
3851:Interface and colloid science
3605:Glossary of chemical formulae
1902:Crystallographic Space Groups
1897:Web Course on Crystallography
1678:Elements of X-ray diffraction
1379:(2386): 564–565. 1915-07-01.
1288:
514:Applications in various areas
1358:. iycr2014.org. 12 July 2012
1187:Crystallographic point group
30:For the book of poetry, see
7:
4128:Bioorganometallic chemistry
3615:List of inorganic compounds
3176:Geological history of Earth
3112:
2660:Crystal Growth & Design
1952:Timeline of crystallography
1272:Timeline of crystallography
1227:Neutron diffraction at OPAL
1164:
649:
278:Timeline of crystallography
244:, including those that are
167:Octahedral and tetrahedral
10:
4597:
4576:Neutron-related techniques
4054:Dynamic covalent chemistry
4025:Enantioselective synthesis
4005:Physical organic chemistry
3958:Organolanthanide chemistry
3149:
2471:Nuclear magnetic resonance
1197:Dana classification system
920:Evgraf Stepanovich Fedorov
653:
585:
578:
381:
332:Davisson–Germer experiment
275:
214:
202:
151:atoms and darker ones are
29:
4482:
4385:
4146:
4062:
3983:
3933:
3809:
3752:
3643:Electroanalytical methods
3628:
3600:
3513:
3487:
3416:
3378:
3325:
3299:
3263:
3230:
3190:Composition and structure
3189:
3161:
3143:Index of geology articles
3120:
3043:
2971:
2940:
2909:
2879:
2806:
2726:
2698:
2675:Journal of Crystal Growth
2650:
2602:
2549:
2496:
2427:
2415:
2210:
2201:
2124:
1977:
1944:
1182:Crystallographic database
581:Oligocrystalline material
436:X-rays interact with the
368:synchrotron light sources
4561:Condensed matter physics
4398:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
4314:Supramolecular chemistry
3953:Organometallic chemistry
3018:Condensed-matter physics
2541:Single particle analysis
2399:Hermann–Mauguin notation
1892:Learning Crystallography
1302:Chapuis, Gervais (ed.).
1202:Electron crystallography
1100:Arthur Moritz Schönflies
970:Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin
526:crystallographic defects
4336:Combinatorial chemistry
4247:Food physical chemistry
4210:Environmental chemistry
4094:Bioorthogonal chemistry
4020:Retrosynthetic analysis
3841:Chemical thermodynamics
3824:Spectroelectrochemistry
3767:Computational chemistry
2665:Crystallography Reviews
2509:Isomorphous replacement
2303:Lomer–Cottrell junction
1222:Neutron crystallography
1045:William Hallowes Miller
1035:Ernest-François Mallard
940:Paul Heinrich von Groth
631:Neutron crystallography
564:(fcc) structure called
556:(bcc) structure called
392:Neutron crystallography
352:interdisciplinary field
4408:of element discoveries
4254:Agricultural chemistry
4242:Carbohydrate chemistry
4133:Bioinorganic chemistry
3998:Alkane stereochemistry
3943:Coordination chemistry
3772:Mathematical chemistry
3638:Instrumental chemistry
2178:Spinodal decomposition
1434:10.1002/anie.201301319
1212:Fractional coordinates
1192:Crystallographic group
1135:Christian Samuel Weiss
1065:Arthur Lindo Patterson
1040:Charles-Victor Mauguin
840:William Lawrence Bragg
447:, but in addition the
240:to the mathematics of
187:
172:
160:
32:Crystallography (book)
4566:Instrumental analysis
4403:Timeline of chemistry
4300:Post-mortem chemistry
4285:Clandestine chemistry
4215:Atmospheric chemistry
4138:Biophysical chemistry
3970:Solid-state chemistry
3920:Equilibrium chemistry
3829:Photoelectrochemistry
3439:Environmental geology
2986:Solid-state chemistry
2718:Gregori Aminoff Prize
2514:Molecular replacement
1282:X-ray crystallography
1172:Atomic packing factor
855:Martin Julian Buerger
591:X-ray crystallography
579:Further information:
445:strong nuclear forces
384:X-ray crystallography
340:X-ray crystallography
334:and parallel work by
262:orientational imaging
258:X-ray crystallography
234:X-ray crystallography
178:
166:
142:
4393:History of chemistry
4348:Chemical engineering
4123:Bioorganic chemistry
3873:Structural chemistry
3610:List of biomolecules
3398:Planetary geophysics
2910:Material independent
2024:Structure prediction
1727:Cowley, John Maxwell
1207:Electron diffraction
870:D. W. J. Cruickshank
752:Space Group Symmetry
737:Reference literature
636:Electron diffraction
548:In another example,
429:electron diffraction
388:Electron diffraction
372:free-electron lasers
360:electron microscopes
336:George Paget Thomson
272:History and timeline
197:is derived from the
61:improve this article
4416:The central science
4370:Ceramic engineering
4295:Forensic toxicology
4268:Chemistry education
4166:Radiation chemistry
4148:Interdisciplinarity
4101:Medicinal chemistry
4039:Fullerene chemistry
3915:Microwave chemistry
3784:Molecular mechanics
3779:Molecular modelling
3500:Petroleum geologist
3464:Forensic geophysics
3434:Engineering geology
3181:Timeline of geology
3133:Glossary of geology
3033:Solid-state physics
3028:Soft-matter physics
3008:Nuclear engineering
2927:Fundamental aspects
2901:Polymer engineering
2892:Ceramic engineering
2288:Cottrell atmosphere
2268:Partial dislocation
2012:Restriction theorem
1831:Prince, E. (2006).
1794:1958Natur.181..662K
1732:Diffraction physics
1707:www.isis.stfc.ac.uk
1646:2015ISRv...40..244B
1599:1927Natur.119Q.890T
1552:1927Natur.119..558D
1385:1915Natur..95..564.
1237:NMR crystallography
1110:George M. Sheldrick
1075:Friedrich Reinitzer
945:Herbert A. Hauptman
835:William Henry Bragg
830:John Desmond Bernal
562:face-centered cubic
554:body-centered cubic
484:electron microscope
472:charge distribution
423:neutron diffraction
396:NMR crystallography
4459:Chemical substance
4321:Chemical synthesis
4290:Forensic chemistry
4171:Actinide chemistry
4113:Clinical chemistry
3794:Molecular geometry
3789:Molecular dynamics
3744:Elemental analysis
3697:Separation process
3526:Geology portal
3454:Geologic modelling
3393:Geophysical survey
3345:Geodetic astronomy
3271:Structural geology
3232:Historical geology
3163:History of geology
3138:History of geology
3128:Outline of geology
3003:Mining engineering
2708:Carl Hermann Medal
2519:Molecular dynamics
2366:Defects in diamond
2361:Stone–Wales defect
2007:Reciprocal lattice
1969:Biocrystallography
895:Gautam R. Desiraju
885:Johann Deisenhofer
808:Notable scientists
787:Subperiodic Groups
552:transforms from a
530:powder diffraction
348:phasing algorithms
188:
173:
169:interstitial sites
161:
145:strontium titanate
4571:Materials science
4538:
4537:
4474:Quantum mechanics
4439:Chemical compound
4422:Chemical reaction
4360:Materials science
4278:General chemistry
4273:Amateur chemistry
4201:Photogeochemistry
4186:Stellar chemistry
4156:Nuclear chemistry
4077:Molecular biology
4044:Polymer chemistry
4015:Organic synthesis
4010:Organic reactions
3975:Ceramic chemistry
3965:Cluster chemistry
3895:Chemical kinetics
3883:Molecular physics
3762:Quantum chemistry
3675:Mass spectrometry
3559:
3558:
3444:Planetary geology
3360:Planetary geodesy
3080:
3079:
2991:Polymer chemistry
2973:Interdisciplinary
2873:materials science
2838:
2837:
2802:
2801:
2409:Thermal ellipsoid
2374:
2373:
2283:Frank–Read source
2243:
2242:
2109:Aperiodic crystal
2075:
2074:
1957:Crystallographers
1844:978-1-4020-4969-9
1742:978-0-444-82218-5
1688:978-0-201-61091-8
1546:(2998): 558–560.
1177:Crystal structure
1030:Kathleen Lonsdale
955:Wayne Hendrickson
925:Rosalind Franklin
825:C. Arnold Beevers
640:membrane proteins
615:Protein Data Bank
519:Materials science
468:charged particles
419:X-ray diffraction
317:The discovery of
254:X-ray diffraction
238:crystal structure
137:
136:
129:
111:
76:"Crystallography"
16:(Redirected from
4588:
4526:
4525:
4514:
4502:
4501:
4490:
4489:
4434:Chemical element
4089:Chemical biology
3948:Magnetochemistry
3925:Mechanochemistry
3878:Chemical physics
3819:Electrochemistry
3724:Characterization
3586:
3579:
3572:
3563:
3562:
3547:
3546:
3535:
3534:
3524:
3523:
3459:Forensic geology
3429:Economic geology
3355:Gravity of Earth
3250:Paleoclimatology
3155:
3107:
3100:
3093:
3084:
3083:
3063:
3062:
3051:
3050:
2963:Microelectronics
2917:Characterization
2865:
2858:
2851:
2842:
2841:
2826:
2825:
2814:
2813:
2757:
2756:
2680:Kristallografija
2534:Gerchberg–Saxton
2429:Characterisation
2421:
2404:Structure factor
2208:
2207:
2193:Ostwald ripening
2030:
2029:
1975:
1974:
1931:
1924:
1917:
1908:
1907:
1869:
1868:
1828:
1822:
1821:
1802:10.1038/181662a0
1777:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1767:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1713:
1699:
1693:
1692:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1607:10.1038/119890a0
1578:
1572:
1571:
1560:10.1038/119558a0
1531:
1525:
1524:
1510:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1484:
1460:
1454:
1453:
1413:
1407:
1406:
1396:
1394:10.1038/095564a0
1365:
1359:
1353:
1347:
1346:
1344:
1343:
1328:
1322:
1321:
1319:
1318:
1299:
1145:Michael Woolfson
1130:Daniel Vorländer
1125:Constance Tipper
1090:Michael Rossmann
915:Paul Peter Ewald
766:Reciprocal Space
242:crystal geometry
224:
218:
212:
206:
132:
125:
121:
118:
112:
110:
69:
45:
37:
21:
18:Crystallographic
4596:
4595:
4591:
4590:
4589:
4587:
4586:
4585:
4551:Crystallography
4541:
4540:
4539:
4534:
4478:
4381:
4375:Polymer science
4331:Click chemistry
4326:Green chemistry
4220:Ocean chemistry
4196:Biogeochemistry
4142:
4058:
4030:Total synthesis
3993:Stereochemistry
3979:
3929:
3846:Surface science
3836:Thermochemistry
3805:
3748:
3719:Crystallography
3624:
3596:
3590:
3560:
3555:
3518:
3509:
3483:
3479:Mineral physics
3412:
3374:
3321:
3295:
3281:Plate tectonics
3259:
3255:Palaeogeography
3226:
3202:Crystallography
3185:
3157:
3156:
3147:
3116:
3111:
3081:
3076:
3039:
3023:Polymer physics
2967:
2953:Surface science
2948:Crystallography
2936:
2905:
2897:Polymer science
2875:
2869:
2839:
2834:
2798:
2755:
2722:
2694:
2646:
2598:
2569:CrystalExplorer
2545:
2529:Phase retrieval
2492:
2423:
2422:
2413:
2370:
2349:Schottky defect
2248:Perfect crystal
2239:
2235:Abnormal growth
2197:
2183:Supersaturation
2146:Miscibility gap
2127:
2120:
2071:
2028:
1992:Bravais lattice
1973:
1940:
1938:Crystallography
1935:
1878:
1873:
1872:
1845:
1829:
1825:
1788:(4610): 662–6.
1778:
1774:
1765:
1763:
1755:
1754:
1750:
1743:
1724:
1720:
1711:
1709:
1701:
1700:
1696:
1689:
1673:
1669:
1626:
1622:
1579:
1575:
1532:
1528:
1508:
1502:
1498:
1461:
1457:
1414:
1410:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1354:
1350:
1341:
1339:
1330:
1329:
1325:
1316:
1314:
1300:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1267:Symmetric group
1167:
1161:
1159:
1140:Don Craig Wiley
930:Georges Friedel
910:David Eisenberg
845:Auguste Bravais
815:William Astbury
810:
739:
674:Coordinates in
661:Coordinates in
658:
652:
597:, particularly
588:
583:
521:
516:
453:magnetic fields
449:magnetic moment
398:
382:Main articles:
380:
356:diffractometers
280:
274:
195:crystallography
191:Crystallography
133:
122:
116:
113:
70:
68:
58:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4594:
4584:
4583:
4578:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4558:
4553:
4536:
4535:
4533:
4532:
4520:
4508:
4496:
4483:
4480:
4479:
4477:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4430:
4429:
4419:
4412:
4411:
4410:
4400:
4395:
4389:
4387:
4383:
4382:
4380:
4379:
4378:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4357:
4356:
4355:
4345:
4344:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4318:
4317:
4316:
4305:
4304:
4303:
4302:
4297:
4287:
4282:
4281:
4280:
4275:
4264:
4263:
4262:
4261:
4259:Soil chemistry
4251:
4250:
4249:
4244:
4237:Food chemistry
4234:
4232:Carbochemistry
4229:
4227:Clay chemistry
4224:
4223:
4222:
4217:
4206:
4205:
4204:
4203:
4198:
4188:
4182:Astrochemistry
4178:Cosmochemistry
4175:
4174:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4161:Radiochemistry
4152:
4150:
4144:
4143:
4141:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4118:Neurochemistry
4115:
4110:
4109:
4108:
4098:
4097:
4096:
4086:
4085:
4084:
4079:
4068:
4066:
4060:
4059:
4057:
4056:
4051:
4049:Petrochemistry
4046:
4041:
4036:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
4001:
4000:
3989:
3987:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3961:
3960:
3950:
3945:
3939:
3937:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3910:Spin chemistry
3907:
3905:Photochemistry
3902:
3897:
3892:
3890:Femtochemistry
3887:
3886:
3885:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3859:
3858:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3832:
3831:
3826:
3815:
3813:
3807:
3806:
3804:
3803:
3802:
3801:
3791:
3786:
3781:
3776:
3775:
3774:
3764:
3758:
3756:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3715:
3714:
3709:
3702:Chromatography
3699:
3694:
3693:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3672:
3671:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3645:
3640:
3634:
3632:
3626:
3625:
3623:
3622:
3620:Periodic table
3617:
3612:
3607:
3601:
3598:
3597:
3589:
3588:
3581:
3574:
3566:
3557:
3556:
3554:
3553:
3541:
3529:
3514:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3491:
3489:
3485:
3484:
3482:
3481:
3476:
3474:Mining geology
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3420:
3418:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3410:
3408:Tectonophysics
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3384:
3382:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3372:
3370:Geopositioning
3367:
3365:Remote sensing
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3331:
3329:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3319:
3317:Marine geology
3314:
3309:
3303:
3301:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3267:
3265:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3236:
3234:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3197:Cosmochemistry
3193:
3191:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3167:
3165:
3159:
3158:
3150:
3148:
3146:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3124:
3122:
3118:
3117:
3110:
3109:
3102:
3095:
3087:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3074:
3069:
3057:
3044:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3037:
3036:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2994:
2993:
2988:
2977:
2975:
2969:
2968:
2966:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2944:
2942:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2913:
2911:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2903:
2894:
2889:
2883:
2881:
2877:
2876:
2868:
2867:
2860:
2853:
2845:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2832:
2820:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2785:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2763:
2761:
2754:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2732:
2730:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2704:
2702:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2656:
2654:
2648:
2647:
2645:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2608:
2606:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2555:
2553:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2543:
2538:
2537:
2536:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2504:Direct methods
2500:
2498:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2490:
2489:
2488:
2483:
2473:
2468:
2467:
2466:
2461:
2451:
2450:
2449:
2444:
2433:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2416:
2414:
2412:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2389:Ewald's sphere
2386:
2381:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2357:
2356:
2351:
2341:
2340:
2339:
2334:
2332:Frenkel defect
2329:
2327:Bjerrum defect
2319:
2318:
2317:
2307:
2306:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2293:Peierls stress
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2263:Burgers vector
2255:
2253:Stacking fault
2250:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2216:
2214:
2212:Grain boundary
2205:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2159:
2158:
2156:Liquid crystal
2153:
2148:
2143:
2132:
2130:
2122:
2121:
2119:
2118:
2117:
2116:
2106:
2105:
2104:
2094:
2093:
2092:
2087:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2038:
2036:
2027:
2026:
2021:
2019:Periodic table
2016:
2015:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1983:
1981:
1972:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1941:
1934:
1933:
1926:
1919:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1877:
1876:External links
1874:
1871:
1870:
1843:
1823:
1772:
1748:
1741:
1718:
1694:
1687:
1667:
1640:(3): 244–264.
1620:
1573:
1526:
1496:
1455:
1428:(3): 638–652.
1408:
1360:
1348:
1323:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1158:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1050:Friedrich Mohs
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1020:Michael Levitt
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
990:Isabella Karle
987:
985:Louise Johnson
982:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
952:
950:René Just Haüy
947:
942:
937:
932:
927:
922:
917:
912:
907:
902:
900:Eleanor Dodson
897:
892:
887:
882:
877:
872:
867:
862:
860:Sir Gordon Cox
857:
852:
850:Glenn H. Brown
847:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
820:William Barlow
817:
811:
809:
806:
805:
804:
797:
790:
783:
776:
769:
762:
755:
738:
735:
734:
733:
721:curly brackets
717:
702:Miller indices
699:
692:crystal system
676:angle brackets
672:
654:Main article:
651:
648:
595:macromolecules
587:
584:
520:
517:
515:
512:
480:
479:
466:Electrons are
464:
441:
440:in the sample.
379:
376:
364:photoinjectors
298:net such as a
276:Main article:
273:
270:
266:grain boundary
227:United Nations
135:
134:
49:
47:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4593:
4582:
4579:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4548:
4546:
4531:
4530:
4521:
4519:
4518:
4513:
4509:
4507:
4506:
4497:
4495:
4494:
4485:
4484:
4481:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4464:Chemical bond
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4428:
4425:
4424:
4423:
4420:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4406:
4405:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4390:
4388:
4384:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4362:
4361:
4358:
4354:
4353:Stoichiometry
4351:
4350:
4349:
4346:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4323:
4322:
4319:
4315:
4312:
4311:
4310:
4309:Nanochemistry
4307:
4306:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4292:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4279:
4276:
4274:
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4260:
4257:
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4238:
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4230:
4228:
4225:
4221:
4218:
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4213:
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4211:
4208:
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4202:
4199:
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4183:
4179:
4176:
4172:
4169:
4167:
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4159:
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4151:
4149:
4145:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
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4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4107:
4104:
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4102:
4099:
4095:
4092:
4091:
4090:
4087:
4083:
4080:
4078:
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4074:
4073:
4070:
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4067:
4065:
4061:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4034:Semisynthesis
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
3999:
3996:
3995:
3994:
3991:
3990:
3988:
3986:
3982:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3959:
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3954:
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3903:
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3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3884:
3881:
3880:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3868:Sonochemistry
3866:
3864:
3863:Cryochemistry
3861:
3857:
3856:Micromeritics
3854:
3853:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
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3817:
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3812:
3808:
3800:
3797:
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3792:
3790:
3787:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3773:
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3765:
3763:
3760:
3759:
3757:
3755:
3751:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3735:
3734:Wet chemistry
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3704:
3703:
3700:
3698:
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3611:
3608:
3606:
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3599:
3595:
3587:
3582:
3580:
3575:
3573:
3568:
3567:
3564:
3552:
3551:
3542:
3540:
3539:
3530:
3528:
3527:
3522:
3516:
3515:
3512:
3506:
3505:Volcanologist
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3486:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
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3462:
3460:
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3427:
3425:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3415:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3381:
3377:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3340:Earth's orbit
3338:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3328:
3324:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3298:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3286:Geomorphology
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3264:Dynamic Earth
3262:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3233:
3229:
3223:
3222:Sedimentology
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3188:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3171:Geochronology
3169:
3168:
3166:
3164:
3160:
3154:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3108:
3103:
3101:
3096:
3094:
3089:
3088:
3085:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3067:
3058:
3056:
3055:
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3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
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3001:
2999:
2996:
2992:
2989:
2987:
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2983:
2982:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2970:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2939:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2922:Computational
2920:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2908:
2902:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
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2874:
2866:
2861:
2859:
2854:
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2847:
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2821:
2819:
2818:
2809:
2808:
2805:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2758:
2752:
2749:
2747:
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2739:
2737:
2734:
2733:
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2729:
2725:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2697:
2691:
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2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
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2657:
2655:
2653:
2649:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2601:
2595:
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2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2548:
2542:
2539:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2524:Patterson map
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2495:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2478:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2455:
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2443:
2440:
2439:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2426:
2420:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2394:Friedel's law
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2376:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2345:
2342:
2338:
2337:Wigner effect
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2323:
2322:Interstitials
2320:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2311:
2308:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
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2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
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2236:
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2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2200:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2168:Precipitation
2166:
2164:
2161:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2137:
2136:Phase diagram
2134:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2123:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2110:
2107:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2098:
2095:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2081:
2078:
2077:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1932:
1927:
1925:
1920:
1918:
1913:
1912:
1909:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
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1846:
1840:
1836:
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1827:
1819:
1815:
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1803:
1799:
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1776:
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1744:
1738:
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1708:
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1690:
1684:
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1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1624:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1593:(3007): 890.
1592:
1588:
1584:
1577:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
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1537:
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1507:
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1483:
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1475:: e20190336.
1474:
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1218:
1215:
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1200:
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1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
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1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1162:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1120:Nicolas Steno
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1105:Dan Shechtman
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1095:Paul Scherrer
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1080:Hugo Rietveld
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1060:Louis Pasteur
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
975:Judith Howard
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
935:Jenny Glusker
933:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
865:Francis Crick
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
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816:
813:
812:
802:
798:
795:
791:
788:
784:
781:
777:
774:
770:
767:
763:
760:
756:
753:
749:
748:
747:
744:
730:
726:
722:
718:
715:
711:
707:
703:
700:
697:
694:for example,
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
670:
667:
666:
660:
659:
657:
647:
645:
644:viral capsids
641:
637:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
603:nucleic acids
600:
596:
592:
582:
577:
575:
569:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
546:
543:
538:
533:
531:
527:
511:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
477:
476:atomic nuclei
473:
469:
465:
463:for hydrogen.
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
439:
435:
434:
433:
431:
430:
425:
424:
420:
415:
411:
407:
403:
397:
393:
389:
385:
375:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
324:
320:
315:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
296:stereographic
293:
289:
285:
279:
269:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
250:quasicrystals
247:
243:
239:
235:
230:
228:
223:
217:
211:
205:
200:
199:Ancient Greek
196:
192:
185:
181:
180:Kikuchi lines
177:
170:
165:
158:
154:
150:
146:
141:
131:
128:
120:
109:
106:
102:
99:
95:
92:
88:
85:
81:
78: –
77:
73:
72:Find sources:
66:
62:
56:
55:
50:This article
48:
44:
39:
38:
33:
19:
4527:
4515:
4503:
4491:
4341:Biosynthesis
4191:Geochemistry
4106:Pharmacology
4082:Cell biology
4072:Biochemistry
3900:Spectroscopy
3799:VSEPR theory
3718:
3648:Spectroscopy
3592:Branches of
3548:
3536:
3517:
3417:Applications
3388:Geomagnetism
3312:Hydrogeology
3245:Paleontology
3240:Stratigraphy
3207:Geochemistry
3201:
3064:
3052:
2947:
2880:Main classes
2871:Branches of
2827:
2815:
2760:Associations
2728:Organisation
2220:Disclination
2151:Polymorphism
2114:Quasicrystal
2057:Orthorhombic
1997:Miller index
1945:Key concepts
1937:
1833:
1826:
1785:
1781:
1775:
1764:. Retrieved
1760:
1751:
1731:
1721:
1710:. Retrieved
1706:
1697:
1677:
1670:
1637:
1633:
1623:
1590:
1586:
1576:
1543:
1539:
1529:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1499:
1472:
1468:
1458:
1425:
1421:
1411:
1376:
1372:
1363:
1351:
1340:. Retrieved
1338:. 2021-10-21
1335:
1326:
1315:. Retrieved
1307:
1297:
1252:Quasicrystal
1160:
1115:Tej P. Singh
1025:Henry Lipson
1015:Otto Lehmann
1010:Max von Laue
1000:Olga Kennard
995:Jerome Karle
980:Robert Huber
960:Carl Hermann
890:Boris Delone
875:Pierre Curie
800:
793:
786:
779:
772:
765:
758:
751:
742:
740:
728:
724:
720:
709:
705:
695:
687:
683:
679:
675:
669:
662:
656:Miller index
589:
574:group theory
570:
547:
534:
522:
481:
474:of both the
427:
417:
399:
328:Max von Laue
316:
312:Miller index
281:
246:not periodic
231:
221:
209:
194:
190:
189:
123:
114:
104:
97:
90:
83:
71:
59:Please help
54:verification
51:
4529:WikiProject
3754:Theoretical
3739:Calorimetry
3488:Occupations
3469:Meteoritics
3335:Cartography
3291:Volcanology
3276:Geodynamics
2932:Informatics
2713:Ewald Prize
2481:Diffraction
2459:Diffraction
2442:Diffraction
2384:Bragg plane
2379:Bragg's law
2258:Dislocation
2173:Segregation
2085:Crystallite
2002:Point group
1262:Space group
1242:Point group
1055:Paul Niggli
905:Jack Dunitz
880:Peter Debye
719:Indices in
706:parentheses
696:<100>
684:<100>
402:diffraction
378:Methodology
304:Lambert net
4545:Categories
4365:Metallurgy
4064:Biological
3630:Analytical
3449:Geobiology
3424:Biogeology
3403:Seismology
3380:Geophysics
3307:Glaciology
3212:Mineralogy
2998:Mineralogy
2887:Metallurgy
2497:Algorithms
2486:Scattering
2464:Scattering
2447:Scattering
2315:Slip bands
2278:Cross slip
2128:transition
2062:Tetragonal
2052:Monoclinic
1964:Metallurgy
1766:2022-09-10
1712:2024-07-02
1342:2024-03-11
1317:2024-05-22
1289:References
1155:Ada Yonath
1070:Max Perutz
1005:Aaron Klug
288:goniometer
210:krústallos
204:κρύσταλλος
87:newspapers
4556:Chemistry
4427:Catalysis
3935:Inorganic
3729:Titration
3594:chemistry
3495:Geologist
3350:Geomatics
3217:Petrology
3121:Overviews
2981:Chemistry
2958:Tribology
2604:Databases
2067:Triclinic
2047:Hexagonal
1987:Unit cell
1979:Structure
1853:166325528
1837:. Wiley.
1761:Wiley.com
1662:0308-0188
1615:1476-4687
1568:1476-4687
1491:1806-1117
1442:1433-7851
1403:1476-4687
764:Vol B -
757:Vol A1 -
750:Vol A -
686:denote a
566:austenite
461:deuterium
410:electrons
323:electrons
300:Wulff net
149:strontium
117:July 2024
4493:Category
4449:Molecule
4386:See also
3811:Physical
3072:Material
3054:Category
2817:Category
2652:Journals
2584:OctaDist
2579:JANA2020
2551:Software
2437:Electron
2354:F-center
2141:Eutectic
2102:Fiveling
2097:Twinning
2090:Equiaxed
1865:Archived
1861:9332669M
1810:13517261
1729:(1995).
1450:24065378
1165:See also
799:Vol G -
792:Vol F -
785:Vol E -
778:Vol D -
771:Vol C -
727:such as
708:such as
682:such as
680:chevrons
668:such as
665:brackets
650:Notation
605:such as
457:hydrogen
414:neutrons
344:electron
292:symmetry
284:crystals
222:gráphein
159:columns.
153:titanium
4505:Commons
4469:Alchemy
3985:Organic
3550:Geology
3538:Geology
3327:Geodesy
3114:Geology
3013:Physics
2941:Domains
2829:Commons
2777:Germany
2454:Neutron
2344:Vacancy
2203:Defects
2188:GP-zone
2034:Systems
1818:4162786
1790:Bibcode
1642:Bibcode
1595:Bibcode
1548:Bibcode
1519:].
1381:Bibcode
663:square
599:protein
586:Biology
558:ferrite
542:texture
216:γράφειν
101:scholar
4517:Portal
3663:UV-Vis
3066:Common
2772:France
2767:Europe
2700:Awards
2230:Growth
2080:Growth
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1782:Nature
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725:braces
714:normal
688:family
619:RasMol
406:X-rays
394:, and
319:X-rays
306:. The
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3658:Raman
3300:Water
2794:Japan
2741:IOBCr
2594:SHELX
2589:Olex2
2476:X-ray
2126:Phase
2042:Cubic
1814:S2CID
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729:{100}
710:(100)
623:Pymol
560:to a
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94:books
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2899:and
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2632:ICSD
2617:CCDC
2564:Coot
2559:CCP4
2310:Slip
2273:Kink
1849:OCLC
1839:ISBN
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