220:
274:
this, the basic layout of the corporate office had remained largely unchanged, with employees sitting behind rows of traditional desks in a large open room, devoid of privacy. Propst's studies suggested that an open environment actually reduced communication between employees, and impeded personal initiative. On this, Propst commented "One of the regrettable conditions of present day offices is the tendency to provide a formula kind of sameness for everyone." In addition, the employees' bodies were suffering from long hours of sitting in one position. Propst concluded that office workers require both privacy and interaction, depending on which of their many duties they were performing.
320:
Propst free to indulge in his concept of an office capable of constant change to suit the changing needs of the employee, without having to purchase new furnishings, and allowing the employee a degree of privacy, and the ability to personalize the work environment without impacting the environment of the workers nearby. Propst recognized that people are more productive within a territorial enclave that they can personalize, but also that they require vistas outside their space. Propst's concept was the "back-up", a two- or three-sided vertical division that defined territory and afforded privacy without hindering the ability to view or participate in surrounding activities.
355:
207:
473:
35:
27:
258:, but not the furniture itself. The corporation's first major project was an evaluation of the "office" as it had evolved during the 20th Century, and in particular, how it functioned in the 1960s. Propst's studies included learning about the ways people work in an office, how information travels, and how the office layout affects their performance. Propst consulted with
281:
I (AO-1), and introduced it in the Herman Miller lineup. AO-1 featured desks and workspaces of varying height which allowed the worker a freedom of movement, and to assume the work position best suited for the task. AO-1 was ideally suited to small professional offices in which managers and employees
86:
II". Although cubicles are often seen as being symbolic of work in a modern office setting due to their uniformity and blandness, they afford the employee a greater degree of privacy and personalization than in previous work environments, which often consisted of desks lined up in rows within an open
319:
Following the poor sales of the AO-1, Propst and Nelson went back to the drawing board. For several years, Propst and Nelson fought over a disagreement on the work environment best suited to the employee of a corporate office, and Nelson was eventually taken off the project. Nelson's departure left
55:
so that they may concentrate with fewer distractions. Cubicles are composed of modular elements such as walls, work surfaces, overhead bins, drawers, and shelving, which can be configured depending on the user's needs. Installation is generally performed by trained personnel, although some cubicles
273:
Propst concluded from his studies that during the 20th century the office environment had changed substantially, particularly in relation to the amount of information being processed. The amount of information an employee had to analyze, organize, and maintain had increased dramatically. Despite
323:
Propst based AO-2 around the mobile wall-unit that defined space. The unit also supported multiple workstation furnishings, which benefited from the vertically oriented work-space. The components were interchangeable, standardized, and simple to assemble and install. More importantly, they were
344:
One does not have to be an especially perceptive critic to realize that AO II is definitely not a system which produces an environment gratifying for people in general. But it is admirable for planners looking for ways of cramming in a maximum number of bodies, for "employees" (as against
302:, which contracted with George Nelson and Herman Miller in 1963 to design an innovative office space that could maximize efficiency in a small area. The result was based on Nelson's CPS (Comprehensive Panel System), and featured "pods" of four cubicles arranged in a
339:
line. In 1970, he sent a letter to Robert Blaich, who had become Herman Miller's Vice-President for
Corporate Design and Communication, in which he described the system's "dehumanizing effect as a working environment." He summed up his feeling by saying:
306:
pattern, each with an L-shaped desk and overhead storage. Surviving photos of the
Federal Reserve Bank offices reveal a design that would not appear much different from a cubicle of today. In 1964 this design was re-used for the Women's Medical Clinic of
151:, for bed chamber. It was used in English as early as the 15th century. It eventually came to be used for small chambers of all sorts, and for small rooms or study spaces with partitions which do not reach to the ceiling. Like the older
382:. An office space filled with these instead of traditional squarish cubicles would look like a hangar filled with small flight simulators. It was selected for the permanent design collection of the Design Museum in the United Kingdom.
378:, a "capsule" desk that resembled the streamlined front fuselage of a fighter plane. Meant as a computer workstation, it had louvers and an integrated ventilation system, as well as a host of built-in features typical of the
227:
Prior to the widespread adoption of cubicles beginning in the 1960s, office workers often worked at desks arranged in rows in an open room, where they were exposed to the sounds and activity of those working around them.
480:
It is unlikely that any other office furnishings has had as much of a social impact as the introduction of the office cubicle in the 1960s, though the outcome of the cubicle's arrival is still open to debate.
560:
to create "Dilbert's
Ultimate Cubicle". It included both whimsical aspects, a modular approach and attention to usually-neglected ergonomic details like the change in light orientation as the day advances.
50:
workspace that is separated from neighboring workspaces by partitions that are usually 5–6 feet (1.5–1.8 m) tall. Its purpose is to isolate office workers and managers from the sights and noises of an
509:, as opposed to open floor plans which he claims favors the socially privileged and creates an uncomfortable environment for others. Therefore, he claims open floor spaces systemically encourage
282:
often interacted using the same furnishings, but wasn't suitable for large corporation offices. In addition, it was expensive and difficult to assemble. Despite its shortcomings, Nelson won the
87:
room. They do so at a lower cost than individual, private offices. In some office cubicle workspaces, employees can decorate the walls of their cubicle with posters, pictures and other items.
59:
Cubicles in the 2010s and 2020s are usually equipped with a computer, monitor, keyboard and mouse on the work surface. Cubicles typically have a desk phone. Since many offices use overhead
408:. Bluespace offered movable multiple screens inside and outside, a projection system, advanced individual lighting, heating and ventilation controls, and guest-detecting privacy systems.
324:
highly flexible, allowing employers to modify the work environment as needs changed. The AO-2 lineup met with unprecedented success, and other manufacturers quickly copied it. In 1978,
1013:
876:
574:
375:
371:
283:
460:. Demand was so high and materials scarce the use of glass partitions as a protective screen was also widely used - essentially, once again
63:
to illuminate the office, cubicles may or may not have lamps or other additional lighting. Other furniture often found in cubicles includes
556:, to satirize cubicle culture. He depicted an IT company employee who works in a cubicle. In 2001, he teamed up with the design company
423:
1268:
1356:
796:
404:) under the name "Bluespace". They produced several prototypes of this hi-tech multi screened work space and even exhibited one at
1348:
1227:
973:
779:
709:
1168:
453:
In 2020, as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, open-plan offices such as those in True
Manufacturing Co. began to put up
439:
1244:
1192:
1143:
176:- "The dormitories separate cubicles." The joke appears to ridicule the overly studious word, asking, "But stay, what
219:
299:
890:
277:
In 1964, Propst and the
Research Corporation developed a plan, which Nelson's office executed in the form of the
335:
Despite becoming Herman Miller's most successful project, Nelson disowned himself from any connection with the
1061:
1037:
496:," cubicles allowed women to be promoted into middle management positions without making men uncomfortable.
621:
243:
79:
931:
427:
422:
During the 2000s and 2010s, open plan offices arose again as a modern response to cubicles, inspired by
345:
individuals), for "personnel," corporate zombies, the walking dead, the silent majority. A large market.
592:
1391:
914:
454:
400:, and researched the software, hardware, and ergonomic aspects of the cubicle of the future (or the
489:
251:
247:
75:
851:
Technology, Copyright © Massachusetts
Institute of; reserved, 1977-2023 All rights (2020-11-25).
829:
626:
609:
188:
180:
a cubicle? Did we ever sleep in a cubicle? No; we should as soon have thought of slumber in a
263:
184:." The article goes on to explain the Latin origin of the word "cubicle" and its definition.
133:
354:
1272:
852:
514:
506:
401:
192:
8:
1353:
518:
1386:
1216:
1119:
1086:
900:
447:
431:
308:
1223:
1124:
1106:
969:
870:
775:
705:
583:
405:
60:
824:
1381:
1114:
1098:
895:
565:
417:
167:
1360:
801:
537:
526:
501:
267:
200:
56:
allow configuration changes to be performed by users without specific training.
1376:
989:
529:
430:. Though they predate cubicles and were re-popularized by architects including
386:
379:
259:
68:
1370:
1110:
631:
485:
443:
278:
237:
206:
83:
17:
159:
to the user while taking up minimal space in a large or medium-sized room.
1128:
1102:
600:
543:
Cultural commentary about cubicles was done in the 1990s and early 2000s.
533:
484:
Author Thomas Hine speculated that the cubicle contributed to breaking the
461:
457:
64:
370:
In 1994 designer
Douglas Ball planned and built several iterations of the
363:
636:
547:
152:
588:
196:
125:
505:
is also a proponent of cubicles. James argues that cubicles encourage
246:
created the Herman Miller
Research Corporation under the direction of
493:
397:
359:
255:
173:
129:
52:
536:. However, cubicles lead to more overall comfort and therefore more
472:
1331:
Schlosser, Julie. "Cubicles: The great mistake." CNNMoney.com, 2006
303:
121:. Although humorous, the phrase usually has negative connotations.
311:. Nelson also used the design in his own New York design offices.
704:(Third ed.). New York, New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
605:
552:
522:
181:
172:
magazine uses "cubicle" in the context of an advertisement for a
156:
1298:
What Do You call a
Sociopath in a Cubicle?: (Answer, a Coworker)
34:
1319:
Ergonomic Living: How to Create a User-Friendly Home and Office
510:
434:
in 1939, 21st-century open plans are sometimes described as a "
106:
47:
797:"The real reason your company switched to an open plan office"
223:
Before cubicles: open office with desks arranged in rows, 1937
488:
for women in the 1960s. Because women could be excluded from
286:
for the design, neglecting to mention Propst's contribution.
145:
26:
1087:"The impact of the 'open' workspace on human collaboration"
569:
557:
163:
254:. Its mission was to solve problems related to the use of
435:
393:
919:. London: Cleaver-Hume Press. October 1879. p. 184.
572:-fattening pen", a deprecation of cubicles in his novel
1310:
438:." Open plans have negative consequences on employees'
332:, and by 2005 had attained sales totaling $ 5 billion.
124:
Cube farms are found in multiple industries including
187:
In 1879, the word "cubicle" appeared in reference to
765:
763:
761:
759:
757:
755:
753:
751:
749:
747:
745:
743:
741:
695:
693:
691:
689:
687:
685:
683:
681:
679:
677:
675:
673:
476:
A floor plan showing repetitive, regimented cubicles
1245:"How Open-Plan Offices Kill Diversity and Equality"
1144:"How Open-Plan Offices Kill Diversity and Equality"
1085:Bernstein, Ethan S.; Turban, Stephen (2018-08-19).
959:
957:
955:
953:
951:
739:
737:
735:
733:
731:
729:
727:
725:
723:
721:
671:
669:
667:
665:
663:
661:
659:
657:
655:
653:
1215:
850:
1300:Kansas City, Missouri: Andrews McMeel Pub., 2002.
932:"The Origin of Cubicles and the Open-Plan Office"
396:partnered with the office furniture manufacturer
23:Office furniture meant to allow for concentration
1368:
948:
718:
650:
581:In 1999, cubicles were depicted in sci-fi movie
1084:
575:Generation X: Tales for an Accelerated Culture
1314:. London: The Architectural Press Ltd., 1976.
774:. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing.
1062:"This Is Why Open Offices Replaced Cubicles"
1038:"This Is Why Open Offices Replaced Cubicles"
1363:Article on the utopian ideal of the cubicle
1222:. New York, New York: Sara Crichton Books.
968:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press.
963:
875:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
109:filled with cubicles is sometimes called a
74:The office cubicle was created by designer
966:George Nelson: The Design of Modern Design
1349:CNN/Fortune - Cubicles: The great mistake
1118:
1336:Cubed: A Secret History of the Workplace
1193:"Open VS Closed Space Work Environments"
699:
471:
353:
218:
205:
33:
25:
822:
210:A cubicle in an urban high rise setting
117:(such as 4-pod or 8-pod of cubes) or a
82:, and released in 1967 under the name "
1369:
385:Many cube farms were built during the
191:, referring to what is today known as
155:, a cubicle seeks to give a degree of
1328:. New York: Facts on File Inc., 1982.
1321:. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1994.
1242:
1141:
294:The first offices to incorporate the
1213:
1166:
794:
769:
467:
411:
289:
595:spends his days in a drab cubicle.
314:
16:For cubicles in toilet stalls, see
13:
1195:. The Perspective. 27 October 2017
929:
546:In 1989, controversial cartoonist
231:
14:
1403:
1342:
1169:"The End of Open-Plan Everything"
823:Kirsner, Scott (1 August 2004).
639:- desks with small wall dividers
300:Federal Reserve Bank of New York
144:The term cubicle comes from the
1290:
1261:
1236:
1207:
1185:
1160:
1135:
1078:
1054:
1030:
1006:
982:
550:spoke through his comic strip,
349:
1243:James, Geoffrey (2018-10-10).
1142:James, Geoffrey (2018-10-10).
923:
907:
883:
844:
816:
795:Diaz, Jesus (17 August 2018).
788:
702:Sourcebook of Modern Furniture
612:workers who work in cubicles.
418:Open plan § office spaces
169:Punch, or the London Charivari
1:
964:Abercrombie, Stanley (1995).
643:
1269:"Dilbert's Ultimate Cubicle"
622:List of desk forms and types
139:
7:
1167:Mull, Amanda (2020-07-27).
857:MIT Sloan Management Review
615:
90:A cubicle is also called a
30:Empty cubicles in an office
10:
1408:
700:Habegger, Jerryll (2005).
507:diversity in the workplace
464:open plans into cubicles.
415:
235:
214:
113:, and additionally called
15:
1307:. Berkeley: Apress, 2004.
591:who is moonlighting as a
538:equality in the workplace
499:Writer Geoffrey James of
250:, and the supervision of
358:A cubicle in IT company
264:behavioral psychologists
46:is a partially enclosed
825:"Time (Zone) Travelers"
627:Architectural acoustics
568:has coined the phrase "
392:Between 2000 and 2002,
166:in the 1870 edition of
1271:. IDEO. Archived from
1103:10.1098/rstb.2017.0239
1091:Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B
477:
367:
347:
224:
211:
189:electrical engineering
78:in Scottsdale, AZ for
39:
31:
1312:Planning Office Space
1214:Hine, Thomas (2007).
916:Switchgear Principles
853:"Enter the Cube Farm"
772:Classic Herman Miller
770:Pina, Leslie (1998).
525:by focusing on young
475:
357:
342:
222:
209:
193:electrical enclosures
37:
29:
994:www.hermanmiller.com
402:office of the future
38:3D model of cubicles
936:Scientific American
903:. 1870. p. 84.
328:was renamed simply
298:design were in the
99:cubicle workstation
1359:2008-06-25 at the
1338:, Doubleday, 2014.
1324:Klein, Judy Graf.
1097:(1753): 20170239.
901:Bradbury and Evans
478:
432:Frank Lloyd Wright
368:
337:"Action Office II"
326:"Action Office II"
309:Lafayette, Indiana
225:
212:
134:government offices
61:fluorescent lights
40:
32:
1317:Inkeles, Gordon.
1229:978-0-374-14839-3
1018:www.buildings.com
975:978-0-262-01142-6
781:978-0-7643-0471-2
711:978-0-393-73170-5
468:Impact on society
412:Open-plan offices
406:Walt Disney World
290:First appearances
174:college dormitory
1399:
1392:Office buildings
1284:
1283:
1281:
1280:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1255:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1221:
1211:
1205:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1180:
1179:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1155:
1154:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1122:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1073:
1072:
1058:
1052:
1051:
1049:
1048:
1034:
1028:
1027:
1025:
1024:
1010:
1004:
1003:
1001:
1000:
986:
980:
979:
961:
946:
945:
943:
942:
930:Musser, George.
927:
921:
920:
911:
905:
904:
887:
881:
880:
874:
866:
864:
863:
848:
842:
841:
839:
837:
820:
814:
813:
811:
809:
792:
786:
785:
767:
716:
715:
697:
598:The 1999 comedy
566:Douglas Coupland
315:Action Office II
201:circuit breakers
1407:
1406:
1402:
1401:
1400:
1398:
1397:
1396:
1367:
1366:
1361:Wayback Machine
1345:
1326:The Office Book
1303:Blunden, Bill.
1293:
1288:
1287:
1278:
1276:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1253:
1251:
1241:
1237:
1230:
1212:
1208:
1198:
1196:
1191:
1190:
1186:
1177:
1175:
1165:
1161:
1152:
1150:
1140:
1136:
1083:
1079:
1070:
1068:
1060:
1059:
1055:
1046:
1044:
1036:
1035:
1031:
1022:
1020:
1012:
1011:
1007:
998:
996:
988:
987:
983:
976:
962:
949:
940:
938:
928:
924:
913:
912:
908:
889:
888:
884:
868:
867:
861:
859:
849:
845:
835:
833:
821:
817:
807:
805:
793:
789:
782:
768:
719:
712:
698:
651:
646:
618:
470:
420:
414:
352:
330:"Action Office"
317:
296:"Action Office"
292:
268:anthropologists
240:
234:
232:Action Office I
217:
142:
111:sea of cubicles
96:office cubicle,
69:filing cabinets
24:
21:
12:
11:
5:
1405:
1395:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1365:
1364:
1351:
1344:
1343:External links
1341:
1340:
1339:
1334:Saval, Nikil.
1332:
1329:
1322:
1315:
1308:
1301:
1296:Adams, Scott.
1292:
1289:
1286:
1285:
1260:
1235:
1228:
1218:The Great Funk
1206:
1184:
1159:
1134:
1077:
1053:
1029:
1005:
990:"Douglas Ball"
981:
974:
947:
922:
906:
882:
843:
815:
787:
780:
717:
710:
648:
647:
645:
642:
641:
640:
634:
629:
624:
617:
614:
490:male-dominated
469:
466:
428:Silicon Valley
424:tech companies
416:Main article:
413:
410:
389:of 1997-2003.
380:ergonomic desk
351:
348:
316:
313:
291:
288:
260:mathematicians
236:Main article:
233:
230:
216:
213:
141:
138:
101:, or simply a
53:open workspace
22:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1404:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1362:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1337:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1323:
1320:
1316:
1313:
1309:
1306:
1302:
1299:
1295:
1294:
1275:on 2010-10-17
1274:
1270:
1264:
1250:
1246:
1239:
1231:
1225:
1220:
1219:
1210:
1194:
1188:
1174:
1170:
1163:
1149:
1145:
1138:
1130:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1081:
1067:
1063:
1057:
1043:
1039:
1033:
1019:
1015:
1009:
995:
991:
985:
977:
971:
967:
960:
958:
956:
954:
952:
937:
933:
926:
918:
917:
910:
902:
898:
897:
892:
891:"A Good Name"
886:
878:
872:
858:
854:
847:
832:
831:
826:
819:
804:
803:
798:
791:
783:
777:
773:
766:
764:
762:
760:
758:
756:
754:
752:
750:
748:
746:
744:
742:
740:
738:
736:
734:
732:
730:
728:
726:
724:
722:
713:
707:
703:
696:
694:
692:
690:
688:
686:
684:
682:
680:
678:
676:
674:
672:
670:
668:
666:
664:
662:
660:
658:
656:
654:
649:
638:
635:
633:
632:Sound masking
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
619:
613:
611:
607:
603:
602:
596:
594:
590:
587:, in which a
586:
585:
579:
577:
576:
571:
567:
562:
559:
555:
554:
549:
544:
541:
539:
535:
531:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
503:
497:
495:
492:open office "
491:
487:
486:glass ceiling
482:
474:
465:
463:
459:
456:
451:
449:
445:
444:mental health
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
419:
409:
407:
403:
399:
395:
390:
388:
383:
381:
377:
373:
365:
361:
356:
346:
341:
338:
333:
331:
327:
321:
312:
310:
305:
301:
297:
287:
285:
280:
279:Action Office
275:
271:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
252:George Nelson
249:
248:Robert Propst
245:
244:Herman Miller
239:
238:Action Office
229:
221:
208:
204:
202:
198:
194:
190:
185:
183:
179:
175:
171:
170:
165:
160:
158:
154:
150:
147:
137:
135:
131:
127:
122:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
97:
93:
88:
85:
84:Action Office
81:
80:Herman Miller
77:
76:Robert Propst
72:
70:
66:
65:office chairs
62:
57:
54:
49:
45:
36:
28:
19:
18:public toilet
1335:
1325:
1318:
1311:
1304:
1297:
1291:Bibliography
1277:. Retrieved
1273:the original
1263:
1252:. Retrieved
1248:
1238:
1217:
1209:
1197:. Retrieved
1187:
1176:. Retrieved
1173:The Atlantic
1172:
1162:
1151:. Retrieved
1147:
1137:
1094:
1090:
1080:
1069:. Retrieved
1065:
1056:
1045:. Retrieved
1041:
1032:
1021:. Retrieved
1017:
1008:
997:. Retrieved
993:
984:
965:
939:. Retrieved
935:
925:
915:
909:
894:
885:
860:. Retrieved
856:
846:
834:. Retrieved
830:Fast Company
828:
818:
800:
790:
771:
701:
601:Office Space
599:
597:
582:
580:
573:
563:
551:
545:
542:
500:
498:
483:
479:
452:
440:productivity
421:
391:
384:
369:
350:Internet era
343:
336:
334:
329:
325:
322:
318:
295:
293:
276:
272:
241:
226:
186:
177:
168:
162:A satirical
161:
148:
143:
123:
118:
114:
110:
102:
98:
95:
92:cubicle desk
91:
89:
73:
58:
43:
41:
1014:"StackPath"
637:Carrel desk
548:Scott Adams
387:dotcom boom
284:Alcoa Award
197:switchgears
153:carrel desk
1371:Categories
1279:2011-03-26
1254:2022-04-20
1199:31 October
1178:2022-04-20
1153:2022-04-20
1071:2022-04-20
1047:2022-04-20
1023:2023-08-15
999:2023-08-15
941:2023-08-15
862:2023-08-15
806:Retrieved
644:References
604:depicts a
589:programmer
584:The Matrix
458:partitions
455:plexiglass
126:technology
1387:Furniture
1354:Cubitopia
1305:Cube Farm
1111:0962-8436
808:17 August
608:group of
564:In 1991,
494:bull pens
398:Steelcase
364:São Paulo
360:Capgemini
256:furniture
242:In 1960,
149:cubiculum
140:Etymology
130:insurance
119:cube farm
1357:Archived
1129:29967303
1066:The Muse
1042:The Muse
871:cite web
616:See also
462:dividing
304:swastika
1382:Dilbert
1249:Inc.com
1148:Inc.com
1120:6030579
553:Dilbert
532:as the
523:ableism
372:Clipper
215:History
182:bicycle
157:privacy
44:cubicle
1226:
1127:
1117:
1109:
972:
778:
708:
593:hacker
521:, and
519:sexism
515:racism
511:ageism
448:health
446:, and
366:office
266:, and
132:, and
107:office
105:. An
48:office
1377:Desks
896:Punch
836:4 May
606:bored
527:white
146:Latin
1224:ISBN
1201:2017
1125:PMID
1107:ISSN
970:ISBN
877:link
838:2012
810:2018
802:Inc.
776:ISBN
706:ISBN
570:veal
558:IDEO
534:norm
502:Inc.
376:CS-1
199:and
195:for
164:joke
115:pods
103:cube
67:and
1115:PMC
1099:doi
1095:373
578:.
540:.
530:men
450:.
436:fad
426:in
394:IBM
374:or
362:'s
1373::
1247:.
1171:.
1146:.
1123:.
1113:.
1105:.
1093:.
1089:.
1064:.
1040:.
1016:.
992:.
950:^
934:.
899:.
893:.
873:}}
869:{{
855:.
827:.
799:.
720:^
652:^
610:IT
517:,
513:,
442:,
270:.
262:,
178:is
136:.
128:,
94:,
71:.
42:A
1282:.
1257:.
1232:.
1203:.
1181:.
1156:.
1131:.
1101::
1074:.
1050:.
1026:.
1002:.
978:.
944:.
879:)
865:.
840:.
812:.
784:.
714:.
203:.
20:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
