3312:", a movement that argued kinship studies could not examine the gender relations of developing countries in isolation and must pay respect to racial and economic nuance as well. This critique became relevant, for instance, in the anthropological study of Jamaica: race and class were seen as the primary obstacles to Jamaican liberation from economic imperialism, and gender as an identity was largely ignored. Third World feminism aimed to combat this in the early twenty-first century by promoting these categories as coexisting factors. In Jamaica, marriage as an institution is often substituted for a series of partners, as poor women cannot rely on regular financial contributions in a climate of economic instability. In addition, there is a common practice of Jamaican women artificially lightening their skin tones in order to secure economic survival. These anthropological findings, according to Third World feminism, cannot see gender, racial, or class differences as separate entities, and instead must acknowledge that they interact together to produce unique individual experiences.
3333:
biological and genetic relatedness, as gestational surrogates can provide a biological environment for the embryo while the genetic ties remain with a third party. If genetic, surrogate, and adoptive maternities are involved, anthropologists have acknowledged that there can be the possibility for three "biological" mothers to a single child. With ARTs, there are also anthropological questions concerning the intersections between wealth and fertility: ARTs are generally only available to those in the highest income bracket, meaning the infertile poor are inherently devalued in the system. There have also been issues of reproductive tourism and bodily commodification, as individuals seek economic security through hormonal stimulation and egg harvesting, which are potentially harmful procedures. With IVF, specifically, there have been many questions of embryotic value and the status of life, particularly as it relates to the manufacturing of stem cells, testing, and research.
3304:, and others. Instead of relying on narrow ideas of Western normalcy, kinship studies increasingly catered to "more ethnographic voices, human agency, intersecting power structures, and historical context". The study of kinship evolved to accommodate for the fact that it cannot be separated from its institutional roots and must pay respect to the society in which it lives, including that society's contradictions, hierarchies, and individual experiences of those within it. This shift was progressed further by the emergence of second-wave feminism in the early 1970s, which introduced ideas of marital oppression, sexual autonomy, and domestic subordination. Other themes that emerged during this time included the frequent comparisons between Eastern and Western kinship systems and the increasing amount of attention paid to anthropologists' own societies, a swift turn from the focus that had traditionally been paid to largely "foreign", non-Western communities.
1939:
methods. In some cases, ethnographers also turn to structured observation, in which an anthropologist's observations are directed by a specific set of questions they are trying to answer. In the case of structured observation, an observer might be required to record the order of a series of events, or describe a certain part of the surrounding environment. While the anthropologist still makes an effort to become integrated into the group they are studying, and still participates in the events as they observe, structured observation is more directed and specific than participant observation in general. This helps to standardize the method of study when ethnographic data is being compared across several groups or is needed to fulfill a specific purpose, such as research for a governmental policy decision.
1935:
anthropologist to spend time researching background information on their topic. It can also be helpful to know what previous research has been conducted in one's chosen location or on similar topics, and if the participant observation takes place in a location where the spoken language is not one the anthropologist is familiar with, they will usually also learn that language. This allows the anthropologist to become better established in the community. The lack of need for a translator makes communication more direct, and allows the anthropologist to give a richer, more contextualized representation of what they witness. In addition, participant observation often requires permits from governments and research institutions in the area of study, and always needs some form of funding.
1915:. Historically, the group of people being studied was a small, non-Western society. However, today it may be a specific corporation, a church group, a sports team, or a small town. There are no restrictions as to what the subject of participant observation can be, as long as the group of people is studied intimately by the observing anthropologist over a long period of time. This allows the anthropologist to develop trusting relationships with the subjects of study and receive an inside perspective on the culture, which helps him or her to give a richer description when writing about the culture later. Observable details (like daily time allotment) and more hidden details (like
1167:. This method advocates living with people of another culture for an extended period of time to learn the local language and be enculturated, at least partially, into that culture. In this context, cultural relativism is of fundamental methodological importance, because it calls attention to the importance of the local context in understanding the meaning of particular human beliefs and activities. Thus, in 1948 Virginia Heyer wrote, "Cultural relativity, to phrase it in starkest abstraction, states the relativity of the part to the whole. The part gains its cultural significance by its place in the whole, and cannot retain its integrity in a different situation."
1943:
write about a culture, because each researcher is influenced by their own perspective. This is considered a problem especially when anthropologists write in the ethnographic present, a present tense which makes a culture seem stuck in time, and ignores the fact that it may have interacted with other cultures or gradually evolved since the anthropologist made observations. To avoid this, past ethnographers have advocated for strict training, or for anthropologists working in teams. However, these approaches have not generally been successful, and modern ethnographers often choose to include their personal experiences and possible biases in their writing instead.
3379:
institutions, on the other hand, are constructs that regulate individuals' day-to-day lives, such as kinship, religion, and economics. Anthropology of institutions may analyze labor unions, businesses ranging from small enterprises to corporations, government, medical organizations, education, prisons, and financial institutions. Nongovernmental organizations have garnered particular interest in the field of institutional anthropology because they are capable of fulfilling roles previously ignored by governments, or previously realized by families or local groups, in an attempt to mitigate social problems.
1684:. Geertz applied his method in a number of areas, creating programs of study that were very productive. His analysis of "religion as a cultural system" was particularly influential outside of anthropology. David Schnieder's cultural analysis of American kinship has proven equally influential. Schneider demonstrated that the American folk-cultural emphasis on "blood connections" had an undue influence on anthropological kinship theories, and that kinship is not a biological characteristic, but a cultural relationship established on very different terms in different societies.
1680:". The cultural symbols of rituals, political and economic action, and of kinship, are "read" by the anthropologist as if they are a document in a foreign language. The interpretation of those symbols must be re-framed for their anthropological audience, i.e. transformed from the "experience-near" but foreign concepts of the other culture, into the "experience-distant" theoretical concepts of the anthropologist. These interpretations must then be reflected back to its originators, and its adequacy as a translation fine-tuned in a repeated way, a process called the
3383:
workings of an institution, such as the relationships, hierarchies and cultures formed, and the ways that these elements are transmitted and maintained, transformed, or abandoned over time. Additionally, some anthropology of institutions examines the specific design of institutions and their corresponding strength. More specifically, anthropologists may analyze specific events within an institution, perform semiotic investigations, or analyze the mechanisms by which knowledge and culture are organized and dispersed.
1931:
anthropologist must be open to becoming part of the group, and willing to develop meaningful relationships with its members. One way to do this is to find a small area of common experience between an anthropologist and their subjects, and then to expand from this common ground into the larger area of difference. Once a single connection has been established, it becomes easier to integrate into the community, and it is more likely that accurate and complete information is being shared with the anthropologist.
1351:
1038:). Morgan, in particular, acknowledged that certain forms of society and culture could not possibly have arisen before others. For example, industrial farming could not have been invented before simple farming, and metallurgy could not have developed without previous non-smelting processes involving metals (such as simple ground collection or mining). Morgan, like other 19th century social evolutionists, believed there was a more or less orderly progression from the primitive to the civilized.
1159:, argued that one's culture may mediate and thus limit one's perceptions in less obvious ways. This understanding of culture confronts anthropologists with two problems: first, how to escape the unconscious bonds of one's own culture, which inevitably bias our perceptions of and reactions to the world, and second, how to make sense of an unfamiliar culture. The principle of cultural relativism thus forced anthropologists to develop innovative methods and heuristic strategies.
3391:
have much idle time to discuss the details of their everyday endeavors. The ability of individuals to present the workings of an institution in a particular light or frame must additionally be taken into account when using interviews and document analysis to understand an institution, as the involvement of an anthropologist may be met with distrust when information being released to the public is not directly controlled by the institution and could potentially be damaging.
6910:
3283:, it is believed that a child can have partible maternity and partible paternity. In this case, a child would have multiple biological mothers in the case that it is born of one woman and then breastfed by another. A child would have multiple biological fathers in the case that the mother had sex with multiple men, following the commonplace belief in Nuyoo culture that pregnancy must be preceded by sex with multiple men in order have the necessary accumulation of semen.
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6184:
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1331:(1858–1942) established academic anthropology in the United States in opposition to Morgan's evolutionary perspective. His approach was empirical, skeptical of overgeneralizations, and eschewed attempts to establish universal laws. For example, Boas studied immigrant children to demonstrate that biological race was not immutable, and that human conduct and behavior resulted from nurture, rather than nature.
6886:
6196:
885:
1318:
61:
3267:, where one woman is married to one man. Anthropologists also study different marital taboos across cultures, most commonly the incest taboo of marriage within sibling and parent-child relationships. It has been found that all cultures have an incest taboo to some degree, but the taboo shifts between cultures when the marriage extends beyond the nuclear family unit.
3337:
parent experiences "greater levels of scrutiny and routinely seen as the 'other' of the nuclear, patriarchal family". The power dynamics in reproduction, when explored through a comparative analysis of "conventional" and "unconventional" families, have been used to dissect the
Western assumptions of child bearing and child rearing in contemporary kinship studies.
3176:, stories or rumours that appear in multiple locations and in multiple time periods, metaphors that appear in multiple ethnographic locations, or the biographies of individual people or groups as they move through space and time. It may also follow conflicts that transcend boundaries. An example of multi-sited ethnography is
1923:) and what actually does happen, or between different aspects of the formal system; in contrast, a one-time survey of people's answers to a set of questions might be quite consistent, but is less likely to show conflicts between different aspects of the social system or between conscious representations and behavior.
1347:
origins in
Boasian Anthropology, dividing the discipline in the four crucial and interrelated fields of sociocultural, biological, linguistic, and archaic anthropology (e.g. archaeology). Anthropology in the United States continues to be deeply influenced by the Boasian tradition, especially its emphasis on culture.
3180:' work on the international black market for the trade of human organs. In this research, she follows organs as they are transferred through various legal and illegal networks of capitalism, as well as the rumours and urban legends that circulate in impoverished communities about child kidnapping and organ theft.
1947:
Additionally, anthropologists have struggled with the effect their presence has on a culture. Simply by being present, a researcher causes changes in a culture, and anthropologists continue to question whether or not it is appropriate to influence the cultures they study, or possible to avoid having influence.
3366:, social psychologists Elizabeth Peel and Damien Riggs argue for a move beyond this human-centered framework, opting instead to explore kinship through a "posthumanist" vantage point where anthropologists focus on the intersecting relationships of human animals, non-human animals, technologies and practices.
3133:, but they often argue that one cannot understand these particular ways of life solely from a local perspective; they instead combine a focus on the local with an effort to grasp larger political, economic, and cultural frameworks that impact local lived realities. Notable proponents of this approach include
1973:
ethnography will also include information about physical geography, climate and habitat. It is meant to be a holistic piece of writing about the people in question, and today often includes the longest possible timeline of past events that the ethnographer can obtain through primary and secondary research.
837:
3390:
Common considerations taken by anthropologists in studying institutions include the physical location at which a researcher places themselves, as important interactions often take place in private, and the fact that the members of an institution are often being examined in their workplace and may not
1255:
anthropology is a term applied to ethnographic works that attempt to isolate a particular system of social relations such as those that comprise domestic life, economy, law, politics, or religion, give analytical priority to the organizational bases of social life, and attend to cultural phenomena as
1011:
940:
Modern anthropology emerged in the 19th century alongside developments in the
Western world. With these developments came a renewed interest in humankind, such as its origins, unity, and plurality. It is, however, in the 20th century that cultural anthropology shifts to having a more pluralistic view
1707:
pondered ethnographic authority, in particular how and why anthropological knowledge was possible and authoritative. They were reflecting trends in research and discourse initiated by feminists in the academy, although they excused themselves from commenting specifically on those pioneering critics.
953:
and its processes increasingly brought
European thinkers into direct or indirect contact with "primitive others". The first generation of cultural anthropologists were interested in the relative status of various humans, some of whom had modern advanced technologies, while others lacked anything but
847:
Anthropologists have pointed out that through culture, people can adapt to their environment in non-genetic ways, so people living in different environments will often have different cultures. Much of anthropological theory has originated in an appreciation of and interest in the tension between the
3382:
The types and methods of scholarship performed in the anthropology of institutions can take a number of forms. Institutional anthropologists may study the relationship between organizations or between an organization and other parts of society. Institutional anthropology may also focus on the inner
3336:
Current issues in kinship studies, such as adoption, have revealed and challenged the
Western cultural disposition towards the genetic, "blood" tie. Western biases against single parent homes have also been explored through similar anthropological research, uncovering that a household with a single
3270:
There are similar foundational differences where the act of procreation is concerned. Although anthropologists have found that biology is acknowledged in every cultural relationship to procreation, there are differences in the ways in which cultures assess the constructs of parenthood. For example,
3245:
Kinship is the bedrock of all human societies that we know. All humans recognize fathers and mothers, sons and daughters, brothers and sisters, uncles and aunts, husbands and wives, grandparents, cousins, and often many more complex types of relationships in the terminologies that they use. That is
2075:
One means by which anthropologists combat ethnocentrism is to engage in the process of cross-cultural comparison. It is important to test so-called "human universals" against the ethnographic record. Monogamy, for example, is frequently touted as a universal human trait, yet comparative study shows
1942:
One common criticism of participant observation is its lack of objectivity. Because each anthropologist has their own background and set of experiences, each individual is likely to interpret the same culture in a different way. Who the ethnographer is has a lot to do with what they will eventually
3291:
In the twenty-first century, Western ideas of kinship have evolved beyond the traditional assumptions of the nuclear family, raising anthropological questions of consanguinity, lineage, and normative marital expectation. The shift can be traced back to the 1960s, with the reassessment of kinship's
3345:
Kinship, as an anthropological field of inquiry, has been heavily criticized across the discipline. One critique is that, as its inception, the framework of kinship studies was far too structured and formulaic, relying on dense language and stringent rules. Another critique, explored at length by
3332:
and Daphna
Birenbaum-Carmeli, "ARTs have pluralized notions of relatedness and led to a more dynamic notion of "kinning" namely, kinship as a process, as something under construction, rather than a natural given". With this technology, questions of kinship have emerged over the difference between
1346:
In doing so, he fought discrimination against immigrants, blacks, and indigenous peoples of the
Americas. Many American anthropologists adopted his agenda for social reform, and theories of race continue to be popular subjects for anthropologists today. The so-called "Four Field Approach" has its
1062:
Accordingly, most of these anthropologists showed less interest in comparing cultures, generalizing about human nature, or discovering universal laws of cultural development, than in understanding particular cultures in those cultures' own terms. Such ethnographers and their students promoted the
982:
According to Kay Milton, former director of anthropology research at Queens
University Belfast, culture can be general or specific. This means culture can be something applied to all human beings or it can be specific to a certain group of people such as African American culture or Irish American
3386:
In all manifestations of institutional anthropology, participant observation is critical to understanding the intricacies of the way an institution works and the consequences of actions taken by individuals within it. Simultaneously, anthropology of institutions extends beyond examination of the
3250:
Throughout history, kinship studies have primarily focused on the topics of marriage, descent, and procreation. Anthropologists have written extensively on the variations within marriage across cultures and its legitimacy as a human institution. There are stark differences between communities in
3378:
The two types of institutions defined in the field of anthropology are total institutions and social institutions. Total institutions are places that comprehensively coordinate the actions of people within them, and examples of total institutions include prisons, convents, and hospitals. Social
3168:
Also emerging in multi-sited ethnography are greater interdisciplinary approaches to fieldwork, bringing in methods from cultural studies, media studies, science and technology studies, and others. In multi-sited ethnography, research tracks a subject across spatial and temporal boundaries. For
3128:
Ethnography dominates socio-cultural anthropology. Nevertheless, many contemporary socio-cultural anthropologists have rejected earlier models of ethnography as treating local cultures as bounded and isolated. These anthropologists continue to concern themselves with the distinct ways people in
1946:
Participant observation has also raised ethical questions, since an anthropologist is in control of what they report about a culture. In terms of representation, an anthropologist has greater power than their subjects of study, and this has drawn criticism of participant observation in general.
1938:
The majority of participant observation is based on conversation. This can take the form of casual, friendly dialogue, or can also be a series of more structured interviews. A combination of the two is often used, sometimes along with photography, mapping, artifact collection, and various other
1930:
and a cultural informant must go both ways. Just as an ethnographer may be naive or curious about a culture, the members of that culture may be curious about the ethnographer. To establish connections that will eventually lead to a better understanding of the cultural context of a situation, an
1050:
quickly reached a consensus that both processes occur, and that both can plausibly account for cross-cultural similarities. But these ethnographers also pointed out the superficiality of many such similarities. They noted that even traits that spread through diffusion often were given different
4218:
Within anthropology's "two cultures"—the positivist/objectivist style of comparative anthropology versus a reflexive/interpretative anthropology—Mead has been characterized as a "humanist" heir to Franz Boas's historical particularism—hence, associated with the practices of interpretation and
3354:
that "inship has been defined by
European social scientists, and European social scientists use their own folk culture as the source of many, if not all of their ways of formulating and understanding the world about them". However, this critique has been challenged by the argument that it is
3164:
A growing trend in anthropological research and analysis is the use of multi-sited ethnography, discussed in George Marcus' article, "Ethnography In/Of the World System: the
Emergence of Multi-Sited Ethnography". Looking at culture as embedded in macro-constructions of a global social order,
1972:
Numerous other ethnographic techniques have resulted in ethnographic writing or details being preserved, as cultural anthropologists also curate materials, spend long hours in libraries, churches and schools poring over records, investigate graveyards, and decipher ancient scripts. A typical
975:: "Culture, or civilization, taken in its broad, ethnographic sense, is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society." The term "civilization" later gave way to definitions given by
1712:
as part of the 'post-modern moment' in anthropology: Ethnographies became more interpretative and reflexive, explicitly addressing the author's methodology; cultural, gendered, and racial positioning; and their influence on the ethnographic analysis. This was part of a more general trend of
3374:
The role of anthropology in institutions has expanded significantly since the end of the 20th century. Much of this development can be attributed to the rise in anthropologists working outside of academia and the increasing importance of globalization in both institutions and the field of
1934:
Before participant observation can begin, an anthropologist must choose both a location and a focus of study. This focus may change once the anthropologist is actively observing the chosen group of people, but having an idea of what one wants to study before beginning fieldwork allows an
1115:
and later popularized by his students. Boas first articulated the idea in 1887: "...civilization is not something absolute, but ... is relative, and ... our ideas and conceptions are true only so far as our civilization goes." Although Boas did not coin the term, it became common among
1116:
anthropologists after Boas' death in 1942, to express their synthesis of a number of ideas Boas had developed. Boas believed that the sweep of cultures, to be found in connection with any sub-species, is so vast and pervasive that there cannot be a relationship between culture and
3307:
Kinship studies began to gain mainstream recognition in the late 1990s with the surging popularity of feminist anthropology, particularly with its work related to biological anthropology and the intersectional critique of gender relations. At this time, there was the arrival of
1451:(1946) remain popular with the American public, Mead and Benedict never had the impact on the discipline of anthropology that some expected. Boas had planned for Ruth Benedict to succeed him as chair of Columbia's anthropology department, but she was sidelined in favor of
1902:
Participant observation is one of the principal research methods of cultural anthropology. It relies on the assumption that the best way to understand a group of people is to interact with them closely over a long period of time. The method originated in the
1665:
Believing, with Max Weber, that man is an animal suspended in webs of significance he himself has spun, I take culture to be those webs, and the analysis of it to be therefore not an experimental science in search of law but an interpretive one in search of
3647:"In his earlier work, like many anthropologists of this generation, Levi-Strauss draws attention to the necessary and urgent task of maintaining and extending the empirical foundations of anthropology in the practice of fieldwork.": In Christopher Johnson,
1401:, who each produced richly detailed studies of indigenous North American cultures. They provided a wealth of details used to attack the theory of a single evolutionary process. Kroeber and Sapir's focus on Native American languages helped establish
2088:
of human culture, society, and behavior in the past and present. The name came from the Institute of Human Relations, an interdisciplinary program/building at Yale at the time. The Institute of Human Relations had sponsored HRAF's precursor, the
1420:(1923) marked a turning point in American anthropology. After three decades of amassing material, Boasians felt a growing urge to generalize. This was most obvious in the 'Culture and Personality' studies carried out by younger Boasians such as
4072:
1338:
rather than societies whose evolution could be measured by the extent of "civilization" they had. He believed that each culture has to be studied in its particularity, and argued that cross-cultural generalizations, like those made in the
1041:
20th-century anthropologists largely reject the notion that all human societies must pass through the same stages in the same order, on the grounds that such a notion does not fit the empirical facts. Some 20th-century ethnologists, like
3165:
multi-sited ethnography uses traditional methodology in various locations both spatially and temporally. Through this methodology, greater insight can be gained when examining the impact of world-systems on local and global communities.
3375:
anthropology. Anthropologists can be employed by institutions such as for-profit business, nonprofit organizations, and governments. For instance, cultural anthropologists are commonly employed by the United States federal government.
1046:, have instead argued that such similarities reflected similar adaptations to similar environments. Although 19th-century ethnologists saw "diffusion" and "independent invention" as mutually exclusive and competing theories, most
1162:
Boas and his students realized that if they were to conduct scientific research in other cultures, they would need to employ methods that would help them escape the limits of their own ethnocentrism. One such method is that of
2066:
function both as symbolic systems and as social institutions. Today almost all socio-cultural anthropologists refer to the work of both sets of predecessors and have an equal interest in what people do and in what people say.
2011:
in the United Kingdom. Whereas cultural anthropology focused on symbols and values, social anthropology focused on social groups and institutions. Today socio-cultural anthropologists attend to all these elements.
4677:
3328:(IVF). These advancements have led to new dimensions of anthropological research, as they challenge the Western standard of biogenetically based kinship, relatedness, and parenthood. According to anthropologists
1287:. His comparative analyses of religion, government, material culture, and especially kinship patterns proved to be influential contributions to the field of anthropology. Like other scholars of his day (such as
1139:. Ethnocentrism may take obvious forms, in which one consciously believes that one's people's arts are the most beautiful, values the most virtuous, and beliefs the most truthful. Boas, originally trained in
944:
The rise of cultural anthropology took place within the context of the late 19th century, when questions regarding which cultures were "primitive" and which were "civilized" occupied the mind of not only
3350:. Schneider proposes that kinship is not a field that can be applied cross-culturally, as the theory itself relies on European assumptions of normalcy. He states in the widely circulated 1984 book
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3226:
Kinship refers to the anthropological study of the ways in which humans form and maintain relationships with one another and how those relationships operate within and define social organization.
1965:. An ethnography is a piece of writing about a people, at a particular place and time. Typically, the anthropologist lives among people in another society for a period of time, simultaneously
1919:
behavior) are more easily observed and interpreted over a longer period of time, and researchers can discover discrepancies between what participants say—and often believe—should happen (the
3355:
linguistics, not cultural divergence, that has allowed for a European bias, and that the bias can be lifted by centering the methodology on fundamental human concepts. Polish anthropologist
1649:
Many anthropologists reacted against the renewed emphasis on materialism and scientific modelling derived from Marx by emphasizing the importance of the concept of culture. Authors such as
4383:
4755:
1055:, show how new methods may be applied to the understanding of man living in a global world and how it was caused by the action of extra-European nations, so highlighting the role of
1026:
Other ethnologists argued that different groups had the capability of creating similar beliefs and practices independently. Some of those who advocated "independent invention", like
1003:, argued that different groups must have learned from one another somehow, however indirectly; in other words, they argued that cultural traits spread from one place to another, or "
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argues that "mother" and "father" are examples of such fundamental human concepts and can only be Westernized when conflated with English concepts such as "parent" and "sibling".
1523:
to take account of cultural and social factors and employed Marxian analysis into anthropological study. In England, British Social Anthropology's paradigm began to fragment as
3362:
A more recent critique of kinship studies is its solipsistic focus on privileged, Western human relations and its promotion of normative ideals of human exceptionalism. In
4636:
1888:
worked mostly with materials collected by others—usually missionaries, traders, explorers, or colonial officials—earning them the moniker of "arm-chair anthropologists".
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culture. Specific cultures are structured systems which means they are organized very specifically and adding or taking away any element from that system may disrupt it.
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developed a more fleshed-out concept of culture as a web of meaning or signification, which proved very popular within and beyond the discipline. Geertz was to state:
3933:
3523:
3199:, a study of the entrepreneurs in a Harlem crack-den. Also growing more popular are ethnographies of professional communities, such as laboratory researchers,
2097:), as part of an effort to develop an integrated science of human behavior and culture. The two eHRAF databases on the Web are expanded and updated annually.
3169:
example, a multi-sited ethnography may follow a "thing", such as a particular commodity, as it is transported through the networks of global capitalism.
1717:
that was popular contemporaneously. Currently anthropologists pay attention to a wide variety of issues pertaining to the contemporary world, including
1259:
Parallel with the rise of cultural anthropology in the United States, social anthropology developed as an academic discipline in Britain and in France.
3631:
1436:, these authors sought to understand the way that individual personalities were shaped by the wider cultural and social forces in which they grew up.
1603:
to examine the relationship between symbolic meaning, sociocultural structure, and individual agency in the processes of historical transformation.
1539:
incorporated Lévi-Strauss's structuralism into their work. Structuralism also influenced a number of developments in the 1960s and 1970s, including
3739:
3387:
commonplace involvement of individuals in institutions to discover how and why the organizational principles evolved in the manner that they did.
848:
local (particular cultures) and the global (a universal human nature, or the web of connections between people in distinct places/circumstances).
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1611:
produced a whole generation of anthropologists at the University of Chicago that focused on these themes. Also influential in these issues were
4363:
3511:
4747:
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1291:), Morgan argued that human societies could be classified into categories of cultural evolution on a scale of progression that ranged from
1067:", the view that one can only understand another person's beliefs and behaviors in the context of the culture in which they live or lived.
4208:
4152:"Balinese Cockfights and the Seduction of Anthropology" in Anthropologies and Histories: essays in culture, history and political economy
1051:
meanings and function from one society to another. Analyses of large human concentrations in big cities, in multidisciplinary studies by
2019:
and in the United States. European "social anthropologists" focused on observed social behaviors and on "social structure", that is, on
1591:
into the spotlight. Gender and sexuality became popular topics, as did the relationship between history and anthropology, influenced by
905:
this currently is not a history of cultural anthropology, but of specific terms. It also does not explain the outdated terminology used.
3652:
1081:), have argued that apparently similar patterns of development reflect fundamental similarities in the structure of human thought (see
6253:
1089:
to post-industrial service occupations in one generation, were so numerous that 19th-century evolutionism was effectively disproved.
2046:
American "cultural anthropologists" focused on the ways people expressed their view of themselves and their world, especially in
991:
Anthropology is concerned with the lives of people in different parts of the world, particularly in relation to the discourse of
748:
17:
909:
801:
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4270:
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the matrix into which human children are born in the great majority of cases, and their first words are often kinship terms.
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1182:
773:
665:
4859:
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affects individual experience or aim to provide a rounded view of the knowledge, customs, and institutions of a people.
1382:
4899:
4134:
3259:, where one man has several marriages to two or more women. The Nyar of India and Nyimba of Tibet and Nepal practice
2108:
Comparison across cultures includes the industrialized (or de-industrialized) West. Cultures in the more traditional
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1464:
1207:
927:
710:
623:
329:
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became an increasingly popular theoretical approach in the discipline. By the 1970s the authors of volumes such as
3320:
Kinship studies have also experienced a rise in the interest of reproductive anthropology with the advancement of
6826:
6007:
4094:
3241:. This is likely due to its fundamental concepts, as articulated by linguistic anthropologist Patrick McConvell:
1447:
1117:
31:
6914:
4637:"Back to 'Mother' and 'Father': Overcoming the Eurocentrism of Kinship Studies through Eight Lexical Universals"
3263:, where one woman is often married to two or more men. The marital practice found in most cultures, however, is
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5446:
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2109:
1227:
730:
513:
4314:
Swick Perry, Helen (1988). "Using Participant Observation to Construct a Life History". In Berg, David (ed.).
4285:
DeWalt, K. M., DeWalt, B. R., & Wayland, C. B. (1998). "Participant observation." In H. R. Bernard (Ed.),
1303:. Generally, Morgan used technology (such as bowmaking or pottery) as an indicator of position on this scale.
6390:
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Birenbaum-Carmeli, Daphna; Inhorn, Maria C. (2008). "Assisted Reproductive Technologies and Culture Change".
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1030:, additionally supposed that similarities meant that different groups had passed through the same stages of
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3413:
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1324:(1858–1942), one of the pioneers of modern anthropology, often called the "Father of American Anthropology"
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Fanon, Frantz. (1963) The Wretched of the Earth, transl. Constance Farrington. New York, Grove Weidenfeld.
6283:
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1761:
1493:, focused on processes of modernization by which newly independent states could develop. Others, such as
613:
528:
441:
304:
4364:"Information systems and anthropology: and anthropological perspective on IT and organizational culture"
3251:
terms of marital practice and value, leaving much room for anthropological fieldwork. For instance, the
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includes materials on cultures, past and present, and covers nearly 400 cultures. The second database,
1385:(AMNH) to train and develop multiple generations of students. His first generation of students included
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5354:
5204:
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2020:
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pondered anthropology's ties to colonial inequality, while the immense popularity of theorists such as
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411:
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American anthropologist David Schneider, argues that kinship has been limited by its inherent Western
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because it requires the anthropologist spending an extended period of time at the research location),
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Academic blog post explaining the similarities/differences between social and cultural anthropology.
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Environmentalism and Cultural Theory: Exploring the role of anthropology in environmental discourse
3671:"Cultural anthropology - Historical Development, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Fieldwork | Britannica"
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1004:
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685:
675:
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571:
401:
243:
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Verlot, Marc (2001). "Are politics human? Problems and challenges of institutional anthropology".
3457: – Anthropological concept that requires one's behaviors to be understood in cultural context
3229:
Research in kinship studies often crosses over into different anthropological subfields including
2105:, covers major archaeological traditions and many more sub-traditions and sites around the world.
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Gellner, Ernest (1992) Postmodernism, Reason, and Religion. London/New York: Routledge. pp. 26–50
4103:
2058:. These two approaches frequently converged and generally complemented one another. For example,
1966:
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1807:
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1406:
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1152:
1085:). By the mid-20th century, the number of examples of people skipping stages, such as going from
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829:, which perceives cultural variation as a subset of a posited anthropological constant. The term
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586:
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434:
314:
206:
143:
108:
98:
76:
71:
1976:
979:, with culture forming an umbrella term and civilization becoming a particular kind of culture.
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4992:
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Price, Laurie J. (2007). "Carrying Out a Structured Observation". In Angrosino, Michael (ed.).
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2004:
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The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, Volume 13, Number 2, June 2007, pp. 419–31
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Magolda, Peter M. (March 2000). "The Campus Tour: Ritual and Community in Higher Education".
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Modern cultural anthropology has its origins in, and developed in reaction to, 19th century
1501:, focused on how societies evolve and fit their ecological niche—an approach popularized by
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McConvell, Patrick (2013). "Introduction: kinship change in anthropology and linguistics".
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In the 20th century, most cultural and social anthropologists turned to the crafting of
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Tierney, Gerry (2007). "Becoming a Participant Observer". In Angrosino, Michael (ed.).
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2015:
In the early 20th century, socio-cultural anthropology developed in different forms in
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of social anthropologists, especially Bronislaw Malinowski in Britain, the students of
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to develop cultural anthropology in the United States. Simultaneously, Malinowski and
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In the 1950s and mid-1960s anthropology tended increasingly to model itself after the
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Peletz, Michael G. (1995). "Kinship Studies in Late Twentieth-Century Anthropology".
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Sociocultural anthropologists have increasingly turned their investigative eye on to
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Influenced by the German tradition, Boas argued that the world was full of distinct
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In keeping with the times, much of anthropology became politicized through the
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1413:
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1043:
954:
face-to-face communication techniques and still lived a Paleolithic lifestyle.
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376:
193:
153:
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967:
One of the earliest articulations of the anthropological meaning of the term "
27:
Branch of anthropology focused on the study of cultural variation among humans
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6854:
6810:
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6703:
6678:
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1996:
1992:
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1876:, which involves the organized comparison of human societies. Scholars like
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and methodological claims. Whether or not these claims require a specific
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2084:. Since 1949, its mission has been to encourage and facilitate worldwide
2028:
1962:
1956:
1927:
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1402:
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1128:
stance is a matter of debate. This principle should not be confused with
1074:(who was influenced both by American cultural anthropology and by French
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628:
496:
253:
126:
93:
6859:
6698:
6540:
6498:
6442:
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4664:
3430:
3051:
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2295:
2242:
2207:
2197:
2063:
1980:
1908:
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1328:
1321:
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works that are holistic in approach, are oriented to the ways in which
1112:
864:
836:
608:
4865:
4591:
4565:
Reproducing Reproduction: Kinship, Power, and Technological Innovation
4334:
Doing Cultural Anthropology: Projects for Ethnographic Data Collection
4301:
Doing Cultural Anthropology: Projects for Ethnographic Data Collection
4091:
3626:
1018:
model at left, all cultures progress through set stages, while in the
6633:
6530:
6459:
6353:
6326:
6037:
5436:
4202:
Reading Benedict / Reading Mead: Feminism, Race, and Imperial Visions
3260:
3154:
3010:
2916:
2801:
2476:
2405:
2355:
2055:
1873:
1616:
1612:
1566:
1468:
1433:
1144:
1078:
1010:
996:
860:
581:
576:
508:
4870:
1405:
as a truly general science and free it from its historical focus on
1256:
somewhat secondary to the main issues of social scientific inquiry.
999:
in the 19th century divided into two schools of thought. Some, like
4655:
4607:
Conceiving the New World Order: The Global Politics of Reproduction
3979:
Race, Culture, and Evolution: Essays in the history of anthropology
3264:
3256:
3173:
3071:
3031:
3005:
2983:
2936:
2901:
2755:
2596:
2395:
2227:
1722:
1634:
1588:
1284:
6898:
6231:
4512:. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 1–368.
3410: – Study of religion in relation to other social institutions
6380:
4908:
3221:
3102:
2871:
2861:
2730:
2710:
2700:
2576:
2471:
2466:
2451:
2431:
2360:
2350:
2325:
2285:
2179:
2059:
1885:
1796:
1624:
1555:
1248:
1140:
968:
618:
598:
566:
356:
2027:(for example, husband and wife, or parent and child) and social
1708:
Nevertheless, key aspects of feminist theory and methods became
1361:
5219:
3959:
Ho, Karen (2009). "Liquidated: An Ethnography of Wall Street".
3280:
3276:
2637:
2632:
2591:
2571:
2531:
2345:
2237:
2047:
2016:
1575:, have been central to the discipline. In the 1980s books like
1306:
1125:
1056:
992:
593:
4567:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 129.
4154:. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. pp. 17–28.
3930:"Anthropology for beginners: Social and cultural anthropology"
3697:
Rhodes, Lorna A. (2001). "Toward an Anthropology of Prisons".
1458:
3528:
2973:
2931:
2811:
2786:
2501:
2370:
2184:
1916:
1911:
in the United States, and in the later urban research of the
1104:
1022:
model at right, distinctive culture histories are emphasized.
3286:
1317:
4609:. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
4474:
Social and Cultural Anthropology: A Very Short Introduction
4263:
Social and Cultural Anthropology: A Very Short Introduction
2791:
2024:
1565:
Since the 1980s issues of power, such as those examined in
1103:
Cultural relativism is a principle that was established as
833:
includes both cultural and social anthropology traditions.
603:
4877:
4092:
The Misrepresentation of Anthropology and its Consequences
6422:
3172:
Multi-sited ethnography may also follow ethnic groups in
2051:
1283:, became an advocate for and ethnological scholar of the
4578:
Logan, Janette (2013). "Contemporary Adoptive Kinship".
4189:
Writing culture: the poetics and politics of ethnography
3823:
3821:
1744:
60:
4846:
4784:. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.
4527:
4412:. New York: W.W. Norton & Company. pp. 349–91.
3507:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
3445: – How cultures reflect and shape their psychology
1428:. Influenced by psychoanalytic psychologists including
4698:. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 10–20.
4070:
Some reflections on anthropological structural Marxism
3894:
Heyer, Virginia (1948). "In Reply to Elgin Williams".
1676:
Geertz's interpretive method involved what he called "
1234:
1135:
Cultural relativism was in part a response to Western
3818:
4318:. Kenwyn Smith. Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
3592:
3590:
3524:
Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck's values orientation theory
3520: – Class of UNESCO designated cultural heritage
3315:
4362:Avison, David E; Myers, Michael D (March 1, 1995).
1687:Prominent British symbolic anthropologists include
1455:, and Mead was limited to her offices at the AMNH.
4173:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp.
4118:
4028:
3992:
3954:
3952:
3599:"The Ethnography of Prisons and Penal Confinement"
3129:different locales experience and understand their
4427:. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press: 1–18.
4410:Cultural Anthropology: A Toolkit for a Global Age
4194:
3587:
6928:
3433: – Latin noun for an unstructured community
3427: – Academic field in the study of community
1635:Geertz, Schneider, and interpretive anthropology
3949:
3827:
3755:
3753:
3340:
986:
4562:
3493: – Study of the cultural aspects of music
1531:experimented with Marxism and authors such as
1372:
6247:
4893:
4289:pp. 259–99. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press.
4287:Handbook of methods in cultural anthropology.
4031:Margaret Mead: The Making of an American Icon
3692:
3690:
3537: – Branch of the discipline of sociology
3499: – Study of human and animal interaction
3421: – Stake or post used in ritual practice
3369:
795:
4604:
4478:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp.
4469:
4260:
4187:Clifford, James and George E. Marcus (1986)
3961:Contemporary Sociology: A Journal of Reviews
3791:. New York: Routledge Press. pp. 8–37.
3750:
3514: – Main emotion used for social control
3451: – Evolutionary theory of social change
3255:of Sudan and the Brahmans of Nepal practice
2080:, Inc. (HRAF) is a research agency based at
2070:
1703:In the late 1980s and 1990s authors such as
1307:Franz Boas, founder of the modern discipline
995:and practices. In addressing this question,
4361:
4313:
4191:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
3439: – Scientific study of human behaviour
1969:the social and cultural life of the group.
1459:Wolf, Sahlins, Mintz, and political economy
1147:, and heavily influenced by the thought of
6254:
6240:
4900:
4886:
4746:Hejtmanek, Katie Rose (28 November 2016).
4728:A Companion to Organizational Anthropology
4694:Peel, Elizabeth; Riggs, Damien W. (2016).
4634:
4624:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
4425:Kinship Systems: Change and Reconstruction
3687:
3123:
1891:
957:
802:
788:
4745:
4693:
4663:
4619:
4510:New Directions in Anthropological Kinship
4422:
4200:Dolores Janiewski, Lois W. Banner (2005)
4149:
4026:
3995:Ruth Benedict: A Humanist in Anthropology
3845:
3828:Levitsky, Steven; Murillo, Maria (2009).
3660:, Cambridge University Press, 2003, p. 31
3625:
3287:Late twentieth-century shifts in interest
1170:
962:
928:Learn how and when to remove this message
4860:A Basic Guide to Cross-Cultural Research
4563:Franklin, Sarah; Ragoné, Helena (1998).
3847:10.1146/annurev.polisci.11.091106.121756
3650:Claude Levi-Strauss: the formative years
3404: – Concept in cultural anthropology
1784:and anthropology of gender and sexuality
1562:worried about anthropology's relevance.
1360:
1349:
1316:
1262:
1120:. Cultural relativism involves specific
1009:
835:
4725:
4605:Ginsburg, Faye G.; Rapp, Rayna (1995).
4542:10.1146/annurev.anthro.37.081407.085230
4346:
4336:. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press.
4303:. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press.
4298:
4164:
3759:
1979:developed the ethnographic method, and
1698:
1577:Anthropology and the Colonial Encounter
14:
6929:
4823:
4821:
4797:
4793:
4791:
4775:
4773:
4741:
4739:
4737:
4721:
4719:
4717:
4715:
4713:
4711:
4709:
4707:
4705:
4442:
4279:
4256:
4116:
3786:
3762:Anthropology & Education Quarterly
3747:. Vol 1. New York: J.P. Putnam's Sons.
3696:
3558:
3554:
3552:
3487: – Study of traditional plant use
1999:drew on his conception of culture and
1519:and George Dalton challenged standard
1203:Symbolic and interpretive anthropology
1092:
6235:
4881:
4827:
4782:Institutional Ethnography as Practice
4779:
4577:
4523:
4521:
4519:
4507:
4503:
4501:
4499:
4438:
4436:
4434:
4407:
4403:
4401:
4331:
4327:
4325:
4265:. New York: Oxford University Press.
4254:
4252:
4250:
4248:
4246:
4244:
4242:
4240:
4238:
4236:
4083:
3999:. Columbia University Press. p.
3893:
3830:"Variation in Institutional Strength"
3596:
3512:Guilt–shame–fear spectrum of cultures
3481: – Comprehensive critical theory
3475: – Subdiscipline of anthropology
3215:
1745:Socio-cultural anthropology subfields
1572:Europe and the People Without History
1267:
1243:anthropology is generally applied to
6885:
6195:
5796:Role of Christianity in civilization
4470:Just, Peter; Monaghan, John (2000).
4386:from the original on August 28, 2022
4261:Monaghan, John; Just, Peter (2000).
3990:
3618:10.1146/annurev-anthro-102313-030349
3531: – Person without fixed habitat
878:
6261:
6207:
4832:. The University of Michigan Press.
4818:
4788:
4770:
4734:
4702:
4368:Information Technology & People
3559:Fisher, William F. (1997). "1997".
3549:
1235:Comparison with social anthropology
825:among humans. It is in contrast to
24:
4812:10.1111/j.1469-8676.2001.tb00162.x
4758:from the original on 20 April 2017
4622:A critique of the study of kinship
4516:
4496:
4431:
4398:
4322:
4233:
3958:
3834:Annual Review of Political Science
3352:A critique of the study of kinship
3322:assisted reproductive technologies
1383:American Museum of Natural History
843:, founder of cultural anthropology
25:
6948:
4840:
3469: – Branch of social sciences
3316:Rise of reproductive anthropology
1828:Political economy in anthropology
1465:Political economy in anthropology
1208:Political economy in anthropology
851:Cultural anthropology has a rich
6908:
6897:
6884:
6873:
6872:
6206:
6194:
6183:
6182:
4917:
4683:from the original on 2022-10-09.
3936:from the original on 6 June 2021
3637:from the original on 2022-10-09.
1485:. Some anthropologists, such as
883:
59:
6827:List of social science journals
6008:Culture and positive psychology
4918:
4687:
4628:
4613:
4598:
4571:
4556:
4463:
4457:10.1146/annurev.anthro.24.1.343
4416:
4355:
4340:
4307:
4292:
4224:
4181:
4158:
4143:
4110:
4061:
4052:
4020:
3984:
3971:
3922:
3887:
3862:
3573:10.1146/annurev.anthro.26.1.439
1448:The Chrysanthemum and the Sword
6784:Science and technology studies
5447:High- and low-context cultures
4580:Child & Family Social Work
4121:The Interpretation of Cultures
4035:. Princeton University Press.
3805:
3780:
3725:
3711:10.1146/annurev.anthro.30.1.65
3663:
3641:
3505: – Branch of anthropology
2112:of small-scale societies are:
2110:standard cross-cultural sample
1967:participating in and observing
1950:
1228:Systems theory in anthropology
749:Anthropologists by nationality
13:
1:
4530:Annual Review of Anthropology
4445:Annual Review of Anthropology
4015:Ruth Benedict Ralph Linton,.
3908:10.1525/aa.1948.50.1.02a00290
3699:Annual Review of Anthropology
3606:Annual Review of Anthropology
3561:Annual Review of Anthropology
3542:
3463: – Term in public policy
1619:, the critical theory of the
1036:classical social evolutionism
6013:Culture and social cognition
4998:Cross-cultural communication
4620:Schneider, David M. (1984).
3518:Intangible cultural heritage
3414:Bibliography of anthropology
3341:Critiques of kinship studies
3292:basic principles offered by
2007:'s students were developing
1548:Algerian War of Independence
1439:Though such works as Mead's
987:The critique of evolutionism
484:
7:
6095:Intercultural communication
4907:
4394:– via IngentaConnect.
4351:. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.
4150:Roseberry, William (1989).
3977:Stocking, George W. (1968)
3394:
1913:Chicago School of Sociology
1762:Anthropology of development
1543:and componential analysis.
1377:Boas used his positions at
1373:Kroeber, Mead, and Benedict
1275:(1818–1881), a lawyer from
941:of cultures and societies.
903:. The specific problem is:
10:
6953:
5538:Cross cultural sensitivity
5205:Resistance through culture
4851:Human Relations Area Files
4780:Smith, Dorothy E. (2006).
4726:Douglas, Caulkins (2012).
4408:Guest, Kenneth J. (2013).
4316:The Self in Social Inquiry
3370:Institutional anthropology
3219:
2078:Human Relations Area Files
1954:
1895:
1867:
1852:Transpersonal anthropology
1833:Psychological anthropology
1737:, and the anthropology of
1638:
1587:moved issues of power and
1462:
1310:
1096:
874:
831:sociocultural anthropology
769:List of indigenous peoples
29:
6868:
6835:
6819:
6566:
6292:
6269:
6178:
6150:Transformation of culture
5843:
5763:
5583:Cultural environmentalism
5520:
5260:
5123:
5013:Cross-cultural psychology
5008:Cross-cultural psychiatry
5003:Cross-cultural leadership
4980:
4929:
4915:
4635:Wierzbicka, Anna (2016).
4380:10.1108/09593849510098262
4117:Geertz, Clifford (1973).
4089:Lewis, Herbert S. (1998)
4027:Lutkehaus, Nancy (2008).
3981:. London: The Free Press.
3437:Cross-cultural psychology
3210:
3207:(IT) computer employees.
3203:investors, law firms, or
2071:Cross-cultural comparison
1987:. Boas' students such as
514:Cross-cultural comparison
30:For the publication, see
6110:Living things in culture
6100:Intercultural competence
6003:Culture and menstruation
5502:Trans-cultural diffusion
4828:Riles, Annelise (2000).
4696:Critical Kinship Studies
4347:Rosaldo, Renato (1989).
4125:. Basic Books. pp.
3774:10.1525/aeq.2000.31.1.24
3408:Anthropology of religion
3364:Critical Kinship Studies
1926:Interactions between an
1843:Anthropology of religion
1739:industrialized societies
1560:Reinventing Anthropology
1059:in modern anthropology.
821:focused on the study of
686:Historical particularism
6472:international relations
5921:Cultural homogenization
5151:Individualistic culture
5085:Popular culture studies
5070:Intercultural relations
4165:Carsten, Janet (2004).
4104:American Anthropologist
3991:Mead, Margaret (2005).
3896:American Anthropologist
3597:Cunha, Manuela (2014).
3124:Multi-sited ethnography
1898:Participant observation
1892:Participant observation
1808:Multimodal anthropology
1792:historical anthropology
1772:Ecological anthropology
1767:Disability anthropology
1407:Indo-European languages
958:Theoretical foundations
857:participant observation
519:Participant observation
18:Cultural anthropologist
6799:Quantum social science
5856:Archaeological culture
5603:Cultural globalization
5472:Organizational culture
5320:Cultural communication
5278:Cultural appropriation
5065:Intercultural learning
4993:Cross-cultural studies
4830:The Network Inside Out
4221:
3326:in vitro fertilization
3248:
3205:information technology
1823:Political anthropology
1757:Cognitive anthropology
1674:
1671:Clifford Geertz (1973)
1550:and opposition to the
1541:cognitive anthropology
1521:neoclassical economics
1445:(1928) and Benedict's
1442:Coming of Age in Samoa
1369:
1358:
1325:
1171:Theoretical approaches
1023:
963:The concept of culture
844:
661:Cross-cultural studies
6937:Cultural anthropology
6836:Other categorizations
6689:International studies
6674:History of technology
6609:Communication studies
6492:public administration
6125:Participatory culture
5916:Cultural evolutionism
5740:Multiracial democracy
5618:Cultural intelligence
5563:Cultural conservatism
5553:Cultural backwardness
5543:Cultural assimilation
5417:Cultural reproduction
5273:Cultural appreciation
5225:Far-right subcultures
5115:Transcultural nursing
5080:Philosophy of culture
4957:Cultural neuroscience
4937:Cultural anthropology
4752:Oxford Bibliographies
4730:. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
4508:Stone, Linda (2001).
4216:
3870:"Cultural Relativism"
3813:Guns, Germs and Steel
3243:
2091:Cross-Cultural Survey
1782:Feminist anthropology
1777:Economic anthropology
1663:
1509:Economic anthropology
1364:
1353:
1343:, were not possible.
1320:
1263:Foundational thinkers
1193:Feminist anthropology
1020:multilineal evolution
1013:
839:
815:Cultural anthropology
33:Cultural Anthropology
6669:Historical sociology
6120:Oppositional culture
6090:Emotions and culture
5998:Cultural sensibility
5988:Cultural translation
5926:Cultural institution
5906:Cultural determinism
5628:Cultural nationalism
5613:Cultural imperialism
5573:Cultural deprivation
5467:Non-material culture
5100:Sociology of culture
5095:Semiotics of culture
4866:eHRAF World Cultures
4644:Current Anthropology
3787:Milton, Kay (1996).
3535:Sociology of culture
3473:Digital anthropology
3310:Third World feminism
3197:In Search of Respect
3178:Nancy Scheper-Hughes
2268:Circum-Mediterranean
2099:eHRAF World Cultures
2095:George Peter Murdock
2076:that it is not. The
2005:A.R. Radcliffe Brown
1977:Bronisław Malinowski
1818:Medical anthropology
1699:The post-modern turn
1313:Boasian anthropology
1183:Cultural materialism
1178:Actor–network theory
1001:Grafton Elliot Smith
910:improve this section
899:to meet Knowledge's
841:Edward Burnett Tylor
754:Anthropology by year
691:Boasian anthropology
666:Cultural materialism
651:Actor–network theory
249:Paleoanthropological
6849:Geisteswissenschaft
6843:Behavioral sciences
6769:Political sociology
6684:Information science
6629:Development studies
5971:Culture speculation
5966:Cultural relativism
5896:Cultural competence
5786:Cultural Christians
5658:Cultural Revolution
5648:Cultural radicalism
5623:Cultural liberalism
5558:Cultural Bolshevism
5533:Consumer capitalism
5487:Relational mobility
5427:Cultural technology
5335:Cultural dissonance
5252:Culture by location
5215:Alternative culture
5131:Constructed culture
5110:Theology of culture
5050:Cultural psychology
5030:Cultural entomology
4800:Social Anthropology
3455:Cultural relativism
3443:Cultural psychology
3402:Age-area hypothesis
3239:public anthropology
3193:Margaret Mead Award
2086:comparative studies
2009:social anthropology
2001:cultural relativism
1861:Visual anthropology
1848:Cyborg anthropology
1838:Public anthropology
1752:Anthropology of art
1735:virtual communities
1412:The publication of
1379:Columbia University
1099:Cultural relativism
1093:Cultural relativism
1072:Claude Lévi-Strauss
1065:cultural relativism
1016:unilineal evolution
949:, but many others.
827:social anthropology
706:Performance studies
599:Kinship and descent
539:Cultural relativism
189:Paleoethnobotanical
164:Ethnoarchaeological
6904:Society portal
6391:auxiliary sciences
6130:Permission culture
6063:Disability culture
6043:Children's culture
5911:Cultural diversity
5871:Circuit of culture
5653:Cultural retention
5633:Cultural pessimism
5588:Cultural exception
5578:Cultural diplomacy
5568:Cultural contracts
5528:Colonial mentality
5457:Manuscript culture
5432:Cultural universal
5402:Cultural pluralism
5382:Cultural landscape
5377:Cultural invention
5345:Cultural framework
5247:Vernacular culture
5045:Cultural mediation
5025:Cultural economics
5020:Cultural analytics
4952:Cultural geography
4942:Cultural astronomy
4211:2022-12-15 at the
4097:2017-04-03 at the
4075:2007-10-01 at the
3742:2022-12-15 at the
3675:www.britannica.com
3655:2023-01-10 at the
3449:Cultural evolution
3324:(ARTs), including
3216:Kinship and family
2958:Miskito (Mosquito)
2802:Saulteaux (Ojibwa)
2346:Egyptians (Fellah)
1856:Urban anthropology
1813:Media anthropology
1803:Legal anthropology
1682:hermeneutic circle
1645:David M. Schneider
1370:
1359:
1326:
1273:Lewis Henry Morgan
1268:Lewis Henry Morgan
1223:Post-structuralism
1032:cultural evolution
1028:Lewis Henry Morgan
1024:
845:
823:cultural variation
726:Post-structuralism
485:Research framework
6924:
6923:
6764:Political economy
6759:Political ecology
6614:Community studies
6604:Cognitive science
6567:Interdisciplinary
6467:Political science
6229:
6228:
6058:Death and culture
5951:Cultural movement
5941:Cultural literacy
5801:Eastern Orthodoxy
5713:Dominator culture
5708:Deculturalization
5608:Cultural hegemony
5598:Cultural genocide
5593:Cultural feminism
5412:Cultural property
5407:Cultural practice
5392:Cultural leveling
5387:Cultural learning
5372:Cultural industry
5367:Cultural identity
5350:Cultural heritage
5340:Cultural emphasis
5325:Cultural conflict
5298:Cultural behavior
5288:Cultural artifact
5200:Primitive culture
5176:Political culture
4871:eHRAF Archaeology
4592:10.1111/cfs.12042
4489:978-0-19-285346-2
4349:Culture and Truth
4272:978-0-19-285346-2
4042:978-0-691-00941-4
4010:978-0-231-13491-0
3737:Primitive Culture
3425:Community studies
3189:Philippe Bourgois
3185:"Western" culture
3121:
3120:
2160:Nyakyusa (Ngonde)
2103:eHRAF Archaeology
1989:Alfred L. Kroeber
1983:taught it in the
1731:indigenous rights
1678:thick description
1515:and practiced by
1511:as influenced by
938:
937:
930:
901:quality standards
892:This section may
812:
811:
711:Political economy
534:Thick description
331:Political economy
194:Zooarchaeological
154:Bioarchaeological
16:(Redirected from
6944:
6912:
6902:
6901:
6888:
6887:
6876:
6875:
6779:Regional science
6624:Cultural studies
6599:Business studies
6256:
6249:
6242:
6233:
6232:
6210:
6209:
6198:
6197:
6186:
6185:
6075:Drinking culture
6028:Culture industry
5976:Cultural tourism
5956:Cultural mulatto
5931:Cultural jet lag
5866:Cannabis culture
5823:Cultural Muslims
5745:Pluriculturalism
5728:Multiculturalism
5718:Interculturalism
5693:Culture minister
5683:Cultural Zionism
5678:Cultural subsidy
5673:Cultural silence
5548:Cultural attaché
5507:Transculturation
5462:Material culture
5452:Interculturality
5308:Cultural capital
5293:Cultural baggage
5230:Youth subculture
5171:Official culture
5136:Dominant culture
5075:Internet culture
5040:Cultural mapping
5035:Cultural history
4962:Cultural studies
4947:Cultural ecology
4921:
4920:
4902:
4895:
4888:
4879:
4878:
4853:(HRAF) based at
4847:Official website
4834:
4833:
4825:
4816:
4815:
4795:
4786:
4785:
4777:
4768:
4767:
4765:
4763:
4743:
4732:
4731:
4723:
4700:
4699:
4691:
4685:
4684:
4682:
4667:
4641:
4632:
4626:
4625:
4617:
4611:
4610:
4602:
4596:
4595:
4575:
4569:
4568:
4560:
4554:
4553:
4525:
4514:
4513:
4505:
4494:
4493:
4477:
4467:
4461:
4460:
4440:
4429:
4428:
4420:
4414:
4413:
4405:
4396:
4395:
4393:
4391:
4359:
4353:
4352:
4344:
4338:
4337:
4329:
4320:
4319:
4311:
4305:
4304:
4296:
4290:
4283:
4277:
4276:
4258:
4231:
4228:
4222:
4198:
4192:
4185:
4179:
4178:
4172:
4162:
4156:
4155:
4147:
4141:
4140:
4124:
4114:
4108:
4087:
4081:
4067:Nugent, Stephen
4065:
4059:
4056:
4050:
4049:
4034:
4024:
4018:
4017:
3998:
3988:
3982:
3975:
3969:
3968:
3956:
3947:
3945:
3943:
3941:
3932:. 11 June 2010.
3926:
3920:
3919:
3891:
3885:
3884:
3882:
3881:
3872:. Archived from
3866:
3860:
3859:
3849:
3825:
3816:
3811:Diamond, Jared.
3809:
3803:
3802:
3784:
3778:
3777:
3757:
3748:
3729:
3723:
3722:
3694:
3685:
3684:
3682:
3681:
3667:
3661:
3645:
3639:
3638:
3636:
3629:
3603:
3594:
3585:
3584:
3556:
3508:
3275:municipality of
2611:Insular Pacific
2371:Gheg (Albanians)
2269:
2125:Nama (Hottentot)
2115:
2114:
1672:
1659:Marshall Sahlins
1621:Frankfurt School
1593:Marshall Sahlins
1517:Marshall Sahlins
1483:natural sciences
1473:Marshall Sahlins
1341:natural sciences
1130:moral relativism
1087:hunter-gatherers
1070:Others, such as
977:V. Gordon Childe
971:" came from Sir
933:
926:
922:
919:
913:
887:
886:
879:
804:
797:
790:
332:
214:Anthrozoological
63:
40:
39:
21:
6952:
6951:
6947:
6946:
6945:
6943:
6942:
6941:
6927:
6926:
6925:
6920:
6896:
6864:
6831:
6815:
6789:Science studies
6573:Administration
6562:
6288:
6265:
6263:Social sciences
6260:
6230:
6225:
6174:
6165:Western culture
6160:Welfare culture
6085:Eastern culture
5946:Cultural mosaic
5901:Cultural critic
5891:Cultural center
5839:
5813:Cultural Hindus
5759:
5750:Polyculturalism
5723:Monoculturalism
5698:Culture of fear
5668:Cultural safety
5663:Cultural rights
5643:Cultural racism
5638:Cultural policy
5516:
5422:Cultural system
5397:Cultural memory
5330:Cultural cringe
5256:
5188:Popular culture
5119:
5055:Cultural values
4976:
4925:
4911:
4906:
4855:Yale University
4843:
4838:
4837:
4826:
4819:
4796:
4789:
4778:
4771:
4761:
4759:
4744:
4735:
4724:
4703:
4692:
4688:
4680:
4639:
4633:
4629:
4618:
4614:
4603:
4599:
4576:
4572:
4561:
4557:
4526:
4517:
4506:
4497:
4490:
4468:
4464:
4441:
4432:
4421:
4417:
4406:
4399:
4389:
4387:
4360:
4356:
4345:
4341:
4330:
4323:
4312:
4308:
4297:
4293:
4284:
4280:
4273:
4259:
4234:
4229:
4225:
4213:Wayback Machine
4199:
4195:
4186:
4182:
4163:
4159:
4148:
4144:
4137:
4115:
4111:
4099:Wayback Machine
4088:
4084:
4077:Wayback Machine
4066:
4062:
4057:
4053:
4043:
4025:
4021:
4011:
3989:
3985:
3976:
3972:
3957:
3950:
3939:
3937:
3928:
3927:
3923:
3892:
3888:
3879:
3877:
3868:
3867:
3863:
3826:
3819:
3810:
3806:
3799:
3785:
3781:
3758:
3751:
3744:Wayback Machine
3730:
3726:
3695:
3688:
3679:
3677:
3669:
3668:
3664:
3657:Wayback Machine
3646:
3642:
3634:
3601:
3595:
3588:
3557:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3506:
3491:Ethnomusicology
3419:Ceremonial pole
3397:
3372:
3357:Anna Wierzbicka
3343:
3330:Maria C. Inhorn
3318:
3302:David Schneider
3289:
3224:
3218:
3213:
3187:. For example,
3151:Michael Taussig
3135:Arjun Appadurai
3126:
3117:
2941:
2882:Omaha (Dhegiha)
2852:Northern Paiute
2765:
2731:Western Samoans
2618:Javanese (Miao)
2606:
2557:Negeri Sembilan
2427:Yurak (Samoyed)
2415:
2267:
2262:
2185:Mbuti (Pygmies)
2082:Yale University
2073:
2050:forms, such as
1959:
1953:
1900:
1894:
1870:
1865:
1747:
1701:
1673:
1670:
1655:Clifford Geertz
1651:David Schneider
1647:
1641:Clifford Geertz
1639:Main articles:
1637:
1601:Fernand Braudel
1585:Michel Foucault
1581:Antonio Gramsci
1491:Clifford Geertz
1479:
1463:Main articles:
1461:
1375:
1315:
1309:
1270:
1265:
1237:
1232:
1213:Practice theory
1173:
1122:epistemological
1109:anthropological
1101:
1095:
989:
965:
960:
934:
923:
917:
914:
907:
888:
884:
877:
817:is a branch of
808:
779:
778:
744:
736:
735:
716:Practice theory
656:Alliance theory
646:
638:
637:
633:Postcolonialism
562:
554:
553:
487:
477:
476:
442:Anthropological
437:
427:
426:
330:
280:
279:
259:
258:
209:
199:
198:
129:
119:
118:
89:
81:
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6950:
6940:
6939:
6922:
6921:
6919:
6918:
6906:
6894:
6882:
6869:
6866:
6865:
6863:
6862:
6857:
6852:
6845:
6839:
6837:
6833:
6832:
6830:
6829:
6823:
6821:
6817:
6816:
6814:
6813:
6808:
6803:
6802:
6801:
6796:
6786:
6781:
6776:
6771:
6766:
6761:
6756:
6755:
6754:
6749:
6744:
6736:
6735:
6734:
6732:social science
6729:
6724:
6719:
6714:
6706:
6701:
6696:
6691:
6686:
6681:
6676:
6671:
6666:
6664:Global studies
6661:
6659:Gender studies
6656:
6651:
6650:
6649:
6644:
6642:social science
6638:Environmental
6636:
6631:
6626:
6621:
6616:
6611:
6606:
6601:
6596:
6591:
6586:
6585:
6584:
6579:
6570:
6568:
6564:
6563:
6561:
6560:
6559:
6558:
6553:
6548:
6543:
6538:
6528:
6527:
6526:
6521:
6516:
6511:
6506:
6496:
6495:
6494:
6489:
6484:
6479:
6474:
6464:
6463:
6462:
6452:
6451:
6450:
6445:
6440:
6435:
6430:
6420:
6419:
6418:
6413:
6408:
6403:
6398:
6393:
6388:
6378:
6377:
6376:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6351:
6350:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6337:macroeconomics
6334:
6332:microeconomics
6324:
6323:
6322:
6317:
6312:
6307:
6296:
6294:
6290:
6289:
6287:
6286:
6281:
6276:
6270:
6267:
6266:
6259:
6258:
6251:
6244:
6236:
6227:
6226:
6224:
6223:
6216:
6204:
6192:
6179:
6176:
6175:
6173:
6172:
6167:
6162:
6157:
6152:
6147:
6142:
6137:
6132:
6127:
6122:
6117:
6112:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6071:
6070:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6015:
6010:
6005:
6000:
5995:
5990:
5985:
5984:
5983:
5973:
5968:
5963:
5961:Cultural probe
5958:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5908:
5903:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5886:Cross-cultural
5883:
5881:Coffee culture
5878:
5873:
5868:
5863:
5858:
5853:
5851:Animal culture
5847:
5845:
5841:
5840:
5838:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5826:
5825:
5815:
5810:
5809:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5773:
5767:
5765:
5761:
5760:
5758:
5757:
5755:Transculturism
5752:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5736:
5735:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5695:
5690:
5688:Culture change
5685:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5524:
5522:
5518:
5517:
5515:
5514:
5512:Visual culture
5509:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5492:Safety culture
5489:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5358:
5357:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5316:
5315:
5313:Cross-cultural
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5264:
5262:
5258:
5257:
5255:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5238:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5196:
5195:
5185:
5184:
5183:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5127:
5125:
5121:
5120:
5118:
5117:
5112:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5016:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4990:
4984:
4982:
4978:
4977:
4975:
4974:
4972:Culture theory
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4933:
4931:
4927:
4926:
4916:
4913:
4912:
4905:
4904:
4897:
4890:
4882:
4876:
4875:
4874:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4842:
4841:External links
4839:
4836:
4835:
4817:
4787:
4769:
4748:"Institutions"
4733:
4701:
4686:
4656:10.1086/687360
4627:
4612:
4597:
4570:
4555:
4515:
4495:
4488:
4462:
4430:
4415:
4397:
4354:
4339:
4321:
4306:
4291:
4278:
4271:
4232:
4223:
4193:
4180:
4157:
4142:
4135:
4109:
4082:
4060:
4051:
4047:margaret Mead.
4041:
4019:
4009:
3983:
3970:
3948:
3921:
3886:
3861:
3817:
3804:
3797:
3779:
3749:
3724:
3686:
3662:
3640:
3586:
3547:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3538:
3532:
3526:
3521:
3515:
3509:
3500:
3494:
3488:
3482:
3479:Engaged theory
3476:
3470:
3464:
3461:Culture change
3458:
3452:
3446:
3440:
3434:
3428:
3422:
3416:
3411:
3405:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3371:
3368:
3342:
3339:
3317:
3314:
3288:
3285:
3220:Main article:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3139:James Clifford
3125:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2997:
2992:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2960:
2955:
2949:
2947:
2946:South America
2943:
2942:
2940:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2922:Tohono O'odham
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2812:Kaska (Nahane)
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2773:
2771:
2770:North America
2767:
2766:
2764:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2614:
2612:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2472:Khalka Mongols
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2423:
2421:
2417:
2416:
2414:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2286:Wodaabe Fulani
2283:
2278:
2272:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2192:
2190:Nkundo (Mongo)
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2121:
2119:
2072:
2069:
2031:(for example,
1955:Main article:
1952:
1949:
1905:field research
1896:Main article:
1893:
1890:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1794:
1785:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1705:James Clifford
1700:
1697:
1668:
1636:
1633:
1595:, who drew on
1533:Rodney Needham
1495:Julian Steward
1460:
1457:
1414:Alfred Kroeber
1387:Alfred Kroeber
1374:
1371:
1311:Main article:
1308:
1305:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1188:Culture theory
1185:
1180:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1097:Main article:
1094:
1091:
1044:Julian Steward
988:
985:
964:
961:
959:
956:
936:
935:
891:
889:
882:
876:
873:
859:(often called
810:
809:
807:
806:
799:
792:
784:
781:
780:
777:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
745:
742:
741:
738:
737:
734:
733:
731:Systems theory
728:
723:
718:
713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
683:
678:
673:
671:Culture theory
668:
663:
658:
653:
647:
644:
643:
640:
639:
636:
635:
626:
621:
616:
611:
606:
601:
596:
591:
590:
589:
579:
574:
569:
563:
560:
559:
556:
555:
552:
551:
546:
541:
536:
531:
526:
521:
516:
511:
506:
505:
504:
494:
488:
483:
482:
479:
478:
475:
474:
469:
464:
459:
454:
449:
444:
438:
433:
432:
429:
428:
425:
424:
419:
414:
409:
404:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
359:
354:
349:
344:
339:
334:
327:
322:
317:
312:
307:
302:
297:
292:
287:
281:
278:
277:
272:
266:
265:
264:
261:
260:
257:
256:
254:Primatological
251:
246:
241:
236:
231:
226:
221:
216:
210:
205:
204:
201:
200:
197:
196:
191:
186:
181:
176:
171:
166:
161:
156:
151:
146:
141:
136:
130:
127:Archaeological
125:
124:
121:
120:
117:
116:
111:
106:
101:
96:
94:Archaeological
90:
87:
86:
83:
82:
80:
79:
74:
68:
65:
64:
56:
55:
49:
48:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6949:
6938:
6935:
6934:
6932:
6917:
6916:
6911:
6907:
6905:
6900:
6895:
6893:
6892:
6883:
6881:
6880:
6871:
6870:
6867:
6861:
6858:
6856:
6855:Human science
6853:
6851:
6850:
6846:
6844:
6841:
6840:
6838:
6834:
6828:
6825:
6824:
6822:
6818:
6812:
6811:Vegan studies
6809:
6807:
6804:
6800:
6797:
6795:
6792:
6791:
6790:
6787:
6785:
6782:
6780:
6777:
6775:
6774:Public health
6772:
6770:
6767:
6765:
6762:
6760:
6757:
6753:
6750:
6748:
6745:
6743:
6740:
6739:
6737:
6733:
6730:
6728:
6725:
6723:
6720:
6718:
6715:
6713:
6710:
6709:
6708:Philosophies
6707:
6705:
6704:Media studies
6702:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6679:Human ecology
6677:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6667:
6665:
6662:
6660:
6657:
6655:
6652:
6648:
6645:
6643:
6640:
6639:
6637:
6635:
6632:
6630:
6627:
6625:
6622:
6620:
6617:
6615:
6612:
6610:
6607:
6605:
6602:
6600:
6597:
6595:
6592:
6590:
6589:Anthrozoology
6587:
6583:
6580:
6578:
6575:
6574:
6572:
6571:
6569:
6565:
6557:
6554:
6552:
6549:
6547:
6544:
6542:
6539:
6537:
6534:
6533:
6532:
6529:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6517:
6515:
6514:developmental
6512:
6510:
6507:
6505:
6502:
6501:
6500:
6497:
6493:
6490:
6488:
6487:public policy
6485:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6470:
6469:
6468:
6465:
6461:
6458:
6457:
6456:
6453:
6449:
6446:
6444:
6441:
6439:
6438:legal systems
6436:
6434:
6433:legal history
6431:
6429:
6428:jurisprudence
6426:
6425:
6424:
6421:
6417:
6414:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6383:
6382:
6379:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6356:
6355:
6352:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6329:
6328:
6325:
6321:
6318:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6308:
6306:
6303:
6302:
6301:
6298:
6297:
6295:
6291:
6285:
6282:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6271:
6268:
6264:
6257:
6252:
6250:
6245:
6243:
6238:
6237:
6234:
6222:
6221:
6217:
6215:
6214:
6205:
6203:
6202:
6193:
6191:
6190:
6181:
6180:
6177:
6171:
6170:Youth culture
6168:
6166:
6163:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6155:Urban culture
6153:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6140:Remix culture
6138:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6115:Media culture
6113:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6105:Languaculture
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6069:
6066:
6065:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6033:Culture shock
6031:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5993:Cultural turn
5991:
5989:
5986:
5982:
5979:
5978:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5969:
5967:
5964:
5962:
5959:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5861:Bennett scale
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5848:
5846:
5842:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5824:
5821:
5820:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5792:
5791:Protestantism
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5778:
5777:
5774:
5772:
5769:
5768:
5766:
5762:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5734:
5733:Biculturalism
5731:
5730:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5691:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5525:
5523:
5519:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5497:Technoculture
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5477:Print culture
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5442:Enculturation
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5373:
5370:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5362:Cultural icon
5360:
5356:
5353:
5352:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5314:
5311:
5310:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5303:Cultural bias
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5283:Cultural area
5281:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5268:Acculturation
5266:
5265:
5263:
5259:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5242:Super culture
5240:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5212:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5194:
5191:
5190:
5189:
5186:
5182:
5179:
5178:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5156:Legal culture
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5128:
5126:
5122:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5106:
5105:Sound culture
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4995:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4985:
4983:
4979:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4934:
4932:
4928:
4924:
4914:
4910:
4903:
4898:
4896:
4891:
4889:
4884:
4883:
4880:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4861:
4858:
4857:
4856:
4852:
4848:
4845:
4844:
4831:
4824:
4822:
4813:
4809:
4806:(3): 345–53.
4805:
4801:
4794:
4792:
4783:
4776:
4774:
4757:
4753:
4749:
4742:
4740:
4738:
4729:
4722:
4720:
4718:
4716:
4714:
4712:
4710:
4708:
4706:
4697:
4690:
4679:
4675:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4657:
4653:
4650:(4): 408–28.
4649:
4645:
4638:
4631:
4623:
4616:
4608:
4601:
4593:
4589:
4585:
4581:
4574:
4566:
4559:
4551:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4535:
4531:
4524:
4522:
4520:
4511:
4504:
4502:
4500:
4491:
4485:
4481:
4476:
4475:
4466:
4458:
4454:
4450:
4446:
4439:
4437:
4435:
4426:
4419:
4411:
4404:
4402:
4385:
4381:
4377:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4358:
4350:
4343:
4335:
4328:
4326:
4317:
4310:
4302:
4295:
4288:
4282:
4274:
4268:
4264:
4257:
4255:
4253:
4251:
4249:
4247:
4245:
4243:
4241:
4239:
4237:
4227:
4220:
4214:
4210:
4207:
4203:
4197:
4190:
4184:
4176:
4171:
4170:
4169:After Kinship
4161:
4153:
4146:
4138:
4136:9780465097197
4132:
4128:
4123:
4122:
4113:
4106:
4105:
4101:
4100:
4096:
4093:
4086:
4079:
4078:
4074:
4071:
4064:
4055:
4048:
4044:
4038:
4033:
4032:
4023:
4016:
4012:
4006:
4002:
3997:
3996:
3987:
3980:
3974:
3966:
3962:
3955:
3953:
3935:
3931:
3925:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3902:(1): 163–66.
3901:
3897:
3890:
3876:on 2007-06-13
3875:
3871:
3865:
3857:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3824:
3822:
3814:
3808:
3800:
3794:
3790:
3783:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3756:
3754:
3746:
3745:
3741:
3738:
3733:
3732:Tylor, Edward
3728:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3693:
3691:
3676:
3672:
3666:
3659:
3658:
3654:
3651:
3644:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3600:
3593:
3591:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3555:
3553:
3548:
3536:
3533:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3519:
3516:
3513:
3510:
3504:
3503:Folkloristics
3501:
3498:
3495:
3492:
3489:
3486:
3483:
3480:
3477:
3474:
3471:
3468:
3465:
3462:
3459:
3456:
3453:
3450:
3447:
3444:
3441:
3438:
3435:
3432:
3429:
3426:
3423:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3409:
3406:
3403:
3400:
3399:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3367:
3365:
3360:
3358:
3353:
3349:
3348:ethnocentrism
3338:
3334:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3313:
3311:
3305:
3303:
3299:
3298:Rodney Neeham
3295:
3284:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3268:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3247:
3242:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3227:
3223:
3208:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3181:
3179:
3175:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3143:George Marcus
3140:
3136:
3132:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2787:Copper Eskimo
2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2768:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2609:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2457:Uttar Pradesh
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2420:East Eurasia
2419:
2418:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2361:Rwala Bedouin
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2326:Kenuzi Nubian
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2266:
2265:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2213:Ashanti (Twi)
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2106:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2068:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2044:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2023:among social
2022:
2021:relationships
2018:
2013:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1997:Margaret Mead
1994:
1993:Ruth Benedict
1990:
1986:
1985:United States
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1968:
1964:
1963:ethnographies
1958:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1929:
1924:
1922:
1921:formal system
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1899:
1889:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1749:
1742:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1727:biotechnology
1724:
1720:
1719:globalization
1716:
1715:postmodernism
1711:
1706:
1696:
1694:
1690:
1689:Victor Turner
1685:
1683:
1679:
1667:
1662:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1646:
1642:
1632:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1609:John Comaroff
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1544:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1529:Peter Worsley
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1504:
1503:Marvin Harris
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1487:Lloyd Fallers
1484:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1456:
1454:
1450:
1449:
1444:
1443:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1430:Sigmund Freud
1427:
1426:Ruth Benedict
1423:
1422:Margaret Mead
1419:
1415:
1410:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1399:Ruth Benedict
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1367:
1366:Ruth Benedict
1363:
1356:
1355:Margaret Mead
1352:
1348:
1344:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1330:
1323:
1319:
1314:
1304:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1218:Structuralism
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1198:Functionalism
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1168:
1166:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1137:ethnocentrism
1133:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1100:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1083:structuralism
1080:
1077:
1073:
1068:
1066:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1048:ethnographers
1045:
1039:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1021:
1017:
1012:
1008:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
984:
980:
978:
974:
970:
955:
952:
948:
942:
932:
929:
921:
911:
906:
902:
898:
897:
890:
881:
880:
872:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
849:
842:
838:
834:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
805:
800:
798:
793:
791:
786:
785:
783:
782:
775:
774:Organizations
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
746:
740:
739:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
721:Structuralism
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
696:Functionalism
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
648:
642:
641:
634:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
588:
587:sociocultural
585:
584:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
564:
558:
557:
550:
549:Emic and etic
547:
545:
544:Ethnocentrism
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
510:
507:
503:
500:
499:
498:
495:
493:
492:Anthropometry
490:
489:
486:
481:
480:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
457:Ethnopoetical
455:
453:
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
439:
436:
431:
430:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
412:Transpersonal
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
392:Psychological
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
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6068:Deaf culture
6053:Cyberculture
6023:Culture hero
5936:Cultural lag
5876:Civilization
5776:Christianity
5482:Protoculture
5166:Microculture
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5090:Postcritique
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2867:Gros Ventres
2711:Mbau Fijians
2691:Trobrianders
2437:West Punjabi
2391:Sami (Lapps)
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2029:institutions
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1928:ethnographer
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1788:Ethnohistory
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1453:Ralph Linton
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850:
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759:Bibliography
701:Interpretive
676:Diffusionism
645:Key theories
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472:Sociological
452:Ethnological
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239:Neurological
224:Evolutionary
169:Experiential
103:
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6806:Social work
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6619:Criminology
6536:criminology
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6477:comparative
6455:Linguistics
6448:private law
6305:archaeology
6213:WikiProject
6145:Tea culture
6048:Culturalism
6018:Culture gap
5981:Pop-culture
5781:Catholicism
5703:Culture war
5161:Low culture
5060:Culturomics
4967:Culturology
4665:1885/152274
4215:quotation:
3485:Ethnobotany
3467:Culturology
3201:Wall Street
3159:Ronald Daus
2965:(Talamanca)
2741:Marshallese
2686:New Ireland
2356:Babylonians
1957:Ethnography
1951:Ethnography
1882:J.G. Frazer
1552:Vietnam War
1403:linguistics
1357:(1901–1978)
1239:The rubric
1165:ethnography
1076:Durkheimian
1053:Ronald Daus
951:Colonialism
918:August 2020
912:if you can.
853:methodology
629:Colonialism
572:Development
529:Reflexivity
497:Ethnography
447:Descriptive
305:Development
244:Nutritional
219:Biocultural
144:Battlefield
6860:Humanities
6794:historical
6727:psychology
6699:Management
6541:demography
6499:Psychology
6482:philosophy
6443:public law
6374:integrated
5210:Subculture
4988:Bioculture
4536:: 182–85.
4451:: 345–56.
4390:August 28,
3880:2007-06-13
3840:: 115–33.
3798:0415115302
3680:2024-03-16
3627:1822/32800
3612:: 217–33.
3567:: 439–64.
3543:References
3431:Communitas
3052:Nambikwara
2907:Chiricahua
2827:Bellacoola
2792:Montagnais
2736:Gilbertese
2726:Marquesans
2643:Tobelorese
2542:Andamanese
2537:Nicobarese
2512:Vietnamese
2243:Otoro Nuba
2130:Kung (San)
2064:leadership
1981:Franz Boas
1909:Franz Boas
1878:E.B. Tylor
1799:and family
1710:de rigueur
1329:Franz Boas
1322:Franz Boas
1113:Franz Boas
1034:(See also
865:interviews
609:Prehistory
462:Historical
435:Linguistic
347:Historical
315:Ecological
207:Biological
109:Linguistic
99:Biological
6738:Planning
6717:economics
6634:Education
6531:Sociology
6509:cognitive
6460:semiotics
6411:political
6369:technical
6354:Geography
6327:Economics
6038:Culturgen
5806:Mormonism
5764:Religions
5437:Cultureme
5355:Destroyed
4981:Subfields
4862:from HRAF
4674:148193954
3967:: 739–47.
3916:161978412
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3705:: 65–83.
3261:polyandry
3155:Eric Wolf
3108:Tehuelche
3089:(Guarani)
3067:Tupinamba
3011:Munduruku
3006:Saramacca
2917:Havasupai
2706:Pentecost
2406:Armenians
1874:ethnology
1617:Heidegger
1613:Nietzsche
1567:Eric Wolf
1469:Eric Wolf
1434:Carl Jung
1336:cultures,
1297:barbarism
1277:Rochester
1145:geography
1105:axiomatic
1079:sociology
1063:idea of "
861:fieldwork
582:Evolution
577:Ethnicity
509:Ethnology
387:Political
295:Cognitive
234:Molecular
35:(journal)
6931:Category
6879:Category
6747:regional
6742:land use
6577:business
6546:internet
6504:abnormal
6406:military
6396:economic
6386:cultural
6359:physical
6320:physical
6310:cultural
6189:Category
5771:Buddhism
5521:Politics
4930:Sciences
4762:20 April
4756:Archived
4678:Archived
4550:46994808
4384:Archived
4209:Archived
4095:Archived
4073:Archived
3940:18 March
3934:Archived
3856:55981325
3740:Archived
3719:53974202
3653:Archived
3632:Archived
3581:56375779
3395:See also
3265:monogamy
3257:polygyny
3235:feminist
3191:won the
3174:diaspora
3082:Aweikoma
3077:Shavante
3072:Botocudo
3032:Amahuaca
3018:(Tucano)
3002:(Caribs)
2995:Yanomamo
2984:Calinago
2979:Haitians
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2902:Comanche
2756:Palauans
2746:Chuukese
2663:Orokaiva
2623:Balinese
2597:Yukaghir
2582:Japanese
2396:Russians
2341:Riffians
2228:Tallensi
2048:symbolic
2041:politics
2033:religion
1723:medicine
1669:—
1666:meaning.
1589:hegemony
1381:and the
1293:savagery
1285:Iroquois
1281:New York
1241:cultural
1005:diffused
894:require
764:Journals
681:Feminism
467:Semiotic
407:Symbolic
402:Religion
337:Feminist
325:Economic
275:Cultural
229:Forensic
184:Maritime
179:Forensic
174:Feminist
149:Biblical
139:Aviation
104:Cultural
45:a series
43:Part of
6891:Commons
6722:history
6712:science
6647:studies
6381:History
6293:Primary
6279:History
6274:Outline
6220:Changes
6201:Commons
5844:Related
5835:Sikhism
5830:Judaism
5261:Aspects
4923:Outline
4909:Culture
3271:in the
3231:medical
3222:Kinship
3103:Mapuche
3062:Timbira
3047:Siriono
2991:(Warao)
2974:Goajiro
2927:Huichol
2897:Natchez
2872:Hidatsa
2862:Kutenai
2857:Klamath
2797:Mi'kmaq
2777:Ingalik
2701:Tikopia
2671:Kapauku
2648:Alorese
2602:Chukchi
2577:Koreans
2567:Chinese
2527:Siamese
2502:Burmese
2462:Burusho
2432:Basseri
2381:Basques
2351:Hebrews
2281:Songhai
2248:Shilluk
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2118:Africa
2060:kinship
2037:economy
1886:England
1868:Methods
1797:Kinship
1625:Derrida
1556:Marxism
1368:in 1937
1249:culture
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1126:ethical
1014:In the
993:beliefs
969:culture
896:cleanup
875:History
869:surveys
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567:Culture
382:Musical
377:Museums
372:Medical
357:Kinship
310:Digital
285:Applied
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72:Outline
6582:public
6524:social
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3098:Abipon
3093:Lengua
3057:Trumai
3042:Aymara
3027:Jivaro
3022:Cayapa
3000:Kalina
2989:Warrau
2963:Bribri
2953:Quiché
2877:Pawnee
2847:Yokuts
2761:Ifugao
2751:Yapese
2658:Aranda
2638:Toraja
2633:Badjau
2592:Gilyak
2572:Manchu
2562:Atayal
2552:Tanala
2532:Semang
2497:Lakher
2492:Hajong
2482:Lepcha
2452:Santal
2401:Abkhaz
2376:Romans
2336:Tuareg
2316:Amhara
2311:Somali
2258:Maasai
2238:Azande
2175:Kikuyu
2170:Luguru
2145:Mbundu
2135:Thonga
2039:, and
2017:Europe
1657:, and
1475:, and
1397:, and
1253:Social
1155:, and
1153:Herder
1057:Ethics
867:, and
594:Gender
524:Holism
422:Visual
397:Public
300:Cyborg
270:Social
134:Aerial
114:Social
6752:urban
6556:urban
6551:rural
6401:human
6364:human
6284:Index
5818:Islam
5193:Urban
5181:Civic
5124:Types
4681:(PDF)
4670:S2CID
4640:(PDF)
4546:S2CID
4482:–88.
4206:p.200
3912:S2CID
3852:S2CID
3715:S2CID
3635:(PDF)
3602:(PDF)
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3273:Nuyoo
3131:lives
3087:Cayua
3016:Cubeo
2932:Aztec
2892:Creek
2887:Huron
2837:Yurok
2832:Twana
2822:Haida
2807:Slave
2782:Aleut
2721:Maori
2696:Siuai
2681:Manus
2676:Kwoma
2667:Kimam
2547:Vedda
2522:Khmer
2517:Rhade
2507:Lamet
2467:Kazak
2386:Irish
2366:Turks
2306:Konso
2301:Kaffa
2291:Hausa
2276:Wolof
2233:Massa
2218:Mende
2194:Banen
2180:Ganda
2165:Hadza
2155:Bemba
2093:(see
2056:myths
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1917:taboo
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624:Value
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367:Media
362:Legal
88:Types
6820:List
5235:list
4764:2017
4484:ISBN
4392:2022
4267:ISBN
4177:–20.
4131:ISBN
4037:ISBN
4005:ISBN
3942:2014
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2487:Garo
2477:Lolo
2447:Toda
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2411:Kurd
2331:Teda
2321:Bogo
2203:Igbo
2150:Suku
2140:Lozi
2062:and
2054:and
1995:and
1880:and
1790:and
1725:and
1691:and
1643:and
1627:and
1607:and
1605:Jean
1599:and
1583:and
1535:and
1527:and
1497:and
1489:and
1432:and
1424:and
1149:Kant
1143:and
1118:race
614:Race
604:Meme
342:Food
6423:Law
4849:of
4808:doi
4660:hdl
4652:doi
4588:doi
4538:doi
4453:doi
4376:doi
3904:doi
3842:doi
3770:doi
3707:doi
3622:hdl
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