Cultural diplomacy

444:, and senior executives from Pepsi, Kodak and Macy's. It featured American consumer goods, cars, boats, RCA color TVs, food, clothing, etc., and samples of American products such as Pepsi. There was a typical American kitchen set up inside in which spectators could watch a Bird's Eye frozen meal be prepared. An IBM RAMAC computer was programmed to answer 3,500 questions about America in Russian. The most popular question was "what is the meaning of the American Dream?" The Soviets tried to limit the audience by only giving tickets to party members and setting up their own rival exhibition. But ultimately people came, and the souvenir pins that were given out turned up in every corner of the country. The Soviets banned printed material, but the Americans gave it out anyway. The most popular items were the Bible and a Sears catalogue. The guides for the exhibition were American graduate students, including African Americans and women, who spoke Russian. This gave Russians the ability to speak to real Americans and ask difficult questions. The ambassador to Moscow, 819:, the founder of The Beatles museum and the Temple of Love, Peace and Music in St. Petersburg, commented that The Beatles "were like an integrity test. When anyone said anything against them, we knew just what that person was worth. The authorities, our teachers, even our parents, became idiots to us." Despite the attempts of the Soviet Union's government to prevent the spread of the Beatles' popularity amongst their citizens, the band proved to be as popular in the USSR as it was in Britain. The government went as far as censoring the expression of all Western ideals, including the Beatles' bourgeois eccentricity, limiting the Soviet citizens' access to their music. Leslie Woodland, a documentary film maker, commented regarding what the Russian people were told about the West – "Once people heard the Beatles' wonderful music, it just didn't fit. The authorities' prognosis didn't correspond to what they were listening to. The system was built on fear and lies, and in this way, the Beatles put an end to the fear, and exposed the lies." Pavel Palazchenko, 133:– millions of daily cross-cultural encounters. If that is correct, cultural diplomacy can only be said to take place when formal diplomats, serving national governments, try to shape and channel this natural flow to advance national interests." It is important to note that, while cultural diplomacy is, as indicated above, a government activity, the private sector has a very real role to play because the government does not create culture, therefore, it can only attempt to make a culture known and define the impact this organic growth will have on national policies. Cultural diplomacy attempts to manage the international environment by utilizing these sources and achievements and making them known abroad. An important aspect of this is listening- cultural diplomacy is meant to be a two-way exchange. This exchange is then intended to foster a mutual understanding and thereby win influence within the target nation. Cultural diplomacy derives its credibility not from being close to government institutions, but from its proximity to cultural authorities. 396:. Also, NYCB making an appearance in the Soviet Union was questionable because reviews of Balanchine's ballets had been censored. Instead of feelings of hostility, the company received a warm welcome. Both the United States and the Soviet Union agreed with Balanchine’s decision to emphasize music throughout his choreography. There was still a fundamental disagreement to this as Balanchine often declared that music has no meaning and Soviet society did not have the same ideology. Because each company's ballets were being judged with preconceived notions about society and the arts, opinions clashed and interpretations were different. The United States was mainly known for producing abstract modern pieces which align with Capitalist and individualistic thinking. On the other hand, the Soviet Union was producing narrative ballets which were meant to reeducate citizens and emphasize the importance of society. These exchanges were also seen as a battle between Capitalism and 20: 172:

commercial opportunities. It allows the government to create a "foundation of trust" and a mutual understanding that is neutral and built on people-to-people contact. Another unique and important element of cultural diplomacy is its ability to reach youth, non-elites and other audiences outside of the traditional embassy circuit. In short, cultural diplomacy plants the seeds of ideals, ideas, political arguments, spiritual perceptions and a general view point of the world that may or may not flourish in a foreign nation. Therefore, ideologies spread by cultural diplomacy about American values enables those that seek a better life to look towards the

797: 1009: 114:. Public diplomacy is enhanced by a larger society and culture, but simultaneously public diplomacy helps to "amplify and advertise that society and culture to the world at large". It could be argued that the information component of public diplomacy can only be fully effective where there is already a relationship that gives credibility to the information being relayed. This comes from knowledge of the other's culture. Cultural diplomacy has been called the "linchpin of public diplomacy" because cultural activities have the potential to demonstrate the best of a nation. 1035: 1412: 1269: 1438: 1425: 457: 1256: 1360: 1347: 273: 6034: 5271: 1178: 655: 604: 1308: 1022: 1100: 1399: 1152: 1061: 1321: 1048: 1451: 1230: 4006: 1139: 1126: 976:, a government must exercise control over the flows of information and communication technologies, including trade. This is also difficult for governments that operate in a free market society where the government does not control the bulk of information flows. What the government can do is work to protect cultural exports where they flourish, by utilizing trade agreements or gaining access for foreign telecommunication networks. 465: 1113: 409: 1386: 1295: 1282: 996: 1334: 1087: 1074: 823:'s conference interpreter, stated that the Beatles' music was a "source of musical relief. They helped us create a world of our own, a world different from the dull and senseless ideological liturgy that increasingly reminded me of Stalinism...". Like Gorbachev, many Russian youth agreed that the Beatles were a way to overcome the cultural isolation imposed by the Cold War and reinforced by their current political system. 746:. In addition, the State Department selected Hanson's Eastman Philharmonia Orchestra to perform during a sweeping international cultural exchange tour in 1961. Concert performances by this elite group of students from the Eastman School of Music were received to critical acclaim by enthusiastic audiences in thirty four cities in sixteen countries throughout Europe, the Middle East and Russia. Similarly, the bass-baritone 1217: 1204: 1191: 1373: 1243: 1165: 5295: 6046: 5283: 3657: 777:, and the cultural and political rivalry of the United States and the Soviet Union created the need for cultural exchange. As a result, the United States government sent a jazz band composed of African American musicians abroad to tour places, including the Middle East and Africa, with the goal of the black musicians establishing connections with their African heritage. 785:

trip to Athens, Greece, a performance transformed an audience of Anti-American students angered by the U.S. stance on Greece's right-wing dictatorship. By the end of the performance, Gillespie said the audience loved the music and threw him up on their shoulders after the performance. Diplomats emphasized the positive effects of musical diplomacy on the public.

793:

freedom of expression. As many as thirty million listeners worldwide, including millions in the Soviet Union, listened to the forty-five minutes of pop music and forty-five minutes of jazz with a newscast preceding each. Many critics have stated that Conover's program played a major role in the resurgence of jazz within the Soviet Union after the WWII.

392:, who is considered a very influential figure in American ballet though he was born in Russia, were being performed in the Soviet Union. Once again ballet was used to showcase artistry and power while bettering international affairs. Many factors made this tour a pinnacle in Cold war exchanges. The tour occurred at the same time as the 369:

the joy of seeing the ballet company while critiquing Soviet politics. The complaint that Communism was an old-fashioned ideology was given life as most of the ballets performed were classical pieces. Dance produced in the United States, for example Balanchine and Martha Graham, was seen as modern with an individualistic style.

349:. The choreography mixed Asian aesthetics with American values, creating an innovative performance that showed what the United States and a capitalist society was capable of producing. Her performances were received with praise and repositioned the image of the United States in the eyes of the international community. 304:. The images were multi-cultured and only a few were overtly political serving to show the eclecticism and diversity of American culture, which is America's soft power foundation. The display was extremely popular and attracted large numbers of crowds, in short America "showed the world, the world and got credit for it". 320:

intended to show a story of recovery and resolution through documenting not only the grief and pain, but also the recovery efforts. In many countries where the display was run, it was personalized for the population. For example, relatives of those who died in the Towers were often invited to the event openings.

360:, to tour the United States. Their goal was to demonstrate the artistic and physical abilities of their citizens. The repertoire included Romeo and Juliet, Sawn Lake, Giselle, and The Stone Flower. There were also two mixed bills that included both pre and post-revolutionary content. Swan Lake and its composer, 200:, and a nation's overall confidence. The perception of power has important implications for a nation's ability to ensure its security. Furthermore, because cultural diplomacy includes political and ideological arguments, and uses the language of persuasion and advocacy, it can be used as an instrument of 943:

Goodwill tours are meant to be friendly; however, in some cases, they may be intimidating to the people or the government at the place visited. At the same time, a visit by a goodwill tour might be used as a way of "reminding" the place and government visited of a friendship previously established or

971:

Cultural diplomacy presents a number of unique challenges to any government attempting to carry out cultural diplomacy programs. Most ideas that a foreign population observes are not in the government's control. The government does not usually produce the books, music, films, TV programs, consumer

784:

took on the role as a musical ambassador during his trip to the Middle East. He reported to President Eisenhower that he and his jazz band were effective against Red propaganda. With their interracial group, the jazz band was able to communicate across social and language barriers. During the band's

713:

established an Emergency Fund for International Affairs in 1954 to stimulate the presentation of America's cultural achievements to international audiences in the realms of dance, theatre and music. In 1954, the State Department's Cultural Presentations program established a cooperative relationship

507:

and other values. For example, Soviet audiences watching American films learned that Americans owned their own cars, did not have to stand in long lines to purchase food, and did not live in communal apartments. These observations were not intended to be political messages when Hollywood created the

368:

ideology and were therefore accepted in the Communist repertoire. Other classic ballets were redesigned to demonstrate this ideology. While Americans were extremely excited to see the ballets and praised the ballerinas, the repertoire was not received as well. This was a tool critics used to express

319:

that circulated, with the backing of embassies and consulates, to 60 nations. The display was intended to shape and maintain the public memory of the attack and its aftermath. The display sought to show the human side of the tragedy, and not just the destruction of buildings. The display was also

2352:

Eastman School of Music - University of Rochester - Sibley Music Library: John J. Serry Sr. Collection: Autographed Photograph of John Serry accordionist on CBS' C de Las A program circa 1940s p. 3, Series 3, Collection Box 3, Item 1: The John J. Serry Sr. Collection archived at the University of

979:

It is also possible that foreign government officials may oppose or resist certain cultural exports while the people cheer them on. This can make support for official policies difficult to obtain. Cultural activities may be both a blessing and a curse to a nation. This may be the case if certain

812:

is an example of how music artists and their songs can become political. During this time, rock music channelled liberal "Western" ideas as a progressive and modernized art form. The Beatles symbolized the Western culture in a way that introduced new ideas that many believe assisted in the collapse

167:

In turn, cultural diplomacy can help a nation better understand the foreign nation it is engaged with and it fosters mutual understanding. Cultural diplomacy is a way of conducting international relations without expecting anything in return in the way that traditional diplomacy typically expects.

891:

is "the totality of the thoughts, feelings, associations and expectations that come to mind when a prospect or consumer is exposed to an entity's name, logo, products, services, events, or any design or symbol representing them." Place branding is required to make a country's image acceptable for

831:

that read "In releasing this record, made especially and exclusively for the USSR, I am extending a hand of peace and friendship to the Soviet people." During Paul McCartney's first trip to Russia in May 2003, nearly half a million fans greeted him. One Russian critic reported, "The only person in

211:

In terms of policy that supports national security goals, the information revolution has created an increasingly connected world in which public perceptions of values and motivations can create an enabling or disabling environment in the quest for international support of policies. The struggle to

171:

Generally, cultural diplomacy is more focused on the longer term and less on specific policy matters. The intent is to build up influence over the long term for when it is needed by engaging people directly. This influence has implications ranging from national security to increasing tourism and

110:, which is the "ability to get what you want through attraction rather than coercion or payments. It arises from a country's culture, political ideals and policies." This indicates that the value of culture is its ability to attract foreigners to a nation. Cultural diplomacy is also a component of 792:

hosted a music program called "Music USA," for the Voice of America to assist in the emergence of jazz musicians as U.S. ambassadors. Conover explained: "Jazz is a cross between total discipline and anarchy," for the way the musicians agree on tempo, key, and chord, but is distinguishable by its

480:

The usefulness of exchanges is based on two assumptions- some form of political intent lies behind the exchange and the result will have some sort of political effect. The idea is that exchanges will create a network of influential people abroad that will tie them to their host country and will

64:

that includes the "exchange of ideas, information, art, language and other aspects of culture among nations and their peoples in order to foster mutual understanding". The purpose of cultural diplomacy is for the people of a foreign nation to develop an understanding of the nation's ideals and

263:

All of these tools seek to bring understanding of a nation's culture to foreign audiences. They work best when they are proven to be relevant to the target audience. The tools can be utilized by working through NGOs, diasporas and political parties abroad, which may help with the challenge of

870:

leveraged food as a tool of diplomacy in 2023, when its public affairs section collected lunch photos from officers posted across the country and created a "photo montage video titled “What American Diplomats Have for Lunch,” which became one of the most-viewed and most-engaged posts on its

939:

A goodwill tour is a tour by someone or something famous to a series of places, with the purpose of expressing benevolent interest or concern for a group of people or a region, improving or maintaining a relationship between parties, and exhibiting the item or person to places visited.

756:

Jazz played a critical role during the Cold War in establishing political ties. Producer Willis Conover explained jazz as an embodiment of an anti-ideology or an alternative way of living by introducing a new style of music with a loose structure and improvisation. In November 1955,

215:

Participants in cultural diplomacy often have insights into foreign attitudes that official embassy employees do not. This can be used to better understand a foreign nation's intentions and capabilities. It can also be used to counter hostile propaganda and the collection of

826:

In this way the music of The Beatles struck a political chord in the Soviet Union, even when the songs were not meant to be political. This contact went both ways. In 1968, when the song "Back in the USSR" was released, the album included a quote on the cover from

212:

affect important international developments is increasingly about winning the information struggle to define the interpretation of states' actions. If an action is not interpreted abroad as the nation meant to it be, then the action itself can become meaningless.

141:

Ultimately, the goal of cultural diplomacy is to influence a foreign audience and use that influence, which is built up over the long term, as a good will reserve to win support for policies. It seeks to harness the elements of culture to induce foreigners to:

344:

to many countries affected by the Cold War. Some of these countries included Burma, India, Pakistan, Japan, the Philippines, and Thailand which were all a concern to the United States because they could be easily lost to Communism as predicted in Eisenhower's

832:

Red Square who wasn't moved was Lenin". This is an example of how products of culture can have an influence on the people they reach outside of their own country. It also shows how a private citizen can unintentionally become a cultural ambassador of sorts.

87:

wrote: "Public diplomacy consists of all a nation does to explain itself to the world, and cultural diplomacy – the use of creative expression and exchanges of ideas, information, and people to increase mutual understanding – supplies much of its content."

296:. The display originally showed in the Museum of Modern Art in New York City, but then USIA helped the display to be seen in 91 locations in 39 countries. The 503 photographs by 237 professional and amateur photographers were curated and put together by 892:

investment, tourism, political power, etc. As Joseph Nye commented, "in an information age, it is often the side which has the better side of the story that wins," this has resulted in a shift from old style diplomacy to encompass brand building and

283:

In the 1950s the Soviet Union had a reputation that was associated with peace, international class solidarity and progress due to its sponsorship of local revolutionary movements for liberation. The United States was known for its involvement in the

1938:"Cultural Diplomacy, Political Influence, and Integrated Strategy," in Strategic Influence: Public Diplomacy, Counterpropaganda, and Political Warfare, ed. Michael J. Waller (Washington, DC: Institute of World Politics Press, 2009), 82–87. 1929:"Cultural Diplomacy, Political Influence, and Integrated Strategy," in Strategic Influence: Public Diplomacy, Counterpropaganda, and Political Warfare, ed. Michael J. Waller (Washington, DC: Institute of World Politics Press, 2009), 78–79. 1771:"Cultural Diplomacy, Political Influence, and Integrated Strategy," in Strategic Influence: Public Diplomacy, Counterpropaganda, and Political Warfare, ed. Michael J. Waller (Washington, DC: Institute of World Politics Press, 2009), 74–75. 168:

Cultural exchange programs work as a medium to relay a favourable impression of the foreign country in order to gain outsiders' understanding and approval in their cultural practices and naturalize their social norms among other cultures.

761:

declared Louis Armstrong as America's most effective ambassador. What American diplomats could not do, Armstrong and his jazz music did. This article claimed that musicians, such as Armstrong, created a universal language to communicate.

1893:"Cultural Diplomacy, Political Influence, and Integrated Strategy," in Strategic Influence: Public Diplomacy, Counterpropaganda, and Political Warfare, ed. Michael J. Waller (Washington, DC: Institute of World Politics Press, 2009), 93. 1871:"Cultural Diplomacy, Political Influence, and Integrated Strategy," in Strategic Influence: Public Diplomacy, Counterpropaganda, and Political Warfare, ed. Michael J. Waller (Washington, DC: Institute of World Politics Press, 2009), 76. 1816:"Cultural Diplomacy, Political Influence, and Integrated Strategy," in Strategic Influence: Public Diplomacy, Counterpropaganda, and Political Warfare, ed. Michael J. Waller (Washington, DC: Institute of World Politics Press, 2009), 89. 1807:"Cultural Diplomacy, Political Influence, and Integrated Strategy," in Strategic Influence: Public Diplomacy, Counterpropaganda, and Political Warfare, ed. Michael J. Waller (Washington, DC: Institute of World Politics Press, 2009), 77. 1522:"Cultural Diplomacy, Political Influence, and Integrated Strategy," in Strategic Influence: Public Diplomacy, Counterpropaganda, and Political Warfare, ed. Michael J. Waller (Washington, DC: Institute of World Politics Press, 2009), 74. 384:. This ballet was meant to excite American audiences and prove that the Soviet Union could produce new, action-packed performances. The Soviet Union's creation was still not considered innovative because the Hollywood film Spartacus by 481:

appreciate their host country more due to their time spent there. Exchanges generally take place at a young age, giving the host country the opportunity to create an attachment and gain influence at a young impressionable age.

708:

As the Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union escalated in the 1950s, the Department of State also supported the performance of classical music as an indispensable diplomatic tool. With this in mind, President

644: 2235:

Giles Scott-Smith, "Mapping the Undefinable: Some Thoughts on the Relevance of Exchange Programs within International Relations Theory," Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 16 (March 2008):

813:

of communism. As a result, the Beatles served as cultural diplomats through their popularity in the Soviet Union. Their music fostered youth communication and united people with a common spirit of popular culture.

1880:

Sergei Gavrov, Lev Vostryakov, Cultural diplomacy as a tool for constructing and broadcasting an attractive brand of the Russian state. (Moscow, Russia: Moscow State University of Culture and Arts, 2018, № 2),

718:(ANTA) to evaluate potential musical performers who could best represent America at performance venues throughout the world. Members of the advisory panel included such noted American composers and academics as: 972:

products, etc. that reaches an audience. The most the government can do is try to work to create openings so the message can get through to mass audiences abroad. To be cultural relevant in the age of

980:

elements of a culture are offensive to the foreign audience. Certain cultural activities can also undermine national policy objectives. An example of this was the very public American dissent to the

769:. He considered jazz as corrupt and capitalistic due to the fact that it grew out of the United States during a time of political unrest. During the 1950s to 1960s, the Civil Rights Movement, the 3689: 117:

Richard T. Arndt, a former State Department cultural diplomacy practitioner, said: "Cultural relations grow naturally and organically, without government intervention – the transactions of

372:

A later example of dance during the Cold War was the Soviet Union and the United States exchanging ballet companies for a time in order to improve cultural relations. In October 1962, the

2521:

Media Sound & Culture in Latin America & the Caribbean. Editors – Bronfman, Alejandra & Wood, Andrew Grant. University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, 2012 Pg. 49

196:

because it demonstrates to foreign audiences every aspect of culture, including wealth, scientific and technological advances, competitiveness in everything from sports and industry to

65:

institutions in an effort to build broad support for economic and political objectives. In essence "cultural diplomacy reveals the soul of a nation", which in turn creates influence.

2226:

Nicholas John. Cull, The Cold War and the United States Information Agency: American Propaganda and Public Diplomacy, 1945–1989 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008), 162–167.

328:

The positioning of the performing arts throughout history shows that dance was a tool for showing power, promoting national pride, and maintaining international relations. During the

356:" was expected to have an understanding of the arts and be able to contribute to society. In 1959, the Soviet Union decided to send one of its highly regarded ballet companies, the 3277:

Louis Belanger, "Redefining Cultural Diplomacy: Cultural Security and Foreign Policy in Canada," Political Psychology 20, no. 4 (December 1999): 677–8, doi:10.1111/0162-895X.00164.

673:

In the post World War II era, the United States Army also acknowledged the importance of cultural programming as a valuable diplomatic tool amidst the ruins in Europe. In 1952 the

960: 3286:

Louis Belanger, "Redefining Cultural Diplomacy: Cultural Security and Foreign Policy in Canada," Political Psychology 20, no. 4 (December 1999): 678, doi:10.1111/0162-895X.00164.

3207:

Peter Van Ham, "Place Branding: The State of the Art," The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 616 (March 2008): 127–133, doi:10.1177/0002716207312274.

3105: 2385: 2374: 2363: 3682: 1531:

Mary N. Maack, "Books and Libraries as Instruments of Cultural Diplomacy in Francophone Africa during the Cold War," Libraries & Culture 36, no. 1 (Winter 2001): 59.

4892: 400:, with each showing off its values and power. These are only a few examples of dance being used to showcase artistry and power while bettering international affairs. 3370:

Becard, Danielly Silva Ramos, and Paulo Menechelli. "Chinese Cultural Diplomacy: instruments in China’s strategy for international insertion in the 21st Century."

3675: 984:

while official government policy still supported it. Simultaneously the prevalence of the protest may have attracted some foreigners to the openness of America.

300:. The images showed glimpses of everyday human life in its various stages; courtship, birth, parenting, work, self-expression, etc., including images from the 3024:

Fosler-Lussier, Danielle, "Jazz Diplomacy: Promoting America in Cold War Era by Lisa E. Davenport (review)," American Music 31, no. 1, (Spring 2013), 117–118.

2342:

Carnes Lord, Losing Hearts and Minds?: Public Diplomacy and Strategic Influence in the Age of Terror (Westport, CT: Praeger Security International, 2006), 52.

1762:

Carnes Lord, Losing Hearts and Minds?: Public Diplomacy and Strategic Influence in the Age of Terror (Westport, CT: Praeger Security International, 2006), 30.

1748:

Carnes Lord, Losing Hearts and Minds?: Public Diplomacy and Strategic Influence in the Age of Terror (Westport, CT: Praeger Security International, 2006), 15.

503:

Popular entertainment is a statement about the society which it is portraying. These cultural displays can carry important messages regarding individualism,

352:

Cultural diplomacy through the arts was also used by the Soviet Union due to the high value they placed on culture and the belief it could unite people. The "

765:

Jazz originally surfaced in the Soviet Union during the 1920s and 1930s, but quickly faded. After World War II, jazz began to reemerge, but was condemned by

2072:

Geduld, Victoria Phillips (2010). "Dancing Diplomacy: Martha Graham and the Strange Commodity of the Cold-War Cultural Exchange in Asia, 1955 and 1975".

948: 532: 1862:

United States, Department of State, Advisory Committee on Cultural Diplomacy, Diplomacy Report of the Advisory Committee on Cultural Diplomacy, 3, 4, 9.

3473: 2246: 1956:

Nicholas J. Cull, "Public Diplomacy: Taxonomies and Histories," Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 616 (March 2008): 39–40.

2785: 1798:

Nicholas J. Cull, "Public Diplomacy: Taxonomies and Histories," Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 616 (March 2008): 36.

1780:

Nicholas J. Cull, "Public Diplomacy: Taxonomies and Histories," Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 616 (March 2008): 33.

3047: 1789:

United States, Department of State, Advisory Committee on Cultural Diplomacy, Diplomacy Report of the Advisory Committee on Cultural Diplomacy, 7 .

2674: 1543:

United States, Department of State, Advisory Committee on Cultural Diplomacy, Diplomacy Report of the Advisory Committee on Cultural Diplomacy, 3.

3308:

Fan, Shuhua (2024). "Confucius Institutes in the Xi Jinping Era: From Peak to Demise in the United States". In Fang, Qiang; Li, Xiaobing (eds.).

2599: 2432: 2985:

Richmond, Yale. Cultural Exchange and the Cold War: Raising the Iron Curtain. (University Park, PA: Penn State University Press, 2004), 205–209.

5388: 3837: 1065: 3398:

Clarke, David, and Paweł Duber. "Polish cultural diplomacy and historical memory: the case of the Museum of the Second World War in Gdańsk."

2872: 3094:

Bratersky, Alexander, "Back in the USSR: the Beatles shaped a generation in Soviet Russia," Russia: beyond the headlines.(November 8, 2012).

2901: 919:

France has led the way in using the return on art and artifacts looted during their colonial past to its home country for diplomatic means.

750:

was recruited by the Department of State to perform in six separate European tours during the 1950s which featured productions of the opera

5306: 689:

by the orchestra continued throughout Europe until 1962. They showcased the talents of several noted conductors and musicians including:

1429: 106:(appeals to the masses). This is what governments seek to show foreign audiences when engaging in cultural diplomacy. It is a type of 3575:

Singh, Rana PB, and Pravin S. Rana. "Cultural Diplomacy in India: Dispersal, Heritage Representation, Contestation, and Development."

3507: 2814: 780:

Duke Ellington, B.B. King, and Dizzy Gillespie all made trips to Africa that fostered connections with the African diaspora. In 1956,

3698: 2731: 2624: 2704: 2649: 3843: 1965:

Liam Kennedy, "Remembering September 11: Photography as Cultural Diplomacy," International Affairs 79, no. 2 (March 2003): 315–323.

1104: 5525: 3113: 2529: 208:– they feature weddings, funerals and going to court. So now we think it's only natural to go to court a few times in your life." 2843: 1651: 3414: 3754: 2911: 2884: 2855: 2743: 2659: 2609: 2526: 1169: 867: 715: 3077: 583:

participated in this truly international effort to foster peace throughout the Americas through shared musical performances

4882: 543:

to showcase leading musicians from both North and South America for audiences on both continents. Musical artists such as

340:

values. Through this, countries were able to share their ideas. In 1955, the United States state department sent the

5340: 3661: 3243: 3157: 3986: 3605:

Ignorance Abroad: American Educational and Cultural Foreign Policy and the Office of the Assistant Secretary of State

3460: 3321: 3226: 2934: 2826: 2797: 2714: 2684: 2634: 2570: 2319: 2091: 848: 840: 520: 308: 3127: 3012:, Satchmo Blows Up the World: Jazz Ambassadors Play the Cold War. (Harvard University Press, 2004), 10, 13, 34, 225. 5990: 5421: 2375:

Photograph of actor Pat O'Brien and singer Kate Smith on the Viva America program for CBS Radio on Getty Images.com

1442: 896:. In short, a country can use its culture to create a brand for itself which represents positive values and image. 289: 204:

and be useful in achieving traditional goals of war. A Chinese activist was quoted as saying "We've seen a lot of

3627:

Clarke, D., "Theorising the role of cultural products in cultural diplomacy from a cultural studies perspective"

685:

in Stuttgart, Germany in order to demonstrate the shared cultural heritage of America and Europe. Performances of

6019: 5094: 3869: 2662:"Seventh Army Symphony Orchestra (1952–1962) performing works by Roy Harris, Morton Gould and Leroy Anderson" on 2560: 1143: 682: 659: 1553: 4533: 3612: 956: 79: 3355: 2948: 3865: 1260: 1130: 3470: 2937: 2351: 2004: 1579: 5099: 4338: 4084: 3891: 2589:

Faculty Portraits of Samuel Adler at the Juilliard School of Music, New York, October 2013 on Juilliard.edu

2541: 1503: 1195: 421: 3598:

Coca-Colonization and the Cold War: The Cultural Mission of the U.S. in Austria after the Second World War

2030:"Music and dance diplomacy in the COVID-19 era: Jerusalema and the promotion of South Africa's soft power" 6077: 6072: 5578: 5181: 3913: 1325: 341: 3492:

Lee, Seow Ting. "Film as cultural diplomacy: South Korea’s nation branding through Parasite (2019)." in

3051: 2254: 963:, and the worldwide GIANTSTEP-APOLLO 11 Presidential Goodwill Tour by the Apollo 11 astronauts in 1969. 6087: 6082: 6049: 6007: 4624: 4441: 4291: 3298:

Joseph S. Nye, Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics (Cambridge: Perseus Books, 2004), 56.

1902:

Joseph S. Nye, Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics (Cambridge: Perseus Books, 2004), 23.

1739:

Joseph S. Nye, Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics (Cambridge: Perseus Books, 2004), 18.

1730:

Joseph S. Nye, Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics (Cambridge: Perseus Books, 2004), 22.

1676: 556: 3432:

Transmission impossible : American journalism as cultural diplomacy in postwar Germany, 1945–1955

2440: 5236: 4669: 4099: 4094: 4089: 3897: 3825: 3725: 3719: 3713: 3340:

Ang, Ien, Yudhishthir Raj Isar, and Phillip Mar. "Cultural diplomacy: beyond the national interest?"

2029: 1286: 1052: 1026: 1000: 3345: 1636: 1600: 19: 5997: 5642: 5383: 5287: 5196: 5186: 5089: 4887: 4588: 1234: 770: 361: 217: 3411:

Cosmopolitan Ambassadors: International exhibitions, cultural diplomacy and the polycentral museum

3375: 912:

they exhibit. This can take the form of building/supporting museums, gifting art/antiquities, and

311:

in February 2002 entitled Images from Ground Zero. The display included 27 images, detailing the

5750: 5461: 5445: 5400: 5333: 5007: 4267: 4237: 4171: 4156: 3887: 3667: 3313: 2959: 1208: 727: 690: 678: 441: 420:

to demonstrate culture and progress by both the United States and the Soviet Union. In 1959, the

5514: 5434: 3813: 3539:

Not like Us: How Europeans Have Loved, Hated and Transformed American Culture since World War II

2637:"Seventh Army Symphony on Armed Forces Radio in 1961 performing works by Vivaldi and Dvorak" on 244:

Literature – the establishment of libraries abroad and translation of popular and national works

5845: 4942: 4689: 4558: 4406: 4399: 4364: 4151: 4079: 3919: 3780: 3497: 2179:. Pittsburgh: Pitt Series in Russian and East European Studies. University of Pittsburgh Press. 1351: 1338: 796: 774: 698: 3403: 1947:

Mark Leonard, "Diplomacy by Other Means," Foreign Policy 132 (September/October 2002): 51, 52.

5482: 5211: 5129: 5002: 4826: 4704: 4649: 4639: 4629: 4503: 4359: 4311: 4201: 4166: 4043: 4023: 3979: 3784: 2364:

Photograph of Manolita Arriola and Nestor Chayres for "Viva America" 1946 CBS on Getty Images

1623: 1587: 913: 893: 844: 3849: 3362:

The Soviet cultural offensive : the role of cultural diplomacy in Soviet foreign policy

3182: 1078: 5931: 5815: 5805: 5700: 5614: 5206: 5176: 5084: 5074: 5012: 4992: 4921: 4714: 4699: 4659: 4553: 4186: 4181: 3929: 3796: 1455: 710: 702: 580: 393: 373: 312: 130: 84: 5519: 3853: 3268:

Mark Leonard, "Diplomacy by Other Means," Foreign Policy 132 (September/October 2002): 50.

1911:

Mark Leonard, "Diplomacy by Other Means," Foreign Policy 132 (September/October 2002): 49.

1853:

Mark Leonard, "Diplomacy by Other Means," Foreign Policy 132 (September/October 2002): 51.

1091: 8: 5906: 5866: 5810: 5780: 5755: 5745: 5720: 5690: 5571: 5395: 5067: 5057: 5052: 4982: 4872: 4857: 4744: 4734: 4709: 4644: 4619: 4573: 4513: 4421: 4321: 4301: 4217: 4196: 4136: 3947: 3925: 3748: 2585: 2402: 1981: 1976: 1403: 1377: 1177: 1013: 743: 5536: 5531: 4634: 3907: 3584:

The German-American Encounter: Conflict and Cooperation Between Two Cultures, 1800–2000

3425: 1312: 887:

This Image and reputation has become an essential part of a "state's strategic equity".

448:, commented that "the exhibition would be 'worth more to us than five new battleships." 6037: 5964: 5926: 5921: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5876: 5840: 5735: 5710: 5649: 5566: 5546: 5326: 5216: 5149: 4997: 4957: 4877: 4739: 4719: 4674: 4654: 4614: 4543: 4518: 4488: 4468: 4463: 4431: 4333: 4131: 4116: 4111: 4106: 4038: 4028: 4009: 3831: 3562: 3552: 3530:

Paschalidis, G., "Exporting national culture: histories of cultural institutes abroad"

3525: 3487: 3435: 3365: 1468: 909: 528: 445: 437: 377: 160: 5541: 2949:

William Warfield – Biography at the Rochester Music Hall of Fame on rochestermusic.org

94:

is a set of values and practices that creates meaning for society. This includes both

5969: 5937: 5871: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5775: 5765: 5760: 5725: 5715: 5669: 5654: 5477: 5299: 5144: 5037: 5027: 4862: 4799: 4794: 4694: 4684: 4679: 4498: 4493: 4478: 4473: 4458: 4453: 4436: 4426: 4411: 4384: 4374: 4286: 4279: 4262: 3935: 3875: 3758: 3542: 3456: 3317: 3222: 2930: 2907: 2880: 2851: 2822: 2793: 2739: 2710: 2680: 2655: 2630: 2605: 2604:

Jonathan D. Green, Scarecrow Press, Oxford, 1994, Chapter II – Survey of Works p. 14

2566: 2522: 2414: 2406: 2325: 2315: 2289: 2049: 1713: 1493: 1473: 1390: 1364: 1156: 820: 674: 536: 485: 469: 389: 381: 293: 201: 2386:

Nestor Mesta Chayres photographed on the CBS "Viva America" Program on Getty Images

388:

had been released prior to this performance. At the same time, seventeen ballets by

6002: 5886: 5820: 5740: 5730: 5685: 5664: 5637: 5629: 5275: 5161: 5114: 5062: 5042: 5017: 4952: 4909: 4867: 4831: 4814: 4804: 4779: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4593: 4548: 4538: 4394: 4379: 4316: 4257: 4222: 4161: 4126: 4121: 4048: 4033: 3972: 3901: 3776: 3764: 3009: 2041: 1488: 1299: 1247: 747: 735: 612: 572: 544: 491:

The US and Soviet Union hosted a range of educational exchange programs during the

301: 205: 111: 66: 2045: 1920:

Jamie Frederic Metzl, "Popular Diplomacy," Daedalus 128, no. 2 (Spring 1999): 178.

1554:"Public Diplomacy as a National Security Tool – Foreign Policy Research Institute" 951:

by President-elect Herbert Hoover in November–December 1928, the goodwill tour to

5985: 5916: 5790: 5594: 5440: 5251: 5246: 5171: 5032: 4987: 4977: 4904: 4899: 4836: 4809: 4784: 4754: 4749: 4729: 4724: 4508: 4483: 4416: 4274: 3953: 3881: 3859: 3477: 1478: 1416: 1182: 1117: 928: 781: 731: 686: 504: 473: 385: 316: 297: 126: 103: 586: 288:

and for preserving the status quo. In an effort to change this perception, the

5911: 5881: 5770: 5619: 5047: 4972: 4967: 4937: 4916: 4841: 4774: 4598: 4578: 4141: 4058: 3790: 3352:

The first resort of kings. American cultural diplomacy in the twentieth century

3078:"For young Soviets, the Beatles were a first, mutinous rip in the iron curtain" 3048:"Beatles books & records discography :: Something Books – Kolya Vasin" 3036:

John Alter, "You say you want a revolution," Newsweek (September 22, 2003): 37.

1411: 1221: 1060: 1034: 888: 836: 828: 789: 766: 751: 719: 620: 552: 425: 357: 353: 193: 3381:

Brown, John. "Arts diplomacy: The neglected aspect of cultural diplomacy." in

2960:

William Warfield biography at the Eastman School of Music on esm.rochester.edu

2005:"The Dance Dilemma: The Importance of Dance for Diplomacy During the Cold War" 663: 38: 6066: 5795: 5785: 5494: 5489: 5256: 5241: 5226: 5201: 5191: 5119: 5079: 4947: 4819: 4583: 4563: 4528: 4448: 4389: 4369: 4354: 4328: 4242: 4191: 3819: 2329: 2293: 2053: 1717: 1483: 1437: 1424: 1039: 973: 739: 723: 694: 429: 376:(NYCB) toured the Soviet Union. In New York City, the Bolshoi was performing 346: 235:

Exhibitions which offer the potential to showcase numerous objects of culture

173: 33: 3449: 1578:

Green, Shannon N.; Brown, Katherine A.; Wang, Jian “Jay” (17 January 2017).

456: 5221: 5166: 5154: 5139: 5109: 5022: 4962: 4568: 4252: 4232: 4227: 4176: 3941: 3770: 3731: 2900:

Fosler-Lussier, Danielle (2015). "Introduction: Instruments of Diplomacy".

2418: 1615: 1273: 564: 524: 156:

aid in changing the policies or political environment of the target nation,

95: 5318: 3103: 2125:

American–Soviet Cultural Diplomacy .The Bolshoi Ballet's American Premiere

6014: 5861: 5695: 5231: 5134: 5104: 4789: 4247: 4146: 4053: 3388:

Carta, Caterina, and Richard Higgott. "Cultural Diplomacy in Europe." in

3135: 1359: 1346: 1268: 1255: 816: 805: 616: 560: 548: 433: 150: 3422:

Topics Performing arts, International relations, Multiculturalism in art

2848:

The History of United States Cultural Diplomacy: 1770 to the Present Day

2277: 1701: 272: 69:

has played an important role in advancing national security objectives.

5943: 5416: 4296: 4074: 1498: 576: 512: 337: 285: 107: 61: 5505: 3577:

Transcultural Diplomacy and International Law in Heritage Conservation

238:

Educational programs such as universities and language programs abroad

232:

Arts including films, dance, music, painting, sculpture, among others.

5959: 5624: 5349: 5124: 4523: 3559:

Americans all : good neighbor cultural diplomacy in World War II

1702:"Cultural Diplomacy: Hard to Define, but You'd Know It If You Saw It" 855: 568: 397: 333: 177: 3593:(Institute for the Study of Diplomacy, Georgetown University, 1990). 3158:"Pump up the volume: Music diplomacy as soft power | Lowy Institute" 3106:"Back in the USSR: the Beatles shaped a generation in Soviet Russia" 2654:

Amy C. Beal, University of California Press, Berkeley, 2006, P. 49,

2312:

Designed for hi-fi living : the vinyl LP in mid-century America

5659: 5353: 2142:. Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford Monographs on Music. Clarendon Press. 2140:

Tchaikovsky's Ballets : Swan Lake, Sleeping Beauty, Nutcracker

1307: 1021: 981: 809: 492: 464: 417: 329: 197: 146:

have a positive view of the country's people, culture and policies,

3697: 904:

Museum diplomacy is a subset of cultural diplomacy concerned with

3995: 2310:

Borgerson, Janet; Schroeder, Jonathan E.; Miller, Daniel (2017).

2214:

Don't Act, Just Dance : The Metapolitics of Cold War Culture

1829: 1398: 1320: 1151: 1112: 1099: 1047: 905: 408: 365: 181: 122: 91: 2410: 250:

Gifts to a nation, which demonstrates thoughtfulness and respect

5800: 5426: 4306: 3656: 1450: 1385: 1333: 1294: 1281: 1229: 1138: 1125: 1086: 1073: 995: 872: 516: 332:, the plot and choreography choices used in dance demonstrated 99: 3104:

Alexander Bratersky, special to Russia Now (8 November 2012).

2938:

Howard Hanson and the Eastman Philharmonia on books.google.com

2906:. Oakland, CA: University of California Press. pp. 1–23. 2759: 2679:, Emily Freeman Brown, Scarecrow Press , Oxford, 2015, p. 311 228:

Cultural diplomacy relies on a variety of mediums, including:

2278:"Educational Exchange and Cultural Diplomacy in the Cold War" 2177:

Swans of the Kremlin : Ballet and Power in Soviet Russia

1372: 1242: 1216: 1203: 1190: 1164: 1008: 961:

Jacqueline Kennedy's 1962 goodwill tour of India and Pakistan

952: 876: 118: 29: 25: 2706:

Uncle Sam's Orchestra: Memories of the Seventh Army Symphony

1677:"Diplomacy, Development and Security in the Information Age" 3549:

Dance for export : cultural diplomacy and the Cold War

3183:"American diplomats showcase lunchbox diplomacy in Beijing" 2879:. Oakland, CA: University of California Press. p. 10. 2738:. Oakland, CA: University of California Press. p. 23. 2691: 2663: 2638: 2613: 2092:"Martha Graham's Cold War: The Dance of American Diplomacy" 3964: 3591:

Communicating with the World: US Public Diplomacy Overseas

1977:"In and Out of Step: Dance Diplomacy in the United States" 658:

You may listen to radio broadcasts of performances by the

3454:. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books (Rowman & Littlefield). 2929:

Allen Laurence Cohen, Praeger Publishers, CT., 2004 p.13

608: 540: 2309: 428:

in Moscow. The exhibition was opened by Vice President

3634:

Gienow-Hecht, Jessica C.E., and Mark C. Donfried, eds.

3400:

International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society

2562:

Dissonant Divas in Chicana Music: The Limits of la Onda

253:

Religious diplomacy, including inter-religious dialogue

3465:

Isar, Y. R. "Cultural diplomacy: an overplayed hand?"

2626:

The Directory of the Armed Forces Radio Service Series

2601:

A Conductor's Guide to Choral-Orchestral Works, Part 1

2216:. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press. 256:

Promotion and explanation of ideas and social policies

2790:

Dance for Export: Cultural Diplomacy and the Cold War

2981: 2979: 2977: 2975: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2967: 2629:

Harry MacKenzie, Greeenwood Press, CT. 1999, p. 198

3409:Davidson, Lee, and Leticia Pérez-Castellanos, eds. 2253:. United States Department of State. Archived from 2028:Idowu, Dare Leke; Ogunnubi, Olusola (4 July 2021). 1539: 1537: 533:

Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs

187: 125:, student flows, communications, book circulation, 2162:Ballet in the Cold War: A Soviet-American Exchange 1824: 1822: 1652:"Community and Communalism in the Information Age" 292:(USIA) sponsored a photographic exhibition titled 241:Exchanges – scientific, artistic, educational etc. 98:(literature, art, and education, which appeals to 3504:China's Cultural Diplomacy: A Great Leap Outward? 3020: 3018: 2964: 2844:"The Golden Age of Cultural Diplomacy, 1953-1961" 2193:Siegel, Marcia B. "George Balanchine 1904–1983". 1616:"The National Security Need for Public Diplomacy" 364:, were considered Russian classics that fit into 184:are portrayed as desirable and achievable goals. 6064: 3570:The Cultural Cold War in Western Europe, 1945–60 2542:"Artist Biography: Eva Garza – Frontera Project" 1580:"Public Diplomacy and National Security in 2017" 1534: 3393: 2850:. London: Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 96–98. 2732:"Classical Music and the Mediation of Prestige" 1819: 3699:International cultural promotion organizations 3568:Scott-Smith, Giles, and Hans Krabbendam, eds. 3522:U.S. information policy and cultural diplomacy 3447: 3210: 3015: 2899: 2870: 2729: 1577: 1066:European Union National Institutes for Culture 858:to strengthen its music diplomacy activities. 677:enlisted the expertise of the young conductor 484:An example of exchanges is the United States' 5334: 3980: 3683: 3579:(Springer, Singapore, 2021) pp. 231–256. 2792:. CT: Wesleyan University Press. p. 11. 2027: 3643:Cultural Imperialsm: A Critical Introduction 3621: 3372:Revista Brasileira de Política Internacional 3244:"Artefacts paving France's return to Africa" 2305: 2303: 5348: 3440:Goff, Patricia M. "Cultural diplomacy." in 3071: 3069: 3032: 3030: 835:In September 2023, U.S. Secretary of State 523:as an important diplomatic tool during the 5341: 5327: 3987: 3973: 3690: 3676: 3631:(2014). doi:10.1080/10286632.2014.958481. 3448:Hebert, David; McCollum, Jonathan (2022). 3390:Between the Domestic and the International 3005: 3003: 3001: 2999: 2997: 2995: 2993: 2991: 2251:Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs 1430:Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs 508:films, but they nonetheless carried them. 247:Broadcasting of news and cultural programs 3582:Trommler, Frank, and Elliott Shore, eds. 3532:International journal of cultural policy, 3216: 2821:. MA: Wiley Blackwell. pp. 370–375. 2300: 1889: 1887: 1699: 192:Cultural diplomacy is a demonstration of 3844:Finnish Cultural and Academic Institutes 3629:International journal of cultural policy 3484:French scientific and cultural diplomacy 3342:International Journal of Cultural Policy 3310:China under Xi Jinping: A New Assessment 3066: 3045: 3027: 2873:"Introduction: Instruments of Diplomacy" 2122: 1649: 1105:Finnish Cultural and Academic Institutes 795: 463: 455: 407: 307:A similar effort was carried out by the 271: 18: 3075: 2988: 2783: 2760:"Music in America's Cold War Diplomacy" 2702: 2314:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. 1758: 1756: 1754: 416:Exhibitions were often used during the 6065: 3451:Ethnomusicology and Cultural Diplomacy 3442:Routledge Handbook of Public Diplomacy 3383:Routledge handbook of public diplomacy 3294: 3292: 2558: 2396: 2174: 2159: 2155: 2153: 2151: 2149: 2118: 2116: 2114: 2112: 2071: 1884: 1656:Brown Journal of International Affairs 1613: 987: 5526:Conseiller chargé des investissements 5322: 3968: 3755:Indian Council for Cultural Relations 3671: 3610:10 Great Moments in Music Diplomacy, 2903:Music in America's Cold War Diplomacy 2877:Music in America's Cold War Diplomacy 2841: 2736:Music in America's Cold War Diplomacy 2211: 2188: 2186: 2137: 2067: 2065: 2063: 2002: 1974: 1170:Indian Council for Cultural Relations 716:American National Theatre and Academy 714:with the Music Advisory Panel of the 223: 6045: 5282: 4883:Role of Christianity in civilization 3394:org/10.1007/978-3-030-21544-6 online 3301: 2927:Howard Hanson in Theory and Practice 2812: 2676:A Dictionary for the Modern Composer 2127:. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books. 1975:Davis, Rachel Lowy (15 April 2018). 1751: 5294: 3600:( U of North Carolina Press, 1995). 3494:Place Branding and Public Diplomacy 3307: 3289: 3219:Museum Diplomacy in the Digital Age 3128:"Global Music Diplomacy Initiative" 3120: 2819:A Companion to Dwight D. Eisenhower 2690:founded by Samuel Adler in 1952 on 2146: 2109: 947:Notable goodwill tours include the 931:to advance its national interests. 899: 16:Exchange of culture between nations 13: 3636:Searching for a cultural diplomacy 3424:(Naval Postgraduate School, 2010) 3334: 3241: 3217:Grincheva, Natalia (6 July 2020). 2559:Vargas, Deborah R. (21 May 2018). 2353:Rochester Eastman School of Music 2275: 2192: 2183: 2080:– via Taylor Francis Online. 2060: 1706:The Brown Journal of World Affairs 1650:Kalathil, Shanthi (1 March 2022). 922: 498: 14: 6099: 3649: 3444:(Routledge, 2020) pp. 30–37. 3385:(Routledge, 2020) pp. 79–81. 3132:United States Department of State 2871:Fosler-Lussier, Danielle (2015). 2815:"Propaganda and Public Diplomacy" 2730:Fosler-Lussier, Danielle (2015). 2709:. University of Rochester Press. 2433:"Copyright 2018, J. David Goldin" 2212:Kodat, Catherine Gunther (2015). 2123:McDaniel, Cadra Peterson (2015). 1643: 934: 882: 841:Global Music Diplomacy Initiative 788:From 1955 to 1996, jazz producer 521:United States Department of State 309:United States Department of State 6044: 6033: 6032: 5293: 5281: 5270: 5269: 4004: 3655: 3515:International cultural relations 1449: 1443:United States Information Agency 1436: 1423: 1410: 1397: 1384: 1371: 1358: 1345: 1332: 1319: 1306: 1293: 1280: 1267: 1254: 1241: 1228: 1215: 1202: 1189: 1176: 1163: 1150: 1137: 1124: 1111: 1098: 1085: 1072: 1059: 1046: 1033: 1020: 1007: 994: 966: 653: 611:' Tipica Orchestra conducted by 602: 290:United States Information Agency 188:Connections to national security 6020:Xi Jinping Thought on Diplomacy 5095:Culture and positive psychology 4005: 3870:Hellenic Foundation for Culture 3280: 3271: 3262: 3235: 3201: 3175: 3150: 3097: 3088: 3039: 2953: 2942: 2920: 2893: 2864: 2835: 2806: 2777: 2752: 2723: 2696: 2688:Seventh Army Symphony Orchestra 2668: 2643: 2618: 2593: 2579: 2552: 2534: 2515: 2503: 2491: 2479: 2467: 2455: 2425: 2390: 2379: 2368: 2357: 2345: 2336: 2269: 2239: 2229: 2220: 2205: 2168: 2131: 2084: 2021: 1996: 1968: 1959: 1950: 1941: 1932: 1923: 1914: 1905: 1896: 1874: 1865: 1856: 1847: 1810: 1801: 1792: 1783: 1774: 1765: 1742: 1733: 1724: 1144:Hellenic Foundation for Culture 683:Seventh Army Symphony Orchestra 660:Seventh Army Symphony Orchestra 511:Cultural programming featuring 4534:High- and low-context cultures 3613:USC Center on Public Diplomacy 2813:Pach, Chester J., ed. (2017). 2003:Mehta, Anjali (3 April 2014). 1700:Schneider, Cynthia P. (2006). 1693: 1669: 1607: 1571: 1546: 1525: 1516: 957:San Francisco Seals (baseball) 519:was already recognized by the 403: 80:Brown Journal of World Affairs 1: 3866:Center for the Greek Language 3221:(First ed.). Routledge. 2046:10.1080/00358533.2021.1956816 1509: 1261:Korean Friendship Association 1131:Center for the Greek Language 264:relevance and understanding. 159:prevent, manage and mitigate 136: 72: 42: 6015:Twin towns and sister cities 5100:Culture and social cognition 4085:Cross-cultural communication 3892:Istituto Italiano di Cultura 3430:Gienow-Hecht, Jessica C. E. 2399:A Pictorial History of Radio 2164:. New York: Oxford Academic. 1504:Twin towns and sister cities 1196:Istituto Italiano di Cultura 1016:, People's Republic of China 854:There are growing calls for 527:period. In the early 1940s, 451: 422:American National Exhibition 7: 5182:Intercultural communication 3994: 3914:Romanian Cultural Institute 2530:Books.Google.Com See Pg. 49 2282:Journal of American Studies 2138:Wiley, Roland John (1985). 1462: 1326:Romanian Cultural Institute 949:Latin America goodwill tour 342:Martha Graham Dance Company 10: 6104: 6008:Plenipotentiary Conference 4625:Cross cultural sensitivity 4292:Resistance through culture 3714:Centro Cultural Brasileiro 3467:Public diplomacy magazine, 2842:Krenn, Michael L. (2017). 2512:, January 18, 1942, pg. 27 2175:Ezrahi, Christina (2012). 6028: 5978: 5952: 5854: 5678: 5607: 5587: 5559: 5503: 5470: 5454: 5409: 5376: 5367: 5360: 5265: 5237:Transformation of culture 4930: 4850: 4670:Cultural environmentalism 4607: 4347: 4210: 4100:Cross-cultural psychology 4095:Cross-cultural psychiatry 4090:Cross-cultural leadership 4067: 4016: 4002: 3898:Adam Mickiewicz Institute 3826:Danish Cultural Institute 3805: 3740: 3705: 3622:Historiography and memory 2575:– via Google Books. 2546:frontera.library.ucla.edu 2500:February 28, 1943, pg. X9 2476:, January 1, 1942, pg. 27 1445:, United States (1953–99) 1419:, United Kingdom (1934– ) 1287:Adam Mickiewicz Institute 1053:Danish Cultural Institute 1027:Caro and Cuervo Institute 1001:Brazilian Cultural Center 808:had in Russia during the 652: 601: 596: 77:In a 2006 article in the 50: early 19th century 5998:Parliamentary delegation 5877:Diplomatic accreditation 5643:African Diplomatic Corps 5384:Permanent representative 5197:Living things in culture 5187:Intercultural competence 5090:Culture and menstruation 4589:Trans-cultural diffusion 3517:(Allen and Unwin, 1986). 3360:Barghoorn, Frederick C. 2692:https://books.google.com 2664:https://books.google.com 2639:https://books.google.com 2614:https://books.google.com 2565:. U of Minnesota Press. 2488:, May 10, 1942, pg. Sm10 2464:, January 8, 1941, pg. 8 2397:Settel, Irving (1967) . 1614:Wallin, Matthew (2012). 1235:Jewish Agency for Israel 849:U.S. Department of State 771:decolonization of Africa 623:performing the boleros: 460:New US-UK Fulbright Logo 323: 218:open-source intelligence 153:between the two nations, 5446:Deputy chief of mission 5401:Resident representative 5008:Cultural homogenization 4238:Individualistic culture 4172:Popular culture studies 4157:Intercultural relations 3888:Società Dante Alighieri 3726:Instituto Caro y Cuervo 3638:(Berghahn Books, 2010). 3534:(2009) 15 (3), 275–289. 3476:18 October 2018 at the 3354:(Potomac Books, 2006). 3314:Leiden University Press 2784:Prevots, Naima (1998). 1209:Dante Alighieri Society 861: 742:, and the music critic 728:Eastman School of Music 442:William Randolph Hearst 267: 163:with the target nation. 5892:Diplomatic credentials 4943:Archaeological culture 4690:Cultural globalization 4559:Organizational culture 4407:Cultural communication 4365:Cultural appropriation 4152:Intercultural learning 4080:Cross-cultural studies 3920:Russkiy Mir Foundation 3814:Ramon Llull Foundation 3781:Korean Cultural Center 3596:Wagnleiter, Reinhold. 3344:21.4 (2015): 365–381. 2703:Canaria, John (1998). 2247:"Notable Fulbrighters" 2201:(3) – via JSTOR. 1631:Cite journal requires 1595:Cite journal requires 1352:Korean Cultural Center 1339:Russkiy Mir Foundation 914:travelling exhibitions 801: 477: 461: 413: 280: 279:(1936), Dorothea Lange 52: 5483:Resident commissioner 5455:Bilateral-subnational 5212:Participatory culture 5003:Cultural evolutionism 4827:Multiracial democracy 4705:Cultural intelligence 4650:Cultural conservatism 4640:Cultural backwardness 4630:Cultural assimilation 4504:Cultural reproduction 4360:Cultural appreciation 4312:Far-right subcultures 4202:Transcultural nursing 4167:Philosophy of culture 4044:Cultural neuroscience 4024:Cultural anthropology 3785:King Sejong Institute 3496:18.2 (2022): 93–104. 3413:(Vernon Press, 2019) 3248:www.lowyinstitute.org 3162:www.lowyinstitute.org 2587:The Juilliard Journal 2160:Searcy, Anne (2020). 927:China has been using 894:reputation management 868:US Embassy in Beijing 845:The Recording Academy 799: 467: 459: 411: 275: 22: 5615:Apostolic nunciature 5515:Agricultural attaché 5207:Oppositional culture 5177:Emotions and culture 5085:Cultural sensibility 5075:Cultural translation 5013:Cultural institution 4993:Cultural determinism 4715:Cultural nationalism 4700:Cultural imperialism 4660:Cultural deprivation 4554:Non-material culture 4187:Sociology of culture 4182:Semiotics of culture 3930:Institut Ramon Llull 3797:Yunus Emre Institute 3664:at Wikimedia Commons 3557:Sadlier, Darlene J. 3520:Ninkovich, Frank A. 3116:on 12 November 2012. 3010:Von Eschen, Penny M. 2651:New Music New Allies 2403:Grosset & Dunlap 1456:Yunus Emre Institute 843:in partnership with 711:Dwight D. Eisenhower 703:Kenneth Schermerhorn 581:Nestor Mesta Chayres 394:Cuban Missile Crisis 374:New York City Ballet 313:September 11 attacks 85:Cynthia P. Schneider 5907:Diplomatic immunity 5867:Consular assistance 5396:Ambassador-at-large 5058:Culture speculation 5053:Cultural relativism 4983:Cultural competence 4873:Cultural Christians 4745:Cultural Revolution 4735:Cultural radicalism 4710:Cultural liberalism 4645:Cultural Bolshevism 4620:Consumer capitalism 4574:Relational mobility 4514:Cultural technology 4422:Cultural dissonance 4339:Culture by location 4302:Alternative culture 4218:Constructed culture 4197:Theology of culture 4137:Cultural psychology 4117:Cultural entomology 3948:Ukrainian Institute 3926:Instituto Cervantes 3749:Confucius Institute 3603:Wieck, Randolph R. 3420:DeCarli, Ashley M. 3402:33.1 (2020): 49–66 3242:Manuel, Charmaine. 3138:on 30 November 2023 2786:"Eisenhower's Fund" 2276:Bu, Liping (1999). 1982:Wesleyan University 1404:Ukrainian Institute 1378:Instituto Cervantes 1014:Confucius Institute 988:Sample institutions 744:Alfred Frankenstein 646:Here on archive.org 6078:Types of diplomacy 6073:Cultural diplomacy 5965:Letter of credence 5927:Diplomatic uniform 5922:Diplomatic service 5902:Diplomatic illness 5897:Diplomatic history 5650:Diplomatic mission 5567:Diplomatic courier 5547:Trade commissioner 5410:Bilateral-national 5217:Permission culture 5150:Disability culture 5130:Children's culture 4998:Cultural diversity 4958:Circuit of culture 4740:Cultural retention 4720:Cultural pessimism 4675:Cultural exception 4665:Cultural diplomacy 4655:Cultural contracts 4615:Colonial mentality 4544:Manuscript culture 4519:Cultural universal 4489:Cultural pluralism 4469:Cultural landscape 4464:Cultural invention 4432:Cultural framework 4334:Vernacular culture 4132:Cultural mediation 4112:Cultural economics 4107:Cultural analytics 4039:Cultural geography 4029:Cultural astronomy 3850:Alliance Française 3832:Estonian Institute 3662:Cultural diplomacy 3617:February 12, 2015. 3565:, in Latin America 3506:(Routledge, 2019) 2764:musicdiplomacy.org 2510:The New York Times 2498:The New York Times 2486:The New York Times 2474:The New York Times 2462:The New York Times 2443:on 6 February 2012 2437:radiogoldindex.com 2257:on 16 October 2016 2074:Dance Chronicle 33 1469:Culinary diplomacy 1159:, Hungary (1927– ) 1079:Alliance Française 1055:, Denmark (1940– ) 910:cultural artifacts 802: 759:The New York Times 637:El Bigote de Tomas 535:collaborated with 529:Nelson Rockefeller 478: 462: 446:Llewellyn Thompson 438:Buckminster Fuller 414: 412:Soviet Pepsi label 281: 224:Tools and examples 58:Cultural diplomacy 53: 6088:Cultural politics 6083:Cultural exchange 6060: 6059: 5970:Letter of protest 5938:Persona non grata 5872:Consular immunity 5670:Exclusive mandate 5603: 5602: 5555: 5554: 5520:Chargé de mission 5471:Bilateral-insular 5435:Chargé d'affaires 5422:High commissioner 5316: 5315: 5145:Death and culture 5038:Cultural movement 5028:Cultural literacy 4888:Eastern Orthodoxy 4800:Dominator culture 4795:Deculturalization 4695:Cultural hegemony 4685:Cultural genocide 4680:Cultural feminism 4499:Cultural property 4494:Cultural practice 4479:Cultural leveling 4474:Cultural learning 4459:Cultural industry 4454:Cultural identity 4437:Cultural heritage 4427:Cultural emphasis 4412:Cultural conflict 4385:Cultural behavior 4375:Cultural artifact 4287:Primitive culture 4263:Political culture 3962: 3961: 3936:Swedish Institute 3876:Balassi Institute 3854:Institut Français 3759:Samskrita Bharati 3660:Media related to 3641:Tomlinson, John. 3250:. The Interpreter 3189:. 1 November 2023 2913:978-0-520-28413-5 2886:978-0-520-28413-5 2857:978-1-4725-0860-7 2745:978-0-520-28413-5 2660:978-0-520-24755-0 2610:978-0-8108-4720-0 2527:978-0-8229-6187-1 2195:The Hudson Review 1830:"Foreign Affairs" 1494:Science diplomacy 1474:Digital diplomacy 1391:Swedish Institute 1365:Korean Foundation 1157:Balassi Institute 1092:Institut Français 821:Mikhail Gorbachev 681:to establish the 675:U.S. Seventh Army 671: 670: 573:Manuolita Arriola 537:Edmund A. Chester 486:Fulbright Program 472:was a pioneer of 470:Riccardo Giacconi 468:Fulbright Fellow 390:George Balanchine 382:Aram Khachaturian 362:P. I. Tchaikovsky 294:The Family of Man 202:political warfare 6095: 6048: 6047: 6036: 6035: 5887:Diplomatic cable 5665:Protecting power 5638:Diplomatic corps 5579:Foreign minister 5572:King's Messenger 5537:Military attaché 5532:Cultural attaché 5374: 5373: 5365: 5364: 5343: 5336: 5329: 5320: 5319: 5297: 5296: 5285: 5284: 5273: 5272: 5162:Drinking culture 5115:Culture industry 5063:Cultural tourism 5043:Cultural mulatto 5018:Cultural jet lag 4953:Cannabis culture 4910:Cultural Muslims 4832:Pluriculturalism 4815:Multiculturalism 4805:Interculturalism 4780:Culture minister 4770:Cultural Zionism 4765:Cultural subsidy 4760:Cultural silence 4635:Cultural attaché 4594:Transculturation 4549:Material culture 4539:Interculturality 4395:Cultural capital 4380:Cultural baggage 4317:Youth subculture 4258:Official culture 4223:Dominant culture 4162:Internet culture 4127:Cultural mapping 4122:Cultural history 4049:Cultural studies 4034:Cultural ecology 4008: 4007: 3989: 3982: 3975: 3966: 3965: 3952:United Kingdom: 3908:Instituto Camões 3902:Polish Institute 3836:European Union: 3818:Czech Republic: 3777:Korea Foundation 3765:Japan Foundation 3692: 3685: 3678: 3669: 3668: 3659: 3607:(Praeger, 1992). 3572:(Routledge 2004) 3547:Prevots, Naima. 3537:Pells, Richard. 3513:Mitchell, J. M. 3482:Lane, Philippe. 3469:3, Winter 2010. 3455: 3328: 3327: 3305: 3299: 3296: 3287: 3284: 3278: 3275: 3269: 3266: 3260: 3259: 3257: 3255: 3239: 3233: 3232: 3214: 3208: 3205: 3199: 3198: 3196: 3194: 3179: 3173: 3172: 3170: 3168: 3154: 3148: 3147: 3145: 3143: 3134:. Archived from 3124: 3118: 3117: 3112:. Archived from 3101: 3095: 3092: 3086: 3085: 3073: 3064: 3063: 3061: 3059: 3054:on 2 August 2018 3050:. Archived from 3043: 3037: 3034: 3025: 3022: 3013: 3007: 2986: 2983: 2962: 2957: 2951: 2946: 2940: 2924: 2918: 2917: 2897: 2891: 2890: 2868: 2862: 2861: 2839: 2833: 2832: 2810: 2804: 2803: 2781: 2775: 2774: 2772: 2770: 2756: 2750: 2749: 2727: 2721: 2720: 2700: 2694: 2672: 2666: 2647: 2641: 2622: 2616: 2612:Samuel Adler on 2597: 2591: 2583: 2577: 2576: 2556: 2550: 2549: 2538: 2532: 2519: 2513: 2507: 2501: 2495: 2489: 2483: 2477: 2471: 2465: 2459: 2453: 2452: 2450: 2448: 2439:. Archived from 2429: 2423: 2422: 2394: 2388: 2383: 2377: 2372: 2366: 2361: 2355: 2349: 2343: 2340: 2334: 2333: 2307: 2298: 2297: 2273: 2267: 2266: 2264: 2262: 2243: 2237: 2233: 2227: 2224: 2218: 2217: 2209: 2203: 2202: 2190: 2181: 2180: 2172: 2166: 2165: 2157: 2144: 2143: 2135: 2129: 2128: 2120: 2107: 2106: 2104: 2102: 2088: 2082: 2081: 2069: 2058: 2057: 2025: 2019: 2018: 2016: 2014: 2009: 2000: 1994: 1993: 1991: 1989: 1972: 1966: 1963: 1957: 1954: 1948: 1945: 1939: 1936: 1930: 1927: 1921: 1918: 1912: 1909: 1903: 1900: 1894: 1891: 1882: 1878: 1872: 1869: 1863: 1860: 1854: 1851: 1845: 1844: 1842: 1840: 1826: 1817: 1814: 1808: 1805: 1799: 1796: 1790: 1787: 1781: 1778: 1772: 1769: 1763: 1760: 1749: 1746: 1740: 1737: 1731: 1728: 1722: 1721: 1697: 1691: 1690: 1688: 1686: 1681: 1673: 1667: 1666: 1664: 1662: 1647: 1641: 1640: 1634: 1629: 1627: 1619: 1611: 1605: 1604: 1598: 1593: 1591: 1583: 1575: 1569: 1568: 1566: 1564: 1550: 1544: 1541: 1532: 1529: 1523: 1520: 1489:Public diplomacy 1454: 1453: 1441: 1440: 1428: 1427: 1415: 1414: 1402: 1401: 1389: 1388: 1376: 1375: 1363: 1362: 1350: 1349: 1337: 1336: 1324: 1323: 1313:Instituto Camões 1311: 1310: 1300:Polish Institute 1298: 1297: 1285: 1284: 1272: 1271: 1259: 1258: 1248:Japan Foundation 1246: 1245: 1233: 1232: 1220: 1219: 1207: 1206: 1194: 1193: 1181: 1180: 1168: 1167: 1155: 1154: 1142: 1141: 1129: 1128: 1116: 1115: 1103: 1102: 1090: 1089: 1077: 1076: 1068:, European Union 1064: 1063: 1051: 1050: 1042:, Czech Republic 1038: 1037: 1025: 1024: 1012: 1011: 999: 998: 900:Museum diplomacy 748:William Warfield 736:Juilliard School 665:here on 7aso.org 657: 656: 613:Alfredo Antonini 606: 605: 594: 593: 545:Alfredo Antonini 505:consumer choices 432:and attended by 302:Great Depression 206:Hollywood movies 129:, media access, 112:public diplomacy 67:Public diplomacy 51: 47: 46: late 18th 44: 6103: 6102: 6098: 6097: 6096: 6094: 6093: 6092: 6063: 6062: 6061: 6056: 6024: 5986:Development aid 5974: 5948: 5917:Diplomatic rank 5850: 5674: 5655:High commission 5599: 5595:Diplomatic rank 5583: 5551: 5542:Science attaché 5499: 5466: 5450: 5441:Head of mission 5405: 5369: 5356: 5347: 5317: 5312: 5261: 5252:Western culture 5247:Welfare culture 5172:Eastern culture 5033:Cultural mosaic 4988:Cultural critic 4978:Cultural center 4926: 4900:Cultural Hindus 4846: 4837:Polyculturalism 4810:Monoculturalism 4785:Culture of fear 4755:Cultural safety 4750:Cultural rights 4730:Cultural racism 4725:Cultural policy 4603: 4509:Cultural system 4484:Cultural memory 4417:Cultural cringe 4343: 4275:Popular culture 4206: 4142:Cultural values 4063: 4012: 3998: 3993: 3963: 3958: 3954:British Council 3882:Culture Ireland 3860:Goethe-Institut 3801: 3736: 3730:United States: 3701: 3696: 3652: 3645:(Pinter, 1991). 3624: 3478:Wayback Machine 3337: 3335:Further reading 3332: 3331: 3324: 3316:. p. 172. 3306: 3302: 3297: 3290: 3285: 3281: 3276: 3272: 3267: 3263: 3253: 3251: 3240: 3236: 3229: 3215: 3211: 3206: 3202: 3192: 3190: 3181: 3180: 3176: 3166: 3164: 3156: 3155: 3151: 3141: 3139: 3126: 3125: 3121: 3110:Telegraph.co.uk 3102: 3098: 3093: 3089: 3074: 3067: 3057: 3055: 3044: 3040: 3035: 3028: 3023: 3016: 3008: 2989: 2984: 2965: 2958: 2954: 2947: 2943: 2925: 2921: 2914: 2898: 2894: 2887: 2869: 2865: 2858: 2840: 2836: 2829: 2811: 2807: 2800: 2782: 2778: 2768: 2766: 2758: 2757: 2753: 2746: 2728: 2724: 2717: 2701: 2697: 2673: 2669: 2648: 2644: 2623: 2619: 2598: 2594: 2584: 2580: 2573: 2557: 2553: 2540: 2539: 2535: 2520: 2516: 2508: 2504: 2496: 2492: 2484: 2480: 2472: 2468: 2460: 2456: 2446: 2444: 2431: 2430: 2426: 2405:. p. 146. 2395: 2391: 2384: 2380: 2373: 2369: 2362: 2358: 2350: 2346: 2341: 2337: 2322: 2308: 2301: 2274: 2270: 2260: 2258: 2245: 2244: 2240: 2234: 2230: 2225: 2221: 2210: 2206: 2191: 2184: 2173: 2169: 2158: 2147: 2136: 2132: 2121: 2110: 2100: 2098: 2090: 2089: 2085: 2070: 2061: 2034:The Round Table 2026: 2022: 2012: 2010: 2007: 2001: 1997: 1987: 1985: 1973: 1969: 1964: 1960: 1955: 1951: 1946: 1942: 1937: 1933: 1928: 1924: 1919: 1915: 1910: 1906: 1901: 1897: 1892: 1885: 1879: 1875: 1870: 1866: 1861: 1857: 1852: 1848: 1838: 1836: 1834:Foreign Affairs 1828: 1827: 1820: 1815: 1811: 1806: 1802: 1797: 1793: 1788: 1784: 1779: 1775: 1770: 1766: 1761: 1752: 1747: 1743: 1738: 1734: 1729: 1725: 1698: 1694: 1684: 1682: 1679: 1675: 1674: 1670: 1660: 1658: 1648: 1644: 1632: 1630: 1621: 1620: 1612: 1608: 1596: 1594: 1585: 1584: 1576: 1572: 1562: 1560: 1552: 1551: 1547: 1542: 1535: 1530: 1526: 1521: 1517: 1512: 1479:Panda diplomacy 1465: 1448: 1435: 1432:, United States 1422: 1417:British Council 1409: 1396: 1383: 1370: 1357: 1344: 1331: 1318: 1305: 1292: 1279: 1266: 1253: 1240: 1227: 1214: 1201: 1188: 1183:Culture Ireland 1175: 1162: 1149: 1136: 1123: 1118:Goethe-Institut 1110: 1097: 1084: 1071: 1058: 1045: 1032: 1019: 1006: 993: 990: 969: 937: 929:panda diplomacy 925: 923:Panda diplomacy 902: 885: 864: 782:Dizzy Gillespie 752:Porgy and Bess 732:William Schuman 687:classical music 662:from 1956–1960 654: 603: 557:Miguel Sandoval 501: 499:TV, music, film 474:X-ray astronomy 454: 406: 386:Stanley Kubrick 326: 317:Joel Meyerowitz 298:Edward Steichen 270: 226: 190: 149:induce greater 139: 104:popular culture 75: 49: 45: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6101: 6091: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6075: 6058: 6057: 6055: 6054: 6042: 6029: 6026: 6025: 6023: 6022: 6017: 6012: 6011: 6010: 6000: 5995: 5994: 5993: 5982: 5980: 5976: 5975: 5973: 5972: 5967: 5962: 5956: 5954: 5950: 5949: 5947: 5946: 5941: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5912:Diplomatic law 5909: 5904: 5899: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5882:Diplomatic bag 5879: 5874: 5869: 5864: 5858: 5856: 5852: 5851: 5849: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5718: 5713: 5708: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5682: 5680: 5676: 5675: 5673: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5652: 5647: 5646: 5645: 5635: 5627: 5622: 5620:Consular corps 5617: 5611: 5609: 5605: 5604: 5601: 5600: 5598: 5597: 5591: 5589: 5588:Classification 5585: 5584: 5582: 5581: 5576: 5575: 5574: 5563: 5561: 5557: 5556: 5553: 5552: 5550: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5522: 5517: 5511: 5509: 5504:By portfolio ( 5501: 5500: 5498: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5486: 5485: 5474: 5472: 5468: 5467: 5465: 5464: 5458: 5456: 5452: 5451: 5449: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5431: 5430: 5429: 5424: 5413: 5411: 5407: 5406: 5404: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5392: 5391: 5389:United Nations 5380: 5378: 5371: 5362: 5358: 5357: 5346: 5345: 5338: 5331: 5323: 5314: 5313: 5311: 5310: 5303: 5291: 5279: 5266: 5263: 5262: 5260: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5234: 5229: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5209: 5204: 5199: 5194: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5158: 5157: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5072: 5071: 5070: 5060: 5055: 5050: 5048:Cultural probe 5045: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4973:Cross-cultural 4970: 4968:Coffee culture 4965: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4938:Animal culture 4934: 4932: 4928: 4927: 4925: 4924: 4919: 4914: 4913: 4912: 4902: 4897: 4896: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4860: 4854: 4852: 4848: 4847: 4845: 4844: 4842:Transculturism 4839: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4823: 4822: 4812: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4775:Culture change 4772: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4732: 4727: 4722: 4717: 4712: 4707: 4702: 4697: 4692: 4687: 4682: 4677: 4672: 4667: 4662: 4657: 4652: 4647: 4642: 4637: 4632: 4627: 4622: 4617: 4611: 4609: 4605: 4604: 4602: 4601: 4599:Visual culture 4596: 4591: 4586: 4581: 4579:Safety culture 4576: 4571: 4566: 4561: 4556: 4551: 4546: 4541: 4536: 4531: 4526: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4486: 4481: 4476: 4471: 4466: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4445: 4444: 4434: 4429: 4424: 4419: 4414: 4409: 4404: 4403: 4402: 4400:Cross-cultural 4392: 4387: 4382: 4377: 4372: 4367: 4362: 4357: 4351: 4349: 4345: 4344: 4342: 4341: 4336: 4331: 4326: 4325: 4324: 4319: 4314: 4309: 4304: 4294: 4289: 4284: 4283: 4282: 4272: 4271: 4270: 4260: 4255: 4250: 4245: 4240: 4235: 4230: 4225: 4220: 4214: 4212: 4208: 4207: 4205: 4204: 4199: 4194: 4189: 4184: 4179: 4174: 4169: 4164: 4159: 4154: 4149: 4144: 4139: 4134: 4129: 4124: 4119: 4114: 4109: 4104: 4103: 4102: 4097: 4092: 4087: 4077: 4071: 4069: 4065: 4064: 4062: 4061: 4059:Culture theory 4056: 4051: 4046: 4041: 4036: 4031: 4026: 4020: 4018: 4014: 4013: 4003: 4000: 3999: 3992: 3991: 3984: 3977: 3969: 3960: 3959: 3957: 3956: 3950: 3944: 3938: 3932: 3922: 3916: 3910: 3904: 3894: 3884: 3878: 3872: 3862: 3856: 3846: 3840: 3834: 3828: 3822: 3816: 3809: 3807: 3803: 3802: 3800: 3799: 3793: 3791:Taiwan Academy 3787: 3773: 3767: 3761: 3751: 3744: 3742: 3738: 3737: 3735: 3734: 3728: 3722: 3720:Image of Chile 3716: 3709: 3707: 3703: 3702: 3695: 3694: 3687: 3680: 3672: 3666: 3665: 3651: 3650:External links 3648: 3647: 3646: 3639: 3632: 3623: 3620: 3619: 3618: 3608: 3601: 3594: 3589:Tuch, Hans J. 3587: 3580: 3573: 3566: 3555: 3545: 3535: 3528: 3518: 3511: 3500: 3490: 3480: 3463: 3445: 3438: 3428: 3418: 3407: 3396: 3386: 3379: 3368: 3358: 3348: 3336: 3333: 3330: 3329: 3322: 3300: 3288: 3279: 3270: 3261: 3234: 3227: 3209: 3200: 3187:State Magazine 3174: 3149: 3119: 3096: 3087: 3065: 3046:Dmitri Rogov. 3038: 3026: 3014: 2987: 2963: 2952: 2941: 2919: 2912: 2892: 2885: 2863: 2856: 2834: 2827: 2805: 2798: 2776: 2751: 2744: 2722: 2715: 2695: 2667: 2642: 2617: 2592: 2578: 2571: 2551: 2533: 2514: 2502: 2490: 2478: 2466: 2454: 2424: 2389: 2378: 2367: 2356: 2344: 2335: 2320: 2299: 2288:(3): 393–415. 2268: 2238: 2228: 2219: 2204: 2182: 2167: 2145: 2130: 2108: 2083: 2059: 2040:(4): 461–476. 2020: 1995: 1967: 1958: 1949: 1940: 1931: 1922: 1913: 1904: 1895: 1883: 1873: 1864: 1855: 1846: 1818: 1809: 1800: 1791: 1782: 1773: 1764: 1750: 1741: 1732: 1723: 1712:(1): 191–203. 1692: 1668: 1642: 1633:|journal= 1606: 1597:|journal= 1570: 1545: 1533: 1524: 1514: 1513: 1511: 1508: 1507: 1506: 1501: 1496: 1491: 1486: 1481: 1476: 1471: 1464: 1461: 1460: 1459: 1446: 1433: 1420: 1407: 1394: 1381: 1368: 1355: 1342: 1329: 1316: 1303: 1290: 1277: 1264: 1251: 1238: 1225: 1222:EMMA for Peace 1212: 1199: 1186: 1173: 1160: 1147: 1134: 1121: 1108: 1095: 1082: 1069: 1056: 1043: 1030: 1017: 1004: 989: 986: 968: 965: 936: 935:Goodwill tours 933: 924: 921: 901: 898: 889:Place branding 884: 883:Place branding 881: 863: 860: 837:Antony Blinken 829:Paul McCartney 790:Willis Conover 767:Andrei Zhdanov 720:Virgil Thomson 669: 668: 650: 649: 621:John Serry Sr. 599: 598: 597:External audio 553:John Serry Sr. 515:music and the 500: 497: 453: 450: 426:Sokolniki Park 405: 402: 354:New Soviet Man 325: 322: 277:Migrant Mother 269: 266: 261: 260: 259:Goodwill tours 257: 254: 251: 248: 245: 242: 239: 236: 233: 225: 222: 198:military power 194:national power 189: 186: 165: 164: 157: 154: 147: 138: 135: 131:inter-marriage 74: 71: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6100: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6070: 6068: 6053: 6052: 6043: 6041: 6040: 6031: 6030: 6027: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6009: 6006: 6005: 6004: 6001: 5999: 5996: 5992: 5989: 5988: 5987: 5984: 5983: 5981: 5977: 5971: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5961: 5958: 5957: 5955: 5951: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5939: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5859: 5857: 5853: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5796:Paradiplomacy 5794: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5751:Full-spectrum 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5683: 5681: 5677: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5644: 5641: 5640: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5632: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5612: 5610: 5606: 5596: 5593: 5592: 5590: 5586: 5580: 5577: 5573: 5570: 5569: 5568: 5565: 5564: 5562: 5558: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5527: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5502: 5496: 5495:Agent-general 5493: 5491: 5488: 5484: 5481: 5480: 5479: 5476: 5475: 5473: 5469: 5463: 5460: 5459: 5457: 5453: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5436: 5432: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5419: 5418: 5415: 5414: 5412: 5408: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5390: 5387: 5386: 5385: 5382: 5381: 5379: 5375: 5372: 5370:leader titles 5366: 5363: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5344: 5339: 5337: 5332: 5330: 5325: 5324: 5321: 5309: 5308: 5304: 5302: 5301: 5292: 5290: 5289: 5280: 5278: 5277: 5268: 5267: 5264: 5258: 5257:Youth culture 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5245: 5243: 5242:Urban culture 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5227:Remix culture 5225: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5202:Media culture 5200: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5192:Languaculture 5190: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5156: 5153: 5152: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5120:Culture shock 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5080:Cultural turn 5078: 5076: 5073: 5069: 5066: 5065: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4948:Bennett scale 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4935: 4933: 4929: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4911: 4908: 4907: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4878:Protestantism 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4865: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4855: 4853: 4849: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4821: 4820:Biculturalism 4818: 4817: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4663: 4661: 4658: 4656: 4653: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4612: 4610: 4606: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4584:Technoculture 4582: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4565: 4564:Print culture 4562: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4537: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4529:Enculturation 4527: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4449:Cultural icon 4447: 4443: 4440: 4439: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4430: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4420: 4418: 4415: 4413: 4410: 4408: 4405: 4401: 4398: 4397: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4390:Cultural bias 4388: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4370:Cultural area 4368: 4366: 4363: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4355:Acculturation 4353: 4352: 4350: 4346: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4329:Super culture 4327: 4323: 4320: 4318: 4315: 4313: 4310: 4308: 4305: 4303: 4300: 4299: 4298: 4295: 4293: 4290: 4288: 4285: 4281: 4278: 4277: 4276: 4273: 4269: 4266: 4265: 4264: 4261: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4243:Legal culture 4241: 4239: 4236: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4226: 4224: 4221: 4219: 4216: 4215: 4213: 4209: 4203: 4200: 4198: 4195: 4193: 4192:Sound culture 4190: 4188: 4185: 4183: 4180: 4178: 4175: 4173: 4170: 4168: 4165: 4163: 4160: 4158: 4155: 4153: 4150: 4148: 4145: 4143: 4140: 4138: 4135: 4133: 4130: 4128: 4125: 4123: 4120: 4118: 4115: 4113: 4110: 4108: 4105: 4101: 4098: 4096: 4093: 4091: 4088: 4086: 4083: 4082: 4081: 4078: 4076: 4073: 4072: 4070: 4066: 4060: 4057: 4055: 4052: 4050: 4047: 4045: 4042: 4040: 4037: 4035: 4032: 4030: 4027: 4025: 4022: 4021: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4001: 3997: 3990: 3985: 3983: 3978: 3976: 3971: 3970: 3967: 3955: 3951: 3949: 3945: 3943: 3940:Switzerland: 3939: 3937: 3933: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3921: 3917: 3915: 3911: 3909: 3905: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3883: 3879: 3877: 3873: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3861: 3857: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3845: 3841: 3839: 3835: 3833: 3829: 3827: 3823: 3821: 3820:Czech Centres 3817: 3815: 3811: 3810: 3808: 3804: 3798: 3794: 3792: 3788: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3775:South Korea: 3774: 3772: 3769:Philippines: 3768: 3766: 3762: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3750: 3746: 3745: 3743: 3739: 3733: 3732:America House 3729: 3727: 3723: 3721: 3717: 3715: 3711: 3710: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3693: 3688: 3686: 3681: 3679: 3674: 3673: 3670: 3663: 3658: 3654: 3653: 3644: 3640: 3637: 3633: 3630: 3626: 3625: 3616: 3614: 3609: 3606: 3602: 3599: 3595: 3592: 3588: 3585: 3581: 3578: 3574: 3571: 3567: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3533: 3529: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3516: 3512: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3479: 3475: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3462: 3461:9781793642912 3458: 3453: 3452: 3446: 3443: 3439: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3416: 3412: 3408: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3384: 3380: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3338: 3325: 3323:9789087284411 3319: 3315: 3311: 3304: 3295: 3293: 3283: 3274: 3265: 3249: 3245: 3238: 3230: 3228:9780815369998 3224: 3220: 3213: 3204: 3188: 3184: 3178: 3163: 3159: 3153: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3123: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3100: 3091: 3083: 3079: 3076:Ed Vulliamy. 3072: 3070: 3053: 3049: 3042: 3033: 3031: 3021: 3019: 3011: 3006: 3004: 3002: 3000: 2998: 2996: 2994: 2992: 2982: 2980: 2978: 2976: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2968: 2961: 2956: 2950: 2945: 2939: 2936: 2935:0-313-32135-3 2932: 2928: 2923: 2915: 2909: 2905: 2904: 2896: 2888: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2867: 2859: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2838: 2830: 2828:9780470655214 2824: 2820: 2816: 2809: 2801: 2799:9780819573360 2795: 2791: 2787: 2780: 2765: 2761: 2755: 2747: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2726: 2718: 2716:9781580460194 2712: 2708: 2707: 2699: 2693: 2689: 2686: 2685:9780810884014 2682: 2678: 2677: 2671: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2652: 2646: 2640: 2636: 2635:0-313-30812-8 2632: 2628: 2627: 2621: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2602: 2596: 2590: 2588: 2582: 2574: 2572:9780816673162 2568: 2564: 2563: 2555: 2547: 2543: 2537: 2531: 2528: 2524: 2518: 2511: 2506: 2499: 2494: 2487: 2482: 2475: 2470: 2463: 2458: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2428: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2393: 2387: 2382: 2376: 2371: 2365: 2360: 2354: 2348: 2339: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2321:9780262036238 2317: 2313: 2306: 2304: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2272: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2242: 2232: 2223: 2215: 2208: 2200: 2196: 2189: 2187: 2178: 2171: 2163: 2156: 2154: 2152: 2150: 2141: 2134: 2126: 2119: 2117: 2115: 2113: 2097: 2096:Columbia News 2093: 2087: 2079: 2075: 2068: 2066: 2064: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2024: 2006: 1999: 1984: 1983: 1978: 1971: 1962: 1953: 1944: 1935: 1926: 1917: 1908: 1899: 1890: 1888: 1877: 1868: 1859: 1850: 1835: 1831: 1825: 1823: 1813: 1804: 1795: 1786: 1777: 1768: 1759: 1757: 1755: 1745: 1736: 1727: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1696: 1678: 1672: 1657: 1653: 1646: 1638: 1625: 1617: 1610: 1602: 1589: 1581: 1574: 1559: 1555: 1549: 1540: 1538: 1528: 1519: 1515: 1505: 1502: 1500: 1497: 1495: 1492: 1490: 1487: 1485: 1484:Paradiplomacy 1482: 1480: 1477: 1475: 1472: 1470: 1467: 1466: 1457: 1452: 1447: 1444: 1439: 1434: 1431: 1426: 1421: 1418: 1413: 1408: 1405: 1400: 1395: 1392: 1387: 1382: 1379: 1374: 1369: 1367:, South Korea 1366: 1361: 1356: 1354:, South Korea 1353: 1348: 1343: 1340: 1335: 1330: 1327: 1322: 1317: 1314: 1309: 1304: 1301: 1296: 1291: 1288: 1283: 1278: 1276:, Philippines 1275: 1270: 1265: 1263:, North Korea 1262: 1257: 1252: 1249: 1244: 1239: 1236: 1231: 1226: 1223: 1218: 1213: 1210: 1205: 1200: 1197: 1192: 1187: 1184: 1179: 1174: 1171: 1166: 1161: 1158: 1153: 1148: 1145: 1140: 1135: 1132: 1127: 1122: 1119: 1114: 1109: 1106: 1101: 1096: 1093: 1088: 1083: 1080: 1075: 1070: 1067: 1062: 1057: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1041: 1040:Czech Centres 1036: 1031: 1028: 1023: 1018: 1015: 1010: 1005: 1002: 997: 992: 991: 985: 983: 977: 975: 974:globalization 967:Complications 964: 962: 958: 954: 950: 945: 941: 932: 930: 920: 917: 915: 911: 907: 897: 895: 890: 880: 878: 874: 869: 859: 857: 852: 850: 846: 842: 839:launched the 838: 833: 830: 824: 822: 818: 814: 811: 807: 798: 794: 791: 786: 783: 778: 776: 772: 768: 763: 760: 754: 753: 749: 745: 741: 740:Milton Katims 737: 733: 729: 725: 724:Howard Hanson 721: 717: 712: 706: 704: 700: 696: 695:John Ferritto 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 667: 666: 661: 651: 648: 647: 642: 638: 634: 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 607:You may hear 600: 595: 592: 590: 588: 582: 578: 574: 570: 566: 562: 558: 554: 550: 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 522: 518: 514: 509: 506: 496: 494: 489: 487: 482: 475: 471: 466: 458: 449: 447: 443: 439: 435: 431: 430:Richard Nixon 427: 423: 419: 410: 401: 399: 395: 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 370: 367: 363: 359: 355: 350: 348: 347:Domino Theory 343: 339: 335: 331: 321: 318: 314: 310: 305: 303: 299: 295: 291: 287: 278: 274: 265: 258: 255: 252: 249: 246: 243: 240: 237: 234: 231: 230: 229: 221: 219: 213: 209: 207: 203: 199: 195: 185: 183: 179: 175: 174:Western world 169: 162: 158: 155: 152: 148: 145: 144: 143: 134: 132: 128: 124: 120: 115: 113: 109: 105: 101: 97: 93: 89: 86: 82: 81: 70: 68: 63: 60:is a type of 59: 55: 40: 36: 35: 31: 27: 24:A meeting of 21: 6050: 6038: 5979:Other topics 5936: 5846:Wolf warrior 5705: 5630: 5524: 5433: 5377:Multilateral 5305: 5298: 5286: 5274: 5222:Rape culture 5167:Drug culture 5155:Deaf culture 5140:Cyberculture 5110:Culture hero 5023:Cultural lag 4963:Civilization 4863:Christianity 4664: 4569:Protoculture 4253:Microculture 4233:High culture 4228:Folk culture 4177:Postcritique 3942:Pro Helvetia 3771:Sentro Rizal 3642: 3635: 3628: 3611: 3604: 3597: 3590: 3583: 3576: 3569: 3558: 3548: 3538: 3531: 3521: 3514: 3503: 3493: 3483: 3466: 3450: 3441: 3431: 3421: 3410: 3399: 3389: 3382: 3371: 3361: 3351: 3341: 3309: 3303: 3282: 3273: 3264: 3252:. Retrieved 3247: 3237: 3218: 3212: 3203: 3191:. Retrieved 3186: 3177: 3165:. Retrieved 3161: 3152: 3140:. Retrieved 3136:the original 3131: 3122: 3114:the original 3109: 3099: 3090: 3082:The Guardian 3081: 3056:. Retrieved 3052:the original 3041: 2955: 2944: 2926: 2922: 2902: 2895: 2876: 2866: 2847: 2837: 2818: 2808: 2789: 2779: 2767:. Retrieved 2763: 2754: 2735: 2725: 2705: 2698: 2687: 2675: 2670: 2650: 2645: 2625: 2620: 2600: 2595: 2586: 2581: 2561: 2554: 2545: 2536: 2517: 2509: 2505: 2497: 2493: 2485: 2481: 2473: 2469: 2461: 2457: 2445:. Retrieved 2441:the original 2436: 2427: 2401:. New York: 2398: 2392: 2381: 2370: 2359: 2347: 2338: 2311: 2285: 2281: 2271: 2259:. Retrieved 2255:the original 2250: 2241: 2231: 2222: 2213: 2207: 2198: 2194: 2176: 2170: 2161: 2139: 2133: 2124: 2099:. Retrieved 2095: 2086: 2077: 2073: 2037: 2033: 2023: 2011:. Retrieved 1998: 1986:. Retrieved 1980: 1970: 1961: 1952: 1943: 1934: 1925: 1916: 1907: 1898: 1876: 1867: 1858: 1849: 1837:. Retrieved 1833: 1812: 1803: 1794: 1785: 1776: 1767: 1744: 1735: 1726: 1709: 1705: 1695: 1683:. Retrieved 1671: 1659:. Retrieved 1655: 1645: 1624:cite journal 1609: 1588:cite journal 1573: 1561:. Retrieved 1558:www.fpri.org 1557: 1548: 1527: 1518: 1274:Sentro Rizal 978: 970: 946: 942: 938: 926: 918: 903: 886: 865: 853: 834: 825: 815: 803: 787: 779: 764: 758: 755: 707: 679:Samuel Adler 672: 664: 645: 640: 636: 632: 628: 625:Viva Sevilla 624: 587:Viva América 584: 565:Elsa Miranda 525:World War II 510: 502: 490: 483: 479: 424:was held on 415: 371: 351: 327: 306: 282: 276: 262: 227: 214: 210: 191: 170: 166: 140: 116: 96:high culture 90: 78: 76: 57: 56: 54: 23: 5862:Appeasement 5560:Other roles 5300:WikiProject 5232:Tea culture 5135:Culturalism 5105:Culture gap 5068:Pop-culture 4868:Catholicism 4790:Culture war 4248:Low culture 4147:Culturomics 4054:Culturology 1839:15 December 1685:13 December 1661:13 December 817:Kolya Vasin 806:The Beatles 804:The effect 800:The Beatles 699:Henry Lewis 691:James Dixon 617:Juan Arvizu 561:Juan Arvizu 549:Terig Tucci 434:Walt Disney 404:Exhibitions 151:cooperation 39:Shiba Kokan 6067:Categories 5944:Soft power 5816:Preventive 5806:Pilgrimage 5701:Commercial 5417:Ambassador 5368:Diplomatic 4297:Subculture 4075:Bioculture 3906:Portugal: 3724:Colombia: 3502:Liu, Xin. 3374:62 (2019) 3350:Arndt, R. 3254:9 December 3193:9 December 3167:6 December 3142:4 December 2769:9 December 2101:9 December 2013:9 December 1988:9 December 1510:References 1499:Soft power 1315:, Portugal 1029:, Colombia 879:accounts. 577:Kate Smith 513:Latin Jazz 338:Capitalist 286:Korean War 137:Objectives 108:soft power 73:Definition 62:soft power 48: – c. 5960:Exequatur 5953:Documents 5811:Ping-pong 5781:Migration 5756:Guerrilla 5746:Freelance 5721:Debt-trap 5691:Checkbook 5625:Consulate 5354:diplomats 5350:Diplomacy 5125:Culturgen 4893:Mormonism 4851:Religions 4524:Cultureme 4442:Destroyed 4068:Subfields 3946:Ukraine: 3912:Romania: 3880:Ireland: 3874:Hungary: 3858:Germany: 3842:Finland: 3830:Estonia: 3824:Denmark: 3812:Andorra: 2330:958205262 2294:0021-8758 2054:0035-8533 1718:1080-0786 1406:, Ukraine 1328:, Romania 1185:, Ireland 1120:, Germany 1107:, Finland 944:assumed. 856:Australia 641:De Donde? 633:Que Paso? 629:Mi Sarape 569:Eva Garza 452:Exchanges 398:Communism 378:Spartacus 334:Socialist 178:happiness 127:migration 6039:Category 5991:Agencies 5932:Protocol 5841:Track II 5736:Economic 5711:Culinary 5706:Cultural 5696:Coercive 5660:Legation 5631:De facto 5478:Resident 5276:Category 4858:Buddhism 4608:Politics 4017:Sciences 3934:Sweden: 3918:Russia: 3896:Poland: 3864:Greece: 3848:France: 3795:Turkey: 3789:Taiwan: 3712:Brazil: 3706:Americas 3474:Archived 3058:24 April 2411:67-23789 2261:25 March 1463:See also 1458:, Turkey 1393:, Sweden 1341:, Russia 1302:, Poland 1289:, Poland 1237:, Israel 1146:, Greece 1133:, Greece 1094:, France 1081:, France 1003:, Brazil 982:Iraq War 959:in 1949, 908:and the 810:Cold War 643:in 1942 493:Cold War 418:Cold War 330:Cold War 161:conflict 34:the West 6051:Commons 5836:Stadium 5831:Shuttle 5826:Science 5776:Medical 5766:Hostage 5761:Gunboat 5726:Digital 5716:Defence 5633:embassy 5608:Offices 5506:Attaché 5307:Changes 5288:Commons 4931:Related 4922:Sikhism 4917:Judaism 4348:Aspects 4010:Outline 3996:Culture 3924:Spain: 3886:Italy: 3763:Japan: 3753:India: 3747:China: 3718:Chile: 3586:(2001). 3561:(2012) 3551:(2001) 3541:(1997) 3524:(1996) 3486:(2013) 3434:(1999) 3392:(2020) 3364:(1976) 3356:excerpt 2447:12 June 2419:1475068 1380:, Spain 1250:, Japan 1224:, Italy 1211:, Italy 1198:, Italy 1172:, India 955:by the 906:museums 847:at the 734:at the 726:at the 539:of the 531:at the 366:Marxist 358:Bolshoi 182:freedom 123:tourism 92:Culture 6003:Summit 5855:Topics 5821:Public 5801:Parley 5741:Energy 5731:Dollar 5686:Caviar 5462:Consul 5427:Nuncio 4307:Fandom 3806:Europe 3563:online 3553:online 3543:online 3526:online 3508:online 3498:online 3488:online 3471:online 3459: 3436:online 3426:online 3415:online 3404:online 3376:online 3366:online 3346:online 3320: 3225: 2933: 2910: 2883: 2854: 2825: 2796: 2742: 2713: 2683: 2658: 2633: 2608: 2569: 2525: 2417: 2409: 2328: 2318: 2292: 2052: 1881:26–33. 1716: 1563:7 July 873:WeChat 517:Bolero 176:where 102:) and 100:elites 32:, and 5791:Panda 5679:Types 5490:Envoy 5361:Roles 4905:Islam 4280:Urban 4268:Civic 4211:Types 3838:EUNIC 2008:(PDF) 1680:(PDF) 953:Japan 877:Weibo 615:with 585:(See 324:Dance 119:trade 30:China 26:Japan 5771:Iron 5352:and 4322:list 3741:Asia 3457:ISBN 3318:ISBN 3256:2020 3223:ISBN 3195:2023 3169:2023 3144:2023 3060:2013 2931:ISBN 2908:ISBN 2881:ISBN 2852:ISBN 2823:ISBN 2794:ISBN 2771:2023 2740:ISBN 2711:ISBN 2681:ISBN 2656:ISBN 2631:ISBN 2606:ISBN 2567:ISBN 2523:ISBN 2449:2017 2415:OCLC 2407:LCCN 2326:OCLC 2316:ISBN 2290:ISSN 2263:2018 2236:174. 2103:2023 2050:ISSN 2015:2023 1990:2023 1841:2015 1714:ISSN 1687:2023 1663:2023 1637:help 1601:help 1565:2023 875:and 866:The 862:Food 775:Asia 773:and 701:and 639:and 619:and 579:and 336:vs. 268:Arts 180:and 121:and 5786:New 2042:doi 2038:110 609:CBS 541:CBS 380:by 315:by 37:by 6069:: 3928:/ 3900:; 3890:; 3868:; 3852:; 3783:; 3779:; 3757:; 3312:. 3291:^ 3246:. 3185:. 3160:. 3130:. 3108:. 3080:. 3068:^ 3029:^ 3017:^ 2990:^ 2966:^ 2875:. 2846:. 2817:. 2788:. 2762:. 2734:. 2544:. 2435:. 2413:. 2324:. 2302:^ 2286:33 2284:. 2280:. 2249:. 2199:36 2197:. 2185:^ 2148:^ 2111:^ 2094:. 2076:. 2062:^ 2048:. 2036:. 2032:. 1979:. 1886:^ 1832:. 1821:^ 1753:^ 1710:13 1708:. 1704:. 1654:. 1628:: 1626:}} 1622:{{ 1592:: 1590:}} 1586:{{ 1556:. 1536:^ 916:. 851:. 738:, 730:, 722:, 705:. 697:, 693:, 635:, 631:, 627:, 591:. 575:, 571:, 567:, 563:, 559:, 555:, 551:, 547:, 495:. 488:. 440:, 436:, 220:. 83:, 43:c. 41:. 28:, 5508:) 5342:e 5335:t 5328:v 3988:e 3981:t 3974:v 3691:e 3684:t 3677:v 3615:, 3510:. 3417:. 3406:. 3378:. 3326:. 3258:. 3231:. 3197:. 3171:. 3146:. 3084:. 3062:. 2916:. 2889:. 2860:. 2831:. 2802:. 2773:. 2748:. 2719:. 2548:. 2451:. 2421:. 2332:. 2296:. 2265:. 2105:. 2078:1 2056:. 2044:: 2017:. 1992:. 1843:. 1720:. 1689:. 1665:. 1639:) 1635:( 1618:. 1603:) 1599:( 1582:. 1567:. 589:) 476:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge

Cultural diplomacy

Index