Manipur - Knowledge

84: 4070: 4562: 4789: 4800: 5506:, pp. 172–193: "Furthermore, Section 9(b) of the Manipur State Constitution Act, 1947, would certainly dispel any doubt about the titular status of the Maharaja, which was expressedly stated thus: ‘The Maharaja means His Highness, the Maharaja of Manipur, the constitutional head of the state.’ The Maharaja in his capacity as the constitutional ruler could not execute the Instrument without proper authorisation and constitutional endorsement. This was simply on account of the fact that he was not a sovereign ruler and that Manipur was not a sovereign state then. Therefore, the act of signing the Instrument of Accession on 11 August 1947 by the Maharaja could not be considered an Act of the State. Hence, the Instrument was deemed null and void right from the moment it was executed... For example, the Indian Dominion had never existed on or before 11 August 1947. Being so, it can be aptly said that the Maharaja acceded to a political non-entity. Therefore, it can be claimed that the Instrument was never executed in actuality. It was simply pre-judicial to execute the Instrument between two political entities which were yet to be born." 104: 4918: 144: 83: 6629:, pp. 366–367: 'Finally we must note the process whereby certain other princely states have become "centrally administered areas" with a constitutional status analogous to that of the former "Chief Commissioners' Provinces". This was done by having the rulers execute merger agreements in almost precisely the same terms as those executed by rulers whose states were merged in provinces... The princely states which have thus become "centrally administered areas" at the dates below specified are: ... (6) Manipur, September 1949;... Himachal Pradesh, Kutch, Tripura, and Manipur are all on the international borders of India. For Tripura and Manipur, direct administration from New Delhi was desirable for strategic reasons;...' 4069: 4136: 4368: 3096: 3501:

Committee (RJC), Kangleipak Communist Party (KCP), Peoples United Liberation Front (PULF), Manipur Naga People Front (MNPF), National Socialist Council of Nagaland (NSCN-K), National Socialist Council of Nagaland (NSCN-I/M), United Kuki Liberation Front (UKLF), Kuki National Front (KNF), Kuki National Army (KNA), Kuki Defence Force (KDF), Kuki Democratic Movement (KDM), Kuki National Organisation (KNO), Kuki Security Force (KSF), Chin Kuki Revolutionary Front (CKRF), Kom Rem Peoples Convention (KRPC), Zomi Revolutionary Volunteers (ZRV), Zomi Revolutionary Army (ZRA), Zomi Reunification Organisation (ZRO), and Hmar Peoples Convention (HPC).

4398: 133: 1762:) by asking the Maharaja to sign a merger agreement. He is believed to have signed it under duress. The legislative assembly was dissolved and a centrally appointed Chief Commissioner handled the state's administration, as per the Constitution of India. An advisory council with nominated members was provided to advise the Chief Commissioner. In 1956, the advisory council was replaced by a territorial council with mostly elected members. In 1963, Manipur was provided a legislative assembly, with a council of ministers headed by a chief minister. It was made a fully-fledged state in 1972 by the 9496: 979: 124: 1587: 4778: 4419: 881: 93: 4164: 6542:, p. 357: "... in July and August 1947 all of the princely states within the geographical orbit of India as distinct from that of Pakistan (except Hyderabad, Kashmir and Junagadh) "acceded" to India in accordance with the procedure laid down in the India Act of 1935 as adapted and amended by the Government of the new Dominion of India. The important states "acceded" only with respect to defence, external affairs and communications as defined in List I of Schedule VII of the India Act of 1935." 4657: 1024: 4848:, music and adventure sports, as well as the natural environment. it is celebrated in different parts mainly in the valley areas of imphal. Many tourists come from all over the world and represent their craft making. Many people have also started to talk about the way Sangai festival is celebrated. They say that it should be celebrated only in one place with a proper arrangement and with big budget so that this festival grows more bigger and unique and spread all over the world. 4311:" (play or performance). It is performed in an area of 13×13 ft in the centre of any open space, in a very simple style without a raised stage, set design, or heavy props such as curtains, background scenery, and visual effects. It uses one table and two chairs, kept on one side of the performance space. Its claim as the "theatre of the masses" is underlined by the way it is performed in the middle of an audience that surrounds it, leaving one passage as entrance and exit. 3467: 3233: 3172: 3327: 1929: 9524: 4448: 3518: 4713: 3924: 1988: 203: 3902: 4668: 2111: 3249: 917: 845: 4383: 3509:

in 2013 (or 0.8 per 100,000 people). However, there were 76 explosions in 2013 compared to 107 in 2012. Different groups have claimed responsibility for the explosions, some claiming they were targeting competing militant groups, others claiming their targets were state and central government officials. As a point of comparison, the average annual global rate of violent death between 2004 and 2009 was 7.9 per 100,000 people.

1770: 3641: 113: 10260: 4991: 240: 1899: 800: 291: 1446: 941: 3833: 3913: 3368: 2040: 5604:, p. 210: "The Maharaja refused to sign the Merger Agreement without consulting his Council of Ministers and conveyed his desire to return to Manipur to obtain the approval of the people. Rejecting such a reasonable proposal, Nari Rustomji, Advisor to the Governor of Assam, suggested that the Maharaja might as well finalise the merger issue during that current visit only.. (Singh 1988: 106)" 1886:, as on September 15, 2023; 175 people have been killed; 1,118 people were injured, and 33 people were missing. 96 bodies remained unclaimed. 5,172 cases of arson including destruction of 4,786 houses and 386 religious places, out of which there were 254 churches and 132 temples, were reported since May. Out of 5,668 arms lost; 1,329 arms, 15,050 ammunition and 400 bombs were recovered. 4004: 4625:

greased coconut and physically cross over the goal line, while the other team tackles and blocks any such attempt as well as tries to grab the coconut and score on its own. In Manipur's long history, Yubi lakpi was the annual official game, attended by the king, over the Hindu festival of Shree Govindajee. It is like the game of

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The Nagas wish to annex part of Manipur and merge with a greater Nagaland or Nagalim, which is in conflict with Meitei insurgent demands for the integrity of their vision of an independent state. There have been many tensions between the tribes and numerous clashes between Naga and Kukis, Meiteis and Muslims.

4949:. People of Manipur immaculate and decorate their houses and make a sumptuous variety of dishes to feast upon after offering food to the deity on this day. After the feast, as a part of the ritual, people climb hilltops; in the belief that it would excel them to greater heights in their worldly life. 1615: 4861:

of Manipur where married women (Ningol) are invited (Chakouba, literally calling to a meal; for dinner or lunch) to a feast at their parental house accompanied by their children. Besides the feast, gifts are given to the women/invitees and to their children. It is the festival that binds and revives

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in Assam, which is 269 km (167 mi) away from Imphal. The road network of Manipur, with a length of 7,170 km (4,460 mi) connects all the important towns and distant villages. However, the road condition throughout the state is often deplorable. In 2010, Indian government announced

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Splinter groups have arisen within some of the armed groups, and disagreement between them is rife. Other than the UNLF, PLA, and PREPAK, Manipuri insurgent groups include the Revolutionary Peoples Front (RPF), Manipur Liberation Front Army (MLFA), Kanglei Yawol Kanba Lup (KYKL), Revolutionary Joint

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There are six major types of forests in Manipur, and 10 subtypes. The six major forest types, according to the state's Forest Department, include Tropical Wet Evergreen Forest, Tropical Moist Deciduous Forests, Sub-Tropical Pine Forest, Tropical Dry Deciduous Forest, Montane Wet Temperate Forest and

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in the east, and a portion of the Lanye River Basin in the north. The water resources of Barak and Manipur river basins are about 1.8487 Mham (million hectare metres). The overall water balance of the state amounts to 0.7236 Mham in the annual water budget. (By comparison, India receives 400 Mham of

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The largest island is home to the Keibul Lamjao, the world's only floating national park. It serves as a habitat for the endangered brow-antlered sangai, or "dancing deer," whose hooves have adapted to the island's spongy ground. The park, covering 15 square miles (40 km2), was specifically created

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started a network of schools in Northeastern India, where more than 4,000 students receive education centred on Vaishnava spiritual values. In 1989 he founded "Ranganiketan Manipuri Cultural Arts Troupe", which has approximately 600 performances at over 300 venues in over 15 countries. Ranganiketan

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According to SATP in 2014, there had been a dramatic decline in fatalities in Manipur since 2009. In 2009, 77 civilians died (about 3 per 100,000 people). From 2010 onward, about 25 civilians have died in militant-related violence (about 1 per 100,000 people), dropping further to 21 civilian deaths

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dating back to 763 CE (believed to be of the reign of Meitei King Khongtekcha) was found to contain inscriptions about the Hindu deities in Sanskrit words. During the 13th century, Meitei King Khumomba constructed a Lord Hanuman temple. The Vishnu temple at Lamangdong was constructed during 1474 CE

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Manipur's climate is largely influenced by the topography of the region. Lying 790 metres above sea level, Manipur is wedged among hills on all sides. This northeastern corner of India enjoys a generally amiable climate, though the winters can be chilly. The maximum temperature in the summer months

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Oolaobi (Woo-Laobi) is an outdoor game mainly played by females. Meitei mythology believes that UmangLai Heloi-Taret (seven deities–seven fairies) played this game on the Courtyard of the temple of Umang Lai Lairembi. The number of participants is not fixed but are divided into two groups (size as

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The Meitei insurgent groups seek independence from India. The Kuki insurgent groups want a separate state for the Kukis to be carved out from the present state of Manipur. The Kuki insurgent groups are under two umbrella organisations: the Kuki National Organisation (KNO) and United Peoples Forum.

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Manipur may be characterised as two distinct physical regions: an outlying area of rugged hills and narrow valleys, and the inner area of flat plain, with all associated landforms. These two areas are distinct in physical features and are conspicuous in flora and fauna. The valley region has hills

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literally means "coconut snatching". The coconut is greased to make it slippery. There are rules of the game, as with all Manipur sports. The coconut serves the purpose of a ball and is offered to the king, the chief guest or the judges before the game begins. The aim is to run while carrying the

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can be used. The laws allow the military to treat private and public spaces in the same manner, detain individuals for up to 24 hours with unlimited renewals, perform warrantless searches, and to shoot and kill individuals who break laws, carry weapons, or gather in groups larger than four. Legal

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Held after the Harvest festival in November, this festival predominantly celebrated by Kuki-Chin-Mizo tribes in Manipur has become one of the leading festivals of the state. Kut is not restricted to a community or tribe — the whole state populace participates in merriment. On 1 November of every

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Christianity is the religion of 41% of the people in the state, but is the majority in rural areas with 53%, and is predominant in the hills. It was brought by Protestant missionaries to Manipur in the 19th century. In the 20th century, a few Christian schools were established, which introduced

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in the valley. The valley soils generally contain loam, small rock fragments, sand, and sandy clay, and are varied. On the plains, especially flood plains and deltas, the soil is quite thick. The topsoil on the steep slopes is very thin. Soil on the steep hill slopes is subject to high erosion,

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Before the controversial merger, both Manipur and India were bound by the Instrument of Accession (IOA) which the King of Manipur signed on 11 August 1947. The IOA was accepted by the Governor General of India Lord Mountbatten on 16 August 1947 vide Home Department, Government of India file no

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When maharaja Bodhchandra resisted the move to merge Manipur with the Indian union saying that he was only a constitutional monarch and he needed to consult his elected members of the state assembly, the representatives of the union government informed him that the GoI did not recognise the

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Manipur schools are run by the state and central government or by private organisation. Instruction is mainly in English. Under the 10+2+3 plan, students may enroll in general or professional degree programs after passing the Higher Secondary Examination (the grade 12 examination). The main

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The state lies at a latitude of 23°83'N – 25°68'N and a longitude of 93°03'E – 94°78'E. The total area covered by the state is 22,327 km (8,621 sq mi). The capital lies in an oval-shaped valley of approximately 700 sq mi (2,000 km), surrounded by blue

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in Manipur. Held for 10 days, the festival is named after Manipur's state animal, the brow-antlered Sangai deer. The Sangai Festival showcases the tourism potential of Manipur in the field of arts and culture, handloom, handicrafts, indigenous sports, cuisine, music and adventure sports.

6574:, chapter 6, p. 139: "The Dominion of India once again successfully convinced the Maharaja of Manipur to sign the Instrument of Accession along with the Governor General of India on 11 August 1947 on the promise of protecting the internal authority, autonomy and welfare of the state." 3407:. The state sends one representative to the Rajya Sabha. The legislature of the state is Unicameral. Representatives are elected for a five-year term to the state assembly and the Indian parliament through voting, a process overseen by the offices of the Election Commission of India. 6560:

A-1/1/1947. Subsequently, the Manipur State Council approved the IOA in its meeting held on 22 August 1947 Vide Memo No. 383 PTI Reference Council Minutes Part I of 11-8-1947. The execution of the Instrument of Accession was published in the Manipur State Gazette on 27 August 1947.

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after six days of 'per-suasion', made to sign the Merger Agreement, thereby formally merging Manipur with the Union of India. Repeated pleas by the king that it was his desire to ultimately sign the agreement, but he be first allowed to go home and consult his assembly was turned

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towns, the land route for trade between India and Burma and other countries in Southeast Asia, East Asia, Siberia, the Arctic, Micronesia and Polynesia. Manipur has the highest number of handicraft units and the highest number of craftspersons in the northeastern region of India.

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The auditorium of the theatre is on the outskirts of Imphal and the campus stretches for about 2 acres (8,100 m). It has housing and working quarters to accommodate self-sufficiency of life. The theatre association has churned out internationally acclaimed plays like

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mountains, at an elevation of 790 m (2,590 ft) above sea level. The slope of the valley is from north to south. The mountain ranges create a moderate climate, preventing the cold winds from the north from reaching the valley and barring cyclonic storms.

4051:. It is around 185 km (115 mi) from the state capital and around 30 km (19 mi) from Tamenglong district headquarters in north side. From Thalon village, this cave is 4–5 km (2.5–3.1 mi). Khangkhui Cave is a natural limestone cave in 4055:. The big hall in the cave is the darbar hall of the Devil King living deep inside while the northern hall is the royal bedroom, according to local folklore. During World War II, villagers sought shelter here. This cave is an hour's trek from Khangkui village. 3974:

about 921 m (3,022 ft) above sea level. It is a sacred place for Manipuri Hindus. The legend is that, Shri Govindajee appeared in the dream of his devotee, Shri Jai Singh Maharaja, and asked the saintly king to install in a temple, an image of

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Sadu Chiru waterfall is near Ichum Keirap village 27 km (17 mi) from Imphal, in the Sadar hill area, Senapati district. This consists of three falls with the first fall about 30 m (98 ft) high. Agape Park is in the vicinity.

1999:. The rivers draining the Manipur Hills are comparatively young, due to the hilly terrain through which they flow. These rivers are corrosive and become turbulent in the rainy season. Important rivers draining the western area include the Maku, 4836:, a regional name given to this rare species of deer. It is the state animal of Manipur. As this festival is being celebrated to promote Manipur as a world class tourism destination, it showcases the states contributions to art and culture, 1784:(UNLF), was founded in 1964 aiming to achieve independence from India and establish Manipur as a new country. Over time, many more groups formed, each with different goals, and deriving support from diverse ethnic groups in Manipur. The 3950:, a miniature inland sea. There is a tourist bungalow atop Sendra Island. Life on the lake includes small islands that are floating weed on which live the lake people, the blue waters of the lake, and colourful water plants. There is a 1257:. Followed by contestation of the merger by groups in Manipur, resulting in a 50-year insurgency in the state for independence from India. From 2009 through 2018, the conflict was responsible for the violent deaths of over 1000 people. 6527:

The elections were held and the new government was formed in Manipur, but it was not responsible to the legislature; Instead, it was only responsive to the legislature, which was a technicality devised by the constitutional experts of

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The Old Kuki tribes retaining the Kuki classification include: Aimol, Chiru, Kom, Koireng, Kharam, and Ralte. The tribes under the Naga umbrella include: Anal, Chothe, Koirao, Lamkang, Maring, Moyon, Monsang, Purum and

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The tourist season is from October to February when it is often sunny without being hot and humid. The culture features martial arts, dance, theatre and sculpture. Greenery accompanies a moderate climate. The seasonal

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and smaller tribal groupings. Naga and Kuki settlements are also found in the valley region, though less in numbers. There are also sizable population of Nepalis, Bengalis, Tamils and Marwaris living in Manipur.

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The Governor of Assam having conveyed the message of the Cabinet Mission to the Maharaja of Manipur, the latter announced the appointment of a constitution making committee to draft the future constitution of

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The government of Manipur is a collective assembly of 60 elected members, of which 19 are reserved for Scheduled Tribes and 1 for Scheduled Castes. The state sends two representatives to the Lok Sabha of the

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Held in February or March, Yaosang is considered to be one of the biggest festivals of Manipur. It is the Holi festival (festival of colour) but Yaosang is the regional name given by the people of Manipur.

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Cheiraoba is a celebration of the new year during the spring season. People feast (top), then climb up a hill together later in the day to signify overcoming hurdles and reaching new heights in the new

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Manipur had a population of 2,855,794 at the 2011 census. Of this total, 57.2% lived in the valley districts and the remaining 42.8% in the hill districts. The valley (plain) is mainly inhabited by the

1758:. Proposals for reorganisation were also made for Manipur but discarded as being unsuitable. Eventually Manipur was turned into a centrally administered province (called a 'Part C' state, later renamed 2544:, each speaking its own language. They predominate the northern hill districts of Manipur. In addition, several smaller tribes that were classified as "Old Kuki" by the British administrators populate 2007:

and mounds rising above the flat surface. The Loktak Lake is an important feature of the central plain. The total area occupied by all the lakes is about 600 km. The altitude ranges from 40 m at

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the land of gold, golden land), not given because Manipur has a lot of the gold mines, but because of its happiness and prosperity. This name was mentioned in the 11th-12th century constitution, the

3153:. As per the legends, the temple was constructed to house the Vishnu emblem given to King Kiyamba by King Khekhomba of Shan. Phurailatpam Shubhi Narayan was the first Brahmin priest of this temple. 8284: 5470: 4361:(literally "House of Colorful Arts") is a group of more than 20 dancers, musicians, singers, martial artists, choreographers, and craft artisans. Some of them have received international acclaim. 3129:), among the Meitei people. The districts of Bishnupur, Thoubal, Imphal East, and Imphal West all have Hindu majorities, averaging 67.62% (range 62.27–74.81%) according to the 2011 census data. 1280:

are the major religions of the state. Between the 1961 and 2011 censuses of India, the share of Hindus in the state declined from 62% to 41%, while the share of Christians rose from 19% to 41%.

8408: 1638:, provide evidence that Hindus from the Indian subcontinent had married Manipur royalty by at least the 14th century. In centuries thereafter, royal spouses came also from what is now Assam, 728: 3314:

The various other religions were mostly followers of tribal folk religions, 6,444 were Heraka, 2,032 were Jewish and 1,180 were from other tribal religions such as Tingkao Ragwang Chapriak.

6066: 4694:(literally, horse and stick) game in 1859. They adopted its rules, calling the game polo, and playing it on their horses. The game spread among the British in Calcutta and then to England. 3180:

Western-type education. Christianity is the predominant religion among tribals of Manipur and tribal Christians make up the vast majority (over 96%) of the Christian population in Manipur.

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Natural vegetation occupies an area of about 17,418 km (6,725 sq mi), or 77.2% of the total geographical area of the state, and consists of short and tall grasses, reeds and

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festival organised by Manipur Tourism Department every year from 21 to 30 November. Even though many editions of this Festival has been celebrated over the past few years with the name of

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model though its contents are indigenous. The so-called modern theatre descended on Manipur theatre culture with the performance of Pravas Milan (1902) under the enthusiastic patronage of

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accepted Vaishnavism and changed his traditional Meitei name into Hindu name, Pitambar Singh. However, the first Hindu temples were constructed much earlier. A copper plate excavated from

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The state receives an average annual rainfall of 1,467.5 mm (57.78 in) between April and mid-October. Precipitation ranges from light drizzle to heavy downpour. The capital city

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with the British Empire in the Indian subcontinent, which became responsible for Manipur's external defence. The British recognised that the state remained internally self-governing, as a

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Apart from these games, some outdoor children's games are fading in popularity. Some games such as Khutlokpi, Phibul Thomba, and Chaphu Thugaibi remain very popular elsewhere, such as in

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troops were deployed to control the situation. International outrage resulted from a report that two Kuki women had been paraded naked and allegedly gang-raped by a mob of Meitei men.

4397: 4330:(MDU) (1930), Arian Theatre (1935), Chitrangada Natya Mandir (1936), Society Theatre (1937), Rupmahal (1942), Cosmopolitan Dramatic Union (1968), and the Chorus Repertory Theatre of 3991:

is in Senapati district bordering with Kohima. There are seasonal flowers and number of flora and fauna. It is at an altitude of 2,438 m (7,999 ft) above sea level, behind

3210:), also known as Meitei Muslims or Manipuri Muslims, are the third largest religious majority group in the state, comprising about 8.3% of the state population. They belong to the 1476:

or Puwaris (stories about the forefathers), namely, the Ninghthou Kangbalon, Cheitharol Kumbaba, Ningthourol Lambuba, Poireiton Khunthokpa, Panthoibi Khongkul, and so forth in the

1796:(KCP) was formed. These groups began a spree of bank robberies and attacks on police officers and government buildings. The state government appealed to the central government in 3671:. As India's second largest airport in the northeast, it serves as a key logistical centre for northeastern states. The Tulihal Airport has been renamed Bir Tikendrajit Airport. 10808: 1724:

was promulgated in July 1947 to give the state an elected legislative assembly and an appointed prime minister. Elections to the assembly were held only in the following year.

8954: 6929: 672: 7736: 5915: 3962:. The etymology of Loktak is "lok = stream / tak = the end" (End of the Streams). Sendra park and resort is opening on the top of Sendra hills and attracting the tourist. 2051:, and trees. About a third of Manipur's forests are protected: 8.42% of the forested land is categorized under Reserved Forests, and 23.95 % under Protected Forests. 745: 4862:

the family relations between the women married away and the parental family. Nowadays, other communities have started celebrating this kind of a family-bonding festival.

3113:) is the majority group following Hinduism in Manipur, beside other minor immigrants following the same faith in the state. Among the indigenous communities of Manipur, 562: 5556: 2838:

Other than Meitei language, in Manipur, there is a huge amount of linguistic diversity, as is the case in most of the Northeast India. Almost all of the languages are

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led to extensive violence and arson, resulting in 60,000 people displaced from their homes and hundreds more dead and hospitalized. According to data released by

8626:, pp. 83–84, the other major classical Indian dances are: Bharatanatyam, Kathak, Odissi, Kathakali, Kuchipudi, Cchau, Satriya, Yaksagana and Bhagavata Mela. 5134: 7220:"Assessment of surface water and groundwater interaction using hydrogeology, hydrochemical and isotopic constituents in the Imphal river basin, Northeast India" 7161: 3621:. The state is covered with over 3,000 km (1,200 sq mi) of bamboo forests, making it one of India's largest contributor to its bamboo industry. 3557:

generation potential, estimated to be over 2 GWh (7.2 TJ). As of 2010, if half of this potential is realised, it is estimated that this would supply

1743:, and all the princely states were advised to "accede" to one of the dominions to take over the management of their external affairs and defence. The Maharaja 1283:

Manipur has primarily an agrarian economy, with significant hydroelectric power generation potential. It is connected to other areas by daily flights through

539: 8077: 1704:, are among the lesser-known battles of the Second World War. Yet the Allied Victory in this battle was a turning point against the Japanese in East Asia. 709: 9014: 8294: 7874: 11090: 11034: 10801: 9819: 9581: 7683: 4103: 4064: 2890: 359: 5814: 3536:(US$ 1.2 billion). Its economy is primarily agriculture, forestry, cottage and trade driven. Manipur acts as India's "Gateway to the East" through 8996: 8971: 8239: 7714: 7571: 3958:

are made out of the tangle of watery weeds and other plants. The wetland is swampy and is favourable for a number of species. It is in the district of

2894: 653: 4140: 4130: 9412: 4752:. Most of these festivals are celebrated on the basis of the lunar calendar. Almost every festival celebrated in other states of India is observed. 4018:. This ecosystem contains 17 rare species of mammals. It is the only floating national park of the world. Six km (3.7 mi) to the west of 3628:

farms, many of whom are owned by women. Climate change, especially changes in temperature and weather are hurting small farmers in the state. Like

2476:. Nagas and Kuki-Zo are the major tribe conglomerates of tribes inhabiting the surrounding hills. The Kuki-Zos consist of several tribes including 2003:, Jiri, Irang, and Leimatak. Rivers draining the eastern part of the state, the Yu River Basin, include the Chamu, Khunou and other short streams. 6911: 8834:

Mills, J. H. (2006), Manipur Rules Here - Gender, Politics, and Sport in an Asian Border Zone, Journal of Sport & Social Issues, 30(1), 62-78

8096: 8058: 5978: 5151: 4418: 4353: 1572: 8008: 6859: 5872: 11080: 11044: 10794: 8934: 8484: 4107: 3205: 1763: 487: 1245:. Later, on 21 September 1949, he signed a Merger Agreement, disputed as having been done without consultation of the popular ministry under 6282: 3485:

The violence in Manipur extends beyond the conflict between Indian security forces and insurgent armed groups. There is violence between the

1785: 143: 11039: 6973: 5665: 3282:. The ancient Meiteis worshiped a Supreme deity, Salailen, and followed their ancestors. Their ancestor worship and animism was based on 8503: 7440:

Meetei, Nameirakpam Bijen (2014). "Ethnicity, Colonial Legacies, and Postindependence Issues of Identity Politics in North-East India".

6657: 8221: 3632:, women in agriculture in Manipur are harmed more by the changes in weather, because of less access to support from local governments. 8465: 8258: 7989: 1170:

to the south. The state covers an area of 22,327 km (8,621 sq mi). The official and most widely spoken language is the

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Secular theatre is mostly confined to themes that are not religious; it is performed in the secular or profane spheres. In these are

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The Barak River, the largest of Manipur, originates in the Manipur Hills and is joined by tributaries, such as the Irang, Maku, and

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ranges. This normal rainfall pattern of Manipur enriches the soil and much of the agrarian activities are dependent on it as well.

1186:. Manipur has been at the crossroads of Asian economic and cultural exchange for more than 2,500 years. This exchange connects the 10226: 8951: 8194: 7058: 1754:

Over the next two years, the multitude of princely states of India were extensively reorganised as India moved towards becoming a

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Indrakumar, Konthoujam (2015), "Colonialism and Movement for Democracy in Manipur", in Arambam Noni; Kangujam Sanatomba (eds.),

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Lieutenant (later Major General) Joseph Ford Sherer, Assistant to the Superintendent of Cachar, with his bearers, Manipur, 1861

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Sanatomba, Kangujam (2015), "Interrogation into the political status of Manipur", in Arambam Noni; Kangujam Sanatomba (eds.),

7704: 5202: 4492:, but with influences from the culture fusion between India and Southeast Asia, East Asia, Siberia, Micronesia and Polynesia. 4338:

ones. Today Manipur theatre is well respected because of excellent productions shown in India and abroad. Manipur plays, both

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Sangai, the state animal, at Keibul Lamjao National Park. In the wild, it has a habit of waiting and looking back at viewers.

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The distribution of area, population and density, and literacy rate as per the 2001 Census provisional figures are as below:

1237:, argued by many that the king was in no legal position to sign the instrument of accession at the time, under the agreement 452: 364: 64: 7329: 7476: 1037: 7139: 4686:. Captain Robert Stewart and Lieutenant Joseph Sherer of the British colonial era first watched locals play a rules-based 1503:

According to the Tai chronicles, Manipur (Kahse) is one of the territories conquered by Samlongpha (1150–1201), the first

11095: 11006: 1721: 1249:

and denial of the king's request to return to Manipur to discuss the same with his people. Under 'duress' and 'coercion'

1246: 8174: 7168: 5083: 3569:

Manipur's climate and soil conditions make it ideally suited for horticultural crops. Growing there are rare and exotic

11049: 9746: 9136: 9116: 9095: 9074: 8927: 8855: 8822: 8786: 8762: 8745: 5842: 5492: 5458: 5438: 5392: 5252: 5052:

is still a popular endonym of the land in Meitei (officially known as Manipuri), the sole official language of Manipur.

3431: 2947: 2935: 2548:

and neighbouring districts. Some of them now classify themselves as Nagas while others retain the Kuki classification.

418: 17: 8155: 6804:""These Fellows Must Be Eliminated": Relentless Violence and Impunity in Manipur: II. Background: Conflict in Manipur" 5131: 4078: 30:

This article is about the modern day state of India. For the eponymous kingdom mentioned in the epic Mahabharata, see

10200: 9559: 9261: 9022: 8713: 8339: 8268: 8136: 7972: 7812: 4616:

is a traditional full contact game played in Manipur, India, using a coconut, which has some notable similarities to

2941: 1821: 303: 7279: 6230: 1650:

kingdoms as well. Another manuscript suggests that Muslims arrived in Manipur in the 17th century, from what is now

10185: 8520: 6780: 6758: 3936:

is the state bird (top) and Siroi Lily is its state flower (middle). Leimaram falls, bottom, is a local attraction.

1813: 1781: 6893: 4517:

taken from the Mahabharat epic had won Fringe Firsts Award, 1987 at the Edinburgh International Theater Festival.

4318:(stage drama) performed in the proscenium theatre is similar, in form, to the Western theatrical model and Indian 2130:

receives an annual average of 933 mm (36.7 in). Rainfall in this region is caused by The South Westerly

1995:

Almost all the rivers in the valley area are in the mature stage and therefore deposit their sediment load in the

10765: 8074: 7755: 4156: 4095: 3553:

Manipur produced about 0.1 GWh (0.36 TJ) of electricity in 2010 with its infrastructure. The state has

1135: 5332: 4047:

Thalon Cave (around 910 m (2,990 ft) above sea level) is one of the historical sites of Manipur under

3461: 10410: 8308: 6256: 5894: 5305: 5014: 5004: 4121:

Manipur is home to India's first floating elementary school: Loktak Elementary Floating School in Loktak Lake.

3457: 1830: 1825:

immunity applies to the military. Since 1980, the application of AFSPA has been at the heart of concerns about

1548: 7828: 6353: 10516: 10420: 10241: 6478: 5811: 4382: 3099: 1713: 9149: 6577: 4135: 3852:

was built for the 1997 National Games. The stadium is used for a sports venue. It also contains a cyclists'

1484:. The historical accounts presented here were recordings from the eyes and the judgment of Meitei kings and 11021: 10466: 10430: 10415: 10405: 9776: 9766: 9751: 9741: 9639: 9621: 9612: 9603: 9595: 9501: 8559: 7930: 7600: 4176: 3362: 2828: 1817: 1748: 1008: 934: 910: 461: 457: 405: 382: 8055: 2341:

speakers). The hills are inhabited mainly by several ethno-linguistically diverse tribes belonging to the

1445: 10986: 10750: 10511: 10491: 10425: 10215: 10190: 10124: 9443: 8801: 7033: 6947: 6427: 4357: 4011: 3770: 3723: 3682: 3672: 1780:

Manipur has a long record of insurgency and inter-ethnic violence. Its first armed opposition group, the

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in Tedim Zomi language. It is celebrated every year in the month of September–October after harvesting.

3053:

are the major religions practiced in Manipur. Between the 1961 and 2011 censuses of India, the share of

1688:, Manipur was the scene of many fierce battles between Japanese invaders and British Indian forces. The 10531: 10400: 10210: 9648: 9630: 9459:

Strange Parallels: Southeast Asia in Global Context, c. 800–1830, volume 1, Integration on the Mainland

7684:"Department of language planning and implementation trying to resolve all language issues in the state" 6399:

Meetei Polity – A study of the socio-economic and political changes among the Meeteis from 1750 to 1950

5334:

Social Transformations in India, Myanmar, and Thailand: Identity and Grassroots for Democratic Progress

4248: 3856:. Most of the imported goods are sold at Paona Bazaar, Gambhir Singh Shopping Complex and Leima Plaza. 3849: 3821: 3778: 2901:

works for the development and the promotion of Meitei language and other local vernaculars of Manipur.

1793: 972: 838: 816: 377: 218: 8093: 7219: 5975: 5155: 3521:

Bamboo is common in Manipur, and an important contributor to its economy as well as cuisine. Above is

3218:

school of Islamic thought and they include Arabs, Bangladeshis, Turanis, Bengalis and Chaghtai Turks.

9281:

Malalasekera Commemoration Volume. Colombo: The Malalasekera Commemoration Volume Editorial Committee

7397:

Kom, Ch. Sekholal (June 2015). "Ethno-nationalism: Competing Micro-nationalist Dissents in Manipur".

6554:

Why Pre-Merger Political Status for Manipur: Under the Framework of the Instrument of Accession, 1947

5880: 5576:

Why Pre-Merger Political Status for Manipur: Under the Framework of the Instrument of Accession, 1947

4404: 2150: 8931: 8481: 7953: 1984:, Nambul, Sekmai, Chakpi, Thoubal and Khuga. All these rivers originate from the surrounding hills. 1837:. Its continued application has led to numerous protests, notably the longstanding hunger strike by 11085: 10476: 10256: 10234: 7194: 4966: 4347: 4323: 4216: 3125:. The Hindu population is heavily concentrated in the Meitei dominant areas of the Manipur Valley ( 3095: 2930: 1671: 1429: 1313: 186: 178: 35: 7926: 4326:(1891–1941). The pace of theatrical movement was geared up with the institution of groups such as 3561:

electricity to all residents, with a surplus for sale, as well as supplying the Burma power grid.

1272:

tribes at 16%. Manipur's ethnic groups practice a variety of religions. According to 2011 census,

202: 10704: 10536: 10526: 10446: 9634: 5263: 4228: 3933: 3877: 3629: 3306:. Out of the 233,767 people who opted for the "Other religion" option, 222,315 were Sanamahists. 3162: 2981: 2146: 1759: 1744: 1234: 1183: 719: 6974:"Over 50 dead, hundreds hospitalized and 23,000 displaced by ethnic violence in India's Manipur" 4511:. Its 25 years of existence in theatre had disciplined its performers to a world of excellence. 132: 10521: 10451: 10073: 9794: 4676:

The rules-based Polo game in 19th century Manipur (above), and modern Polo in the 21st century.

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led the invasion, the King of Manipur surrendered without any resistance and Manipur became a

1335: 1331: 427: 31: 9310: 8640: 8260:

The Ninth Assembly Elections in Manipur: A. Prafullokumar Singh – Election Politics in Manipur

4682:

The origin of modern polo can be traced to Manipur where the world's oldest polo ground lies,

4307:

is very popular. Etymologically Shumang lila is the combination of "Shumang" (courtyard) and "

3338: 3117:

are the only Hindus as no other indigenous ethnic groups follow this faith. According to the

41:"Jewel of India" redirects here. For the highest civilian award of the Republic of India, see 10694: 10506: 10486: 9869: 9736: 9728: 9686: 9552: 9308: 8500: 8436: 7802: 7034:"Police Updates Statistics on Manipur Violence: 175 Officially Dead, 96 Bodies Yet Unclaimed" 6948:"Police Updates Statistics on Manipur Violence: 175 Officially Dead, 96 Bodies Yet Unclaimed" 6583: 6552: 6510: 6446: 6122: 5574: 5503: 5471:"Trade connection of Manipur with Southeast Asia in Pre British period Part 2 by Budha Kamei" 4970: 4958: 4014:, 48 km (30 mi) away from Imphal is an abode of the rare and endangered species of 3668: 3453: 3376: 3358: 2914: 2898: 1869: 1755: 1634:

had become common. Medieval era manuscripts discovered in the 20th century, particularly the

1287:, the second largest in northeastern India. Manipur is home to many sports and the origin of 397: 239: 7779:

The origin and development of Manipuri rasa dance Its nature philosophy and social relevance

7594:"Report of the Commissioner for linguistic minorities: 47th report (July 2008 to June 2010)" 5036:

is a popular historical as well as present day endonym of Manipur. In the 18th century, the

4022:, at the foot of the pine growing hillocks at Iroisemba on the Imphal-Kangchup Road are the 10501: 10496: 10481: 10471: 10195: 9804: 9799: 9658: 8462: 7659:"Census of India Website: Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India" 5856:"Census of India Website: Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India" 4569: 4252: 3885: 3809: 3388: 3299: 3279: 3118: 2867: 2855: 1834: 1740: 1580: 1544: 898: 689: 507: 9370: 7608: 7538: 6930:"175 Killed, 4,786 Homes Set Ablaze: Manipur Police Data Sheds Light On Scale Of Conflict" 6571: 6484: 6359: 5589: 5557:"Manipur State Constitution Act-1947 A Cure for all myriads of ailments in Manipur ?" 1788:(PREPAK) was formed in 1977, and the People's Liberation Army (PLA) in 1978, suspected by 8: 10745: 10719: 10461: 10456: 9849: 9844: 9616: 7777: 7604: 4962: 4932: 4733: 4633:

per agreement). Players are divided as into Raiders (Attackers) or Defenders (Avoiders).

4565: 4334:(1976). These groups started experimenting with types of plays apart from historical and 4258: 4048: 3861: 3695: 3554: 3470: 3404: 3086: 3037: 2971: 2924: 2910: 2843: 2509: 1960:. After its junction with the Tuivai, the Barak River turns north, forms the border with 1838: 1677: 1473: 1413: 1325: 1187: 823: 473: 223: 190: 10786: 9372: 9279:

Luce, G.H; Htway, Tin (1976), "A 15th Century Inscription and Library at Pagán, Burma",

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to stage the uniqueness of the shy and gentle brow-antlered deer popularly known as the

4466:

themes, and exquisite performances of love-inspired dance drama of Radha-Krishna called

1253:

signed the merger agreement merging the kingdom into India, which led to its becoming a

10760: 10058: 9895: 9824: 9784: 9756: 9691: 9435: 9213: 8918:

Joseph Ford Sherer is called the Father of English Polo; see Horace A. Laffaye (2009),

8413: 8289: 7489: 7457: 7422: 7307: 6691: 6640: 6308: 5855: 5642: 5606:

harvp error: no target: CITEREFSanatomba,_Interrogating_into_the_Political_Status2015 (

5537: 5114: 5009: 4704:

First of its kind in India, National Sports University will be constructed in Manipur.

4683: 4091: 4082: 4027: 4023: 3959: 3881: 3746: 2804: 2625: 2525: 1789: 1732: 1717: 1659: 1604: 1425: 512: 158: 8383: 8240:"Manipur's villagers take charge, fix 19km stretch of roads: ANI – The Indian Express" 7543:, Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, Government of India, 2011 5936: 3077:. Besides these, the non Meitei-speaking communities (tribals) are mostly Christians. 2512:

and predominate the southern hill districts of Manipur. The prominent Naga tribes are

1338:

mentioned in the Hindu epic Mahabharata. Previously, it had been known as Kangleipak (

978: 10838: 10638: 10278: 10028: 9930: 9839: 9834: 9814: 9652: 9643: 9607: 9495: 9462: 9398: 9357: 9336: 9316: 9295: 9257: 9179: 9132: 9112: 9091: 9070: 8923: 8868: 8851: 8818: 8782: 8758: 8741: 8709: 8646: 8441: 8418: 8409:"Manipur titular king moves Parliament to declare Kangla Fort as World Heritage Site" 8264: 7906: 7849: 7808: 7633: 7518: 7461: 7426: 7414: 7239: 7015: 7008:"Video of women attacked in Manipur breaks silence on systematic gang rapes in India" 6988: 6841: 6516: 6460: 6340: 6312: 6298: 6236: 6209: 6182: 6155: 6033: 6006: 5838: 5761: 5734: 5671: 5634: 5529: 5488: 5454: 5434: 5405: 5388: 5365: 5338: 5311: 5281: 5106: 4941:

is the new year of Manipur. It is observed on the first lunar day of the lunar month

4544: 4308: 4290: 3873: 3817: 3606: 3372: 3166: 3070: 3001: 2920: 2734: 2664: 2338: 2071: 1736: 1466: 1393: 1360: 1339: 1304: 1250: 1242: 1238: 1230: 996: 864: 804: 439: 410: 207: 9439: 2118:

which exists between the boundaries of Manipur and Nagaland has a temperate climate.

1658:. The socio-political turmoil and wars, particularly the persistent and devastating 123: 11075: 10873: 10775: 10755: 10729: 10714: 10709: 10699: 10643: 10033: 9935: 9854: 9809: 9789: 9696: 9676: 9668: 9545: 9454: 9427: 9380: 9205: 8103:

Planning Commission, Govt of India; See third table 2011-2012 fiscal year, 16th row

7783: 7493: 7449: 7406: 7231: 6803: 6452: 6402: 6377: 6332: 6290: 5789: 4282: 4274: 4270: 3955: 3750: 3570: 3486: 3021: 3011: 2883: 2879: 2875: 2863: 2774: 2754: 2744: 2684: 2545: 2139: 1697: 1693: 1619: 1603:, the king of Burma acquired the Manipur (1814) along with the western kingdoms of 1409: 1092: 1086: 1051: 960: 7540:

A-11 Appendix: District wise scheduled tribe population (Appendix), Manipur - 2011

6551: 6444: 5601: 5573: 5154:. Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India. Archived from 4482:. The roots of Manipur dance, as with all classical Indian dances, is the ancient 2784: 1626:

By the medieval period, marriage alliances between the royal families of Manipur,

10978: 10825: 10724: 10673: 10592: 10264: 9945: 9859: 9717: 9528: 9513: 9392: 9351: 9330: 9289: 9251: 8958: 8938: 8805: 8703: 8507: 8488: 8469: 8358: 8178: 8159: 8140: 8100: 8081: 8062: 7976: 7957: 7902:

Great Game East: India, China, and the Struggle for Asia's Most Volatile Frontier

7900: 7709: 7658: 7566: 7512: 7453: 7143: 7083: 6864: 6784: 6762: 6732: 6203: 6176: 6149: 6027: 6000: 5982: 5818: 5796: 5755: 5728: 5286: 5138: 5037: 4813: 4809: 4792: 4777: 4770: 4756: 4737: 4725: 4286: 4278: 4074: 4052: 3984: 3865: 3813: 3648: 3574: 3529:

The 2012–2013 gross state domestic product of Manipur at market prices was about

3392: 3275: 3237: 3199: 3133: 3110: 3061:

rose from 19% to 41%. The religious groups of the Meitei-speaking people include

2871: 2847: 2820: 2704: 2654: 2644: 2629: 2541: 2459: 2324: 2154: 1689: 1458: 1386: 1171: 1139: 1125: 991: 955: 893: 859: 830: 604: 324: 308: 230: 170: 154: 9245:(in Burmese). Vol. 1–3 (4th printing ed.). Yangon: Ya-Pyei Publishing. 3988: 3738: 2123:

is 32 °C (90 °F). The coldest month is January, and the warmest July.

2115: 880: 10893: 10833: 10577: 10093: 9887: 9829: 9761: 9681: 7136: 5697:"How Manipur merged with India: From a constitutional monarchy to Part C state" 5152:"Primary Census Abstract Data Tables (India & States/UTs - District Level)" 4635: 4617: 4585: 4532: 4442: 4373: 4262: 3845: 3590: 3291: 3195: 3189: 3074: 2991: 2859: 2851: 2764: 2714: 2674: 2501: 1883: 1681: 1586: 1560: 1490: 1288: 1284: 1269: 1226: 1195: 1163: 423: 9431: 7235: 3992: 2850:

and is spoken in all the hill districts. Another major language family is the

2012: 1949: 1848:

status after a violent attack on a local woman. The rape of a Manipuri woman,

11069: 10958: 10928: 10658: 10612: 10587: 10552: 10205: 9996: 9960: 9910: 9701: 9532: 9193: 8422: 8171: 7418: 7410: 7243: 7019: 6294: 5638: 5533: 5110: 4858: 4803: 4603: 4548: 4488: 4455: 4409: 4266: 4015: 3841: 3474: 3396: 3287: 3278:

of the Meitei people. Sanamahist worship concentrates on the household deity

3241: 3146: 3126: 3106: 3090: 2832: 2724: 2533: 2497: 2477: 2473: 2465: 2334: 2135: 1973: 1945: 1875: 1774: 1728: 1643: 1568: 1477: 1452: 1264:

represent around 53% of the population of Manipur state, followed by various

1261: 1179: 1175: 1031: 702: 617: 268: 255: 8584: 8222:"Climate Change: Farmers in Manipur hit hard by unusual weather temperature" 7258: 4656: 1696:, which was one of the turning points of the overall war in South Asia. The 10853: 10648: 10607: 10572: 10562: 10119: 10006: 9283:, Dept of Pali and Buddhist Studies, University of Ceylon, pp. 203–256 9241: 8152: 7111: 5267: 4996: 4899: 4895: 4755:

On 21 November 2017, the Sangai Festival 2017 was inaugurated by President

4626: 4577: 4462:, named after the state of Manipur. It is particularly known for its Hindu 4429: 4331: 3976: 3675:

links Manipur with the rest of the country through the railway stations at

3625: 3558: 3537: 3466: 3171: 3137: 3050: 2839: 2794: 2529: 2517: 2493: 2489: 2485: 1977: 1957: 1941: 1853: 1826: 1685: 1647: 1627: 1576: 1524: 1277: 1254: 1191: 665: 639: 42: 8133: 8115:

G. Hiamguanglung Gonmei, "Hills Economy of Manipur: A Structural Change",

7969: 7763:

Advent of a caste - the emergence and role of Brahmans in Manipuri society

6456: 6328:

The Role of intelligence at the Battle of Imphal-Kohima, March - July 1944

3651:, Changangei, Imphal, the only airport of Manipur, connects directly with 2537: 11016: 10968: 10963: 10898: 10678: 10653: 10602: 10567: 10088: 9224: 6713: 6701: 6205:

The Unquiet Valley: Society, Economy, and Politics of Manipur (1891-1950)

4745: 4741: 4717: 4519: 4513: 4503: 4479: 4463: 4408:

is an ancient Manipur musical instrument, particularly popular among the

4319: 3947: 3857: 3805: 3790: 3774: 3773:(KLNP), which is the world's only floating national park, located in the 3754: 3730: 3541: 3494: 3490: 3261: 3232: 2583: 2570: 2513: 2481: 2346: 2342: 2091: 2079: 2000: 1996: 1961: 1937: 1921:

to its south, Assam to its west, and shares an international border with

1902: 1887: 1879: 1857: 1608: 1523:

ruler Thonganbwa (1413–1445/6); he later was captured by the Governor of

1481: 1265: 1222: 922: 482: 182: 174: 162: 9384: 8974:

indigenous Games between Cambodia and Manipur: A Borderless Connectivity

8384:"Keibul Lamjao Conservation Area | For UNESCO World Heritage Travellers" 7787: 7497: 7256: 6989:"Manipur: India outrage after women paraded naked in violence-hit state" 6777: 6755: 6695: 6601: 6589: 6490: 5879:. The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Archived from 5541: 5517: 5118: 4163: 3326: 1928: 92: 10991: 10943: 10582: 10557: 10038: 9991: 9413:"In the Shadow of Hollywood Orientalism: Authentic East Indian Dancing" 9217: 7485:

A Historical study of the role and politics of civil society in Manipur

7112:"Manipur | History, Government, Map, Capital, & Facts | Britannica" 7084:"South Asia - A Climatological Study Volume II: Continental South Asia" 6557:, Research and Media Cell, CIRCA, 2018, p. 26, GGKEY:8XLWSW77KUZ, 6407: 6382: 5646: 5622: 4841: 4613: 4447: 3980: 3869: 3690:

that it is considering an Asian infrastructure network from Manipur to

3517: 3380: 3271: 3257: 3227: 3150: 3066: 3058: 2521: 2505: 2019: 1981: 1651: 1552: 1540: 1440: 1211: 1167: 685: 166: 7192: 6336: 4806:

giving an address at the closing function of the Sangai Festival, 2014

4712: 3698:(TAR), if constructed, will pass through Manipur, connecting India to 2472:) constitute the majority of the state's population. They inhabit the 1987: 1856:

paramilitary had led to wide protests including a nude protest by the

1829:

violations in the region, such as arbitrary killings, torture, cruel,

1334:, a convert to Hinduism, in the eighteenth century. It is named after 10948: 10933: 10908: 10883: 10878: 10663: 10622: 10293: 10001: 8094:

State wise : Population, GSDP, Per Capita Income and Growth Rate

7804: