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637:(which included lithographic depictions of Sikhs and Punjabis) was a big success and many copies of the work made their way to Punjab where they ended up giving further shape to the emerging Punjabi Company School. Schoefft spent over a year in Punjab painting various local scenes and subjects. During the Anglo-Sikh Wars, many of the British officials and soldiers who made their way to Punjab were artists. An example is Henry Lawrence, who painted local residents of various walks of life. Many Indian artists who followed the Company school were hired to paint Punjabi subjects and settings. When the Sikh Empire was annexed in 1849, local Punjabi artists working in the Company style created works based upon stock sets for the purpose of selling them to European tourists in the local bazaars. These Punjabi paintings geared towards a European audience depicted "Sikh rulers, heroes, occupations, and costumes".
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652:) feature prominently in Punjab and showcase various themes. Punjabi murals differ from Punjabi miniature paintings in that the wall paintings were far more readily accessible and viewable by the general masses rather than being mostly an affair restricted to the privileged classes of the society, as in the case of miniatures. Since murals could be seen by all walks of society, the things depicted in them were commonly understood subjects that required no specialized knowledge. Punjabi murals can depict religious or secular settings.
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performed while farmers did agricultural chores. As they did each farming activity they would perform bhangra moves on the spot. This allowed them to finish their job in a pleasurable way. For many years, farmers performed bhangra to showcase a sense of accomplishment and to welcome the new harvesting season. Traditional bhangra is performed in a circle and is performed using traditional dance steps. Traditional bhangra is now also performed on occasions other than during the harvest season.
1072:. According to the archeologist Professor Vasant Shinde, the earliest evidence for a dish similar to tandoori chicken can be found in the Harappan civilization and dates back to 3000 BC. His team has found ancient ovens at Harappan sites which are similar to the tandoors that are used in the state of Punjab. Physical remains of chicken bones with char marks have also been unearthed. Harappan houses had keyhole ovens with central pillars which was used for roasting meats and baking breads.
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1413:); for Sikh and Hindu women, the dupatta is useful when the head must be covered, as in a temple or the presence of elders. Everywhere in South Asia, modern versions of the attire have evolved; the shalwars are worn lower down on the waist, the kameez have shorter length, with higher splits, lower necklines and backlines, and with cropped sleeves or without sleeves.
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Maan was a trailblazer of the new
Punjabi music scene, becoming well-known in the 1980s with singles like "Challa" and "Mamla Gadbad Hai." Traditional Punjabi folk tunes were blended with contemporary production methods in Maan's music, while societal themes including drug misuse, poverty, and governmental corruption were frequently touched upon in his lyrics.
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and the salwar-kameez or kurta-pyjama, a two-piece suit garment, sometimes also called
Punjabi because of its region of origin. Whereas the sari can be considered the national dress of Indian women, the salwar-kameez, though originally from the north, has been adopted all over India as more comfortable attire than the sari.
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Some
Punjabi Muslims participate in the traditional, seasonal festivals of the Punjab region: Baisakhi, Basant and to a minor scale Lohri, but this is controversial. Islamic clerics and some politicians have attempted to ban this participation because of the religious basis of the Punjabi festivals,
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would be born out of this increased interaction between
European and Punjabi artists. Thus, Pahari-influenced traditional miniature paintings began to be surmounted by European-influenced Company school paintings. Lahori and Amritsari artists increasingly abandoned using the traditional Indic medium
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Between 1810–1830, the Sikhs began to commission these Pahari artists to paint Sikh subjects and settings, mostly Sikh royalty and nobility. After Sikhs began to progressively come into more and more contact with
Europeans after 1830, the main influence on Punjabi Sikh art shifted from Pahari styles
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The salwar-kameez is a form of dress that has been adopted widely in Punjab and is now known in
English as the Punjabi suit; J. P. S. Uberoi suggests that the salwar-kameez is an Afghani import to Punjab (1998 personal communication). Punjabi forms of dress are therefore constructs or inventions of
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Even highly educated women pursuing careers continue to wear traditional dress in urban India, although men of similar status long ago adopted
Western attire. The forms of dress most popular with urban Indian women are the sari, the long wrapped and draped dress-like garment, worn throughout India,
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Punjabi dances are performed either by men or by women. The dances range from solo to group dances and also sometimes dances are done along with traditional musical instruments. Bhangra is one of the most famous dances originating in the Punjab by farmers during the harvesting season. It was mainly
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Muslim and
Punjabi women—whether Muslim, Sikh, or Hindu—often wear the dupatta over the head to create a modest look while framing the face with color. When entering a temple, Hindu women might comparably use their dupattas to cover their heads. Though the dupatta is often made of flimsy cloth and
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Punjabi music started to develop and alter in the 20th century as it was impacted by
Western musical genres including pop, rock, and hip-hop. As a result, a brand-new genre of Punjabi music emerged, fusing contemporary beats and production methods with traditional instruments and melodies. Gurdas
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In 1838–39, a
British visitor hired local Punjabi artists to produce pictures covering the various kinds of inhabitants of northern India using British-supplied paper and bound into an album. Images of the Sikh royals and military were documented in these British-patronized local paintings. Many
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warfare, as the Punjab is situated on the principal route of invasions through the northwestern frontier of the Indian subcontinent, which promoted to adopt a lifestyle that entailed engaging in warfare to protect the land. Warrior culture typically elevates the value of the community's honour (
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The Pakistani National dress worn by women is Shalwar Kameez. This consists of a long tunic (Kameez) teamed with a wide legged trouser (Shalwar) that skims in at the bottom accompanied by a duppata, which is a less stringent alternative to the burqa. Modern versions of this National dress have
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during the mid-1960's to the mid-1970's, has been described as the "breadbasket of both India and Pakistan". Besides being known for agriculture and trade, the Punjab is also a region that over the centuries has experienced many foreign invasions and consequently has a long-standing history of
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The village's men and boys largely dress in sombre colours in the loose trousers and long shirt (shalwar kameez) worn across Pakistan. Older men often wear woollen Chitrali caps (pakol), waistcoats and long coats (chugha), made by Chitrali tailors (darzi) who skills are renowned across
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evolved into less modest versions. Shalwar have become more low cut so that the hips are visible and are worn with a shorter length of Kameez which has high splits and may have a lowcut neckline and backline as well as being sleeveless or having cropped sleeves.
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The shalwar kamiz was worn traditionally by Muslim women and gradually adopted by many Hindu women following the Muslim conquest of northern India. Eventually, it became the regional style for parts of northern India, as in Punjab where it has been worn for
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which are atypically wide at the waist but which narrow to a cuffed bottom. They are held up by a drawstring or elastic belt, which causes them to become pleated around the waist. The trousers can be wide and baggy, or they can be cut quite narrow, on the
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records meat being cooked in an oven (kandu) after marinating it in spices like black mustard (rai) powder and fragrant spices. According to Ahmed (2014), Harappan oven structures may have operated in a similar manner to the modern tandoors of the Punjab.
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is one of the many Punjabi musical art forms that are increasingly listened to in the West and becoming a mainstream favourite. Punjabi music is used by western musicians in many ways, such as mixing with other compositions to produce award-winning music.
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around the head or neck. The dupatta is also employed as a form of modesty—although it is made of delicate material, it obscures the upper body's contours by passing over the shoulders. For Muslim women, the dupatta is a less stringent alternative to the
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Usually displayed less conspicuously, there were also wall painting depicting sexual or erotic themes. It was a common practice to decorate the walls of Islamic and Hindu palaces with erotic scenes. The Sikh royalty and nobality during the reign of the
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has been the major economic feature of the Punjab and has therefore formed the foundation of Punjabi culture, with one's social status being determined by landownership. The Punjab emerged as an important agricultural region, especially following the
1495:. The library's mission is to digitize and preserve historical manuscripts, books, and other materials related to Punjabi language, history, and culture. This initiative has helped to safeguard and promote Punjabi culture for future generations.
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Salwar/Shalwar: A pair of light, loose, pleated trousers, usually tapering to a tight fit around the ankles, worn by women from South Asia typically with a kameez (the two together being a salwar kameez). Origin From Persian and Urdu
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by the Qazi, Pundit, Granthi or Priest, there are commonalities in ritual, song, dance, food, and dress. The Punjabi wedding has many rituals and ceremonies that have evolved since traditional times and itself have evolved in
914:. Many Punjabi wall paintings depict women and girls in the process of a variety of actions, such as feeding parrots, peacocks, or bucks. Women are also depicted fondling pets or writing love letters in these wall paintings.
2655:. For these, you must have the salwar pants stitched from cloth you buy separately. A third option would be to buy a two-piece ensemble, consisting of the top and pants, leaving you the task of buying an appropriate
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forays into painting were mostly limited to wall paintings decorating the walls of religious sites up until the early 19th century. Miniature painting depicting Hindu religious scenes and themes was popular in the
583:, is mostly derived from Punjab's art traditions. B.N. Goswamy argues that painting in the Punjab goes back to the 16th century and became influenced by the Mughal school in the early half of the 18th century.
2659:, or using one you already own, or buying a strip of cloth and having it dyed to your desire. The end result will always be a three-piece ensemble, but a customer may start with one piece (only the
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1372:), which gives the wearer greater freedom of movement. The kameez is usually cut straight and flat; older kameez use traditional cuts; modern kameez are more likely to have European-inspired
3015:, Saba Naqvi (August 28, 2016), Quote: "Earlier, Muslim villagers would participate in Hindu festivals; now they think that would be haraam, so stay away. Visiting dargahs is also haraam"
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does not actually cover the body, its presence implies modesty, like many of the outer garments worn by Muslim women that do not cover much but do provide a symbolic extra layer, ...
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Fresco depicting a hunting scene from a Punjabi Muslim khangah (Khangah Dargani Shah at Dhun Dhaewal) located on the right bank of the Beas River near Chola Sahib, Tarn Taran district
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Punjabi wedding traditions and ceremonies are traditionally conducted in Punjabi and are a strong reflection of Punjabi culture. While the actual religious marriage ceremony among
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treatise. However, it is important to note that these erotic-based murals were limited mostly to the areas frequented by the upper-classes of the Punjabi society at the time.
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Kameez: A long tunic worn by many people from South Asia, typically with a salwar or churidars. Origin: From Arabic qamīṣ, perhaps from late Latin camisia (see chemise).
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1459:(Hijri), and the date falls earlier by 10 to 13 days from year to year. The Hindu and Sikh Punjabi seasonal festivals are set on specific dates of the luni-solar
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774:. Krishna is also commonly depicted alongside gopis in this sort of mural. Krishna is sometimes shown playing his flute whilst the gopis perform the
1321:, only kings, royalty, and those of high stature wore turbans, but Sikh Gurus adopted the practice to assert equality and sovereignty among people.
621:, and were sponsors of the local arts. A few European artists who visited the Sikh court of Lahore and left a deep impact on the local art were:
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era from 9th to 14th century. They referred to God with various names such as "Alakh Nirajan" which are still prevalent in Punjabi vernacular.
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had his private residence quarters decorated with figures of scantily clad dancing girls and Indic deities in the act of making love. At the
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is also a famous dance from Punjab. This dance is for women and originates thousands of years ago, it resembles femininity and beauty.
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rice is the indigenous variety of Punjab, and various meat- and vegetable-based rice dishes have been developed using it.
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In recent years, efforts have been made to preserve and promote Punjabi culture and heritage. One notable example is the
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2164:"How archaeologists across the country are unearthing the food of ancestors to shed light on the evolution of eating"
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1392:, of Pakistan. When women wear the shalwar-kameez in some regions, they usually wear a long scarf or shawl called a
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1180:, a genre of romantic tragedy which also derived inspiration from Indic, Persian and Quranic sources. The Qissa of
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derives from the Persian "چاك ćāk, Fissure, cleft, rent, slit, a narrow opening (intentionally left in clothes)."
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What is common in all the cases is the wearing of shalwar, kameez, and dupatta, the national dress of Pakistan.
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the shalwar kameez happens to be worn by just about everyone in Pakistan, including in all of Gilgit-Baltistan.
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is an article of faith that represents equality, honour, self-respect, courage, spirituality, and piety. The
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942:, there are wall paintings of couples having sex in various positions, settings, and emotions based upon the
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Hardgrave, R. L. (1996). An Early Portrayal of the Sikhs: Two 18th Century Etchings by Baltazard Solvyns.
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Religious-themed murals are often found at religious shrines, such as Hindu and Sikh temples. Scenes from
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is a long shirt or tunic. The side seams are left open below the waist-line (the opening known as the
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1137:(1173–1266). Roughly from the 12th century to the 19th century, Punjabi Sufi poetry developed under
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Quraishee 73, Punjabi Adab De Kahani, Abdul Hafeez Quaraihee, Azeez Book Depot, Lahore, 1973.
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Folk music & musical instruments of Punjab : from mustard fields to disco lights
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Chopra 77, The Punjab as a sovereign state, Gulshan Lal Chopra, Al-Biruni, Lahore, 1977.
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Piety and splendour : Sikh heritage in art : National Museum, New Delhi, 2000
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The Punjabis in British Columbia: Location, Labour, First Nations, and Multiculturalism
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Punjabi Sufi poetry also influenced other Punjabi literary traditions particularly the
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1190:(1706–1798) is among the most popular of Punjabi qisse. Other popular stories include
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721:) incarnating in feminine form (these unique forms are given various names, such as
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as seasonal festivals. The Punjabi Muslim festivals are set according to the lunar
1443:. The Punjabi Sikhs and Hindus typically do not observe these, and instead observe
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The Grace of Four Moons: Dress, Adornment, and the Art of the Body in Modern India
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The Grace of Four Moons: Dress, Adornment, and the Art of the Body in Modern India
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Sites and Politics of Religious Diversity in Southern Europe: The Best of All Gods
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Other scenes found in Punjabi wall paintings seem to stem from the stories of the
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Rural Nostalgias and Transnational Dreams: Identity and Modernity Among Jat Sikhs
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1781:"Top 100 The Evolution of Punjabi Music: From Folk Traditions to Modern Pop Hits"
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Amid the murals based on profane subjects, depictions of scenes from traditional
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and is an important part of the Punjabi and Sikh culture. Among the Sikhs, the
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around him or he is shown stealing clothes from the gopis, an episode known as
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Social and Political Movements in ancient Panjab, Delhi, 1962, Buddha Parkash.
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Unquiet Pasts: Risk Society, Lived Cultural Heritage, Re-designing Reflexivity
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2182:"7 Kenoyer 2015 Indus Civilization.pdf: ANTHRO100: General Anthropology (002)"
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as an important part of the unique Sikh identity. After the ninth Sikh Guru,
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Fresco depicting a dalliance scene from Jandwal temple in Hoshiarpur district
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The Legacy of The Punjab by R. M. Chopra, 1997, Punjabee Bradree, Calcutta.
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Living Islam: Muslim Religious Experience in Pakistan's North-West Frontier
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had their residences embellished with these erotic wall paintings. General
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The evolution of Heroic Tradition in Ancient Panjab, 1971, Buddha Parkash.
3027:"20 years of Panjab Digital Library: 6.5 crore manuscripts & counting"
2338:"Punjabi language and the Gurmukhi and Shahmuhi scripts and pronunciation"
2206:"Full text of "Indian Food Tradition A Historical Companion Achaya K. T.""
1928:"A Historical Overview of Emergence and Development of Sikh Art in Punjab"
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in Pakistan. Approximately 130 million people speak the Punjabi language.
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1758:(New rev. ed.). Paṭiālā: Pabalikeshana Biūro, Pañjābī Yūniwarasiṭī.
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and gave five articles of faith, one of which is unshorn hair, which the
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Nation, Territory, and Globalization in Pakistan: Traversing the Margins
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Becoming American, Being Indian: An Immigrant Community in New York City
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History of the Panjab, Patiala, 1976, Fauja Singh, L. M. Joshi (Ed).
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871:, and more. A lot of the depicted stories are ultimately based upon
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Europeans were employed by the Lahore Durbar, such as the Frenchman
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for poetic expression, Punjabi Sufi poets tended to compose in the
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and methods to European ones. The Punjabi form and localization of
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The Punjabi literary tradition is popularly seen to commence with
903:(eight heroines). There also exists wall paintings based upon the
633:(arrived in 1841). Eden had a large impact, as her published work
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1161:(1845–1901). In contrast to Persian poets, who had preferred the
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910:. There are further depictions of various royal figures, such as
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Mural depicting a scene from Indic mythology, located within the
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Kang, Kanwarjit Singh (1988). "10. Murals - Social Documents".
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1145:(1628–1691), Shah Sharaf (1640–1724), Ali Haider (1690–1785),
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Aside from Hindu themes, there are also depictions based upon
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Sikh Women In England: Religious, Social and Cultural Beliefs
2610:(online ed.), London: W. H. Allen & Co., p. 418
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grew out of the settlements along the five rivers (the name
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1910:. Royal Book Company. 23 May 2017 – via Google Books.
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722:
453:
meaning "Water") which served as an important route to the
2643:, or a two-piece suit that consists of either a readymade
1467:
and the date of the festival also typically varies in the
1351:(bottom) is the traditional attire of the Punjabi people.
1044:
The local cuisine of Punjab is heavily influenced by the
764:. An example of a type of mural scene derived from it is
729:(that are hostile to the deities and mankind), including
711:
Religious murals depicting female figuratives were often
672:, ca.1840's. The mythological scene depicted is likely a
625:(visited in 1837), William G. Osborne (visited in 1838),
2577:
Concise Oxford English Dictionary: Book & CD-ROM Set
2546:
Concise Oxford English Dictionary: Book & CD-ROM Set
2458:(2 ed.). Singapore: Select Publishing. p. 35.
702:, are commonly found, an example being the unveiling of
2036:
https://www.laits.utexas.edu/solvyns-project/sikhs.html
2893:
2614:
2931:
Census of India, 1961: Punjab. Manage of Publications
564:
Painting in the Punjab developed during the reign of
2567:
1502:
3080:
Nanak, Punjabi Documentary Film by Navalpreet Rangi
2454:Dominique, Grele; Raimbault, Lydie (1 March 2007).
1284:, wear the turban to cover their long, uncut hair (
527:; are other important genres in the Punjab region.
2607:A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English
2536:
2453:
1639:A Dictionary of Urdu, Classical Hindi, and English
1482:
1052:lifestyle prevalent from the times of the ancient
883:. There are also paintings based upon traditional
2964:, Ramzan Id/Eid-ul-Fitar in India, Festival Dates
2817:. Trent and Sterling: Trentham Book. p. 68.
2710:tradition rather than having historical veracity.
1926:Kaur, Sukhandeep; Viranjan, Ram (24 April 2023).
715:in-nature. A prevailing theme of the divine (the
4630:
2472:
2359:
2357:
1932:ShodhKosh: Journal of Visual and Performing Arts
1471:but stays within the same two Gregorian months.
2235:. Vol. IV. Foursome Group. pp. 211–.
893:. Additionally, there are paintings of various
2924:
2573:
2542:
2505:
1966:
1376:. The combination garment is sometimes called
1249:History of clothing in the Indian subcontinent
4380:
3713:
3127:
2942:Jacqueline Suthren Hirst; John Zavos (2013).
2354:
1704:"Bhangra conquering one dance move at a time"
629:(visited in 1838 alongside her brother), and
415:
2697:, University of Toronto Press, p. 260,
2232:Ancient Pakistan – An Archaeological History
1925:
635:Portraits of the Princes and People of India
2862:
2776:
2715:
1388:. The shalwar-kameez is a widely-worn, and
1343:A Punjabi suit that features two items - a
1126:The earliest writings in Punjabi belong to
811:), and religious figures (an example being
4387:
4373:
3727:
3720:
3706:
3134:
3120:
3089:History of Porus, Patiala, Buddha Parkash.
2973:
2905:
2831:
2746:
2728:. Cambridge University Press. p. 37.
2684:
2511:
1439:The Punjabi Muslims typically observe the
1111:, considered the first major Punjabi poet.
1089:
422:
408:
2945:Religious Traditions in Modern South Asia
2574:Stevenson, Angus; Waite, Maurice (2011),
2549:, Oxford University Press, p. 1272,
2543:Stevenson, Angus; Waite, Maurice (2011),
1943:
1115:The Punjabi language is written with the
479:), which is highly esteemed by Punjabis.
2902:, Government of Punjab – Pakistan (2016)
2844:, Indiana University Press, p. 72,
2627:. Indiana University Press. p. 75.
2604:Platts, John Thompson (February 2015) ,
2580:, Oxford University Press, p. 774,
2518:, Cornell University Press, p. 43,
2330:
2263:. Indian food forever. 2 September 2019.
1334:
1268:is an proud of headgear associated with
1103:
1032:
916:
824:
659:
481:
2921:, Karachi Metropolitan, Sindh, Pakistan
2868:
2786:Gender and Sexuality in Muslim Cultures
2782:
2721:
2483:, in Blanes, Ruy; Mapril, José (eds.),
2430:"Sikh Theology Why Sikhs Wear A Turban"
2363:
2104:. Atma Ram & Sons. pp. 44–47.
2095:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2077:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2028:International Journal of Punjab Studies
2022:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2008:
14:
4631:
3024:
2837:
2752:
2690:
2620:
2603:
2512:Khandelwal, Madhulika Shankar (2002),
2479:Fraile, Sandra Santos (11 July 2013),
2478:
2422:
2410:
2161:
2124:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2006:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1992:
1990:
1988:
1852:
1753:
4368:
3701:
3115:
2875:, Taylor & Francis, p. 405,
2320:
2318:
2228:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1879:
1825:
1778:
1726:
1674:
1040:is a popular dish in Punjabi cuisine.
4394:
3106:Video about Punjab and Punjabi music
2813:Rait, Satwant Kaur (14 April 2005).
2812:
2806:
2447:
2099:
1670:
1668:
1666:
1664:
1662:
27:Arts, cuisine, dress, etc. of Punjab
2155:
2040:
1985:
1803:
1600:Punjabi Cultural Society of Chicago
655:
24:
3308:Archaeological sites and monuments
3003:, IRFAN HUSAIN, Dawn, Feb 18, 2017
2651:cloth piece, each with a matching
2639:You can buy an entire three-piece
2404:"Articles on Bulleh Shah's Poetry"
2327:(Vol. 2), Sahitya Akademi, p. 1263
2325:Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature
2315:
2125:Lawler, Andrew (30 January 2013).
1914:
1701:
1339:Punjabi traditional dress in India
1309:, the tenth Sikh Guru created the
1208:by Hashim Shah (1735?–1843?), and
49:
25:
4660:
3099:
2417:“Importance of turban in Sikhism”
2384:from the original on 2 April 2023
2162:Bhuyan, Avantika (9 April 2017).
1945:10.29121/shodhkosh.v4.i1.2023.293
1797:
1754:Thinda, Karanaila Siṅgha (1996).
1659:
1431:List of Hindu festivals in Punjab
1280:Sikh men and women, who keep the
820:
640:
4617:
3809:
3189:
3143:
3047:
2143:
1826:Singh, Khushwant (23 May 2017).
1675:Nayar, Kamala Elizabeth (2012).
1519:
1505:
1298:, was sentenced to death by the
1202:by Hafiz Barkhudar (1658–1707),
391:
3018:
3006:
2994:
2980:. Routledge. pp. 209–212.
2967:
2935:
2597:
2396:
2285:
2267:
2249:
2222:
2198:
2174:
2137:
2118:
1960:
1900:
1886:. Crabtree Publishing Company.
1681:. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP.
1632:
1483:Preservation of Punjabi Culture
666:Samadh of Maharaja Ranjit Singh
1873:
1846:
1819:
1772:
1747:
1720:
1695:
1605:List of Punjabi language poets
13:
1:
3025:Sharma, Sarika (2023-04-23).
1853:Bedell, J. M. (23 May 2017).
1779:songs, Punjabi (2023-05-04).
1652:
768:being surrounded by youthful
2419:, earlytimes.in. 2018-05-29.
1416:
1060:may have existed during the
7:
4649:Indian culture by community
4108:Qila Raipur Sports Festival
2869:Koerner, Stephanie (2016),
2034:(2), 213-27. Accessed via:
1498:
951:
727:battle with negative forces
592:amongst the various Pahari
10:
4665:
4286:Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar
3013:The barricaded Muslim mind
2948:. Routledge. p. 274.
2789:. Routledge. p. 222.
2759:, Routledge, p. 162,
2456:Discover Singapore on Foot
2367:Students' Britannica India
1420:
1328:
1257:
1226:
1093:
1026:
1022:
958:Punjabi wedding traditions
955:
544:
502:
4615:
4403:
4299:
4176:
4150:
3861:
3818:
3807:
3754:
3739:
3654:
3646:Faisalabad Hockey Stadium
3628:
3612:
3391:
3347:
3321:
3226:
3198:
3187:
3161:
1869:– via Google Books.
1842:– via Google Books.
1733:. Ahmedabad : Mapin Pub.
1054:Indus Valley civilization
875:, such as the legends of
837:are commonplace, such as
459:Indus Valley civilization
3620:University of the Punjab
3108:from the Horniman Museum
2838:Shukla, Pravina (2015),
2722:Marsden, Magnus (2005).
2621:Shukla, Pravina (2015).
1625:
1550:Folk practices in Punjab
1475:and they being declared
1290:). The Sikhs regard the
1222:
1064:civilization during the
540:
523:, commonly practiced in
498:
457:as early as the ancient
3994:Punjabi Tamba and Kurta
3069:. New York: Doubleday.
2691:Mooney, Nicola (2011),
2293:"Punjabi Pulao Biryani"
2229:Ahmed, Mukhtar (2014).
1967:Goswamy, B. N. (2000).
1880:Black, Carolyn (2003).
1090:Language and literature
532:History of Modern Music
2912:Official Holidays 2016
2900:Official Holidays 2016
2487:, BRILL, p. 263,
2364:Hoiberg, Dale (2000).
2127:"The Mystery of Curry"
2102:Punjab Art and Culture
1756:Pañjāba dā loka wirasā
1489:Panjab Digital Library
1479:(forbidden in Islam).
1427:List of Sikh festivals
1340:
1241:Indian wedding clothes
1151:Saleh Muhammad Safoori
1119:in India and with the
1112:
1041:
922:
899:themes, including the
830:
739:) and giants (such as
689:
559:
495:
441:, is derived from two
54:
4131:Folk arts and crafts
4125:Punjabi Suba movement
3301:Salwar (Punjabi) Suit
3065:Patwant Singh. 1999.
2783:Ozyegin, Gul (2016).
2753:Haines, Chad (2013),
2370:. Popular Prakashan.
2275:"KADHI CHAWAL RECIPE"
1883:Pakistan: The culture
1832:. Orient Paperbacks.
1338:
1135:Fariduddin Ganjshakar
1107:
1036:
920:
828:
663:
485:
53:
4077:Religious festivals
3901:Tipri dance (Punjab)
3833:Legislative Assembly
2481:"Sikhs in Barcelona"
1727:Pande, Alka (1999).
1702:Moreno, Jacqueline.
1620:Sikh art and culture
1056:. Dishes similar to
986:may be conducted in
619:Jean-François Allard
4644:Culture of Pakistan
4120:Punjabi nationalism
4031:Fairs and festivals
4019:Nanakshahi calendar
3984:Punjabi ghagra suit
3208:Provincial Assembly
3054:Wrestling in Punjab
2974:Tej Bhatia (2013).
2303:on 28 November 2020
2281:. 2 September 2019.
2257:"Jeera Rice Recipe"
1973:. National Museum.
1829:Land of Five Rivers
1575:Punjabi Australians
1535:Punjabi Culture Day
1435:Festivals in Lahore
1159:Khwaja Ghulam Farid
1155:Mian Muhammad Baksh
574:Tarikh-I-Ferozeshi.
449:meaning "Five" and
4599:Sulaiman Mountains
2917:2018-09-01 at the
2434:The Sikh Coalition
2168:The Economic Times
1908:"Pakistan Almanac"
1804:Pandher, Gurdeep.
1493:Davinder Pal Singh
1491:(PDL), founded by
1469:Gregorian calendar
1341:
1237:Pakistani clothing
1121:Shahmukhi alphabet
1113:
1100:Punjabi literature
1042:
923:
831:
690:
496:
55:
4626:
4625:
4534:Kala Chitta Range
4362:
4361:
4271:Sri Muktsar Sahib
4036:Punjabi festivals
3695:
3694:
3181:History of Lahore
3171:History of Punjab
3156:, Pakistan topics
2987:978-1-136-89460-2
2955:978-1-136-62668-5
2882:978-1-351-87667-4
2851:978-0-253-02121-2
2824:978-1-85856-353-4
2796:978-1-317-13051-2
2766:978-1-136-44997-0
2735:978-1-139-44837-6
2704:978-0-8020-9257-1
2663:) or two pieces (
2634:978-0-253-02121-2
2587:978-0-19-960110-3
2556:978-0-19-960110-3
2494:978-90-04-25524-1
2465:978-981-4022-33-0
2377:978-0-85229-760-5
2279:Indianfoodforever
2261:Indianfoodforever
2242:978-1-4960-8208-4
1856:Teens in Pakistan
1806:"Bhangra History"
1765:978-81-7380-223-2
1740:978-18-902-0615-4
1688:978-0-7735-4070-5
1595:Punjab (Pakistan)
1580:Punjabi Canadians
1570:Punjabi Americans
1545:Punjabi festivals
1441:Islamic festivals
1423:Punjabi festivals
1317:covers. Prior to
1307:Guru Gobind Singh
1233:Clothing in India
1117:Gurmukhi alphabet
873:bardic literature
752:Markandeya Purana
602:Company paintings
461:, dating back to
432:
431:
18:Culture of Punjab
16:(Redirected from
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4468:Cholistan Desert
4389:
4382:
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4291:Tarn Taran Sahib
4103:Kabaddi in India
4024:Bikrami calendar
4014:Punjabi calendar
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3722:
3715:
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3699:
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3256:Saraiki language
3246:Punjabi language
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1465:Punjabi calendar
1461:Bikrami calendar
1457:Islamic calendar
1229:Punjabi clothing
1157:(1830–1907) and
1096:Punjabi language
1074:Sushruta Samhita
1058:tandoori chicken
1038:Tandoori chicken
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835:Punjabi folklore
761:Bhagavata Purana
656:Religious themes
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581:Sikh painting
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547:Punjabi dance
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19:
4604:Sutlej River
4539:Kirana Hills
4524:Jhelum River
4458:Chenab River
4301:Major cities
4191:Sri Amritsar
3933:Sakhi Sarwar
3928:Chhapar Mela
3862:
3764:Demographics
3745:
3655:Major cities
3519:Muzaffargarh
3404:Bahawalnagar
3227:
3066:
3053:
3034:. Retrieved
3030:
3020:
3008:
2996:
2976:
2969:
2962:Eid ul-Fitar
2944:
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2677:salwar kurta
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2498:
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2455:
2449:
2437:. Retrieved
2433:
2424:
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2386:. Retrieved
2366:
2345:. Retrieved
2342:Omniglot.com
2341:
2332:
2324:
2305:. Retrieved
2301:the original
2296:
2287:
2278:
2269:
2260:
2251:
2231:
2224:
2213:. Retrieved
2209:
2200:
2189:. Retrieved
2185:
2176:
2167:
2157:
2139:
2130:
2120:
2101:
2031:
2027:
1969:
1962:
1935:
1931:
1902:
1882:
1875:
1859:. Capstone.
1855:
1848:
1828:
1821:
1809:. Retrieved
1799:
1788:. Retrieved
1784:
1774:
1755:
1749:
1729:
1722:
1711:. Retrieved
1708:The Observer
1707:
1697:
1677:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1486:
1473:
1438:
1386:Punjabi suit
1385:
1381:
1378:salwar kurta
1377:
1369:
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1352:
1348:
1344:
1342:
1325:Punjabi suit
1314:
1296:Tegh Bahadur
1291:
1285:
1273:
1263:
1212:Puran Bhagat
1209:
1205:Sassi Punnun
1203:
1199:Mirza Sahiba
1197:
1191:
1181:
1175:
1168:
1162:
1139:Shah Hussain
1132:
1125:
1114:
1085:
1079:
1043:
961:
945:Koka Shastra
943:
935:
924:
905:
901:Ashta-nayika
900:
894:
890:Puran Bhagat
888:
885:folk ballads
880:
876:
868:
864:Laila Majnun
862:
856:
850:
844:
838:
832:
812:
806:
791:Sikh history
788:
783:chira-harana
781:
775:
769:
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745:
741:
734:
716:
710:
703:
697:
691:
683:
677:
644:
634:
615:
598:
590:Punjab Hills
585:Punjabi Sikh
579:, including
573:
563:
550:
535:
531:
529:
510:
508:
486:Traditional
450:
446:
438:
434:
433:
161:
160:
137:
136:
125:
124:
114:
4609:Thal Desert
4594:Soon Valley
4519:Indus River
4487:Indus Sagar
4241:Kapurthala
3896:Aawat pauni
3881:Folk dances
3574:Sheikhupura
3031:The Tribune
2641:salwar suit
2439:13 November
2297:Khanapakana
2210:archive.org
1811:28 November
1382:salwar suit
1183:Heer Ranjha
1147:Bulleh Shah
1143:Sultan Bahu
1046:agriculture
940:Nabha State
928:Sikh Empire
912:Rani Jindan
877:Shah Behram
869:Raja Rasalu
858:Sassi Pannu
840:Heer Ranjha
736:Mahishasura
699:Mahabharata
679:Mahabharata
674:Vaishnavist
648:(including
623:G. T. Vigne
611:watercolour
467:Agriculture
334:Sindh Sagar
173:New Zealand
120:Afghanistan
97:Nationalism
4633:Categories
4589:Soan River
4579:Salt Range
4569:Ravi River
4443:Beas River
4334:Hoshiarpur
4231:Hoshiarpur
4010:Calendars
3967:Folk music
3848:Raj Bhavan
3828:Government
3784:King Porus
3747:Chandigarh
3677:Gujranwala
3672:Rawalpindi
3667:Faisalabad
3559:Rawalpindi
3439:Gujranwala
3434:Fasialabad
3409:Bahawalpur
3378:Rawalpindi
3363:Gujranwala
3360:Faisalabad
3354:Bahawalpur
3200:Government
3036:2023-04-28
2500:centuries.
2388:25 October
2347:2017-02-27
2215:2019-02-06
2191:2020-08-22
1979:1195745832
1790:2024-04-06
1713:2019-12-26
1653:References
1421:See also:
1227:See also:
1188:Waris Shah
1109:Baba Farid
1066:Bronze Age
1027:See also:
984:Christians
956:See also:
936:Rani Mahal
887:, such as
881:Husan Banu
799:Sikh gurus
797:, such as
627:Emily Eden
545:See also:
517:Sufi music
257:Television
227:Literature
4453:Bhattiana
4398:geography
4349:Pathankot
4319:Jalandhar
4261:Pathankot
4236:Jalandhar
4226:Gurdaspur
4221:Firozpur
4206:Faridkot
4186:SAS Nagar
4178:Districts
4163:Jalandhar
4151:Divisions
3843:Governors
3774:Education
3613:Education
3604:Wazirabad
3539:Pakpattan
3449:Hafizabad
3392:Districts
3348:Divisions
3334:Districts
3322:Geography
3313:Festivals
3067:The Sikhs
2741:Pakistan.
2307:26 August
2146:"Virasat"
1954:2582-7472
1417:Festivals
1303:Aurangzeb
1128:Nath Yogi
980:Buddhists
908:of Bihari
746:Nishumbha
733:(such as
596:states.
566:Iltutmish
455:Near East
315:Bhattiana
213:Festivals
168:Australia
4448:Bhatiore
4329:Bathinda
4314:Amritsar
4309:Ludhiana
4276:Rupnagar
4246:Ludhiana
4201:Bathinda
4169:Firozpur
4166:Faridkot
4160:Rupnagar
4140:Phulkari
4071:Vaisakhi
3999:Phulkari
3950:Gurmukhi
3945:Language
3908:Folklore
3594:Toba Tek
3584:Talagang
3569:Sargodha
3554:Rajanpur
3504:Mianwali
3479:Kot Addu
3469:Khanewal
3384:Sarghoda
3372:Mianwali
3286:Diaspora
3261:Folklore
3236:Punjabis
3218:Governor
3150:Province
2915:Archived
2382:Archived
1615:Vaisakhi
1499:See also
1453:Vaisakhi
1357:trousers
1353:Shalwars
1217:Qadaryar
1062:Harappan
1000:Sanskrit
952:Weddings
808:shaheeds
777:ras-lila
713:Shaktist
705:Draupadi
685:Ramayana
650:frescoes
577:Sikh art
463:3000 BCE
310:Bhatiore
242:Religion
221:Pakistan
198:Clothing
178:Malaysia
110:Diaspora
92:Punjabis
80:Dialects
75:Language
70:Folklore
43:Punjabis
35:a series
33:Part of
4574:Sakesar
4564:Pothwar
4473:Derajat
4463:Chhachh
4324:Patiala
4281:Sangrur
4266:Patiala
4216:Fazilka
4196:Barnala
4157:Patiala
4098:Kabaddi
3962:Bhangra
3886:Bhangra
3876:Cuisine
3863:Culture
3796:Tourism
3779:History
3769:Economy
3742:Capital
3687:Sialkot
3579:Sialkot
3564:Sahiwal
3529:Narowal
3524:Nankana
3494:Lodhran
3474:Khushab
3424:Chiniot
3419:Chakwal
3414:Bhakkar
3381:Sahiwal
3281:Cuisine
3271:Pothwar
3228:Culture
3176:Harappa
3163:History
2977:Punjabi
2679:outfit.
2673:dupatta
2657:dupatta
2653:dupatta
2562:šalwār.
1394:dupatta
1347:(top),
1282:Five Ks
1270:Sikhism
1081:Basmati
1050:farming
1023:Cuisine
996:Punjabi
964:Muslims
906:Sat Sai
814:bhagats
803:martyrs
742:Shumbha
607:gouache
568:of the
511:Bhangra
445:words,
443:Persian
320:Chhachh
305:Derajat
300:Pothwar
269:Regions
203:Cuisine
191:Culture
162:Oceania
63:History
4529:Kachhi
4509:Duggar
4495:Rachna
4437:Jungle
4433:Gondal
4421:Kirana
4417:Sandal
4396:Punjab
4344:Batala
4339:Mohali
4093:Sports
4066:Rakhri
4061:Teeyan
4046:Basant
3979:Salwar
3923:Gogaji
3918:Sanjhi
3891:Giddha
3871:Cinema
3853:Police
3791:People
3756:Topics
3682:Multan
3662:Lahore
3599:Vehari
3589:Taunsa
3514:Multan
3509:Murree
3489:Layyah
3484:Lahore
3464:Jhelum
3454:Jampur
3444:Gujrat
3399:Attock
3375:Multan
3369:Lahore
3366:Gujrat
3339:Region
3329:Cities
3154:Punjab
3073:
2984:
2952:
2879:
2848:
2821:
2793:
2763:
2732:
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1785:Medium
1762:
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1685:
1555:Punjab
1449:Basant
1433:, and
1411:purdah
1399:chador
1366:kameez
1364:. The
1349:salwar
1345:qameez
1315:dastār
1311:Khalsa
1292:dastār
1278:Khalsa
1274:dastār
1266:Dastar
1260:Dastar
1254:Dastar
1247:, and
1210:Qissa
1164:ghazal
988:Arabic
968:Hindus
896:Nayika
795:themes
731:demons
718:Shakti
688:epics.
670:Lahore
646:Murals
594:Rajput
554:Ghidda
521:Qawali
492:Kikkli
439:Punjab
380:Jungle
376:Gondal
364:Kirana
360:Sandal
342:Rachna
325:Kachhi
156:Canada
126:Europe
87:Punjab
4559:Puadh
4549:Malwa
4544:Majha
4483:Doabs
4478:Doaba
4429:Ganji
4425:Neeli
4408:Bagar
4251:Mansa
4051:Maghi
4041:Lohri
4004:Jutti
3974:Dress
3957:Music
3801:Music
3729:State
3629:Sport
3544:Kasur
3534:Okara
3459:Jhang
3296:Dress
3291:Music
2669:kurta
2665:kurta
2661:kurta
2649:kurta
2647:or a
2645:kurta
2149:(PDF)
2131:Slate
1950:eISSN
1626:Notes
1477:haram
1445:Lohri
1407:hijab
1405:(see
1403:burqa
1384:, or
1370:chaak
1319:Sikhi
1223:Dress
1070:India
1004:Hindi
976:Jains
972:Sikhs
771:gopis
766:Radha
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499:Music
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290:Puadh
285:Doaba
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275:Majha
252:Sport
237:Music
232:Media
217:India
208:Dance
4503:Bist
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4413:Bars
4354:Moga
4256:Moga
4056:Holi
3071:ISBN
2982:ISBN
2950:ISBN
2877:ISBN
2846:ISBN
2819:ISBN
2791:ISBN
2761:ISBN
2730:ISBN
2699:ISBN
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2460:ISBN
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2309:2015
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1975:OCLC
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