2720:
5950:. Out of the eleven remains, four samples belonged to haplogroup H, two to haplogroup U, two to haplogroup V, and one each to the JT, U3, and D haplogroups. In comparison to the Cumans, modern Hungarian samples represent 15 haplogroups. All but one is a West Eurasian haplogroup , but all belong to the N lineage. Four haplogroups (H, V, U*, JT), present in the ancient samples, can also be found in the modern Hungarians, but only for haplogroups H and V were identical haplotypes found. Haplogroups U3 and D occur exclusively in the ancient group, and 11 haplogroups (HV, U4, U5, K, J, J1a, T, T1, T2, W, and F) occur only in the modern Hungarian population. Haplogroup frequency in the modern Hungarian population is similar to other European populations, although haplogroup F is almost absent in continental Europe; therefore the presence of this haplogroup in the modern Hungarian population can reflect some past contribution. "The results suggested that the Cumanians, as seen in the excavation at Csengele, were far from genetic homogeneity. Nevertheless, the grave artifacts are typical of the Cumanian steppe culture; and five of the six skeletons that were complete enough for anthropometric analysis appeared Asian rather than European (HorvĂĄth 1978, 2001), including two from the mitochondrial haplogroup H, which is typically European. It is interesting that the only skeleton for which anthropological examination indicated a partly European ancestry was that of the chieftain, whose haplotype is most frequently found in the Balkans."
6384:
6221:
5971:, and Turkic-speaking peoples who inhabited the regions north of the Black and Caspian Seas." The results from the Cuman samples were plotted on a graph with other Eurasian populations, showing the genetic distances between them. The Eurasian populations were divided into two distinct clusters. One cluster contained all the Eastern and Central Asian populations and can be divided into two subclusters; one subcluster includes mainly Eastern Asian populations (Buryat, Korean and Kirghiz Lowland populations), and the other subcluster harbors mainly Central Asian populations (Mongolian, Kazakh, Kirghiz Highland and Uyghur populations). The second cluster contained the European populations. Inside the second cluster, based on HVS I motifs, a clear structure was not detectable, but almost all European populations, including the modern Hungarians, assembled in one section with small distances between each other. Cumans were outside this section; they were found to be above the abscissa of the graphâthis is the population from the second cluster, which is closest to the East-Central Asian cluster. The modern Cumans of Csengele, Hungary are genetically nearest to the
5656:
5629:) from the Hungarian state, with the aim of forming a new independent Cuman state in Europe. The Cuman National Council declared the independence of KunsĂĄg, and elected its president Count Gedeon RĂĄday on 18 December. However, the council's efforts remained unsuccessful. In 1939, Cuman descendants organized celebrations for the 700th anniversary of their arrival in Hungary, where they emphasized their separate ethnic existence and identity with ceremonial speeches. In 1995, The Cuman Memorial Site was inaugurated as a tribute to the Cuman ancestors and the redemption of the former Nagykun District. In 2009, and subsequently 2012, a World Meeting of the Cumans was held in Karcag. During the first meeting, which lasted two weeks, academic conferences, historical exhibitions, publications, presentations of traditional and cultural festivals and lectures in relation to the Cumans were held. In the 2012 meeting, the minister for rural development, SĂĄndor Fazekas, mentioned how Cuman traditions are still kept alive, such as costumes, folk songs, and food.
1666:
three ways for to go into India. But by that way, he may not pass no great multitude of people, but if it be in winter. And that passage men clepe the
Derbend. The other way is for to go from the city of Turkestan by Persia, and by that way be many journeys by desert. And the third way is that cometh from Comania and then to go by the Great Sea and by the kingdom of Abchaz ... After that, the Comanians that were in servage in Egypt, felt themselves that they were of great power, they chose them a soldan amongst them, the which made him to be clept Melechsalan. And in his time entered into the country of the kings of France Saint Louis, and fought with him; and took him and imprisoned him; and this was slain by his own servants. And after, they chose another to be soldan, that they clept Tympieman; and he let deliver Saint Louis out of prison for a certain ransom. And after, one of these Comanians reigned, that hight Cachas, and slew Tympieman, for to be soldan; and made him be clept Melechmenes.
3729:
3457:
barons were hostile towards the Cumans. The
Hungarian barons noted that there were Cumans in the Mongol armies, but they did not realize that this was because they were conscripted into it and had no say in the matter. In particular the barons did not trust Köten, despite the fact that the Mongols had attacked his people for nearly 20 years. This chaos pushed Bela into a corner; feeling he needed to show his strength and keep the rebellious barons on his side, he ordered Köten to be placed under house arrest. This did not placate the barons and had an opposite effect of erroneously seeming to admit that the King harboured doubts about Köten, too. This angered the Cumans, who were far from happy about the actions taken against them, and who had done nothing to invite such actions and hated the Mongols. News arrived on 10 March that the Mongols had attacked the Hungarian defenses at the Carpathian passes. This prompted Bela to send a letter to Duke
4498:. Light felt tents with a frame consisting of wooden laths could be carried on top of wagons and easily be placed on the ground. The windows of the tents were "grilled" in such a way that it was difficult to see in but easy to see out. As the Cumans became more settled, they constructed forts for defence and settlement purposes. The CumanâKipchaks used dung for fires when firewood was not available. The Cumans had very strict rules (taboos) against theft, and thus would, without prohibition, loosen their horses, camels, and livestock (sheep, oxen) without shepherds or guards when they were stationary. The law of blood vengeance was common among the CumanâKipchaks. The Cuman calendar was atypical, as it showed neither specific Christian influences nor any trace of the ChineseâTurkic twelve-year animal cycle; it appeared to be an archaic system.
3770:
4423:, a type of neck ornament consisting of one or several metal strands attached to a ribbon or necklace and hung around the neck, and head dresses that were made of a series of silver rings on a solid, cylindrically shaped material that was fastened at the temples. The men shaved the top of their head, while the rest of the hair was plaited into several braids; they also had prominent moustaches. Other Cumans also wore their hair very long, without shaving the top. The women had their hair loose or braided with buns twisting at the side. Both men and women followed a tradition of braiding coloured ribbons into their hair. For footwear, Cuman men and women wore long leather or felt boots with support straps connected to their belt. Both men and women wore cloth or metal arm bands.
4446:
present king testified to the sergeant's good character. After these proceedings a huge mound was raised above the tomb. Cumans were buried in their warrior outfits. Wolves were greatly respected by the CumanâKipchaks, and they would sometimes howl along with them in commune. The personal bodyguard of the khan were called Bori (wolf in Turkic). Like other nomadic nations, the CumanâKipchaks initiated blood bonds (with the purpose of symbolically cementing a bond) by the drinking or mixing of each other's blood. Amongst the CumanâKipchaks ethnic names often became personal namesâthis was also practiced amongst the
Mongols. This practice involved naming newborns after the names of conquered tribes and people. Names such as 'Baskord' (from the
5851:
definitely
Cumanian-type costumes; the 12-spiked mace as a weapon; bone girdles; and associated pig bones. In view of the cultural objects and the historical data, the archeologists concluded that the burials were indeed Cumanian from the mid-13th century; hence some of the early settlers in Hungary were from that ethnic group. In 1999 the grave of a high-status Cumanian from the same period was discovered about 50 meters from the church of Csengele; this was the first anthropologically authenticated grave of a Cumanian chieftain in Hungary, and the contents are consistent with the ethnic identity of the excavated remains from the church burials. A separated area of the chieftain grave contained a complete skeleton of a horse.
4595:, facing and shooting to the rear of the horse, then a feigned retreat and skilled ambush. To maintain this tactic to optimum efficiency, the Cumans kept a large number of reserve horses (10â12 remounts) to replace fatigued ones, so that a fresh horse was available at all times. The horsemen used oval shaped stirrups and employed a large bridle for their horses. Another important accessory was a small whip attached to the rider's wrist. Tribal banners were either made of cloth with tribal emblems or dyed horse hairâwith more tails signifying greater importance of the warrior or group. Some of the Cumans who moved west were influenced by Western heraldry, and they eventually displayed hybridized European-Cuman heraldry.
4483:
Empire hesitated to go to war with the CumanâKipchaks north of the Danube River; instead, like the
Hungarians, they chose to bribe them. Since Kwarizm had more important enemies, they hired the CumanâKipchaks for garrison duty. There were numerous ways the CumanâKipchaks could make a living as nomadic warriors. One could partake in questing and raiding with their tribe and subsequently keep the spoils. Another avenue was to seek employment as a mercenary in exchange for the guarantee of loot. One could serve in a garrison, although this caused those Cumans to eventually forget their light cavalry skills and become poor infantry. This was fully exploited when the Mongol army destroyed the CumanâKipchak garrison in
3749:
6209:
6321:
3645:
6149:
3709:, but as time went by they gradually gave up their nomadic way of life. The head of Cuman clans served the dual role of a military leader and a judge. The Cumans, having their own jurisdiction, were exempt from Hungarian jurisdiction and appealed to the king only in cases of unsettled disagreements. The Cumans paid 3000 gold bullions a year to the king, as well as other products and animals (since King BĂ©la IV). They had own priests and they were not paying port and custom dues. Cuman villages did not have landlords and thus no manors were established; this meant that the people of these villages bought off statute labour. The royal guard of the Hungarian kings were Cumans, called
3578:
6197:
5159:
4507:
6041:
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6372:
6400:
5678:, "kuman") are not uncommon. Traces of the Cumans are the Bulgarian surnames Kunev or Kumanov (feminine Kuneva, Kumanova) and Asenov, its variants in North Macedonia Kunevski, Kumanovski (feminine Kumanovska); the Kazakh surname Kumanov; the widespread Hungarian surname Kun; the Hungarian surnames of Csertan, Csoreg, Kokscor, Karacs, Kekcse; the Hungarian surname of Kangurâa byname of one of the families of Karcag (the words Kangur and Karcag derive from Qongur and Qarsaq respectively, and occur as modern day clan names of the Kazakhsâthe Kipchak tribes Qongur and Qarsaq, as well as names used by the
4465:, a Franciscan traveler who visited the Mongols in 1253â55, provides another account of Cuman customs. He mentions that Cumans built statues for dead notables, facing east and holding a cup (these statues are not to be confused with the balbals, which represent the enemies that were killed by him). He also notes that for richer notables, the Cumans built tombs in the form of houses. Rubruk gives an eyewitness account of a man who had recently died: the Cumans had hung up sixteen horses' hides, in groups of four, between high poles, facing the four points of the compass. The mourners then also placed
280:
3766:
able to officially buy off their freedom by paying off more than 500,000 Rhenish florins and by arming and sending to camp 1000 cavalry. At the beginning of the 18th century, the
Cumanian territories were resettled by Hungarian-speaking descendants of the Cumans. In the middle of the 18th century they got their status by becoming free farmers and no longer serfs. Here, the Cumans maintained their autonomy, language, and some ethnic customs well into the modern era. According to PĂĄlĂłczi's estimation, originally 70â80,000 Cumans settled in Hungary. Other estimations are 180â200,000.
6185:
6161:
5686:âmentioned as Kongur-bay, lord of the Mongol Kalmyk people and the warrior Kongrolu); the Hungarian surname of Kapscog (from "Kipchak")âKapsog Tojasos Kovacs, a byname of Kovacs family, as well as the name of Eszenyi Kopscog of Hungary; and the Greek surname Asan. The names "Coman" in Romania and its derivatives, however, do not appear to have any connection to the medieval Cumans, as it was unrecorded until very recent times and the places with the highest frequency of such names has not produced any archaeological evidence of Cuman settlement.
3959:(r. 1280â1292), to the Bulgarian throne in 1280. Shishman was either a close relative or a brother of George Terter I. Shishman may have established his authority over the Vidin region as early as the 1270s, after the death of the previous ruler of that area, Jacob Svetoslav. Danilo, a Serbian archbishop, reported, "At that time in the land of the Bulgars a prince called Shishman emerged. He lived in the town of Vidin, and obtained the adjacent countries and much of the Bulgarian land." Some years after, Shishman invaded Serbia and got as far as
3159:
3075:
1283:
3665:
certain
Hungarian barons had a role in his murder, thus Ladislaus fell victim to his political enemies. The royal and ecclesiastical authorities incorporated, rather than excluded, the Cumans. The Cumans served as light cavalry in the royal army, an obligation since they were granted asylum. Being fierce and capable warriors (as noted by Istvan Vassary), they had an important role in the royal army. The king led them in numerous expeditions against neighbouring countries; most notably they played an important part in the
6269:
3920:, winning the battle. Afterwards, Dragutin took the throne and became king of Serbia. After King Stephen's death, his son, Ladislaus IV the Cuman, continued to support Dragutin, his brother-in-law. From 1270 onwards Cuman mercenaries and auxiliaries were present on both sides of the warring factions, sometimes ignoring the orders of the party they were fighting for, instead acting on their own and looting the countryside. The Cumans had also burned down ĆœiÄa, the former see of the archbishopric of the Serbian Church.
6293:
3220:, where he gave "numerous presents: horses, camels, buffaloes and girls. And he presented these gifts to them, and said the following, 'Today the Mongols took away our land and tomorrow they will come and take away yours'." The Cumans were ignored for almost a year, however, as the Rus' had suffered from their raids for decades. But when news reached Kiev that the Mongols were marching along the Dniester River, the Rus' responded. Mstislav of Galich then arranged a council of war in Kiev, which was attended by
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3394:
3980:
3494:
6333:
6309:
3167:
5577:
5146:). Notably, all of these phenotypes can be traced to groups described in Chinese and Arab sources, that are assumed to have later merged in the CumanâKipchak confederation. Fair complexion, e.g. red hair and blue or green eyes, were already noted by the Chinese among the Qincha (Kipchak), while the Tiele (to whom the Qun belonged) were not described as foreign looking, i.e. they were likely East Asian in appearance. A dark complexion was attributed to the Pechenegs by
6233:
37:
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settle and continued royal favors to them. The kings' main aim was to secure Cuman loyalty by various means, including intermarriage between the Cumans and the
Hungarian royal family. Ladislaus IV "the Cuman" (whose mother was Queen Elizabeth the Cuman) was particularly fond of the Cumans and abandoned Hungarian culture and dress for Cuman culture, dress, and hairstyle; he lived with his Cuman entourage and concubines, who were KĂŒpçeç, Mandola, and Ayduva.
4623:
his master, and they do not stop going by night or by day. And they ride so hard that they cover in one day and one night fully six days' journey or seven or eight. And while they are on the way they will not seize anything or carry it along, before their return, but when they are returning, then they seize plunder and make captives and take anything they can get. Nor do they go armed, except that they wear a garment of sheepskin and carry bows and arrows.
5601:, who died in 1770. During the 1740s, when Cuman was no longer spoken, a Cuman version of the Lord's Prayer suddenly surfaced. It was taught in schools in Greater Cumania and Little Cumania until the mid-20th century, in turn becoming a cornerstone of Cuman identity. In the 20th century enthusiastic self-styled Cumans collected 'Cuman folklore', which consisted of elements such as a traditional Cuman dance, Cuman characteristics such as pride and staunch
5723:. Although the PalĂłcs were similar to the Hungarians in origins and culture, they were considered distinct groups by the Turks. The first written record of the word "palĂłc" as the name of a people appears in the MezĆkövesd register in 1784. Some scholars believe there is also no connection between the Cumans and the Dutch surnames Kooman(s), Koman(s), Koeman(s), (De) Cooman(s) and Coman(s), used particularly in the Flemish area and the Dutch county of
8476:. Otto Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden. p. 276 "The attempts, on philological grounds, to link the Quman-Qun-SĂąrĂź and QıpÄaqs, while possible, seem somewhat forced. Corroborating historical data are needed. If the TĂŒrkmen attacked by the SĂąrĂź are the OÄuz, the case for the identification of the SĂąrĂź with the QıpÄaqs is strengthened on geographical grounds. If the TĂŒrkmen in question are Qarluqs, however, then we are not compelled to view the SĂąrĂź as QıpÄaqs."
6137:
7479:
6281:
4442:(c. 1224âc. 1317), mentions that when the Cumans and Byzantines made an alliance, the Cumans made a dog pass between both sides and cut it with a sword, obliging the Byzantines to do the same; the Cumans said that both they and the Byzantines should be cut in pieces if they failed each other. Joinville described a Cuman noble's funeral: he was buried seated on a chair whilst his best horse and best sergeant were placed beside him alive.
3378:
6077:
4165:
6357:
6053:
6101:
6089:
6065:
5865:
6257:
4003:. The cultural heritage of those CumanâKipchaks who remained was transferred to the Mongols, whose Ă©lite adopted many of the traits, customs, and language of the Cumans and Kipchaks; the Cumans, Kipchaks, and Mongols finally became assimilated through intermarriage and became the Golden Horde. Those Cumans, with the Turko-Mongols, adopted Islam in the second half of the 13th and the first half of the 14th century.
3466:
5477:
4427:
3462:
suspicion of the Cumans, they were the only ones who seemed willing to fight the
Mongols, the memory of the fate that had befallen them on the steppes still being fresh in their minds. By this time Bela had lost control of his army and many towns were destroyed. Soon thereafter Frederick arrived, and, wishing to harm the country's defense (in revenge to Bela), he stirred up further feelings against the Cumans.
5959:
language and became members of a tribal confederation. According to legends, Cumanians frequently carried off women from raided territories. So the maternal lineages of a large part of the group would reflect the maternal lineage of those populations that had geographic connection with
Cumanians during their migrations. Nevertheless, the Asian mitochondrial haplotype in sample Cu26 may still reflect the
2236:
6113:
3240:
The army of the alliance of the Rus' and Cumans numbered around 80,000. When the alliance reached Pereyaslavl, they were met by a Mongol envoy that tried to persuade them not to fight. This as well as a second attempt by the Mongols failed; the alliance then crossed the Dnieper River and marched eastward for nine days pursuing a small Mongol contingent, unknowingly being led by a false retreat. The
6125:
4383:
2704:
2622:
3148:
3098:, resulting in victory over Byzantium and the restoration of Bulgaria's independence in 1185. IstvĂĄn VĂĄsĂĄry states that without the active participation of the Cumans, the Vlakho-Bulgarian rebels could never have gained the upper hand over the Byzantines, and ultimately without the military support of the Cumans, the process of Bulgarian restoration could never have been realized.
2967:
7854:
4030:, in plundering the Byzantine Balkan provinces. Subsequent to this, the Cumans gave aid to Tatos, the chief of Distra. In 1091 there was a disagreement in plunder shares between the Cumans and Pechenegs, which resulted in a breach between the two peoples; this contributed to the Cumans (led by Togortok/Tugorkan and Boniak, who had repeatedly raided Kievan Rus') joining
2531:(MaTlUqa), which is called White Cumania, it is 50 miles. White Cumania is a large inhabited city ... Indeed, in this fifth part of the seventh section there is the northern part of the land of Russia and the northern part of the land of Cumania ... In this sixth part there is a description of the land of Inner Cumania and parts of the land of Bulgaria."
5609:, the KiskunsĂĄg is almost entirely Roman Catholic, whereas in NagykunsĂĄg, Protestants do outnumber Catholics, but only narrowly.) This ethnic consciousness was linked to the legal privileges attached to the Cumans' territory. Their 19th-century biographer, GyĂĄrfĂĄs IstvĂĄn, in 1870 was of the opinion that they originally spoke Hungarian, together with the
3610:) in the years of 1272â1277. A struggle took place between her and the noble opposition, which led to her imprisonment by the rebels; but supporters freed her in 1274. During her reign, gifts of precious clothes, land, and other objects were given to the Cumans with the intent to ensure their continued support, and in particular during the
2940:. In 1114, the Cumans launched an invasion, from the western Romanian Plain, into the Byzantine Balkans once more. This was followed up by another incursion in 1123/1124. In 1135, the Cumans again invaded the Kingdom of Poland. During the second and third crusades, in 1147 and 1189, crusaders were attacked by Cumans, who were allied to the
2368:) were possibly induced into the Kimek union or took over said union and absorbed the Kimek. As a result, the Kipchaks presumably replaced the Kimeks as the union's dominant group, while the Quns gained ascendancy over the westernmost tribes and became Quman (though difficulties remain with the Qun-Cuman link and how Qun became Cuman, e.g.
3018:, preceding the Mongol invasion, Khan Konchek was successful in creating a more cohesive force out of the many Cuman groupsâhe united the western and eastern CumanâKipchak tribes. Khan Konchek also changed the old Cuman system of government whereby rulership went to the most senior tribal leader; he instead passed it on to his son Koten.
8872:, 1935), Russian historian A. A. Vasiliev concluded in this matter, "The liberating movement of the second half of the 12th century in the Balkans was originated and vigorously prosecuted by the Wallachians, ancestors of the Romanians of today; it was joined by the Bulgarians, and to some extent by the Cumans from beyond the Danube."
11097:
4776:
system (mentioned by the historian GyĂĄrfĂĄs), which could have been a runic script. The supposition that the Cumans had a runic script is also suggested by the academic Hakan Aydemir, who mentioned a buckle with runic writing from a Cuman grave There was also some Khazar Jewish linguistic influence upon the Cumansâthe Cuman words
4580:, a knife and a comb. They also wore elaborate masks in battle, shaped like and worn over the face. The Cuman Mamluks in Egypt were, in general, more heavily armed than Mongol warriors, sometimes having body armour and carrying a bow and arrow, axe, club, sword, dagger, mace, shield, and a lance. The Cuman Mamluks rode on larger
3618:, when both sides tried to gain Cuman support. During this conflict, in 1264, BĂ©la sent Cuman troops commanded by the chieftain Menk to fight his son Stephen. Elizabeth married Stephen V; they were parents of six children. Their son, Ladislaus IV became the king of Hungary while her other son, Andrew of Hungary, became Duke of
3963:. After failing to capture Ćœdrelo, he returned to Vidin, which was subsequently attacked and devastated by King Milutin. However, Milutin replaced him on his throne on the basis that he would become Shishman's ally. In fact, the alliance was strengthened by Shishman marrying the daughter of the Serbian grand
6383:
4415:
brim (if made of felt) or a fur trim around the base (if made of leather). The brim of the hat formed a sharp angle at the front and upturned on the rear and at the sides. Women wore a large variety of head dresses and also wore conical hats but with a felt top and a cloth veil extending down the back.
2719:
5526:
As the Mongols pushed westward and devastated their state, most of the Cumans fled to Hungary, as well as the Second Bulgarian Empire since they were major military allies. The Cuman participation in the creation of the Second Bulgarian Empire in 1185 and thereafter brought about basic changes in the
5178:
As the Cumans ceased to have a state of their own, they were gradually absorbed into Eurasian populations (certain families in Hungary, Bulgaria, North Macedonia, Turkey, Romania, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Tatars in Crimea). The Cumans in Dobruja were assimilated into Bulgarian and Romanian people. Traces
5066:
ravaged the Chernihiv and Kyiv areas. His daughter married prince Vladimir Igorevich of Putivl (Igor's son). It is hypothesized that Konchek was with the Cumans who helped Riurik Rostislavovich seizure and sack of Kiev in 1202. Khan Konchek is credited with certain technological advancements, such as
4622:
Each one has at least ten or twelve horses, and they have them so well-trained that they follow them wherever they want to take them, and they mount first on one and then on another. When they are on a raid, each horse has a bag hung on his nose, in which his fodder is put, and he feeds as he follows
4445:
Prior to this the sergeant was given a large sum of money by the Cuman leaders for the purpose of handing it back to them when they too would come into the afterlife. The Cuman khan also gave a letter of recommendation to the sergeant, which was addressed to the first king of the Cumans, in which the
3431:
in 1211, with the purpose of ensuring security of the southeastern borders of his kingdom against the Cumans. The Teutonic Knights campaigned against the Cumans, on behalf of King Andrew, during the years of 1221â1225. However, the Teutonic Knights failed to defeat the Cumans and began to establish a
5921:
The ethnic origins of the Cumans are uncertain. According to some contemporary sources, the Cumans were reported to have had blond hair, fair skin and blue eyes (which set them apart from other groups and later puzzled historians), however, craniometric and genetic data, as well as contemporary art,
5065:
in their struggle for control with the other Rus' princes. Along with Khan Kobiak/Kobek, Khan Konchak was routed on the Khorol River in 1184 during an assault on Kievan Rus'. In 1185, he defeated the army of Ihor Sviatoslavych, who was taken as a prisoner. Later, Konchak laid siege to Pereiaslav and
4482:
For many years before the Mongol invasion, the CumanâKipchaks were in ambiguous relationships with their neighbours (often through marital and martial alliances), the Kwarizmians, Byzantines, Georgians, and the Rus'; at a given time they could be at peace with one, at war with another. The Byzantine
4478:
calls (the region stretching) from the river Don as far as the Azov Sea and the Danube, Alania. And this land stretches from the Danube as far as the Don, the borderline of Asia and Europe; one can reach there in two months with quick riding as the Tatars ride.... and this country which extends from
4414:
The women also wore caftans, as well as pants, dresses, and tunics shorter than those worn by men, sometimes split along the front, back, and sides. Clothes were commonly coloured deep crimson for decoration. Cuman men wore distinguishing conical felt or leather hats, pointed at the top with a broad
4318:
and the Hungarians in doing so. Over the course of time feudalism would take over the traditional social structure of the Cumans, and this led to the changing of identity from kinship to territory-based. Some of the Cumans eventually settled and led sedentary lives involved in agriculture and crafts
4305:
The Rus' grouped the CumanâKipchaks into two categories: the Non Wild Polvciansâ'civilized' Cumans of the western part of the CumanâKipchak confederation who had friendly relations with Kievan Rus'âand the Wild Polvcians âwho formed the eastern part of the confederation and who had hostile relations
3765:
became a market town, due to the permission to organize fairs. During this time, it had bought off its borders as its own property for 43,200 Rhenish florins. On May 6, 1745, due to the cooperation between the Cumans and Jasz people, as well as their material strength of their communities, they were
3684:
Hungarian kings relied on the Cumans to counterbalance the growing independent power of the nobility. Royal policy towards the Cumans was determined by their military and political importance. The Hungarian kings continuously hoped to use Cuman military support, the main reason for the invitation to
3456:
Around December 1240, news came that the Mongols were advancing towards Hungary. King Bela then installed front line defenses at the Carpathian Mountains, after which he returned to Buda and called a council of war and ordered unity against the Mongols. The opposite happened, however, as many of the
3389:
They became one of the important Turkic groups in Desht-i Kipchak region. After Kipchak unity was destroyed by the Mongol attack in 1239, one branch of the Cumans migrated to the Balkans, and another branch went down to the Anatolia. They later came into contact with Georgians, Hungarians and Turks.
2861:
and a Cuman army under Togortok/Tugorkan and Boniak. Attacked again in 1094 by the Cumans, many Pechenegs were again slain. Some of the Pechenegs fled to Hungary, as the Cumans themselves would do a few decades later. In 1091/1092 the Cumans, under Kopulch, raided Transylvania and Hungary, moving to
10711:
Tatars were mercenaries in the Mongol armies that arrived in Eastern Europe in the 1240s. After the Ottomans took the Crimean Khanate there, other regions were subject to the Golden Horde Mongol Khanate. As subjects of the Mongol state, they were called Tatars. Tatar is a wrong term, we should call
5850:
In the Hungarian village of Csengele, on the borders of what is still called Kiskunsag ("Little Cumania"), an archeological excavation in 1975 revealed the ruins of a medieval church with 38 burials. Several burials had all the characteristics of a Cumanian group: richly jeweled, non-Hungarian, and
3516:
With this departure of its only ally and most efficient and reliable military force, Hungary was now further weakened to attack, and a month later it was destroyed by the Mongols. After the invasion, King BĂ©la IV, now penniless and humiliated after the confiscation of his treasury and loss of three
5493:
on the territory of the khanate) became dominant, and Islam acquired the status of a state religion throughout the Peninsula. By a preponderance Cumanian population of the Crimea acquired the name "Tatars", the Islamic religion and Turkic language, and the process of consolidating the multi-ethnic
4280:
The fundamental unit of Cuman society was the family, made up of blood relatives. A group of families formed a clan, led by a chief; a group of clans formed a tribe, led by a khan. A typical Cuman clan was named after an object, animal, or a leader of the clan. The names of the leaders of clans or
3239:
The princes promised support to Khan Koten's Cumans and an alliance between the Rus' and Cumans was formed. It was decided that the Rus' and Cumans would move east to seek and destroy any Mongols they found. The Rus' princes then began mustering their armies and moved towards the rendezvous point.
2506:
The vast territory of the CumanâKipchak realm consisted of loosely connected tribal units that represented a dominant military force but were never politically united by a strong central power; the khans acted on their own initiative. The CumanâKipchaks never established a state, instead forming a
4272:
and were armed with composite bows and arrows. They prayed to the first animal they saw in the morning. Like the Bulgars, the Cumans were known to drink blood from their horse (they would cut a vein) when they ran out of water far from an available source. Their traditional diet consisted of soup
4263:
described the Cumans as nomadic warriors who raised horses, sheep, goats, camels, and cattle. They moved north with their herds in summer and returned south in winter. Some of the Cumans led a semi-settled life and took part in trading and farming, as well as blacksmithing, furriery, shoe making,
4188:
and were armed with composite bows and arrows. They prayed to the first animal they saw in the morning. Like the Bulgars, the Cumans were known to drink blood from their horse (they would cut a vein) when they ran out of water far from an available source. Their traditional diet consisted of soup
4176:
described the Cumans as nomadic warriors who raised horses, sheep, goats, camels, and cattle. They moved north with their herds in summer and returned south in winter. Some of the Cumans led a semi-settled life and took part in trading and farming, as well as blacksmithing, furriery, shoe making,
3915:
of Serbia. King UroĆĄ had promised both his son and King Stephen that he would make Dragutin king during his own lifetime; but he later declined this. Dragutin, in disappointment, requested aid from King Stephen, who said he would lend his Hungarian and Cuman troops. Subsequently, Dragutin set out
3489:
on 17 March 1241. When news of this outrage reached the Cuman camp there was an eruption of "Vesuvian intensity". In revenge for this victimization they slaughtered a vast number of Hungarians. The Cumans then left for the Balkans and the Second Bulgarian Empire, going on a rampage of destruction
3461:
asking for help. Frederick had previously wanted Bela's throne, but Bela responded by amassing a vast army and marching to the gates of Vienna, which forced Frederick to step back. On 14 March, news had arrived that the Carpathian defense forces were defeated by the Mongols. Ironically, given the
2526:
Robert Wolff states that it was discipline and cohesion that permitted the CumanâKipchaks to conquer such a vast territory. Al-IdrÄ«sÄ« states that Cumania got its name from the city of Cumania; he wrote, "From the city of Khazaria to the city of Kirait is 25 miles. From there to Cumanie, which has
5126:
The looks of a typical Cuman are a matter of debate. This is because in spite of their Eastern origins, several sources point at them being white, blue-eyed, and blond. It is important to elaborate, however, that the full range of available data sketches a more complex picture. While the written
4767:
of the Middle Ages, designed to help Catholic missionaries communicate with the Cumans. It consisted of a LatinâPersianâCuman glossary, grammar observations, lists of consumer goods and Cuman riddles. The first copy was written in the monastery of St. John near Saray. A later copy (1330â1340) is
4118:
to the regency in 1258, after the consultation of Latin mercenaries, the Cumans present at the court offered their opinion on the matter in "good Greek". This is indicative of the Cumans spending considerable time in the company of Greek speakers. The importance of this Cuman group came from its
2303:. Despite this, it is possible that certain tribes forming a part of the CumanâKipchak conglomerate were of Mongolic origin. Golden considers the Ălberli to have originally been Mongolic-speaking and argues that they were pushed westwards as a result of socio-political changes among the Khitans.
1665:
is one of the great kingdoms in the world, but it is not all inhabited. For at one of the parts there is so great cold that no man may dwell there; and in another part there is so great heat that no man may endure it ... And the principal city of Comania is clept Sarak , that is one of the
4775:
The Cumans' language was a form of Kipchak Turkic and was, until the 14th century, a lingua franca over much of the Eurasian steppes. A number of CumanâKipchakâArabic grammar glossaries appeared in Mamluk lands in the 14th and 15th centuries. It is supposed that the Cumans had their own writing
4771:
The Interpreter's Book consists of 110 pages; pages 1â63 contain alphabetically arranged verbs in Latin, Persian and Cuman. The Missionaries' Book contains vocabulary listings, grammatical notes, Cuman riddles, religious texts and some Italian verses. The Cuman riddles are the oldest documented
4609:
They fought in their habitual manner, learnt from their fathers. They would attack, shoot their arrows and begin to fight with spears. Before long they would turn their attack into flight and induce their enemy to pursue them. Then they would show their faces instead of their backs, like birds
3760:
The Cumanians' settlements were destroyed during the Turkish wars in the 16th and 17th centuries; more Cumans than Hungarians were killed. Around 1702, Cuman and Jasz privileges were lost. The court sold all three districts to the Teutonic Knights, though the lordship of these three regions was
3664:
By the 15th century, the Cumans were permanently settled in Hungary, in villages whose structure corresponded to that of the local population, and they were Christianized. The Cumans did not always ally with the Hungarian kingsâthey assassinated Ladislaus IV; however, other sources suggest that
3601:
As the Cumans came into the kingdom, the Hungarian nobility suspected that the king intended to use the Cumans to strengthen his royal power at their expense. During the following centuries, the Cumans in Hungary were granted rights and privileges, the extent of which depended on the prevailing
3251:
Due to confusion and mistakes, and the superb military tactics and fighting-qualities of the Mongols, the Rus' and Cumans were defeated. In the chaos the Cumans managed to retreat, but the Rus' failed to regroup and were crushed. The Cumans were allied at Kalka River with Wallach warriors named
1839:
As stated above, it is unknown whether the name Kipchak referred only to the Kipchaks proper, or to the Cumans as well. The two tribes eventually fused, lived together and probably exchanged weaponry, culture and languages; the Cumans encompassed the western half of the confederation, while the
5958:
with other populations rather than the ultimate genetic origins of the founders of Cuman culture. The study further mentioned, "This may be the result of the habits of the Cumanian nomads. Horsemen of the steppes formed a political unit that was independent from their maternal descent or their
4222:
and some to the Phrygia and Bithynia. When the Ottomans conquered the lands they lived in, these Cumans intermixed with the Turkmen and were assimilated among Turks. It is thought that some of the Cumans who settled in Western Anatolia during the reign of are the ancestors of a part of a
3943:
for help. Dragutin battled the brothers again, this time with King Milutin's help as well as support from King Ladislaus IV (Cuman troops), and defeated them. After this King Ladislaus continued negotiations with Darman and Kudelin, but this had failed so he sent Transylvanian and Cuman troops
3484:
After crushing defeats and facing complete collapse, the Hungarians engaged in a suicidal betrayal of the Cumans, the people that had done the most in repelling the Mongols. Some of the barons went to Köten's house with the intent of killing him as scapegoat or handing him over to the Mongols,
4370:
The Cumans tolerated all religions, and Islam and Christianity spread quickly among them. As they were close to the Kievan Rus' principalities, Cuman khans and important families began to slavicize their namesâfor example, Yaroslav Tomzakovych, Hlib Tyriievych, Yurii Konchakovych, and Danylo
3452:
of the Mongols then ordered Bela to stop giving refuge to the Cumans and made a particular point that if attacked the Cumans could easily run away, for they were skilled horseman, but not so for the Hungarians, who were a sedentary nation and had no such luxury. Bela rejected this ultimatum.
5134:
The genetic material is mixed, albeit that European matrilineal DNA predominates (see also below). Unlike the written sources, paintings and miniatures from between the 12th and 14th century (close in time to the settlement of Cumans to Central Europe) tend to support the picture of a mixed
4398:
The Cumans were reported to be handsome people with blond hair, fair skin and blue eyes, and attractive women. Cuman women had a high reputation for their beauty amongst the Russian aristocracy. Robert de Clari reported that the Cumans often wore a sleeveless sheepskin vest, usually worn in
4768:
thought to have been written in a Franciscan friary. Later, different sections of the codex, such as the Interpreter's Book (which was for commercial, merchant use) and the Missionaries' Book (which contains sermons, psalms and other religious texts along with Cuman riddles) were combined.
3602:
political situation. Some of these rights survived until the end of the 19th century, although the Cumans had long since assimilated with Hungarians. The Cumans were different in every way to the local population of Hungaryâtheir appearance, attire, and hairstyle set them apart. In 1270,
4284:
The CumanâKipchak tribes formed sub-confederations governed by charismatic ruling housesâthey acted independently of each other and had opposing policies. The territory controlled distinguished each Cuman tribe: the "seashore" Cuman tribes lived in the steppes between the mouths of the
1501:
Most other Turkic-speaking people (as well as most Muslim sources) called the Cumans some variant of "Qipchaqs", while Armenians called them "Xartesk'ns". Qumans were primarily used by Byzantine authors (and a few Arab sources), while the name used in Rus' tended to be "Polovtsian".
9802:
WOLF, Robert Lee, âThe Latın Empire Of Constantinople 1204-1261â, A History Of The Crusaders, Volume II Later Crusades (1189-1311), General ed. Kenneth M. Setton, ed. By. Robert Lee Wolf and Harry W. Hazard, The Unıversıty Of Wısconsın Press, Madıson, Milwaukee and London, 1969, s.
2959:, and helped make Georgia the most powerful kingdom of the region (they were referred to as naqivchaqari). After the death of the warlike Monomakh in 1125, Cumans returned to the steppe along the Rus' borders. Fighting resumed in 1128; Rus' sources mention that Sevinch, son of Khan
2817:
in 1099 and seized the royal treasury. In 1109, Monomakh launched another raid against the Cumans and captured "1000 tents". In 1111, 1113, and 1116, further raids were launched against the Cumans and resulted in the liberation and incorporation of more Pecheneg and Oghuz tribes.
3408:. This event, which was one of the most important military reforms of David's against the Seljuk invaders, took place when a high-level Georgian delegation visited the Cuman headquarters. To strengthen this alliance with the nomads, David married with Cuman King Atrak's daughter
2597:, which Ibn al-Air viewed as the "city of the Qifjaq from which (flow) their material possessions. It is on the Khazar Sea. Ships come to it bearing clothes. The Qifjiqs buy from them and sell them slaves. Burtas furs, beaver, squirrels..." Due to their political dominance, the
5613:
population. Despite this mistake, he has the best overview on the subject concerning details of material used. Cuman influence is also present in the modern Hungarian language in the form of loanwords, particularly in the areas of horse-breeding, eating, hunting and fighting.
11269:
Bogacsi-Szabo, Erika; Kalmar, Tibor; Csanyi, Bernadett; Tomory, Gyongyver; Czibula, Agnes; et al. (October 2005). "Mitochondrial DNA of Ancient Cumanians: Culturally Asian Steppe Nomadic Immigrants with Substantially More Western Eurasian Mitochondrial DNA Lineages".
10489:
Bogacsi-Szabo, Erika; Kalmar, Tibor; Csanyi, Bernadett; Tomory, Gyongyver; Czibula, Agnes; et al. (October 2005). "Mitochondrial DNA of Ancient Cumanians: Culturally Asian Steppe Nomadic Immigrants with Substantially More Western Eurasian Mitochondrial DNA Lineages".
3295:
ended and the CumanâKipchak confederation ceased to exist as a political entity, with the remaining Cuman tribes being dispersed, either becoming subjects and mixing with their Mongol conquerors, as part of what was to be known as the Golden Horde (Kipchak Khanate) and
5698:
dialect, which means 'carve', 'notch', as well as the words 'urk/uruk' (meaning 'lasso', 'noose'), 'dszepu (meaning 'wool') and 'korhany' (meaning 'small mountain', 'hill') are of CumanâKipchak origin. Additionally, the Cumans could have also had some connection with
4479:
the Danube to the Tanais was all inhabited by the Chapcat Comans, and even further from the Don to the Volga, which rivers are at a distance of ten days' journey...And in the territory between these two rivers where we continued our way, the Cuman Kipchaks lived."
5945:
One of these haplogroups belongs to the M lineage (haplogroup D) and is characteristic of Eastern Asia, but this is the second most frequent haplogroup in southern Siberia too. All the other haplogroups (H, V, U, U3, and JT) are West Eurasian, belonging to the
10736:
Today, those who carry Tatar name partially dislike it. Scholars and intelligentsia in the Kazan Tatarstan Republic don't like this name. It is also true that Tatarstan is not Tatar. This name needs to be changed, Crimean Tatars also say this. This is a wrong
3555:(the Borchol clan was also active around Rus'; they were also a tribe of the Golden Horde mentioned as Burcoylu); Csertan, who settled in Little Cumania; Olas, who settled in Greater Cumania; Iloncsuk, who settled in Little Cumania; Kor, who settled in the
3906:
Cuman involvement in Serbia first occurred as a result of marital ties between Serbia and Hungary. King Stephen V of Hungary gave his daughter, Catherine (whose mother was Queen Elizabeth the Cuman, daughter of the Cuman chieftain Seyhan) in marriage to
4362:
River Basin; they were also inhabitted by other peoples besides the Cumans. Due to the practice of Cuman towns being named after their khans, town names changed over timeâthe town of Sharukan appears as Osenev, Sharuk, and Cheshuev. Rock figures called
5127:
sources predominantly emphasize a fair complexion (e.g. Adam of Bremen referring to them as "the blond ones") the craniometric and genetic data, as well as contemporary art, support the image of a people highly heterogenous in appearance. Skulls with
2672:. After the Cuman victory, they repeatedly invaded Kievan Rus', devastating the land and taking captives, who became either their slaves or were sold at markets in the south. The most vulnerable regions were the Principality of Pereyaslavl, the
2651:
reached an agreement with them thus avoiding a military confrontation. In 1061, however, the Cumans, under the chieftain Sokal, invaded and devastated the Pereyaslavl principality; this began a war that would go on for 175 years. In 1068 at the
4614:, they would stop turning back again. Then they would draw their swords, release an appalling roar, and fall upon the Romans quicker than a thought. They would seize and massacre those who fought bravely and those who behaved cowardly alike."
7460:
5108:
continued for nearly 100 years. The last representative of this The Cuman Family, which was later assimilated into Byzantine Culture was also named Syrgiannés, just like the first member of the family. Syrgiannés, who was the governor of
8518:
Akhmetova, Zhanculu et al. "Kipchak Ethnonyms in the 'Tale of Bygone Years'" in International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation, Vol. 24, Issue 06, 2020. p. 1193 quote: "But the Kumans represent only one small western part of the
5488:
By the end of the 15th century, the main prerequisites that led to the formation of an independent Crimean Tatar ethnic group were created: the political dominance of the Crimean Khanate was established in Crimea, the Turkic languages
2364:, if the Ćari whom the Quns had defeated were to be identified as Kipchaks, or whether they simply represent the western mass of largely Kipchak-Turkic speaking tribes. The Quns and Ćari (whom CzeglĂ©dy (1949:47-48,50) identifies with
6822:
In another account, Köten had already realised the barons' intention, so he had killed himself and his wives. The barons then cut off their heads and threw them onto the streets outside the house in an act of brutality that had dire
4371:
Kobiakovych. Ukrainian princely families were often connected by marriage with Cuman khans, lessening wars and conflicts. Sometimes the princes and khans waged joint campaigns; for example, in 1221 they attacked the trading town of
3256:
river in modern Romania and Moldova. During the second Mongol invasion of Eastern Europe in 1237â1240 the Cumans were defeated again; at this time groups of Cumans went to live with the Volga Bulgars, who had not been attacked yet.
2316:, where he notes that "(the sixth iqlim) begins where the meridian shadow of the equinox is seven, six-tenths, and one-sixth of one-tenth of a foot. Its end exceeds its beginning by only one foot. It begins in the homeland of the
5693:
and Romanian culture in Moldavia, due to the Hungarians in Moldavia socializing and mingling with the Cumans between the 14th and 15th centuries. Hakan Aydemir, a Turkic linguist, states that the 'ir' of the CeangÄi/Csangos and
3939:(Kipchak Khanate) against the Hungarians and Serbs. Subsequently, Dragutin attacked the brothers but failed to defeat them. After this attack the brothers hired Cuman and Tatar mercenaries. Dragutin in turn went to his brother,
3622:. By 1262, Stephen V had taken the title of 'Dominus Cumanorum' and became the Cumans' highest judge. After his enthronement, the Cumans came directly under the power of the king of Hungary and the title of 'Dominus Cumanorum' (
4072:(1081â1118) and were one of the most important elements of the Byzantine army until the mid-14th century. They served as light cavalry (horse-archers) and as standing troops; those in the central army were collectively called
3444:, who in turn vowed to convert his 40,000 families to Christianity. King BĂ©la hoped to use the new subjects as auxiliary troops against the Mongols, who were already threatening Hungary. The Cumans were joined by the Iranian
1459:(who lived in the 1st century AD), mentions "a fortress, the name of which is Cumania, erected for the purpose of preventing the passage of the innumerable tribes that lay beyond" while describing the "Gates of Caucasus" (
6220:
4076:. Other Cumans lived a more dangerous life as highlanders on the fringes of the empire, possibly being involved in a mixture of agriculture and transhumance, acting as a buffer between Nicaean farmers and Turkic nomads.
3036:. The dynamic pattern of attacks and counterattacks between the Rus' and the Cumans indicates that both rarely, if ever, were able to attain the unity needed to deal a fatal blow. The Cuman attacks on the Rus' often had
11094:
4301:
Valley. D. A. Rasovskii notes five separate independent Cuman groups: the central Asiatic, the Volga-Yayik (or Ural), the Donets-Don (between the Volga and the Dnieper), the lower course of the Dnieper, and the Danube.
4217:
who wanted to prevent Cumans invasion of Byzantine lands and to benefit from their military capabilities invited Cumans in Byzantine service. He settled some of them in Thrace and Macedonia, and some in Anatolia to the
4438:, says that when the Hungarian prince married the Cuman princess, ten Cumans swore over a dog cut in half with a sword that they would defend the Kingdom of Hungary. The Christian writer and historian of the crusades,
3517:
of his border areas, begged the Cumans to return to Hungary and help rebuild the country. In return for their military service, BĂ©la invited the Cumans to settle in areas of the Great Plain between the Danube and the
4119:
tendency to foster assimilation (Hellenization) and, through time, the social advancement of its members. An example of this influential group was Sytzigan (known as Syrgiannes after baptism), who before 1290 became
3101:
The Cuman participation in the creation of the Second Bulgarian Empire in 1185 and thereafter brought about basic changes in the political and ethnic sphere of Bulgaria and the Balkans. The Cumans were allies in the
5096:, also served in the imperial palace and rose to high positions in time. As a matter of fact, SyrgiannĂ©s (Sytzigan: SıçÄan: Rat), who was the son of one of the Cuman begs, was baptized and married a woman from the
10218:
Rockhill, W. W., The journey of William of Rubruck to the eastern parts of the world, 1253â55, as narrated by himself, with two accounts of the earlier journey of John of Pian de Carpine. London: Hakluyt Society.
5117:, was the elder emperor II. After participating in the struggles between Andronikos and his grandson that started in 1320, he fell out of favor and led a dull life until he was killed by the emperor's men in 1334.
3007:. This Chernigov-Cuman alliance suffered a disastrous defeat in 1180; Elrut, Konchek's brother died in battle. In 1177, a Cuman army that was allied with Ryazan sacked six cities that belonged to the Berendei and
2415:) was in the sphere of that confederation. Members of the confederation undoubtedly also were the ancestors of the present Kumandy and Teleuts, which is evidenced by their language that like the language of the
5596:
The Cuman language disappeared from Hungary in the 17th or 18th century, possibly following the Turkish occupation. The last person who was able to speak some Cumanian on a decaying level was IstvĂĄn VarrĂł from
4772:
material of Turkic riddles and constitute Turkic folklore. Some of the riddles have almost identical modern equivalents (for example Kazakh). The Codex Cumanicus is composed of several CumanâKipchak dialects.
4026:. The Cumans, who did not receive their pay, later defected to the Seljuks. In 1086 Cumans devastated Byzantine settlements in the Balkans. Later the Cumans joined the Pechenegs and the former Hungarian king,
5727:. They believe these surnames are medieval and were used in the meaning of 'merchant'. However, other scholars believe the Coumans surname found in the Low Countries and France has its origins in the Cumans.
4418:
This veil only covered the back neck and not the hair or face; another source states that it did cover the hair and that sometimes one or two braids were visible. Women wore a variety of jewellery, such as
3688:
There were clashes between the Hungarians and Cumans in 1280 and 1282. The first involved the king convincing the Cumans not to leave the country, yet a small group still moved to Wallachia. The second was
4281:
tribes sometimes ended in "apa/aba". Cuman names were descriptive and represented a personal trait or an idea. Clans lived together in movable settlements named 'Cuman towers' by Kievan Rus' chroniclers.
6399:
10321:
Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae Vol. 58, No. 3, Proceedings of the First International Conference on the Mediaeval History of the Eurasian Steppe: Szeged, Hungary May 11â16, 2004: Part III (2005), pp.
5049:. He united the tribes of the eastern Cumans in the later half of the 12th century, after which in the 1170s and 1180s he launched a number of particularly destructive attacks on the settlements in the
10479:
Oshanin, L.V. 1964. Anthropological Composition of the Population of Central Asia, and the Ethnogenesis of its Peoples (trans. V.M. Maurin, ed. H. Field). Cambridge (MA): Peabody Museum of Archaeology.
3272:
could not tame them, as he had often been able to do earlier; the only possibility left for him was to let them march through Bulgaria in a southerly direction. They proceeded through Thrace as far as
6879:
6716:
3935:
or Bulgarian nobles of Cuman origin. This move to independence had angered Ladislaus IV as well as Dragutin, who wanted to crush the rebellion. Darman and Kudelin were supported by the Tatars of the
2987:
took Kiev with the help of a Cuman army under the Cuman prince Chemgura. By 1160 Cuman raids into Rus' had become an annual event. These attacks put pressure on Rus' and affected trade routes to the
4986:, a son of Sharukan and a brother of Syrchan. In 1111 he, along with his brother, withdrew to the Lower Don region after losing a battle against the Ruthenians. There Atrak's horde joined the local
1848:
tribes known collectively as Kangars) encompassed the eastern half. This confederation and their living together may have made it difficult for historians to write exclusively about either nation.
1244:
5652:
dogs. The Komondor breed has been declared one of Hungary's national treasures, to be preserved and protected from modification. The name Komondor derives from Koman-dor, meaning "Cuman dog".
2582:
constituted an important element and were closely associated with the Khwarazmian royal house via marital alliances. The Cumans were also active in commerce with traders from Central Asia to
4065:. Most of these Cumans enrolled in the army and soon afterwards were baptized. Vatatzes' policy towards the Cumans was distinguished by its enormous scale and relatively successful outcome.
6634:, founder of the Delhi sultanate, was a Cuman; redeemed from slavery by Afghan shakh Mahmud Ghuri, he became his governor in Delhi and proclaimed independence after the death of his patron.
4939:
1649:
said of Cumania: "This wilderness is green and grassy with no trees, nor hills, high or low ... there is no means of travelling in this desert except in wagons." The Persian historian
10567:
Lee, J. Y., & Kuang, S. (2017). A comparative analysis of Chinese historical sources and Y-DNA studies with regard to the early and medieval turkic peoples. Inner Asia, 19(2), 197-239.
4610:
cutting through the air, and would fight face to face with their assailants and struggle even more bravely. This they would do several times, and when they gained the upper hand over the
5655:
10440:
4870:/Sharagan (also known as Sharukan the Elder), grand father of Konchak. He was another Polovotsian khan who was victorious against the Ruthenian army of Yaroslavichi at the Alta river (
4319:
such as leather and iron working and weapon making. Others became merchants and traded from their towns along the ancient trade routes to regions such as the Orient, Middle East, and
3022:, prince of the Principality of Novgorod-Seversk, attacked the Cumans in the vicinity of the Kayala river in 1185 but was defeated; this battle was immortalized in the Rus' epic poem
2299:
Golden surmised that these Quns might have sprung "from that same conglomeration of Mongolic peoples from which the Qitañ sprang"; however, Golden later suggested that the Quns were
10972:
A. Gergely AndrĂĄs: Kun etnoregionĂĄlis kisvĂĄrosi sajĂĄtossĂĄgok? MTA POLITIKAI TUDOMĂNYOK INTĂZETE, ETNOREGIONĂLIS KUTATĂKĂZPONT, MTA PTI EtnoregionĂĄlis KutatĂłközpont MunkafĂŒzetek 4. (
7780:
5835:(1223â1242). Roman Kovalev states that this story can further be seen as a mechanism for the preservation of a collective memory broadly reflecting a sense of Cuman identity in the
3626:) had passed to the count palatine, who was the highest official after the king. The Cumans had their own representatives and were exempt from the jurisdiction of county officials.
6208:
4161:' (a Byzantine form of feudalism based on government assignment of revenue-yielding property to prominent individuals in return for military service) some time before 1184. Culture
2523:
in the east. This was possibly due to their facing no prolonged threat before the Mongol invasion, and it may have either prolonged their existence or quickened their destruction.
8315:
Minorsky, V. (1942), Sharaf al-Zaman Tahir MarvazÄ« on China, the Turks and India. Arabic text (circa A.D. 1120) with an English translation and commentary. London. 1, pp. 242â243.
5967:. However, by the time the Cumanians left the Trans-Carpathian steppes and settled in Hungary, they had acquired several more westerly genetic elements, probably from the Slavic,
10951:
6917:, Volume 24, Issue 2 (April 1949), 179. "Thereafter, the influx of Pechenegs and Cumans turned Bulgaria into a battleground between Byzantium and these Turkish tribes ..."
2925:
and laid siege on PrzemyĆl, which prompted David Igorevich, an ally of Volodar Rostislavich, to persuade the Cumans, under Khan Boniak and Altunopa, to attack the Hungarians.
4894:); however, already in August of the same year the collective Ruthenian army led by Svyatoslav carried out a devastating defeat to the Cuman Horde forcing Sharukan to flee.
4434:
When the CumanâKipchaks swore oaths, it was done with swords in the hands that touched the body of a dog cut in two. The Italian Franciscan friar, traveler, and historian,
5824:, focused on his birth and early years in Desht-i-Kipchak ("Steppe of the Kipchaks"/Cumania), as well as enslavement and subsequent travels to Bulgaria and the Near East.
4788:(meaning Sabbath). These Hebrew influences in the language may have resulted from contact or intermarriage between Khazars and some of the Cumans in the mid-11th century.
2794:, but they were defeated later by the combined forces of Rus principalities led by Monomakh and were forced out of the Rus' borders to the Caucasus. In these battles some
1237:
5150:, who did not specify, however, if their features are European or Asian. The Kipchak, Qun and Pechenegs all assimilated into the CumanâKipchak confederation, eventually.
1851:
The Kipchaks' folk-etymology posited that their name meant 'hollow tree'; according to them, inside a hollow tree, their original human ancestress gave birth to her son.
1528:
means "pale, sallow, cream coloured", "pale yellow", or "yellowish grey". While it is normally assumed that the name referred to the Cumans' hair, Imre Baskiâa prominent
10387:
7431:
2932:
mentions that "rarely did Hungarians suffer such slaughter as in this battle." In 1104 the Cumans were allied with Prince Volodar. In 1106, the Cumans advanced into the
2905:
were passing through the empire, Byzantium offered the Cumans prestige titles and gifts in order to appease them; subsequently good relations ensued. From 1097 to 1099,
4909:
10618:
Entangled Histories of the Balkans - Volume Three: Shared Pasts, Disputed Legacies Balkan Studies Library, Roumen Daskalov, Alexander Vezenkov, Publisher BRILL, 2015,
4114:
In contrast to their light cavalry counterparts, Cuman standing troops appear as a distinct group only once, albeit very significantly. During the election of Emperor
1763:(ĐżĐŸĐ»ĐŸĐČĐžÌĐč). Blonde individuals likely existed among the Kipchaks, yet anthropologically speaking the majority of Turkic peoples had East Asian admixture and generally
4916:
in 1107. Bonyak was last mentioned in 1167 when he was defeated by Oleg of Siveria. Bonyak was a leader of the Cuman tribe Burchevichi that resided in steppes of the
10991:
10086:
8687:
1598:. However, Istvån Våsåry rejected Györffy's hypothesis and contended that "the Hungarian name of the Cumans must go back to one of their self-appellations, i.e. to
4471:
for the dead man to consume. Other graves had plenty of stones statues placed around them (balbals), with four tall ones placed to face the points of the compass.
3359:, who had once served as regent of the empire in Baldwin's absence. When Narjot died in 1241, his wife became a nun. Jonas died that same year and was buried in a
9975:
8747:
3955:, became the ruler of Vidin. He was perhaps granted the position of despot of Vidin soon after the accession of another Bulgarian noble of Cuman origin, the Tsar
2284:"Qun" people came from the northern Chinese bordersâ"the land of Qitay" (possibly during a part of a migration from further east). After leaving the lands of the
1230:
10691:
6320:
10638:"CÄ°HAN YALVAR, ANADOLU'DA SON TĂRK Ä°SKĂNI: Ä°ZNÄ°K Ä°MPARATORLUÄU'NDA KUMAN-KIPĂAKLAR VE YALOVA KAZIMÄ°YE (YORTAN) Ä°LE ELMALIK (SARUHANLI) KĂYLERÄ°NDEKÄ° VARLIKLARI"
6148:
5174:. The dynasty was of Cuman origin or Bulgarian or Vlach origin and was responsible for establishing the Second Bulgarian Empire. Sculptor: prof. Krum Damianov
4576:
The armour was strengthened by leather or felt disks that were attached to the chest and back. The items suspended from the belts were a bow case with bow, a
4487:. CumanâKipchak women fought beside their fellow male warriors. Women were shown great respect and would often ride on a horse or wagon while the men walked.
11643:
7689:
7395:
6292:
4474:
Rubrick also wrote "Here the Cumans, who are called Chapchat used to pasture their flocks, but the Germans call them Valans and their province Valania, and
4264:
saddle making, bow making, and clothes making. They mainly sold and exported animals, mostly horses, and animal products. They attached feeding sacks to the
3728:
3304:, where they integrated into the elite and became kings and nobles with many privileges. Other Cuman captives were sold as slaves, who would go on to become
3121:
Cuman troops continued to be hired throughout the 13th and 14th century by both the Bulgarians and Byzantines. The Cumans who remained east and south of the
5070:
and a special bow that needed 50 men to operate. Konchek was noted by the Rus' to be "greater than all the Cumans". He died in a skirmish that preceded the
9445:
On the middle shield Kingdom of Hungary, on the back shield "king" of Croatia, Dalmatia, Slavonia, Lodomeria, Galicia, Bosnia, Serbia, Cumania and Bulgaria
5820:
tactic). Mamluks in the empire retained a particularly strong sense of Cuman identity, to the degree that the biography of Sultan Baibars, as reflected by
4367:, which are found throughout southern Ukraine and other areas on the steppes of Russia, were closely connected with the Cuman religious cult of shamanism.
9790:ĂZTĂRK, Meriç T., The Provıncıal Arıstocracy In Byzantine Asia Minor (1081-1261), BoÄaziçi Ăniversitesi, YayınlanmamÄ±Ć YĂŒksek Lisans Tezi, Ä°stanbul, 2013.
5139:
Cumans are depicted with East Asian features and dark hair, while a fresco in the Kraskovo church in Slovakia confirms the stereotype of the blond Cuman.
4045:
a large group with an estimated population of over 10,000 Cumans invaded Thrace where they pillaged towns that had recently come under the control of the
258:, with Cuman immigrants becoming integrated into each country's elite. The Cumans played a role in the creation of the Second Bulgarian Empire. Cuman and
8493:(Bucharest-Braila, 2011), pp. 303â332. "Thus, MarwazĂź, as we have seen, mentions a 'group of ShĂąrĂź' led by a chief called 'BĂąsm.l.' These may have been
5979:
and Turkish populations. The modern day Cuman descendants in Hungary are differentiated genetically from the Hungarians and other European populations.
12931:) Turkmen/Turkoman minorities, who mostly adhere to an Ottoman-Turkish heritage and identity. In traditional areas of Turkish settlement (i.e. former
11636:
Mitochondrial DNA of ancient Cumanians: culturally Asian steppe nomadic immigrants with substantially more western Eurasian mitochondrial DNA lineages
11123:
3412:, and invited her relatives to settle in Georgia. David brokered a truce between the Kipchaks and Alans. Later on he has held some consultations with
2809:
In 1096, Boniak attacked Kiev and burned down the princely palace in Berestove; he also plundered the Kievan Cave Monastery. Boniak was defeated near
9166:
6040:
3067:. A variant of the oldest Turkic chronicle, Oghuzname (The Oghuz Khan's Tale), mentions the Cumans fighting the Magyars, Rus', Romanians (Ulak), and
7889:
4268:
of their horses, allowing them to cover great distances. They could go on campaign with little baggage and carry everything they needed. They wore
4184:
of their horses, allowing them to cover great distances. They could go on campaign with little baggage and carry everything they needed. They wore
6196:
2999:, son of Khan Ayepa's daughter, took control of Kiev in 1169 and installed Gleb as his puppet. Gleb brought in "wild" Cumans as well as Oghuz and
10661:"ANADOLU'DA SON TĂRK Ä°SKĂNI: Ä°ZNÄ°K Ä°MPARATORLUÄU'NDA KUMAN-KIPĂAKLAR VE YALOVA KAZIMÄ°YE (YORTAN) Ä°LE ELMALIK (SARUHANLI) KĂYLERÄ°NDEKÄ° VARLIKLARI"
10031:"ANADOLU'DA SON TĂRK Ä°SKĂNI: Ä°ZNÄ°K Ä°MPARATORLUÄU'NDA KUMAN-KIPĂAKLAR VE YALOVA KAZIMÄ°YE (YORTAN) Ä°LE ELMALIK (SARUHANLI) KĂYLERÄ°NDEKÄ° VARLIKLARI"
3777:
on the throne around his knights in the years of 1350s. On his left is a group of oriental, long-dressed figures with bows, arrows, and sabers. (
1638:
Even after the Cumans were no longer the dominant power in their territory, people still referred to the area as Cumania. The Moroccan traveler,
3363:
outside Constantinople in a pagan ceremony. According to Aubrey, eight volunteer warriors and twenty-six horses were sacrificed at the funeral.
9934:
9822:[The Transfer of Cumans and Alans from Balkans to Anatolia by Byzantine Empire against the Turkish Expansion in the Western Anatolia].
7547:
6522:
1373:
7849:
6184:
5648:, including the names of those three counties(-for GalaÈi, debatable). When some of the Cumans moved to Hungary, they brought with them their
4306:
with Kievan Rus'. As the CumanâKipchaks gained more territory, they drove off or dominated many tribesâsuch as the Oghuz, various Iranian and
279:
10356:
11377:
Bennett, Casey; Kaestle, Frederika A. (2006). "A Reanalysis of Eurasian Population History: Ancient DNA Evidence of Population Affinities".
4706:
practices used animals, especially the wolf and dog. The dog "It/Kopec" was sacred to the CumanâKipchaks, to the extent that an individual,
3521:
rivers; this region had become almost uninhabited after the Mongol raids of 1241â1242. The Cuman tribes subsequently settled throughout the
3291:
came only in 1238â1239, and encountered serious resistance by various Cuman khans. The final blow came in 1241, when Cuman control over the
2874:
rivers. Loaded with goods and prisoners they then split into three groups, after which they were attacked and defeated by King Ladislaus I.
10794:
10578:
5573:. The Cumans were organized into four tribes in Hungary: Kolbasz/Olas in upper Cumania around Karcag and the other three in lower Cumania.
5519:
are believed by some historians to be descendants of the Cumans; the name Qipcakli occurs as a modern Gagauz surname. The etymology of the
4738:
11342:
Population genetic and diagnostic mitochondrial DNA and autosomal marker analyses of ancient bones excavated in Hungary and modern samples
5469:
is considered the direct ancestor of the current language of the Crimean Tatars with possible incorporations of the other languages, like
4326:
The Cumans also played the role of middlemen in trade between Byzantium and the East, which passed through the Cuman- controlled ports of
7203:
5759:
The name Cuman is the name of several villages in Turkey, such as Kumanlar, including the Black Sea region. The indigenous people in the
5494:
conglomerate of the Peninsula began, which has led to the emergence of the Crimean Tatar people. Over several centuries, on the basis of
9476:
7744:
7499:
7367:
7056:
4351:
4343:
4339:
1653:(1281â1349) wrote that Cumania has a cold climate and that it has excellent pasturage and numerous cattle and horses. The 14th-century
1342:
10943:
9424:
5030:
in 1118. David also married the daughter of AtrakâGurandukht. After withdrawal of Atrak away from the Don region, the Alan's duchy in
12987:
12977:
10222:
10823:
7494:
5523:
is popularly said to derive from a certain Cuman prince named Azum or Asuf, who was killed defending a town in this region in 1067.
4209:. This group, which had an estimated population of over 10 thousand, wandered for a long time to find a suitable place to settle in
3916:
with his troops and marched on his father. King UroĆĄ had declined once more, and in 1276 Dragutin clashed with his father's army in
3268:. In the summer of 1237 the first wave of this Cuman exodus appeared in Bulgaria. The Cumans crossed the Danube, and this time Tsar
11679:
10838:
Sevortyan E. V. Crimean Tatar language. // Languages of the peoples of the USSR.â t. 2 (Turkic languages).â N., 1966.â Pp. 234â259.
4355:
4335:
3800:
11240:
10767:
6371:
11353:
11013:
9732:
5561:, that survived until the 19th century. Two regionsâLittle Cumania and Greater Cumaniaâexist in Hungary. The name of the Cumans (
4053:, in response to the situation, won their favour with "gifts and diplomacy". Thereafter he succeeded in settling most of them in
3606:, the daughter of a Cuman chieftain Seyhan, became queen of Hungary. Elizabeth ruled during the minority of her son (future king
6172:
4079:
These Cumans were frequently mustered for Byzantine campaigns in Europe. In 1242 they were employed by Vatatzes in his siege of
11434:"East Eurasian ancestry in the middle of Europe: genetic footprints of Steppe nomads in the genomes of Belarusian Lipka Tatars"
9892:
9820:"Bati Anadolu'dakı TĂŒrk YayiliÈina KarÈi Bızans Ä°mparatorluÄu'nun Kuman-Alan Topluluklarini Balkanlardan Anadolu'ya Nakletmesi"
4763:, which was written by Italian merchants and German missionaries between 1294 and 1356, was a linguistic manual for the Turkic
4331:
2527:
given its name to the Cumans, it is 25 miles; this city is called Black Cumania. From the city of Black Cumania to the city of
1494:
Cuman is unknown. It is also often unclear whether a particular name refers to the Cumans alone, or to both the Cumans and the
10391:
9564:
8489:, ed. Felicitas Schmieder and Peter Schreiner, Rome (2005), pp.247â277; reprinted with different pagination in: P. B. Golden,
7457:
7435:
5925:
A genetic study analyzing putatively Cuman specimens in Hungary determined that they had a high frequency of western Eurasian
5800:
Persons of Cuman/Kipchak origin also became Mamluk leaders: a prominent Cuman Sultan of the Egyptian Mamluk Sultanate, Sultan
11570:
Pechenegs, Torks and Cumans before the invasion of the Tatars. History of the South Russian steppes in the 9th-13th Centuries
11250:
11214:
11186:
10425:
10350:
10292:
10260:
10192:
10125:
9701:
9676:
9642:
9606:
9582:
9539:
9400:
9366:
9325:
9298:
9256:
9194:
9119:
9081:
9031:
9004:
8971:
8929:
8902:
8869:
8828:
8780:
8658:
8607:
8558:
8457:
8261:
7738:
7608:
7579:
7523:
7361:
7315:
7251:
7197:
7166:
7136:
6949:
6643:
6637:
6022:. In addition, players can play a campaign which tells the story of their flight westwards as they retreat from the Mongols.
6019:
4864:
about the first military encounter of Cumans against the Ruthenians on February 2, 1061, is personification of a tribal name.
3339:, who calls the leaders kings) is probably a corruption of the Cuman name SĂŻÄgan, meaning "mouse". They assisted the Emperor
10198:
9612:
9331:
9200:
9125:
9087:
9037:
8935:
8786:
8613:
8194:
8061:
8042:
7994:
7930:
7911:
7034:
7013:
4665:
The Cumans referred to their shamans as Kam (female: kam katun); their activities were referred to as qamlyqet, meaning "to
4525:. The main weapons of the Cumans were the recurved and, later, the composite bow (worn on the hip with the quiver), and the
1883:. Regardless, Golden notes that the ethnonym's original form and etymology "remain a matter of contention and speculation".
12972:
12967:
2833:, perhaps at his instigation. The Volga Bulgars in turn poisoned Ayepa "and the other princes; all of them died." In 1089,
2609:
and Crimean Armenian communities (who produced many documents written in Kipchak with the Armenian alphabet), where it was
2395:... during the period from the end of the 800s to 1230 AD spread their political influence in the broad steppes from
6232:
3769:
12997:
10987:
10913:
7788:
7625:
Kinship in the Altaic World: Proceedings of the 48th Permanent International Altaistic Conference, Moscow 10â15 July 2005
5074:. The struggle to repel Khan Konchak and his army by Ihor Sviatoslavych and the Rus' princes is immortalized in the epic
3611:
3011:. In 1183, the Rus' defeated a large Cuman army and captured Khan Kobiak (Kobek) as well as his sons and other notables.
12962:
9894:
The Image of the Cumans in Medieval Chronicles: Old Russian and Georgian Sources in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries
9577:ĐĐœĐŽŃДДĐČ, ĐĐŸŃĐŽĐ°Đœ; ĐĐ°Đ·Đ°ŃĐŸĐČ, ĐĐČĐ°Đœ; ĐĐ°ĐČĐ»ĐŸĐČ, ĐĐ»Đ°ĐŒĐ”Đœ (1999). ĐĐŸĐč ĐșĐŸĐč Đ” ĐČ ŃŃĐ”ĐŽĐœĐŸĐČĐ”ĐșĐŸĐČĐœĐ° ĐŃлгаŃĐžŃ (in Bulgarian). ĐĐ”ŃŃŃ ĐĐ”ŃĐŸĐœ.
3351:
in that year. The following year the Christian daughters of Saronius married two of the leading noblemen of the empire,
3003:
units. Later, the princes of the Principality of Chernigov attempted to use Khan Konchek's army against Kievan Rus' and
12982:
10417:
10082:
7007:
6268:
4633:
4087:
left a force of 300 Cumans with the Nicaean governor of Thessaloniki. In 1259, 2000 Cuman light cavalry fought for the
3698:
3382:
2732:
2245:
The original homeland of the Cumans is unknown before their eventual settlement in the Eurasian steppe's western part.
1366:
9554:
Akdes Nimet Kurat, IV-XVII1. YĂŒzyıllarda Karadeniz Kuzeyindeki TĂŒrk Kavimleri ve Devletleri, Ankara 1972, Sayfa 83-84.
8450:
The Great Migrations in the East and South East of Europe from the Ninth to the Thirteenth Century: Cumans and Mongols
5986:, Pankratov regarded the Kumandins as being related anthropologically to the Urals, and suggested that they were less
3177:
Like most other peoples of medieval Eastern Europe, the Cumans put up a resistance against the relentlessly advancing
11511:
11071:
10897:
10869:
Essays on the history and culture of the Crimean Tatars. / Under. edited by E. Chubarova.Simferopol, Crimecity, 2005.
10683:
10603:
9276:
6578:
6487:
5908:
5707:
in the 15th century; these Cumans later assimilated into the Romanian population. People in Hungary with the surname
3633:
2878:
1398:, as many of them had already settled there in the previous decades. The Cumans also played an important role in the
1387:
1317:
5890:
5531:
was descended from Cumans and settled them in the southern parts of the country, bordering the Latin Empire and the
4506:
3051:, the Cumans were in contact with all the statal entities. They fought with the Kingdom of Hungary, allied with the
10311:
6941:
6583:
6558:
5617:
In 1918, after World War I, the Cuman National Council was formed in Hungary, which was an attempt to separate the
5062:
3951:
between 1290 and 1300, which had become a target of Serbian expansion. In 1280, a Bulgarian noble of Cuman origin,
3469:
2886:
2673:
11640:
11061:
10010:"Muharrem ĂĂALAN SAKARYA- Ä°ZMÄ°T YĂRESÄ° YERLEĆÄ°K TĂRKMENLERÄ° MANAV AÄIZLARINDA ĂTĂMSĂZ PATLAYICI ĂNSĂZ DEÄÄ°ĆMELERÄ°"
7678:
6308:
6280:
2511:/Desht-i Qipchaq/Zemlja Poloveckaja (Polovcian Land)/Pole Poloveckoe (Polovcian Plain)), which stretched from the
13002:
11958:
8743:
6611:
6477:
4931:
4797:
4722:
921:
215:
42:
8497:(SarĂŻ Uyghur/Shera Yoghur) who resisted Islam and have remained non-Muslims (Buddhists) to the present day. The
5670:
In the countries where the Cumans were assimilated, family surnames derived from the words for "Cuman" (such as
4297:; the "Dnieper" tribes lived on both banks of the bend in the Dnieper Valley; and the "Don" Cumans lived in the
3264:, "A large-scale westward migration of the Cumans began." Certain Cumans also moved to Anatolia, Kazakhstan and
10623:
9992:
6858:
6482:
5875:
5827:
The historian Dimitri Korobeinikov relates how Baibars' story sums up the tragic fate of many Cumans after the
5735:
5075:
4259:
Horses were central to Cuman culture and way of life, and their main activity was animal husbandry. The knight
4172:
Horses were central to Cuman culture and way of life, and their main activity was animal husbandry. The knight
4142:
3748:
3644:
3332:
3261:
3023:
2975:
4180:
They mainly sold and exported animals, mostly horses, and animal products. They attached feeding sacks to the
1282:
11095:
The Role of Migration in the History of the Eurasian Steppe: Sedentary Civilization vs. 'Barbarian' and Nomad
10973:
10009:
8683:
6356:
6160:
3458:
3409:
2813:
in 1107 by the forces of the Kievan Rus' princes. The Cumans led by Boniak crushed the Hungarian army led by
1359:
1262:
990:
983:
5703:
runes. Several Romanian as well as Hungarian academics believe that a significant Cuman population lived in
5142:
There are also depictions of Cumans with Caucasian features, but dark complexion (e.g. in the KĂ©pes KrĂłnika
3577:
12957:
12493:
11672:
11554:
11115:
10501:
6076:
5158:
4695:, then placing the dead inside, along with various items deemed useful in the afterlife, a horse (like the
4435:
3968:
2963:, expressed the desire to plant his sword "in the Golden gate of Kiev", as his father had done before him.
2829:. Volga Bulgaria was attacked again at a later stage, by Khan Ayepa, father-in-law of Grand Prince of Kiev
227:
9386:
9163:
8848:
6995:
The Romanians and the Turkic Nomads North of the Danube Delta from the Tenth to the Mid-Thirteenth Century
6052:
5042:
4960:, grand prince of Kiev, Syrchan sent out an emissary and a singer Orev to Georgia after his brother Atrak/
4867:
4605:
in the late 12th century, gave an interesting description of the nomadic battle techniques of the Cumans:
3967:
Dragos. Further security came about when Milutin later gave his daughter Anna as a wife to Shishman's son
7884:
7353:
6573:
6244:
6100:
6088:
6064:
5058:
4834:
4715:
4099:
that retook Constantinople, were Cumans. Large Cuman contingents were also part of the Byzantine Emperor
3433:
3280:, plundering and pillaging the towns and the countryside, just as before. The whole of Thrace became, as
3111:
2995:, in turn leading Rus' to again attempt action. Offenses were halted during 1166â1169, when Grand prince
2644:
2449:
11652:
8226:
Cheng, Fanyi (2012). "The Research on the Identification between the Tiele (é”ć) and the OÄuric tribes".
3416:, Grand Duke of Kiev who defeated Atrak in 1109, to ensure free passage of nomadic tribes into Georgia.
12559:
11523:
Imagining History at the Crossroads: Persia, Byzantium, and the Architects of the Written Georgian Past
8650:
7307:
7128:
5565:) is preserved in county names BĂĄcs-Kiskun and JĂĄsz-Nagykun-Szolnok and several municipalities such as
4138:
3485:
possibly believing the CumanâKipchaks were Mongol spies. However, the barons had Köten assassinated in
3336:
3125:
established a county named Cumania, which was a strong military base in an area consisting of parts of
3091:
2791:
9919:
6591: â dynasty of the Second Bulgarian Empire. Historians claim a Bulgarian, Romanian or Cuman origin
6256:
4407:, extended to the mid calf, splitting in the front and back between the legs. Men wore trousers and a
3490:
through Hungary "equal to that which Europe had not experienced since the incursions of the Mongols".
1852:
10444:
6786:
6703:
6026:
5832:
5828:
5557:
The Cumans who settled in Hungary had their own self-government in a territory that bore their name,
5093:
5054:
4219:
4126:
4104:
4058:
3340:
3292:
3241:
3229:
3209:
3142:
2677:
2593:, where they also took tribute from Crimean cities. A major area of commerce was the ancient city of
1860:
3713:. From the 16th century onwards, the Cumans between the Danube and Tisza rivers were referred to as
3201:
Danylo Kobiakovych and Yurii Konchakovych died in battle, while the other Cumans, commanded by Khan
12891:
12850:
12018:
10990:[Kiskun, nagykun: world meeting of kunos in Karcagon - KecskemĂ©t HĂrhatĂĄr] (in Hungarian).
8386:
5836:
5767:(Kumandy), are descended from the Cumans. By the 17th century, the Kumandins lived along the river
5528:
5481:
4949:
4875:
4871:
4819:
4807:
4214:
4115:
4100:
4050:
4027:
3995:
The Cumans who remained scattered in the prairie of what is now southwest Russia joined the Mongol
3398:
3103:
2933:
2910:
2814:
2724:
2683:
2653:
1895:
1185:
831:
810:
10340:
9598:
The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest
4111:. The Cumans, together with Turk mercenaries, terminated the campaign by an unauthorized retreat.
19:"Polovtsians" redirects here. For the subgroup also called the "Polovtsians" by the Russians, see
12992:
12058:
11983:
11747:
11740:
11665:
11635:
11379:
11272:
10889:
10712:
them Kipchak Turks. The dictionary of Kipchaks has been published, they speak a Kipchak language.
10492:
9781:
GOLUBOVSKÄ°Y, P.V., Peçenegi, Torki i Polovtsı Rus i Step Do NaĆestviya Tatar, Veçe, Moskva, 2011.
9469:
8772:
The ĂrpĂĄds and the Comneni: Political Relations between Hungary and Byzantium in the 12th Century
8353:"Cumanica II: The Ălberli (Ălperli): The Fortunes and Misfortunes of an Inner Asian Nomadic Clan"
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2464:. Cuman and Rus' attacks contributed to the departure of the Oghuz from the steppes north of the
2053:
1740:(плаÌĐČ) means "blue", but this word also means "fair, blonde" and is a cognate of the above; cf.
1399:
839:
223:
10798:
8996:
5382:
1455:
appears in ancient Roman texts as the name of a fortress or gate. The Roman natural philosopher
12881:
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6512:
6464:
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tribes, Pechenegs, and Slavs. They also raided the Byzantine Empire and a few times joined the
4130:
4096:
3737:
2834:
2802:
groups were liberated from the Cumans and incorporated into the Rus' border-guard system. Khan
2780:
2772:
2768:
2756:
2748:
2712:
2692:
2189:
Toqsoba (meaning either "plump leather bottle", "tribe of the dusty steppe", or "nine clans" ),
1332:
1136:
1001:
802:
7183:
5179:
of the Cumans can still be found in placenames stretching from China to the Balkans, such as:
3931:
succeeded in making it an independent state. Kudelin and Darman were either Cuman warriors in
3385:
in the 13th century. Local Cuman autonomies (yellow) following the adoption of the Cuman laws.
2480:) at some point around 1068â1078. They launched a joint expedition with the Pechenegs against
12537:
11832:
10883:
10593:
8431:
A Disappeared People and a Disappeared Language: The Cumans and the Cuman language of Hungary
7724:
7347:
6844:
6439:
6018:
Cumans appear as one of the civilizations that players can play as in the 2019 strategy game
5259:
the steppes north of the Caucasus Mountains, referred to as Kuban as well as the Kuban River;
5071:
4879:
4688:
meaning "nest" (an Iranian borrowing; the concept was that the soul has the form of a bird).
4611:
4585:
4103:' European campaigns of 1263â1264, 1270â1272 and 1275. Cumans were again employed by emperor
4042:
3674:
3522:
2937:
2906:
2776:
2665:
1981:, R. KotianŃ, Hg. Kötöny; or from Turkic tribal name Keyit, meaning "to irritate, to annoy"),
1872:
1749:
1741:
715:
9819:
9314:Ć kvarna, DuĆĄan; Bartl, JĂșlius; et al. (2002). Daniel, David P.; Devine, Albert (eds.).
7960:
Golden, Peter B. (1990). "The peoples of the south Russian steppes". In Sinor, Denis (ed.).
7484:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
7052:
6553:
5839:. In the latter part of the 1260s the Mamluks were allied with the Golden Horde against the
5263:
4983:
4897:
4235:
Toponyms pointing at a Cuman presence were preserved in names of villages and places in the
3924:
3812:
The prayer that was rearranged in accordance with the Cuman language because it was damaged
3694:
3690:
3437:
12876:
12213:
11837:
11717:
11572:(ĐĐ”ŃĐ”ĐœĐ”ĐłĐž, ĐąĐŸŃĐșĐž Đž ĐĐŸĐ»ĐŸĐČŃŃ ĐŽĐŸ ĐœĐ°ŃĐ”ŃŃĐČĐžŃ ŃĐ°ŃĐ°Ń. ĐŃŃĐŸŃĐžŃ ŃĐ¶ĐœĐŸ-ŃŃŃŃĐșĐžŃ
ŃŃДпДĐč IXâXIII ĐČĐČ.) at
11445:
11349:
11017:
10724:
9416:
8847:
Chronicle, was the subject of fierce dispute in the late 19th and 20th centuries (see also
6344:
6007:
6003:
5999:
5947:
5470:
5281:
4957:
4742:
4084:
3733:
3615:
3571:
3420:
3413:
3221:
3213:
3122:
2922:
2914:
2787:
2669:
2293:
2218:
Baskakov thought that the Moguty, Tatrany, Revugy, ShelŃbiry, and Topchaki belonged to the
1271:
489:
10220:
5332:
4714:
would be named after the dog or type of dog. Cumans had shamans who communicated with the
4490:
In their travels, the Cumans used wagons to transport supplies as well as weapons such as
4338:. Several land routes between Europe and the Near East ran through Cuman territories: the
4068:
Cumans had served as mercenaries in the armies of the Byzantine Empire since the reign of
2889:(as a pretext to plundering), invaded the Balkans and conquered the Byzantine province of
2775:
marched to the Hungarian border to prevent the next invasion. The two armies clashed near
8:
12740:
12028:
11763:
10879:
10660:
10637:
10030:
9532:
At the Gate of Christendom: Jews, Muslims and 'Pagans' in Medieval Hungary, c.1000âc.1300
8921:
Ethnicity and nationalism: case studies in their intrinsic tension and political dynamics
8184:. Ed. by E. V. Boikova and R. B. Rybakov. Harrasowitz Verlagh, Wiesbaden 2006, pp. 43â54.
6666:
6563:
6424:
6136:
5809:
5606:
5404:
5023:
4307:
4108:
4092:
4035:
4007:
3670:
3623:
3603:
3590:
3567:
3405:
3356:
3317:
3225:
3107:
2952:
2885:. In 1094-1095 the Cumans, led by Tugorkan, in support of the exiled Byzantine pretender
2854:
2575:
2567:
2311:
1828:
1583:
969:
579:
11449:
7409:
7390:
6640:-one of the older children of King Stephen V of Hungary and his wife Elizabeth the Cuman
5131:
features are often found in burials associated with the Cumans and Pechenegs in Europe.
4964:(who, with 40,000 Cuman troops, was in Georgia at the time), urging him to return. Khan
3300:, or fleeing to the west, to the Byzantine Empire, the Second Bulgarian Empire, and the
2747:
rivers. The Cumans tried to leave Hungary with their huge booty and prisoners, but King
2688:
2040:Ălberli(Ä) ~ Ălperli(Ä) (Ar. al-b.rlĆ« ~ al-b.rlÄ«, R. Olperliu(i.e.)ve, OlbŃŁry, OlŃbery,
12421:
12223:
12133:
12033:
11479:
11466:
11433:
11414:
11388:
11321:
11239:
Glatz, Ferenc (1990). Institute of History of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences (ed.).
10848:
10771:
10545:
9841:
9694:
Intercultural Contacts in the Medieval Mediterranean: Studies in Honour of David Jacoby
9320:. Translated by Daniel, David P. Bratislava: Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers. p. 33.
8989:
8276:
7627:(eds Elena V. Boikova, Rosislav B. Rybakov) Wiesbaden, Harrassowitz Verlag, pp. 48, 52.
7541:
6777:
6729:
6694:
6621:
6527:
6492:
6410:
5843:. The creation of this specific warrior class, described as the "mamluk phenomenon" by
5813:
5805:
5458:
5454:
5349:
5110:
4952:, a son of Sharukan. He was a leader of a Cuman tribe that lived on the right banks of
4511:
4475:
4462:
4069:
4031:
3999:
Khanate, and their descendants became assimilated with local populations including the
3944:
against them. The Cumans had fought on both the Bulgarian and Hungarian-Serbian sides.
3928:
3774:
3352:
3321:
3301:
3281:
3019:
2996:
2948:
2858:
2838:
2661:
2648:
2627:
2563:
2469:
2445:
2064:
2049:
2030:
1947:
1930:
1899:
1800:
1650:
1603:
1395:
1292:
1086:
957:
239:
231:
196:
11340:
11021:
9724:
5535:. Those territories are in present-day Turkish Europe, Bulgaria, and North Macedonia.
4565:, conical or dome shaped iron helmet with a detachable iron or bronze anthropomorphic
4120:
2763:
for the Cuman survivors, the majority of them accepted, thus the king settled them in
1708:"straw"âmeans "blond, pale yellow". The western Cumans, or Polovtsy, were also called
12579:
12478:
11939:
11797:
11526:
11507:
11471:
11406:
11313:
11305:
11297:
11289:
11246:
11210:
11182:
11067:
10893:
10619:
10599:
10537:
10529:
10521:
10513:
10421:
10346:
10288:
10256:
10188:
10150:
10121:
10117:
10111:
10053:
9845:
9697:
9672:
9638:
9602:
9578:
9535:
9396:
9362:
9321:
9294:
9272:
9252:
9190:
9115:
9077:
9027:
9000:
8967:
8925:
8898:
8865:
8824:
8776:
8721:
8654:
8603:
8554:
8453:
8434:
8257:
7784:
7734:
7730:
7604:
7575:
7529:
7519:
7357:
7311:
7247:
7243:
7193:
7162:
7132:
7003:
6945:
6896:
6888:
6854:
6747:
6660:
5991:
5955:
5926:
5753:
5740:
5462:
5136:
5128:
5035:
5011:
4842:
4598:
4439:
3952:
3722:
3194:
3027:
2657:
2490:
2424:
2345:
2034:
1436:
1337:
945:
711:
642:
11418:
11325:
10914:"Sea of azov â Learn everything there is to know about Sea of azov at Reference.com"
10549:
9976:"YALAKOVA'DAN YALOVA'YA Prof. Dr. Halil Ä°nalcık Anısına Yalova Tarihi AraĆtırmaları"
9901:
5390:
3785:
Today there are still villages in Turkey, Kazakhstan and Ukraine founded by Cumans.
3074:
2767:. The rumor of the losing battle reached the Cuman camp, the Cumans threatened King
2735:
in 1091. The invading Cumans were leading by chieftain Kapolcs, they broke first in
1700:(ĐżĐŸĐ»ĐŸĐČŃ) "yellow; pale" by the Russiansâall meaning "blond". The old Ukrainian word
12886:
12532:
12379:
12248:
12180:
12109:
12053:
12038:
12023:
12008:
11978:
11968:
11944:
11880:
11787:
11483:
11461:
11453:
11398:
11281:
11178:
10505:
9831:
8506:
7835:
7600:
7404:
6999:
6913:
Robert Lee Wolff: "The 'Second Bulgarian Empire'. Its Origin and History to 1204".
6850:
6756:
6542:
6507:
6454:
6429:
5954:
The study concluded that the mitochondrial motifs of Cumans from Csengele show the
5934:
5641:
5336:
5147:
5105:
5101:
5089:
4883:
4861:
4846:
4830:
4678:
4670:
4651:
4602:
4236:
4088:
4046:
3948:
3789:
3778:
3741:
3657:
3637:
3594:
3556:
3477:
3428:
3348:
3064:
2822:
2696:
2633:
2606:
2441:
2258:
2041:
1902:, and Chinese sources preserved the names of many Cuman-Kupchak tribal groupings:
1611:
1506:
1426:
1411:
1403:
1327:
1063:
933:
756:
659:
570:
561:
552:
525:
480:
471:
454:
247:
243:
204:
6884:
6663:(Shishman dynasty of the Second Bulgarian Empire is most probably of Cuman origin)
6605:
5637:
3912:
3162:
Map of State of CumanâKipchaks in the 1200â1241 period with today's (2011) borders
3158:
2752:
12952:
12896:
12503:
12414:
12253:
12233:
12138:
12128:
12114:
12043:
12003:
11998:
11963:
11864:
11818:
11792:
11647:
11101:
10827:
10318:
10315:
10284:
10226:
10178:
9993:"Acar, Kenan (2010). Kuzeybatı Anadolu Manav TĂŒrkmen AÄızları Ăzerine Birkaç Not"
9757:
9596:
9315:
9184:
9170:
9109:
9071:
9021:
8919:
8844:
8770:
8597:
8381:
8182:
Kinship in the Altaic World. Proceedings of the 48th PIAC, Moscow 10â15 July 2005
7893:
7858:
7464:
7237:
6993:
6738:
6720:
6654:
6631:
6627:
6517:
6497:
5995:
5817:
5782:
5622:
5546:
5545:(Cumania) in the 18th century within the Kingdom of Hungary. It was divided into
5499:
5242:
5188:
4953:
4760:
4754:
4554:
4534:
4260:
4173:
4095:. Cumans were again involved in 1261, where the majority of the 800 troops under
3956:
3908:
3536:
3510:
2830:
2610:
2538:"they have no king, only princes and royal families". Cumans interacted with the
2416:
2396:
2307:
1926:
1694:
1658:
1456:
1431:
1391:
1150:
1122:
820:
633:
624:
606:
543:
516:
507:
200:
11623:
Byzantium's Balkan Frontier: A Political Study of the Northern Balkans, 900â1204
6651: â he was also known as King Ladislas the Cuman, son of Elizabeth the Cuman
6299:
6112:
5882:
5775:. A subsequent relocation to the Altai was driven by their unwillingness to pay
3335:
as allies about 1240, probably fleeing the Mongols. The name Saronius (found in
3114:, 14,000 Cuman light cavalry contributed to Kaloyan's crushing victory over the
2708:
12932:
12815:
12564:
12319:
12243:
12185:
12104:
12048:
12013:
11988:
11973:
11904:
11731:
11696:
11688:
9836:
8074:
Akhmetova, Zhanculu et al. "Kipchak Ethnoyms in the 'Tale of Bygone Years'" in
7391:"The Bulgarophilia of the Cumans in the Times of the First Asenids of Bulgaria"
6594:
6434:
6124:
5760:
5679:
5633:
5626:
5550:
5495:
5490:
5466:
5326:
5292:
5249:
5224:
5167:
5027:
4973:
4968:
agreed (giving up the fame and security he had won in Georgia), after smelling
4886:. In May 1107 along with Bonyak, Sharukan raided a couple of Ruthenian cities (
4764:
4592:
4549:
and axes. For defense they used a round or almond shaped shield, short sleeved
4315:
4244:
3940:
3653:
3544:
3506:
3217:
3115:
3095:
2992:
2956:
2877:
In 1092, the Cumans resumed their raids against the Rus' and also attacked the
2826:
2640:
2598:
2539:
2495:
2485:
2453:
2437:
2325:
2300:
2288:(possibly due to the Khitans' expansion), the Qun entered the territory of the
2281:
2265:
2219:
1891:
1824:
1816:
1734:
1713:
1422:
1307:
1143:
742:
732:
615:
597:
588:
534:
498:
292:
268:
211:
157:
72:
12701:
12099:
11604:
11148:"Stammesnamen und Titulaturen der altaischen Volker. Ural-Altaische JahrMcher"
10921:
8821:
Nomads and Their Neighbours in the Russian Steppe: Turks, Khazars and Qipchaqs
8100:
Nomads and Their Neighbours in the Russian Steppe: Turks, Khazars and Qipchaqs
7976:
Nomads and their Neighbours in the Russian Steppe: Turks, Khazars and Qipchaqs
5378:
5135:
population that is suggested by the craniometric and genetic analyses. In the
3252:
Brodnics, led by Ploscanea. Brodnics' territory was in the lower parts of the
2871:
2472:, writing in 1076, says that in the east Cuman territory bordered a town near
1720:"yellow-haired". A similar etymology may have been at work in the name of the
12946:
12860:
12665:
12635:
12569:
12508:
12400:
12393:
12340:
12228:
12218:
11993:
11813:
11587:
11569:
11293:
10517:
10146:
9244:
8087:
7533:
7490:
7485:
6900:
6459:
5794:
5768:
5645:
5516:
5465:
who were settled in Pontic Steppes before the Tatar migration. Historically,
5296:
5210:
5085:
5050:
4943:
4826:
4581:
4566:
4550:
4522:
4518:
4517:
Up until the late 11th and early 12th centuries, the Cumans fought mainly as
4455:
4391:
4364:
4202:
3984:
3753:
3486:
3393:
2902:
2461:
2460:
to shift west, which in turn caused the Pechenegs to move to the west of the
2420:
2285:
2196:
2132:
1971:
1302:
1297:
1210:
1199:
1049:
792:
391:
146:
11530:
3979:
3551:). Six of these tribes were the Borchol (Borscol), who settled in county of
3440:
offered refuge to the remainder of the Cuman people under their leader Khan
12908:
12775:
12760:
12574:
12513:
12483:
12447:
12407:
12271:
12143:
12120:
11888:
11824:
11711:
11475:
11410:
11317:
11309:
11202:
10541:
10533:
9023:
Warriors of the Steppe: Military History of Central Asia, 500 BC to 1700 AD
6588:
5976:
5844:
5790:
5163:
5031:
4994:
and 5 other cities belonging to the Torkils and Berendei forcing the local
4935:
4917:
4692:
4376:
4224:
4080:
3996:
3988:
3936:
3562:
3552:
3498:
3473:
3277:
3269:
3265:
3198:
3171:
2984:
2970:
2941:
2863:
2846:
2764:
2760:
2736:
2473:
2365:
2254:
2106:
1788:
1476:
1464:
1407:
1322:
1173:
885:
852:
781:
346:
251:
219:
210:
Many eventually settled west of the Black Sea, influencing the politics of
88:
11432:
Pankratov, Vasili; Litvinov, Sergei; Kushniarevich, Alena (25 July 2016).
11402:
11285:
10509:
9291:
Holy Rulers and Blessed Princes: Dynastic Cults in Medieval Central Europe
7125:
Cumans and Tatars: Oriental Military in the Pre-Ottoman Balkans, 1185â1365
3927:
in Serbia had become a Hungarian banate, but soon afterwards, its rulers,
3493:
1425:
is attested in some medieval documents and is the best-known of the early
12912:
12795:
12790:
12734:
12238:
12154:
12081:
11950:
11931:
11754:
11591:
11573:
11245:. Institute of History of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. p. 23.
11175:"The" Other Europe in the Middle Ages: Avars, Bulgars, Khazars and Cumans
11045:. Edited by Florin Curta and Roman Kovalev. Brill Publishing. 2008. p. 64
10184:
8502:
6502:
5922:
support a picture of a people who were very heterogeneous in appearance.
5748:
5520:
5386:
5311:
5300:
5097:
5019:
5015:
4659:
4655:
4538:
4298:
4294:
3445:
3297:
3166:
3032:
2799:
2616:
2457:
2412:
2333:
2329:
2141:
1764:
1639:
1579:
824:
310:
262:
tribes joined politically to create the CumanâKipchak confederation.
207:. They were numerous, culturally sophisticated, and militarily powerful.
184:
10988:"Kiskun, nagykun: kunok vilĂĄgtalĂĄlkozĂłja Karcagon â KecskemĂ©ti HĂrhatĂĄr"
10308:
9857:
5700:
5695:
5538:
5527:
political and ethnic sphere of Bulgaria and the Balkans. Bulgarian Tsar
5461:
refused to use the term Tatar, Crimean Tatars are direct descendants of
4849:
4591:
The commonly employed Cuman battle tactic was repeated attacks by light
4062:
3308:
in Egypt, who would attain the rank of Sultan or hold regional power as
3059:(they were the empire's most effective military component) and with the
2918:
2901:
but could not conquer them. In the following years, when knights of the
12595:
11842:
9719:
9717:
9715:
9713:
9150:
8724:[The Second Campaign of Ladislaus Against the Cumans in 1091].
7503:. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 832.
6846:
The Crimean Tatars: The Diaspora Experience and the Forging of a Nation
6214:
Cuman statues near the museum on Akademik Yavornitskyi Prospekt, Dnipro
5938:
5689:
Over time, Cuman culture exerted an influence on the CeangÄi/Hungarian
5683:
5397:
5353:
5315:
5285:
5084:
It is seen that some of the Cumans, who were on the way to prevent the
5067:
4972:, the grass of his native steppe. Syrchan was mentioned in the poem of
4921:
4913:
4887:
4811:
4703:
4546:
4240:
4041:
A couple of weeks afterwards the Cumans invaded the Balkans. After the
3629:
3436:
of the King of Hungary. In 1238, after Mongol attacks on Cumania, King
3424:
3083:
3052:
2894:
2890:
2528:
2520:
2481:
2477:
2277:
1939:
JÄrĂąq ~ JÄrĂąt ~ JqrĂąq < ÄaÄraq? ~ ÄoÄraq? ~ ÄaÄraq? ~ ÄoÄrat? (<
1767:âKipchaks were dark-haired and brown-eyed. An alternative etymology of
1541:
1537:
1161:
1110:
1037:
897:
12780:
11924:
11457:
8775:. Translated by Novåk, György. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó. p. 13.
5576:
5342:
Koman, a village in the Alucra district of Giresun province in Turkey,
4239:, for example: Comana, Comanca, CĂąmpia Comancei and Valea Comancei in
3788:
This prayer, which was translated into the Cuman language in order to
909:
12810:
12800:
12747:
12714:
12600:
12386:
12348:
12329:
12309:
12284:
12190:
11724:
11601:
IstvĂĄn VĂĄsĂĄry (2005) "Cumans and Tatars", Cambridge University Press.
9392:
7834:. Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series. Vol. II.
5987:
5983:
5960:
5840:
5808:, and resisted the Mongol invasion, defeating the Mongol army at the
5764:
5731:
5602:
5570:
5510:
5439:
5143:
4995:
4853:
4639:
4545:. Due to European influence, some of the later period Cumans wielded
4484:
4347:
4269:
4185:
4134:
3792:
3717:, while who lived to the east of the Tisza river were referred to as
3449:
3344:
3233:
3130:
3014:
Subsequently, Khan Konchek concluded negotiations. Like his son Khan
2988:
2882:
2842:
2795:
2551:
2547:
2465:
2092:
2073:
2010:
Qol-oba ~ Qul-oba (R. Kolobichi ~ Kulobichi, Ibn Xaldun: Qá”labaoÄlı),
1575:
1529:
1347:
1025:
873:
697:
673:
445:
355:
255:
180:
36:
10706:
10458:
9953:
9873:
9710:
8352:
5893:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
5618:
5589:
5581:
5558:
5542:
4833:
after visiting Volga region in 921â922. They also were mentioned by
4145:. An act from the archive of the Lavra of Athanasios mentions Cuman
3531:
3502:
3377:
3197:, and met and defeated the Cumans in Subcaucasia in 1220. The Cuman
12920:
12765:
12709:
12695:
12680:
12655:
12645:
12615:
12304:
12291:
12277:
11858:
11242:
Modern Age--modern Historian: In Memoriam, György Rånki (1930-1988)
10820:
10748:
IstvĂĄn VĂĄsĂĄry (2005) Cumans and Tatars, Cambridge University Press.
9565:"TARİH VE ARKEOLOJİ: Kuman Duası " Babamız Kun" ve Codex Cumanicus"
8337:
Golden, Peter B. (2006). "Cumanica V: The Basmils and Qipchaqs" in
8022:
6807:
5964:
5786:
5772:
5704:
5649:
5364:
5274:
5235:
5195:
5184:
5171:
5007:
4999:
4905:
4734:
4666:
4643:
4562:
4530:
4495:
4491:
4447:
4290:
4164:
4054:
4023:
3619:
3126:
3090:, the Cumans are believed to have played a significant role in the
3068:
3037:
3000:
2579:
2571:
2543:
2385:
2361:
2337:
2102:
1845:
1841:
1495:
1415:
1312:
1098:
767:
669:
382:
319:
259:
235:
192:
176:
121:
109:
105:
84:
20:
11393:
9900:(MA thesis). Budapest: Central European University. Archived from
5933:
of the mtDNA of the Cuman nomad population that migrated into the
5711:
are descended from the Cumans (and possibly Kabars and Pechenegs)â
5708:
3964:
3947:
The Cumans were also involved with the semi-independent Bulgarian
3441:
3372:
3202:
3015:
2944:
of the Second Bulgarian Empire, or who were in Byzantine service.
1978:
1787:
were "men of the field" or "men of the steppe" in contrast to the
687:
12855:
12805:
12755:
12729:
12724:
12685:
12675:
12630:
12625:
12610:
12527:
12473:
12436:
12431:
12324:
12314:
12299:
12148:
11917:
11871:
11782:
11657:
8520:
6548:
6444:
6390:
5801:
5789:âto the ancient Turks, "who in the 6thâ8th century AD created in
5724:
5690:
5664:
5660:
5610:
5566:
5408:
5304:
5253:
5228:
5003:
4925:
4822:
4730:
4696:
4647:
4558:
4526:
4311:
4286:
4248:
4158:
4150:
4011:
3796:
3526:
3360:
3331:
and Saronius, the former of whom was higher in rank, entered the
3313:
3288:
3245:
3186:
3178:
3152:
3048:
2898:
2850:
2559:
2555:
2508:
2484:
in 1078. During that same year the Cumans were also fighting the
2341:
2317:
2004:
1823:
meaning "pale" (> English "fallow"). In the German account by
1491:
1460:
1074:
861:
436:
400:
364:
337:
328:
301:
188:
153:
149:
129:
60:
11301:
11041:
Spinei, Victor. The Cuman Bishopric â Genesis and Evolution. in
10525:
6599:
5476:
5322:
4658:
whose lavishness was considered an indicator to the recipient's
4426:
4277:, and bread (though bread could be rare depending on location).
4193:, and bread (though bread could be rare depending on location).
3589:. He is wearing the clothes of his favorite Cumans. His mother,
2292:
people, whom the Quns expelled. Marwazi wrote that the Qun were
199:. The Cumans were fierce and formidable nomadic warriors of the
12830:
12820:
12770:
12719:
12670:
12660:
12620:
12605:
12519:
12455:
12441:
12373:
12358:
12353:
12334:
12162:
12076:
11268:
10488:
10154:
8498:
6469:
6449:
6363:
5598:
5447:
5432:
5426:
5420:
5414:
5267:
5214:
5199:
5114:
5041:
Khan Konchek/Konchak/Kumcheg (meaning 'trousers'), grandson of
4991:
4934:(1028â1096), was mentioned in essays of the Byzantine Princess
4901:
4803:
4577:
4570:
4451:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4387:
4359:
4265:
4210:
4206:
4181:
4015:
4000:
3960:
3762:
3465:
3305:
3273:
3087:
3060:
3041:
3008:
3004:
2960:
2803:
2740:
2695:
is fighting a duel with a cuman warrior who kidnapped a girl. (
2590:
2583:
2512:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2208:
1468:
427:
418:
409:
191:, from which the CumanâKipchaks meddled in the politics of the
125:
117:
113:
11431:
9359:
Pechenegs, Cumans, Iasians: Steppe Peoples in Medieval Hungary
4411:, each fastened by a belt, which was the traditional costume.
3681:
and the Cumans (which numbered 16,000) were on Rudolf's side.
2436:
The Cumans entered the grasslands of the present-day southern
2235:
152:
people from Central Asia comprising the western branch of the
12928:
12825:
12785:
12690:
12650:
12368:
12363:
12195:
11910:
10077:
10075:
8494:
6811:
6006:
with also a large minority of west Eurasian lineages such as
5972:
5968:
5777:
5744:
5443:
5371:
5046:
5034:
was liquidated in 1116â17. Atrak returned after the death of
4987:
4979:
4965:
4961:
4904:, Cuman khan who was actively involved in civil conflicts of
4891:
4721:
The Cumans in Christian territories were baptized in 1227 by
4707:
4553:, consisting of commonly alternating solid and riveted rows,
4542:
4467:
4403:. Underneath the vest was worn a short or long sleeved tunic/
4372:
4327:
4320:
4274:
4273:
with millet and meat and included beer, curdled mare's milk,
4190:
4189:
with millet and meat and included beer, curdled mare's milk,
4019:
3917:
3834:
il bézen ménemezne neszem bezdede jermez bezge utro gergenge
3518:
2867:
2810:
2744:
2594:
2516:
2150:
2124:
2120:
2045:
1721:
1013:
701:
683:
373:
92:
10885:
The Crimean Tatars: From Soviet Genocide to Putin's Conquest
9417:"Nyelv Ă©s TudomĂĄny- RĂ©nhĂrek â Kunok legyĂŒnk vagy magyarok?"
8678:
8676:
8674:
8672:
8670:
8302:, pp. 47-48. 50 of pp. 43-50. cited in Golden, P. B. (1992)
7623:
Imre Baski, "On the ethnic names of the Cumans of Hungary",
6657: â he waged two successful campaigns against the Cumans
4382:
2771:
with revenge and demanded to free the Cuman prisoners. King
2621:
1574:
in the chronicles and was applied to earlier nomads such as
1479:(also known as the Iberian Gates or the Caucasian Gates) as
12924:
12916:
11595:
11577:
10461:[The Last Turks Settled in Anatolia by Byzantium].
9956:[The Last Turks Settled in Anatolia by Byzantium].
8491:
Studies on the Peoples and Cultures of the Eurasian Steppes
8039:
Lessing p. 879; cited in Golden, Peter B. (1995â1997)
7777:
ESSE English-Serbian Serbian-English Dictionary and Grammar
6025:
Cumans appear as antagonists in the 2018 role-playing game
5360:
4938:
along with his compatriot Bonyak. He perished with his son
4711:
4691:
Funerals for important members involved firstly creating a
4573:
suspended from the helmet, consisting of chain or leather.
4420:
3706:
3309:
3253:
3189:. The Mongols crossed the Caucasus mountains in pursuit of
3182:
3147:
2703:
1675:
In East Slavic languages and Polish, they are known as the
1587:
10581:. Translated by Paul Lunde; Caroline Stone. Penguin Books.
10072:
9183:
Sugar, Peter F.; HanĂĄk, PĂ©ter; Frank, Tibor, eds. (1994).
2966:
2928:
The Hungarian army was soundly crushed by the Cumans; the
2853:, were decisively defeated as an independent force at the
2806:
launched invasions on Kiev in 1096, 1097, 1105, and 1107.
2360:
It cannot be established whether the Cumans conquered the
2185:
Seven Cuman tribes eventually settled in Hungary, namely:
1532:âhas suggested that it may have other origins, including:
9313:
8843:
The meaning of "Vlach" in this case, as mentioned in the
8701:
8667:
7947:. p. 695-696; cited in Golden, Peter B. (1995â1997)
7231:
7229:
7227:
7225:
7223:
7221:
5929:(mtDNA) lineages. In a 2005 study by Erika Bogacsi-Szabo
3974:
3636:
in 1285. There are two female figures among the Cumans. (
3212:, Khan Köten fled to the court of his son-in-law, Prince
2857:
by the combined forces of a Byzantine army under Emperor
2731:
The Cumans invaded and plundered the eastern part of the
11161:
Notes on ethnic composition of TĂŒrkic tribes and nations
8098:. Berlin. pp. 278-279; cited in Golden, Peter B. (2003)
7349:
The Roots of Balkanization: Eastern Europe C.E. 500â1500
6405:
Pursuit of Cuman horsemen (right) by the Hungarian King
6190:
Equestrian statue of a Cuman warrior, Kunhegyes, Hungary
3705:
defeated the Cumans. The Cumans initially lived in felt
2786:
The Cumans initially managed to defeat the Grand Prince
7805:
Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon
7518:. Christian Raffensperger. Abingdon, Oxon. p. 62.
6791:
6708:
4825:
tribe who would later join and be assimilated into the
4201:
In 1239â1240, a large group of Cumans fleeing from the
2494:
mentions Yemek Cumans who were active in the region of
2348:(died 1144), also mentioned the Cumans, using the name
1540:
tones are found among Central Asian breeds such as the
11055:
11053:
11051:
10985:
10849:"Baskakov â on the classification of Turkic languages"
9385:
Linehan, Peter; Nelson, Janet Laughland, eds. (2003).
8485:
Golden Peter B."The Shaping of the Cuman-QĂŻpchaqs" in
8113:
An Etymological Dictionary of Pre-13th Century Turkish
7718:
7716:
7714:
7712:
7710:
7565:
7563:
7561:
7559:
7557:
7239:
Kalka River 1223: Genghiz Khan's Mongols Invade Russia
7218:
5793:
a powerful nomadic state, which received ... the name
5480:
Representation of a war between Rus and Cumans in the
4882:
in 1068, while no such information is provided in the
3721:. The majority of Cumans were exterminated during the
3404:
The architect of the Georgian-Cuman relations was the
2656:, the Cumans defeated the armies of the three sons of
2617:
Battles in Kievan Rus', in Hungary, and in the Balkans
1733:
may come from a Slavic word for "blue-eyed", i.e. the
11280:(5). Detroit: Wayne State University Press: 639â662.
10237:
Golden, Peter B., "Cumanica IV: The Qipchaq Tribes",
9380:
9378:
9239:
9237:
9235:
9233:
9231:
8059:. p. 536; cited in Golden, Peter B. (1995â1997)
7928:. p. 693; cited in Golden, Peter B. (1995â1997)
7909:. p. 411; cited in Golden, Peter B. (1995â1997)
7676:
7426:
7424:
7422:
7420:
6770:
5423:
province, Saruhanlı village (name changed to Elmalık)
3316:
would fight the Mongols again, defeating them at the
11043:
The Other Europe: Avars, Bulgars, Khazars and Cumans
10334:
10332:
10330:
10328:
10180:
Animal and Shaman: Ancient Religions of Central Asia
9871:
8551:
An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples
8534:
An Introduction to the History of the Turkic peoples
8424:
8422:
8420:
8418:
8416:
8304:
An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples
8180:"On the Ethnic Names of the Cumans of Hungary". In:
8076:
International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation
7851:
Animal and Shaman: Ancient Religions of Central Asia
7570:
BoÄkova, Elena Vladimirovna; Rybakov, R. B. (2006).
6938:
The Late Byzantine Army: Arms and Society, 1204â1453
5273:
the subdivision of Kumanitsa in the municipality of
3366:
3355:
and William of Meri, while Jonas's daughter married
2881:: and reportedly reached northern cities located in
2411:
with its adjoining steppes (at least below the lake
2384:?). Kimeks were still represented amongst the Cumanâ
2280:. The writings of al-Marwazi (c. 1120) state that a
1558:
Observing that the Hungarian exonym for Cumansâi.e.
11618:
Perfecky (translator): Galician-Volhynian Chronicle
11048:
10878:
10563:
10561:
10559:
10253:
The Devil's Horsemen: The Mongol Invasion of Europe
10054:"Vlachs and Scandinavians in the Early Middle Ages"
9920:"Latent Turkification of Byzantium (ca. 1071â1461)"
9051:
8474:
An Introduction to the History of the Turkic People
8414:
8412:
8410:
8408:
8406:
8404:
8402:
8400:
8398:
8396:
8326:
An Introduction to the History of the Turkic People
8213:
An Introduction to the History of the Turkic People
8126:
An Introduction to the History of the Turkic People
7964:. Cambridge University Press. p. 280 of pp. 256â284
7872:
An Introduction to the History of the Turkic People
7707:
7554:
7304:
The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia, Volume 1
5584:. Stained glass window in the southern nave of the
5435:
province, Yortan village (name changed to Kazımiye)
3831:bezĂ©n akomozne oknĂ©mezne ber gĂ©zge pitbĂŒtör kĂŒngön
1831:, the Cumans were referred to as the "Blond Ones".
9375:
9228:
8988:
8888:
8886:
8884:
8882:
8880:
8878:
7679:"An Illustrated Introduction to the Kipchak Turks"
7677:Dragosani-Brantingham, Justin (19 October 2011) .
7417:
6878:
6326:Cuman statues from Ukraine in Neues Museum, Berlin
6298:Kunkereszt ("Cuman cross") in Belez, periphery of
4784:(meaning Saturday) are related to the Hebrew word
2440:in the 11th century AD and went on to assault the
1936:B.zùngß ~ B.zùnrß (< ? *Buranlı "stormy"),
10325:
10105:
10103:
9890:
8964:Genghis Khan & the Mongol Conquests 1190â1400
8722:"LĂĄszlĂł mĂĄsodik hadjĂĄrata a kĂșnok ellen 1091-ben"
8576:Cumans and Kipchaks: Between Ethnonym and Toponym
8023:"Cumanica IV: The Cumano-QıpÄaq Clans and Tribes"
7235:
5636:origin can be found in some Romanian counties of
4718:; they were consulted for questions of outcomes.
4293:; the "coastal" tribes lived on the coast of the
4049:. This continued until 1242 when Nicaean emperor
4010:as mercenaries in the Byzantine army against the
283:Court of Seljuk ruler Tughril III, circa 1200 CE.
12944:
11264:
11262:
11118:[Dictionary of the surnames in Zeeland]
10556:
10459:"Bızans'in Anadolu'ya YerleĆtırdıÄı Son TĂŒrkler"
9954:"Bızans'in Anadolu'ya YerleĆtırdıÄı Son TĂŒrkler"
9352:
9350:
9348:
9101:
8991:Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500â1250
8957:
8955:
8953:
8393:
7726:Hungary and the Fall of Eastern Europe 1000â1568
7595:Khazanov, Anatoly M.; Wink, André, eds. (2001).
7152:
7150:
7148:
6178:Cuman statue at the Donetsk local history museum
4650:and shamanistic elements; they celebrated their
4149:(mercenaries from the Balkans) in the region of
3693:between Cuman rebels and the king's forces. The
3505:, where Cumans in Hungary settled, divided into
3071:, who had refused to submit to their authority.
2177:Quyçı (R. ĐŃĐžŃĐžŃ, Kuichiya, meaning "shepherd"),
10172:
10170:
10168:
10166:
10164:
9525:
9523:
9521:
9519:
9517:
9515:
9221:
9219:
9217:
9182:
8875:
8306:. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. p. 276, fn. 252
8195:"Cumanica IV: The Tribes of the Cumans-QıpÄaqs"
8062:Cumanica IV: The Cumano-QıpÄaq Clans and Tribes
7995:Cumanica IV: The Cumano-QıpÄaq Clans and Tribes
7949:Cumanica IV: The Cumano-QıpÄaq Clans and Tribes
7931:Cumanica IV: The Cumano-QıpÄaq Clans and Tribes
7912:Cumanica IV: The Cumano-QıpÄaq Clans and Tribes
7672:
7670:
7668:
7666:
7341:
7339:
7337:
7335:
7333:
7331:
7329:
7327:
6931:
6929:
6927:
6925:
6923:
6154:Cuman statue in Stadnitsja Kiev c. 12th century
4956:. Chronicles mentioned that after the death of
4196:
4177:saddle making, bow making, and clothes making.
4125:(Commander-in-Chief of the Army) under Emperor
3892:Sen varsın bu gĂŒĂ§te bu yĂŒcelikte Tanrım, amin.
3869:Sen barsıng bu kĂŒĂ§li bu çin iygi Tengri, amen.
3843:szen borszony bo kacsalli bo tson igyi tengere
1726:, who also migrated westward ahead of the Qun.
11609:Györffy György: A Codex Cumanicus mai kérdései
11555:"History of the Cumans to the Mongol invasion"
11525:(Ph.D. dissertation). University of Michigan.
11376:
11332:
10684:"ORHANGAZÄ° KARSAK KĂYĂ VE KUMAN KIPĂAKLAR (1)"
10274:
10272:
10100:
9935:"Anadolu'ya yerleĆtirilen Kumanlar (Manavlar)"
9917:
9662:
9660:
9658:
9656:
9654:
9176:
9145:The murder of Köten is described in the novel
8544:
8542:
7722:
7664:
7662:
7660:
7658:
7656:
7654:
7652:
7650:
7648:
7646:
7569:
7516:Portraits of Medieval Eastern Europe, 900-1400
7297:
7295:
7293:
7291:
7289:
7287:
7285:
7283:
7118:
7116:
7114:
7112:
7110:
7108:
7106:
7104:
7102:
7100:
7098:
7096:
7094:
6987:
6985:
6983:
6981:
5781:(financial tribute) to the Russian sovereign.
5730:The Cumans appear in Rus' culture in the Rus'
5605:. (By religion, as may be seen by figures for
5515:(melilot), is also a relic of the Cumans. The
5026:who offered military service to Atrak against
5022:. The conflict was settled by a Georgian King
4230:
3901:
3809:Destroyed Cuman prayer from the original text
3525:, creating two regions incorporating the name
2849:Turkic people of the prairies of southwestern
2534:According to the 12th-century Jewish traveler
2456:. The Cumans' entry into the area pressed the
1498:, as the two tribes often lived side by side.
179:, they inhabited a shifting area north of the
11673:
11338:
11259:
9464:
9462:
9460:
9384:
9345:
9243:
9013:
8950:
8591:
8589:
8587:
8585:
8553:. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. p. 277.
8254:Studies in the Latin Empire of Constantinople
8247:
8245:
8243:
8241:
8065:. Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 9. p. 119
8046:. Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 9. p. 118
7998:. Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 9. p. 116
7951:. Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 9. p. 115
7934:. Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 9. p. 114
7915:. Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 9. p. 111
7281:
7279:
7277:
7275:
7273:
7271:
7269:
7267:
7265:
7263:
7145:
7092:
7090:
7088:
7086:
7084:
7082:
7080:
7078:
7076:
7074:
6979:
6977:
6975:
6973:
6971:
6969:
6967:
6965:
6963:
6961:
6545:, an ethnic group with possible Cuman origins
5453:Some famous Crimean Tatar historians such as
4569:(gold for princes and khans), and at times a
3312:or beys. Some of these Mamluks led by Sultan
1859:"angry, quick-tempered" attested only in the
1367:
1238:
11173:Curta, Florin; Kovalev, Roman, eds. (2008).
11172:
11116:"Woordenboek van de familienamen in Zeeland"
10161:
10134:
9830:(276). Turkish Historical Society: 403â418.
9512:
9307:
9214:
9107:
8730:The Military History of the Hungarian Nation
8428:
8215:. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. p. 275.
8140:Versuch eines Wörterbuches der TĂŒrk-Dialekte
8137:
7594:
7324:
6920:
5739:and are the military enemies of the Rus' in
4379:and which interfered with Rus'-Cuman trade.
3859:Bizing ekmegimizni ber bizge bĂŒt-bĂŒtĂŒn kĂŒnde
3205:, managed to get aid from the Rus' princes.
2837:defeated the Cumans after they attacked the
1782:
1768:
1676:
11590:(ĐĐŸĐ»ĐŸĐČŃŃ ĐČ ĐĐ”ĐœĐłŃОО. ĐŃŃĐŸŃĐžŃĐ”ŃĐșĐžĐč ĐŸŃĐ”ŃĐș) at
10269:
9651:
9293:. Cambridge University Press. p. 439.
8897:. Jessica Kingsley Publishers. p. 27.
8539:
8020:
7643:
7236:Nicolle, David; Shpakovsky, Victor (2001).
7175:
7159:The Mongols: From Genghis Khan to Tamerlane
6523:List of Tatar and Mongol raids against Rus'
4908:. He had a brother Taz who perished at the
4529:, curved sword (a sabre less curved than a
3886:Nasıl ki biz boyun eÄeriz bize emir gelince
3805:
2979:shows the Cumans fighting against the Rus'.
2272:), possibly a transcription of underlying *
11680:
11666:
11499:
11063:Language Shift among the Moldavian CsĂĄngĂłs
10671:(250): 11â36 – via dergipark.org.tr.
10405:
10041:(250): 11â36 – via dergipark.org.tr.
9637:. Cambridge University Press. p. 63.
9457:
9153:, in the chapter "The End of Khan Kotyan".
8911:
8892:
8707:
8582:
8328:. Otto Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden. p. 273-274
8294:CzeglĂ©dy, K. (1949): "A kunok eredetĂ©rĆl"
8290:
8288:
8238:
8234:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag: 104â108.
8199:Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 9 (1995â1997)
8128:. Otto Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden. p. 278â279
8027:Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 9 (1995-1997)
7546:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
7260:
7071:
6958:
5345:the small village of Kumanite in Bulgaria;
5194:a Slavic village named Kumanichevo in the
5014:where he entered into conflict with local
4618:Robert de Clari gave another description:
4014:. Emperor Romanus had sent the Cumans and
3593:, was the daughter of a Cuman chieftain. (
3327:A group of Cumans under two leaders named
3078:Central, Southern and Eastern Europe, 1190
2955:, helped Georgians to stop the advance of
2947:Cumans at that time also resettled in the
2893:. The Cumans then advanced all the way to
2779:, the Hungarian army was victorious, King
2086:"of cattle or other animals, 'striped'."),
1374:
1360:
1245:
1231:
35:
11612:Györffy György: A magyarsåg keleti elemei
11540:The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia
11465:
11392:
11163://Olden Times Alive, 1896, v. 3â4, p. 341
10388:"Manta â Big finds from small businesses"
10342:Codex Cumanicus â Central Asian Monuments
10024:
10022:
9867:
9865:
9835:
9813:
9811:
9809:
9798:
9796:
9752:
9750:
9588:
9548:
9391:. Routledge Worlds Series. Vol. 10.
9288:
9063:
9019:
8980:
7962:The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia
7832:Etymological dictionary of Proto-Germanic
7513:
7408:
5909:Learn how and when to remove this message
5310:KĂŒman, a village and municipality in the
5104:. The presence of his descendants in the
5061:. Konchak gave aid to the princes of the
5010:. Around the same time Atrak invaded the
4510:Battle between the Cumans and Grand Duke
3882:Bizim ekmeÄimizi ver bize bĂŒt bĂŒtĂŒn gĂŒnde
3863:Neçik-kim biz iyermiz bizge ötrĂŒ kelgenge
3740:in 1330, the envoy wears a Cuman dress. (
2501:
1794:
1729:However, according to O. Suleymenov
203:who exerted an enduring influence on the
11113:
10813:
10591:
10309:Bortz, a Cuman Chief in the 13th Century
10250:
10109:
10051:
9768:
9766:
9632:
9317:Slovak History: Chronology & Lexicon
9189:. Indiana University Press. p. 26.
9108:Waldman, Carl; Mason, Catherine (2006).
8961:
8762:
8156:. Izd. Arheogr. Komm. 1871. p. 563.
8007:Golden, Peter B. "The Polovci Dikii" in
7992:; cited in Golden, Peter B. (1995â1997)
7774:
7489:
7432:"Mitochondrial-DNA-of-ancient-Cumanians"
7156:
6935:
6842:
5990:than the Altaians proper. A majority of
5654:
5575:
5537:
5475:
5157:
5100:family, and later received the title of
4505:
4425:
4381:
4375:on the Black Sea, which was held by the
4163:
3978:
3768:
3747:
3727:
3643:
3628:
3576:
3561:
3559:and the sixth being, possibly, Koncsog.
3492:
3476:are dressed Cuman clothes with sabers. (
3464:
3392:
3376:
3165:
3157:
3146:
3073:
2965:
2921:. King Coloman and his army crossed the
2821:During this time, the Cumans raided the
2723:Cuman invasion of Kiev according to the
2718:
2715:is fighting a duel with a cuman warrior.
2702:
2682:
2643:in 1055, when they advanced towards the
2620:
2589:The Cumans had a commercial interest in
2234:
1622:, VĂĄsĂĄry considers this a corruption of
1435:was a linguistic manual written to help
11229:Horvath 1978; Kovacs 1971; Sandor 1959.
11059:
11035:
10821:"Historical fate of the Crimean Tatars"
10792:
10176:
10140:
9356:
8285:
7829:
7723:Nicolle, David; McBride, Angus (1988).
7345:
7181:
6393:damaged in fighting (22 September 2014)
6238:"Baba" at the Open Air Museum, Prelesne
6046:Cuman statue "Baba" in NieborĂłw, Poland
5209:a Slavic village named Kumanich in the
4458:), and 'Urus' were used by the Cumans.
3971:, who in 1323 became Tsar of Bulgaria.
3448:, who had been living with the Cumans.
2909:requested help from the Cumans against
2605:. Thus the language was adopted by the
2476:. The Cumans first entered the Bugeac (
2355:
1610:, while in the parallel account of the
1547:a traditional water vessel, known as a
12945:
11201:
10658:
10635:
10576:
10456:
10338:
10028:
10019:
9951:
9862:
9806:
9793:
9747:
9529:
8995:. Cambridge University Press. p.
8917:
8818:
8644:
8595:
8548:
8447:
8350:
8210:
8029:. Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 9: 118.
7886:The Turkic world of Mahmud al-Kashgari
7874:. Otto Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden. p. 271
7470:
7185:The Mongol Empire: Its Rise and Legacy
7122:
6991:
6876:
6836:
3975:Golden Horde and Byzantine mercenaries
2013:QmngĂ»/Qumanlu, QonÄuroÄlı (H. Kongur),
1959:Äirtan ~ (*Ozur) Äortan (Hg. Csertan),
1536:the color of the Cumans' horses (i.e.
1442:
11661:
11605:Gyårfås Istvån: A Jåszkunok Története
11537:
11238:
11150:, Bd. 24, 1952, Sect. 1â2, pp. 49â104
10592:Runciman, Steven (December 3, 1987).
10579:"Ibn FadlÄn and the Land of Darkness"
10411:
10281:Historical Dictionary of the Crusades
10278:
9817:
9763:
9691:
9666:
9482:from the original on 15 February 2015
9156:
9139:
9069:
8986:
8854:
8251:
8225:
7617:
7458:The Natural History of Pliny Volume 2
7388:
7301:
6872:
6870:
6644:Elizabeth of Sicily, Queen of Hungary
6638:Elizabeth of Hungary, Queen of Serbia
6202:Cuman, 12th century, Hermitage Museum
6020:Age of Empires II: Definitive Edition
6013:
5847:, was of great political importance.
5771:, near its confluence with the river
4699:), and sometimes a servant or slave.
4673:words to designate certain concepts:
4107:in 1292, in his campaign against the
3260:Istvan Vassary states that after the
2310:(1179â1229) also mentions the Qun in
2115:Urus-oba (R. Ourusoba; from endonym *
1984:KĂŒÄeba ~ KĂŒÄoba (R. Kouchebichi <
1879:"good fortune" and adjectival suffix
1840:Kipchaks and (presumably) the Kangli/
1693:is often said to be derived from the
1554:a Turkic word for "force" or "power".
11520:
11500:KristĂł, Gyula; Makk, Ferenc (1996).
10704:
10390:. Goliath.ecnext.com. Archived from
9594:
9114:. Infobase Publishing. p. 189.
9057:
8768:
7434:. Goliath.ecnext.com. Archived from
5858:
4394:. Many Mamluks were of Cuman origin.
4227:living in Northwest Anatolia today.
4006:In 1071, Cumans participated in the
2613:for centuries up to the modern day.
2112:UlaĆĄoÄlı (R. Ulashebichi; Hg. OlĂĄs),
1781:), which would therefore imply that
1716:âapparently derived from the Turkic
55:Regions with significant populations
11588:Cumans in Hungary. Historical essay
10659:Yalvar, Cihan (February 19, 2021).
10418:Rowman & Littlefield Publishers
10029:Yalvar, Cihan (February 19, 2021).
9635:A History of the Crusades, Volume 1
9073:Eternal Empire: The Ottomans at War
8938:from the original on 8 January 2016
8807:The Hungarian Illuminated Chronicle
8719:
7747:from the original on 8 January 2016
7410:10.22378/2313-6197.2018-6-3.452-471
7370:from the original on 8 January 2016
7206:from the original on 8 January 2016
6362:Cuman prairie art, as exhibited in
6286:Ladislaus IV of Hungary "the Cuman"
5804:(reigned 1260â1277), defeated King
4684:) meaning "fly away, paradise" and
4677:(a native Turkic word cognate with
4501:
4358:/Sugrov, and Balinâappeared in the
3136:
2951:and were Christianized. There they
2751:reached and defeated them near the
2352:, meaning "blond", "pale", "fair".
2059:Ăren ~ Uran ~ Oyren ( < cognate
1965:EnÄoÄlı ~ Ä°lanÄuglı (Hg. Iloncsuk),
1439:communicate with the Cuman people.
13:
11687:
11625:, Cambridge University Press, 2000
11547:
11104:, Palgrave Macmillan, 2000, p. 247
11014:"32/2004. (IV. 19.) OGY hatĂĄrozat"
10694:from the original on 3 March 2024.
10636:Yalvar, Cihan (19 February 2021).
10359:from the original on 20 March 2017
8750:from the original on 2 August 2015
8573:
8078:, Vol. 24, Issue 06, 2020. p. 1195
8043:The Cumano-QıpÄaq Clans and Tribes
7973:
7807:(Brill: Leiden-Boston, 2008), 412.
7638:The Travels of Sir John Mandeville
7059:from the original on 5 August 2011
6867:
6624: â Bulgarians of Cuman origin
4878:Sharukan was taken as prisoner by
4748:
3656:(now Cheresig, Romania) in 1290. (
3094:led by brothers Asen and Peter of
2913:, who was involved in a feud with
2783:killed Ăkos, the Cuman chieftain.
2016:MekrĂŒti ~ BekrĂŒti ~ BekĂŒrte (<
1773:is also possible: the Slavic root
278:
14:
13014:
11629:
10994:from the original on 23 July 2015
10770:. Christusrex.org. Archived from
10681:
9932:
9772:Ovidiu Pecican Troia Venetia Roma
9470:"Karcag: Year of the Cumans 2009"
9247:; Nelson, Janet L., eds. (2013).
9076:. Osprey Publishing. p. 30.
8823:. Ashgate/Variorum. p. 138.
8115:. Oxford University Press. p. 239
6579:Constantine Euphorbenos Katakalon
6488:Roman Catholic Diocese of Cumania
5715:origintates from the Slavic word
3634:Second Mongol invasion of Hungary
3367:Settlement on the Hungarian plain
2739:, then the territory between the
2639:The Cumans first encountered the
2630:'s battle with the CumanâKipchaks
2131:"to fight," i.e. "soldier" (cf.
2095:~ Teriter-oba (R. TerŃterobichi),
1977:Knn ~ Kyt (either corrupted from
1606:, a certain individual is called
12988:Romania in the Early Middle Ages
12978:Moldova in the Early Middle Ages
12923:, distinct from Levantine (i.e.
11506:(in Hungarian). I.P.C. Könyvek.
11425:
11370:
11232:
11223:
11195:
11166:
11153:
11140:
11107:
11087:
11006:
10979:
10966:
10936:
10906:
10872:
10863:
10841:
10832:
10786:
10760:
10751:
10742:
10717:
10698:
10675:
10652:
10629:
10612:
10585:
10570:
10482:
10473:
10463:EskiÌçaÄ AraĆtirmalari DergiÌsiÌ
10450:
10434:
10380:
10371:
10301:
10244:
10231:
10212:
10045:
10002:
9985:
9968:
9958:EskiÌçaÄ AraĆtirmalari DergiÌsiÌ
9945:
9926:
9911:
9884:
9784:
9775:
9685:
9626:
9601:. University of Michigan Press.
9571:
9557:
9503:
9494:
9448:
9439:
9427:from the original on 5 July 2015
9409:
9357:HorvĂĄth, AndrĂĄs PĂĄlĂłczi (1989).
9111:Encyclopedia of European Peoples
7477:
6942:University of Pennsylvania Press
6887:; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John;
6584:Maria of Bulgaria, Latin Empress
6559:Romania in the Early Middle Ages
6398:
6382:
6370:
6355:
6343:
6331:
6319:
6307:
6291:
6279:
6267:
6255:
6243:
6231:
6219:
6207:
6195:
6183:
6171:
6159:
6147:
6135:
6123:
6111:
6099:
6087:
6075:
6063:
6051:
6039:
5863:
5063:Principality of Novgorod-Seversk
4791:
3701:and the Cumans in 1282 and King
3470:First Mongol invasion of Hungary
2674:Principality of Novgorod-Seversk
2340:, FÄrÄb, and the country of the
2138:"quarrel, fight, battle, war")),
2020:"Đ·Đ°ŃŃĐ°ĐČĐ»ŃŃŃ, ŃĐșŃДпОŃŃ, ŃŃОлОŃŃ")
1281:
11359:from the original on 2014-01-11
11129:from the original on 2016-03-04
10954:from the original on 3 May 2015
10880:Brian Glyn Williams, Brian Glyn
10201:from the original on 2016-01-08
10089:from the original on 2013-12-27
10052:Pintescu, Florin (April 2020).
9735:from the original on 3 May 2015
9615:from the original on 2016-01-08
9334:from the original on 2016-01-08
9282:
9265:
9203:from the original on 2015-10-01
9128:from the original on 2015-11-28
9090:from the original on 2016-01-08
9040:from the original on 2016-01-08
8862:History of the Byzantine Empire
8837:
8812:
8800:
8789:from the original on 2016-01-08
8736:
8732:] (in Hungarian). Budapest.
8713:
8690:from the original on 2013-12-27
8638:
8627:
8616:from the original on 2016-01-08
8567:
8526:
8512:
8487:Il Codice Cumano e il Suo Mondo
8479:
8466:
8441:
8375:
8344:
8331:
8318:
8309:
8270:
8219:
8204:
8187:
8174:
8160:
8146:
8131:
8118:
8105:
8081:
8068:
8049:
8033:
8014:
8001:
7990:Opyt slovarja tjurkskix nareÄij
7982:
7967:
7954:
7937:
7918:
7899:
7877:
7864:
7842:
7823:
7810:
7797:
7781:Institute for Foreign Languages
7768:
7759:
7695:from the original on 2013-09-30
7630:
7588:
7507:
7450:
7382:
7161:. Amberley Publishing Limited.
7016:from the original on 2016-12-07
6816:
6800:
6478:Notable people of Cuman descent
4798:Notable people of Cuman descent
4741:, who swore allegiance to King
4638:The Cuman people practiced the
4634:Christianization of Kievan Rus'
3210:Mongols were approaching Russia
1863:. Klyashtorny links Kipchak to
1681:, derived from the Slavic root
10795:"Sources for the Krimgotische"
10469:] (in Turkish) (3): 29â32.
9964:] (in Turkish) (3): 29â32.
9891:Caroline Gurevich (May 2017).
9878:Karadeniz Ä°ncelemeleri Dergisi
9534:. Cambridge University Press.
9070:Scott, Richard Bodley (2008).
9026:. Da Capo Press. p. 134.
8021:Golden, Peter B. (1995â1997).
7346:Grumeza, Ion (4 August 2010).
7045:
7027:
6907:
6895:(3rd ed.). Brill Online.
6685:
6483:The Cuman Tsaritsa of Bulgaria
5088:expansion and were taken into
4656:provided the dead with objects
4430:A modern reenactment of Cumans
3803:Documentary ĂzĂŒ TĂŒrk program:
3761:returned to Hungary. In 1734,
3736:receives the envoy of Voivode
3333:Latin Empire of Constantinople
2790:of Kievan Rus' in 1093 at the
1956:Äitey(oÄlı) (R. ChitŃŁyebichi),
1685:"pale; light yellow; blonde".
1594:, which he kept separate from
1388:Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'
1:
11561:. Chronica 13 (2017): 99-104.
11339:BogĂĄcsi-SzabĂł, Erika (2006).
10974:Hungarian Academy of Sciences
10707:"KIRIM BÄ°R RUS TOPRAÄI MIYDI"
10467:Journal of Ancient Researches
10251:Chambers, Anatoly M. (1979).
10085:. Encyclopediaofukraine.com.
9962:Journal of Ancient Researches
9872:Dimitri Korobeinikov (2015).
9669:Byzantine Armies AD 1118â1461
9164:Christianity among the Cumans
8726:A magyar nemzet hadtörténelme
8686:. Encyclopediaofukraine.com.
8011:Vol. 3/4, Part 1. pp. 296â309
7597:Nomads in the Sedentary World
7055:. Encyclopediaofukraine.com.
6673:
6377:Cuman burial mound in Hungary
6250:Chormukhinsk Madonna, Luhansk
5937:during the 13th century, six
5785:linked the Kumandinsâand the
5121:
4243:, Comanii Vechi, ComÄneanca (
4034:against the Pechenegs in the
3284:put it, a "Scythian desert."
2645:Rus' Pereyaslavl principality
2507:CumanâKipchak confederation (
2033:oroĆÄu "small, brown-colored
1844:(possibly connected to three
1777:"field" (cf. Polish, Russian
1644:
1472:
269:History of the Turkic peoples
216:GaliciaâVolhynia Principality
46:
10986:HĂrhatĂĄr Online Lapcsoport.
10797:. p. 37. Archived from
10502:Wayne State University Press
10239:Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi
9939:www.belediyehaberleri.com.tr
9818:AyönĂŒ, Yusuf (August 2012).
8357:Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi
8339:Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi
8228:Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi
7574:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag.
6830:
6678:
6106:"Baba" 11th century, Luhansk
6094:"Baba" 11th century, Luhansk
6082:"Baba" 11th century, Luhansk
6070:"Baba" 11th century, Luhansk
6058:"Baba" 11th century, Luhansk
5400:in Greater Cumania, Hungary;
4454:), 'Kitan' (from the Mongol
4197:Traces of Cumans in Anatolia
3873:Bizim atamız ki sensin gökte
3648:Cuman assassins murder King
3397:Cuman representation in the
3151:Cuman statue, 12th century,
2953:achieved prominent positions
2578:in Central Asia. The Cumansâ
2431:
2253:Chinese authors mentioned a
2214:Koncsog ("leather trouser").
1871:"unfortunate, unlucky"; yet
1490:The original meaning of the
1390:in 1237, many Cumans sought
7:
12973:Medieval history of Ukraine
12968:Medieval Kingdom of Hungary
11586:Golubovsky Peter V. (1889)
11568:Golubovsky Peter V. (1884)
11348:(Thesis). Szeged, Hungary:
11207:The Mamlƫk military society
10339:Paksoy, H. B., ed. (1992).
10113:Attila and the Nomad Hordes
9933:Grubu, Haber Ajansı Yayın.
9874:"The Cumans in Paphlagonia"
8893:MacDermott, Mercia (1998).
8596:Paksoy, H. B., ed. (1992).
8154:Letopis'po Ipatskomu spisku
8142:(II ed.). p. 506.
7988:Radloff, V.V. (1893â1911).
7765:Dobrodomov I. G., 1978, 123
7572:Kinship in the Altaic World
7354:University Press of America
6843:Williams, Brian G. (2001).
6792:
6771:
6709:
6612:Anna of Hungary (1260â1281)
6574:Battle of Adrianople (1205)
6418:
6314:Cuman stone statues "babas"
5889:the claims made and adding
5854:
5736:The Tale of Igor's Campaign
5580:Historical coat of arms of
5403:and the town of Kumanov in
5076:The Tale of Igor's Campaign
5059:Principality of Pereyaslavl
4946:against the Ruthenian army.
4627:
4557:(iron or leather), leather
4390:were warrior-slaves in the
4231:Traces of Cumans in Romania
3902:Cuman involvement in Serbia
3880:Nasıl ki yerde ve tĂŒm gökte
3850:Bizim atamız kim-sing kökte
3820:Bezén attamaz ken ze kikte
3112:Battle of Adrianople (1205)
3024:The Tale of Igor's Campaign
2976:The Tale of Igor's Campaign
2450:Principality of Pereyaslavl
2344:." The Armenian historian,
2313:The Dictionary of Countries
2202:OlĂĄs ("union, federation"),
1670:
1075:CumanâKipchak Confederation
922:KimekâKipchak Confederation
154:CumanâKipchak confederation
43:CumanâKipchak confederation
10:
13019:
12998:Medieval history of Russia
11493:
10665:TĂŒrk DĂŒnyası AraĆtırmaları
10642:TĂŒrk DĂŒnyası AraĆtırmaları
10412:Brook, Kevin Alan (2006).
10279:Slack, Corliss K. (2013).
10141:Nabokov, Vladimir (1960).
10035:TĂŒrk DĂŒnyası AraĆtırmaları
9837:10.37879/belleten.2012.403
9696:. Routledge. p. 143.
8962:Turnbull, Stephen (2003).
8651:Cambridge University Press
8429:Kincses-Nagy, Ăva (2013).
8252:Wolff, Robert Lee (1976).
7775:IgnjatiÄ, Zdravko (2005).
7514:Ostrowski, Donald (2018).
7389:Golev, Konstantin (2018).
7308:Cambridge University Press
7302:Sinor, Denis, ed. (1990).
7129:Cambridge University Press
6936:Bartusis, Mark C. (1997).
6032:
5752:, which features a set of
5078:("Slovo o polku Ihorevi)."
4990:. In 1117 his army sacked
4795:
4752:
4646:. Their belief system had
4631:
4254:
4139:Andronikos III Palaiologos
4018:to secure the fortress of
3890:Kurtar bizi her kötĂŒlĂŒkten
3857:Neçik-kim cerde alay kökte
3828:nitziegén gerde ali kékte
3756:as "king" of Hungary, 1777
3591:Queen Elizabeth of Hungary
3370:
3337:Alberic of Trois-Fontaines
3226:Yuri II of Vladimir-Suzdal
3140:
2866:and getting as far as the
2792:Battle of the Stugna River
2230:
2225:
2205:KĂłr ~ KĂłl ("little, few"),
2082:TarÄıl (R. Targolove <
1834:
1633:
1467:),. The Greek philosopher
682:Chief gods and goddesses:
160:. They are referred to as
18:
12983:Nomadic groups in Eurasia
12905:
12869:
12843:
12588:
12546:
12492:
12464:
12262:
12204:
12171:
12090:
12067:
12024:Meskhetian (Ahiska) Turks
11897:
11851:
11806:
11775:
11704:
11695:
11521:Rapp, Stephen H. (1997).
10608:– via Google Books.
10595:A History of the Crusades
10445:Great Soviet Encyclopedia
9633:Runciman, Steven (1987).
9595:Fine, John V. A. (1994).
9289:Klaniczay, GĂĄbor (2002).
8924:. Hitzeroth. p. 32.
8819:Golden, Peter B. (2003).
8647:Medieval Russia, 980â1584
8549:Golden, Peter B. (1992).
8472:Golden, Peter B. (1992).
8324:Golden, Peter B. (1992).
8211:Golden, Peter B. (1992).
8193:Golden, Peter B. (1988).
8124:Golden, Peter B. (1992).
8009:Harvard Ukrainian Studies
7870:Golden, Peter B. (1992).
7182:Prawdin, Michael (1940).
6781:
6760:
6698:
6274:Cuman Stone statue "baba"
6262:Cuman Stone statue "baba"
6027:Kingdom Come: Deliverance
5833:Mongol invasion of Europe
5829:Battle of the Kalka River
5533:Despotate of Thessalonica
5438:Karsak, a village in the
5321:the town and district of
5153:
5055:Principality of Chernigov
4920:between modern cities of
4247:), Vadul Cumanilor (near
4220:Meander (Menderes) Valley
4105:Andronikos II Palaiologos
3987:, c. 1300, with the
3840:kĂștkor bezne al gyamanna
3814:
3811:
3808:
3697:was a battle between the
3614:between King BĂ©la IV and
3143:Battle of the Kalka River
2983:On 20 March 1155, Prince
2678:Principality of Chernigov
2048:reges Uilperitorum, from
1886:
1803:, the Cumans were called
1103:11th centuryâ13th century
104:
99:
83:
78:
71:
66:
59:
54:
34:
12892:Turkish Cypriot diaspora
12560:Bulgarian Crimean Tatars
11060:TĂĄnczos, Vilmos (2012).
10944:"FĂŒggetlen KiskunsĂĄgot!"
10177:Baldick, Julian (2012).
10110:Nicholle, David (1990).
9692:Arbel, Benjamin (2013).
9020:Hildinger, Erik (2001).
8452:. Hakkert. p. 323.
8138:Radloff, W (1893â1911).
8111:Clauson, Gerard (1972).
7974:Golden, Peter Benjamin.
7157:Bartlett, W. B. (2012).
6877:KovĂĄcs, Szilvia (2020).
5359:the town of Kumanlar in
5018:pushing them beyond the
4876:Novgorod First Chronicle
4872:Battle of the Alta River
4860:who is mentioned in the
4829:) who were mentioned by
4215:John III Doukas Vatatzes
4133:, attained the title of
4116:Michael VIII Palaiologos
4101:Michael VIII Palaiologos
4051:John III Doukas Vatatzes
3888:Ä°letme bizi hiç kötĂŒlĂŒÄe
3867:Kutkar bizni ol camannan
3855:DĂŒĆsĂŒn sening könglĂŒgĂŒng
3853:Ćentlensing sening adıng
3837:iltme bezne ol gyamanga
2934:Principality of Volhynia
2911:Coloman, King of Hungary
2654:Battle of the Alta River
2192:Borcsol ("Pepper Sons"),
2147:Yete-oba (R. Yetebichi),
2144:(R. Polovtsi Yemiakove),
2098:Toqsoba (R. Toksobichi),
2052:ölöbĂŒr "ill, infirm" or
1704:(ĐĂłĐ»ĐŸĐČŃŃ), derived from
1447:
1186:Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)
832:Eastern Turkic Khaganate
811:Western Turkic Khaganate
757:Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate
12049:Syrian Turkmen/Turkoman
11705:Azerbaijani communities
11502:Az ĂrpĂĄd-hĂĄz uralkodĂłi
10890:Oxford University Press
10143:Song of Igor's Campaign
8599:Central Asian Monuments
8448:Spinei, Victor (2006).
7500:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
7123:VĂĄsĂĄry, IstvĂĄn (2005).
6992:Spinei, Victor (2009).
6806:Identified with either
6649:Ladislaus IV of Hungary
6569:Foundation of Wallachia
6538:Origin of the Romanians
6533:History of Transylvania
6389:Cuman stone statues in
4727:Archbishop of Esztergom
4061:and the region east of
3923:By 1272, the region of
3703:Ladislaus IV of Hungary
3667:Battle on the Marchfeld
3650:Ladislaus IV of Hungary
3608:Ladislaus IV of Hungary
3583:Ladislaus IV of Hungary
3057:Second Bulgarian Empire
3044:European implications.
2936:, but were repelled by
2670:Vsevolod of Pereyaslavl
2666:Sviatoslav of Chernigov
2536:Petachiah of Regensburg
2376:"the real Quns"? > *
2276:) located north of the
2079:Shanmie gumali (è«æ»
ć€éș»é),
2063:"bad, wicked, evil" or
1875:sees a better match in
1855:points to the Siberian
1400:Second Bulgarian Empire
840:Second Turkic Khaganate
224:Second Bulgarian Empire
13003:Extinct Turkic peoples
12963:History of Kievan Rus'
12882:Crimean Tatar diaspora
12059:Western Thracian Turks
11994:Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman
11093:Andrew Bell-Fialkoff,
11020:. 2004. Archived from
10241:, v. IX (1997), p. 107
8987:Curta, Florin (2006).
8918:KrĂŒger, Peter (1993).
8895:Bulgarian Folk Customs
8809:(ch. 145.104), p. 132.
8708:KristĂł & Makk 1996
8645:Martin, Janet (1993).
8351:Golden, Peter (1987).
8201:. p. 122 of pp. 99â122
7830:Kroonen, Guus (2013).
7190:Transaction Publishers
6893:Encyclopaedia of Islam
6751:
6742:
6733:
6724:
6691:In various languages:
6617:Basarab I of Wallachia
6513:Mongol invasion of Rus
6465:Syrgiannes Palaiologos
5994:lines belonged to the
5952:
5667:
5593:
5586:St Elisabeth Cathedral
5554:
5504:Crimean Tatar language
5485:
5385:as well as the cities
5175:
4625:
4616:
4514:
4431:
4395:
4169:
4131:Syrgiannes Palaiologos
4097:Alexios Strategopoulos
3992:
3878:HoĆ olsun senin gönlĂŒn
3865:Ä°ltme bizni ol camanga
3799:, was recorded in the
3782:
3757:
3745:
3661:
3641:
3598:
3574:
3513:
3481:
3401:
3386:
3230:Mstislav Svyatoslavich
3174:
3163:
3155:
3079:
2980:
2835:Ladislaus I of Hungary
2749:Ladislaus I of Hungary
2728:
2716:
2700:
2636:
2502:Political organization
2429:
2248:
2242:
2089:Tarew (R. TarŃevskyi),
1953:"light blue, bluish"),
1919:Barat ~ Beret ~ Baraq,
1861:Siberian SaÄay dialect
1795:Folban, Vallani, Valwe
1783:
1769:
1759:(ĐżĐŸĐ»ĐŸÌĐČŃĐč), Ukrainian
1677:
1668:
1620:PolovÄinu menem Kunui"
1002:Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom
803:First Turkic Khaganate
284:
95:(in Anatolia, Balkans)
12589:Extinct Turkic groups
12547:Turkic minorities in
12494:Turkic minorities in
12465:Turkic minorities in
12263:Turkic minorities in
11741:Georgian Azerbaijanis
11615:Hunfalvy: Etnographia
11538:Sinor, Denis (1990).
11403:10.1353/hub.2006.0052
11286:10.1353/hub.2006.0007
11209:. Variorum Reprints.
11114:Debrabandere, Frans.
10510:10.1353/hub.2006.0007
10457:Yilmaz, Adil (2018).
10377:Yule and Cordier 1916
9952:Yilmaz, Adil (2018).
9729:TheFreeDictionary.com
9671:. Osprey Publishing.
9530:Berend, Nora (2001).
8966:. Osprey Publishing.
8769:Makk, Ferenc (1989).
8634:Columbia Encyclopedia
8501:had been part of the
8387:Kitab mu'jam al-budan
8092:Geschichte der Hunnen
6440:History of Kazakhstan
5943:
5816:(1277) (by using the
5658:
5579:
5541:
5479:
5280:Komani, a historical
5161:
5072:Battle of Kalka River
4976:(1821â1897) "Emshan".
4880:Svyatoslav II of Kiev
4620:
4607:
4601:, while describing a
4509:
4436:John of Plano Carpini
4429:
4385:
4167:
4043:Battle of Kalka River
3982:
3822:szénlészen szen ådon
3772:
3751:
3731:
3675:Ottokar II of Bohemia
3647:
3632:
3580:
3565:
3523:Great Hungarian Plain
3496:
3468:
3396:
3380:
3169:
3161:
3150:
3082:In alliance with the
3077:
2969:
2930:Illuminated Chronicle
2907:Sviatopolk II of Kiev
2722:
2707:Fresco detail in the
2706:
2686:
2624:
2393:
2391:Potapov writes that:
2306:The Syrian historian
2238:
2211:("little snake"), and
2070:"artist, craftsman"),
1962:Dorut ~ DörĂŒt ~ Dört,
1663:
1475:24 AD) refers to the
1437:Catholic missionaries
1348:Republic of Tatarstan
1111:Atabegs of Azerbaijan
743:Yenisei Kyrgyz People
282:
100:Related ethnic groups
16:Turkic nomadic people
12907:Central Asian (i.e.
12877:Azerbaijani diaspora
12214:Iranian Azerbaijanis
11852:Turkmen communities
11748:Western Azerbaijanis
11718:Iranian Azerbaijanis
11350:University of Szeged
11018:Hungarian Parliament
10851:. www. philology. ru
10826:11 July 2006 at the
10757:Stearns(1979:39â40).
10414:The Jews of Khazaria
9918:Rustam M. Shukurov.
9858:DOI: English version
9186:A History of Hungary
8532:Golden, P.B. (1992)
8507:Uyghur confederation
8282:, p. 34 (in Russian)
8256:. London: Variorum.
8168:Onomasticon Turcicum
7779:. Belgrade, Serbia:
5963:of the Cumanians of
5383:JĂĄsz-Nagykun-Szolnok
5291:the municipality of
5241:Polovtsy, a town in
4958:Vladimir II Monomakh
4874:). According to the
4845:, Eskels became the
4743:Andrew II of Hungary
4450:), 'Imek' (from the
4137:and was a friend of
4085:Theodore II Laskaris
3983:The division of the
3876:Ćenlensin senin adın
3861:Ä°lt bizing minimizni
3738:Basarab of Wallachia
3734:Charles I of Hungary
3616:Stephen V of Hungary
3572:Stephen V of Hungary
3459:Frederick of Austria
3421:Andrew II of Hungary
3414:Vladimir II Monomakh
3244:took place near the
3123:Carpathian Mountains
3104:BulgarianâLatin Wars
2923:Carpathian Mountains
2915:Volodar of Peremyshl
2887:Constantine Diogenes
2788:Vladimir II Monomakh
2356:Kipchak relationship
2294:Nestorian Christians
2127:or from Turkic root
1995:"to urge to seize"),
1815:âall derivatives of
1626:, Russian dative of
172:in Eastern sources.
12958:Invasions of Europe
11898:Turkish communities
11764:Javanshir Qizilbash
11450:2016NatSR...630197P
10924:on 30 December 2010
10705:Dikbasan, Sabriye.
9667:Heath, Ian (1995).
9475:. karcag.hu. 2009.
8849:Kaloyan of Bulgaria
7838:. pp. 126â127.
7396:Golden Horde Review
7192:. pp. 212â15.
6667:Yaropolk II of Kiev
6564:Judge of the Cumans
6425:Elizabeth the Cuman
5982:In relation to the
5810:Battle of Ain Jalut
5659:Cuman sculpture in
5607:religion in Hungary
5482:RadziwiĆĆ Chronicle
5405:Khmelnytskyi Oblast
5024:David IV of Georgia
4818:, the endonym of a
4669:". The Cumans used
4521:, later developing
4109:Despotate of Epirus
4093:Battle of Pelagonia
4074:Skythikoi/Skythikon
4036:Battle of Levounion
4008:Battle of Manzikert
3884:Ä°let bizim minimizi
3624:judge of the Cumans
3604:Elizabeth the Cuman
3587:Ladislaus the Cuman
3568:Elizabeth the Cuman
3434:country independent
3406:David IV of Georgia
3399:RadziwiĆĆ Chronicle
3357:Narjot III de Toucy
3318:Battle of Ain Jalut
3287:A direct attack on
3222:Mstislav Romanovich
3108:Kaloyan of Bulgaria
2973:'s illustration to
2855:Battle of Levounion
2725:RadziwiĆĆ Chronicle
2568:Kipchaks in Georgia
2336:, the lands of the
1998:Kor ~ Qor (H. KĂłr),
1829:Matthaios of Edessa
1661:, note that Cumania
1443:Names and etymology
991:Eastern Kara-Khanid
984:Western Kara-Khanid
970:Kara-Khanid Khanate
31:
12422:Siberian Bukharans
12224:Chaharmahali Turks
12205:Turkic minorities
12172:Turkic minorities
12091:Turkic minorities
11807:Kyrgyz communities
11776:Kazakh communities
11646:2016-03-03 at the
11621:Stephenson, Paul.
11438:Scientific Reports
11100:2016-01-08 at the
10892:. p. xiâxii.
10774:on 16 October 2012
10345:. CARRIE E Books.
10314:2019-12-29 at the
10225:2011-08-05 at the
9567:. August 17, 2014.
9395:. pp. 82â83.
9388:The Medieval World
9271:. I.P.C. Könyvek.
9249:The Medieval World
9169:2015-09-24 at the
8653:. pp. 48â49.
8574:Drobny, Jaroslav.
8102:. Routledge. p. 42
7892:2019-12-23 at the
7883:Golden, Peter, B.
7857:2020-02-05 at the
7463:2016-01-08 at the
6944:. pp. 26â27.
6883:. In Fleet, Kate;
6853:. pp. 42â43.
6622:Darman and Kudelin
6554:BĂĄcs-Kiskun County
6528:History of Romania
6493:Andrey Bogolyubsky
6411:Kraskovo, Slovakia
6409:(left), church of
6014:In popular culture
5956:genetic admixtures
5874:possibly contains
5814:Battle of Elbistan
5806:Louis IX of France
5668:
5594:
5555:
5498:with a noticeable
5486:
5176:
5094:Mongolian invasion
4515:
4512:Andrei Bogolyubsky
4463:William of Rubruck
4432:
4396:
4170:
4143:John Kantakouzenos
4083:. In 1256 emperor
4070:Alexios I Komnenos
4032:Alexios I Komnenos
3993:
3929:Kudelin and Darman
3825:dösön szen kĂŒklön
3783:
3775:Louis I of Hungary
3758:
3746:
3699:Kingdom of Hungary
3695:Battle of Lake HĂłd
3671:Rudolf of Habsburg
3662:
3642:
3599:
3575:
3514:
3482:
3472:in 1241â1242. The
3438:BĂ©la IV of Hungary
3402:
3387:
3383:Kingdom of Hungary
3353:Baldwin of Hainaut
3343:in the capture of
3322:Battle of Elbistan
3302:Kingdom of Hungary
3193:, the shah of the
3175:
3164:
3156:
3110:. In 1205, at the
3080:
3020:Igor Svyatoslavich
2997:Andrey Bogolyubsky
2981:
2949:Kingdom of Georgia
2859:Alexios I Komnenos
2839:Kingdom of Hungary
2733:Kingdom of Hungary
2729:
2717:
2701:
2662:Iziaslav I of Kiev
2637:
2628:Igor Svyatoslavich
2564:Kingdom of Georgia
2470:Mahmud al-Kashgari
2446:Kingdom of Hungary
2388:as Yimek ~ Yemek.
2243:
2007:-opa (R. KaepiÄi),
1801:Germanic languages
1651:Hamdallah Mustawfi
1396:Kingdom of Hungary
1087:Khwarazmian Empire
958:Karluk Yabgu State
696:Epics and heroes:
285:
240:Kingdom of Georgia
232:Kingdom of Hungary
197:Khwarazmian Empire
29:
12940:
12939:
12839:
12838:
12750:
12743:
12704:
12580:Tatars of Romania
12553:
12522:
12479:Mongolian Kazakhs
12450:
12424:
12417:
12410:
12403:
12396:
12389:
12382:
12294:
12287:
12280:
12157:
12123:
12034:Palestinian Turks
12029:Montenegrin Turks
11953:
11934:
11927:
11920:
11913:
11883:
11874:
11867:
11827:
11798:Mongolian Kazakhs
11766:
11757:
11750:
11743:
11734:
11727:
11720:
11653:Cuman Royal House
11458:10.1038/srep30197
11252:978-96-38-31176-4
11216:978-0-86078-049-6
11188:978-9-0041-6389-8
11066:. Editura ISPMN.
10427:978-1-4422-0302-0
10352:978-975-428-033-3
10294:978-0-8108-7831-0
10262:978-0-6891-0942-3
10194:978-1-78076-232-6
10127:978-0-8504-5996-8
10118:Osprey Publishing
9922:. Dumbarton Oaks.
9703:978-1-1357-8188-0
9678:978-1-8553-2347-6
9644:978-0-5213-4770-9
9608:978-0-472-08260-5
9583:978-954-402-047-7
9541:978-0-5216-5185-1
9421:Nyelv Ă©s TudomĂĄny
9402:978-0-415-30234-0
9368:978-9-6313-2740-3
9327:978-0-86516-444-4
9300:978-0-5214-2018-1
9258:978-1-1365-0005-3
9196:978-0-253-20867-5
9121:978-1-4381-2918-1
9083:978-1-84603-401-5
9033:978-0-7867-3114-5
9006:978-0-521-81539-0
8973:978-1-8417-6523-5
8931:978-3-89398-128-1
8904:978-1-8530-2485-6
8870:978-0-299-80925-6
8830:978-0-8607-8885-0
8782:978-963-05-5268-4
8720:BĂĄnlaky, JĂłzsef.
8660:978-0-5213-6832-2
8609:978-975-428-033-3
8560:978-3-4470-3274-2
8459:978-9-0256-1214-6
8435:Szeged University
8263:978-0-9020-8999-0
7816:Pletnyova, S. A.
7740:978-0-8504-5833-6
7731:Osprey Publishing
7636:John Mandeville,
7610:978-0-7007-1370-7
7581:978-3-4470-5416-4
7525:978-1-315-20417-8
7456:Pliny the Elder,
7363:978-0-7618-5135-6
7317:978-0-5212-4304-9
7253:978-1-84176-233-3
7244:Osprey Publishing
7199:978-1-4128-2897-0
7168:978-1-4456-0791-7
7138:978-0-5218-3756-9
6951:978-0-8122-1620-2
6790:
6769:
6707:
6661:Shishman of Vidin
6166:Cuman battle mask
5992:mitochondrial DNA
5948:N macrohaplogroup
5927:mitochondrial DNA
5919:
5918:
5911:
5876:original research
5754:Polovtsian Dances
5741:Alexander Borodin
5348:Kuman, a town in
5234:Kuman, a city in
5166:in their capital
5137:Anjou Legendarium
5082:SyrgiannĂ©s/SıçÄan
5036:Vladimir Monomakh
5012:Northern Caucasus
4843:Bernhard Karlgren
4835:Abu SaÊżÄ«d GardÄzÄ«
4737:on the orders of
4599:Niketas Choniates
4584:in comparison to
4440:Jean de Joinville
4399:conjunction with
4223:community called
4153:who received two
3933:Bulgarian service
3897:
3896:
3723:Great Turkish War
3652:at the castle of
3214:Mstislav the Bold
3195:Khwarezmid Empire
3170:The conquests of
3028:Alexander Borodin
2879:Kingdom of Poland
2658:Yaroslav the Wise
2552:Wallachian states
2491:Primary Chronicle
2346:Matthew of Edessa
2123:, compare Greek:
2044:Yuliboli (çéäŒŻé),
1586:derived Kun from
1384:
1383:
1338:Kazan Governorate
1255:
1254:
1220:
1219:
1216:
1191:
1179:
1167:
1162:Qarlughid Kingdom
1128:
1116:
1104:
1092:
1080:
1055:
1043:
1031:
1026:Pecheneg Khanates
1019:
1007:
975:
963:
951:
946:Oghuz Yabgu State
939:
927:
915:
910:TĂŒrgesh Khaganate
903:
891:
879:
867:
844:
836:
815:
807:
773:
748:
723:
722:
650:
649:
462:
461:
273:
228:Kingdom of Serbia
135:
134:
13010:
12887:Turkish diaspora
12746:
12739:
12700:
12551:
12533:Karategin Uzbeks
12518:
12446:
12420:
12413:
12406:
12399:
12392:
12385:
12380:Astrakhan Tatars
12378:
12343:
12290:
12283:
12276:
12249:Iranian Turkmens
12181:Crimean Karaites
12153:
12119:
12019:Macedonian Turks
11984:Dodecanese Turks
11949:
11930:
11923:
11916:
11909:
11881:Iranian Turkmens
11879:
11870:
11863:
11823:
11762:
11753:
11746:
11739:
11730:
11723:
11716:
11702:
11701:
11682:
11675:
11668:
11659:
11658:
11641:Map of migration
11585:
11567:
11562:
11543:
11534:
11517:
11488:
11487:
11469:
11444:(30197): 30197.
11429:
11423:
11422:
11396:
11374:
11368:
11367:
11365:
11364:
11358:
11347:
11336:
11330:
11329:
11266:
11257:
11256:
11236:
11230:
11227:
11221:
11220:
11199:
11193:
11192:
11170:
11164:
11157:
11151:
11144:
11138:
11137:
11135:
11134:
11128:
11121:
11111:
11105:
11091:
11085:
11084:
11082:
11080:
11057:
11046:
11039:
11033:
11032:
11030:
11029:
11010:
11004:
11003:
11001:
10999:
10983:
10977:
10970:
10964:
10963:
10961:
10959:
10940:
10934:
10933:
10931:
10929:
10920:. Archived from
10910:
10904:
10903:
10876:
10870:
10867:
10861:
10860:
10858:
10856:
10845:
10839:
10836:
10830:
10819:Vozgrin, Valery
10817:
10811:
10810:
10808:
10806:
10793:Stearns (1978).
10790:
10784:
10783:
10781:
10779:
10764:
10758:
10755:
10749:
10746:
10740:
10739:
10737:represenatation.
10733:
10732:
10721:
10715:
10714:
10702:
10696:
10695:
10688:Edebiyat Defteri
10679:
10673:
10672:
10656:
10650:
10649:
10633:
10627:
10616:
10610:
10609:
10589:
10583:
10582:
10574:
10568:
10565:
10554:
10553:
10486:
10480:
10477:
10471:
10470:
10454:
10448:
10438:
10432:
10431:
10409:
10403:
10402:
10400:
10399:
10384:
10378:
10375:
10369:
10368:
10366:
10364:
10336:
10323:
10305:
10299:
10298:
10276:
10267:
10266:
10248:
10242:
10235:
10229:
10216:
10210:
10209:
10207:
10206:
10174:
10159:
10158:
10138:
10132:
10131:
10107:
10098:
10097:
10095:
10094:
10079:
10070:
10069:
10067:
10065:
10049:
10043:
10042:
10026:
10017:
10016:
10014:
10006:
10000:
9999:
9997:
9989:
9983:
9982:
9980:
9972:
9966:
9965:
9949:
9943:
9942:
9930:
9924:
9923:
9915:
9909:
9908:
9906:
9899:
9888:
9882:
9881:
9869:
9860:
9856:
9854:
9852:
9839:
9815:
9804:
9800:
9791:
9788:
9782:
9779:
9773:
9770:
9761:
9756:As mentioned in
9754:
9745:
9744:
9742:
9740:
9721:
9708:
9707:
9689:
9683:
9682:
9664:
9649:
9648:
9630:
9624:
9623:
9621:
9620:
9592:
9586:
9575:
9569:
9568:
9561:
9555:
9552:
9546:
9545:
9527:
9510:
9507:
9501:
9498:
9492:
9491:
9489:
9487:
9481:
9474:
9466:
9455:
9452:
9446:
9443:
9437:
9436:
9434:
9432:
9413:
9407:
9406:
9382:
9373:
9372:
9354:
9343:
9342:
9340:
9339:
9311:
9305:
9304:
9286:
9280:
9269:
9263:
9262:
9241:
9226:
9223:
9212:
9211:
9209:
9208:
9180:
9174:
9160:
9154:
9143:
9137:
9136:
9134:
9133:
9105:
9099:
9098:
9096:
9095:
9067:
9061:
9055:
9049:
9048:
9046:
9045:
9017:
9011:
9010:
8994:
8984:
8978:
8977:
8959:
8948:
8947:
8945:
8943:
8915:
8909:
8908:
8890:
8873:
8858:
8852:
8841:
8835:
8834:
8816:
8810:
8804:
8798:
8797:
8795:
8794:
8766:
8760:
8759:
8757:
8755:
8740:
8734:
8733:
8717:
8711:
8705:
8699:
8698:
8696:
8695:
8680:
8665:
8664:
8642:
8636:
8631:
8625:
8624:
8622:
8621:
8593:
8580:
8579:
8571:
8565:
8564:
8546:
8537:
8530:
8524:
8516:
8510:
8483:
8477:
8470:
8464:
8463:
8445:
8439:
8438:
8426:
8391:
8379:
8373:
8372:
8370:
8368:
8348:
8342:
8335:
8329:
8322:
8316:
8313:
8307:
8292:
8283:
8277:Pletnyova, S. A.
8274:
8268:
8267:
8249:
8236:
8235:
8223:
8217:
8216:
8208:
8202:
8191:
8185:
8178:
8172:
8171:
8164:
8158:
8157:
8150:
8144:
8143:
8135:
8129:
8122:
8116:
8109:
8103:
8085:
8079:
8072:
8066:
8053:
8047:
8037:
8031:
8030:
8018:
8012:
8005:
7999:
7986:
7980:
7979:
7971:
7965:
7958:
7952:
7941:
7935:
7922:
7916:
7903:
7897:
7881:
7875:
7868:
7862:
7848:Julian Baldick,
7846:
7840:
7839:
7827:
7821:
7814:
7808:
7801:
7795:
7794:
7783:. p. 1033.
7772:
7766:
7763:
7757:
7756:
7754:
7752:
7720:
7705:
7704:
7702:
7700:
7694:
7683:
7674:
7641:
7634:
7628:
7621:
7615:
7614:
7601:Psychology Press
7592:
7586:
7585:
7567:
7552:
7551:
7545:
7537:
7511:
7505:
7504:
7483:
7481:
7480:
7474:
7468:
7454:
7448:
7447:
7445:
7443:
7428:
7415:
7414:
7412:
7386:
7380:
7379:
7377:
7375:
7343:
7322:
7321:
7299:
7258:
7257:
7233:
7216:
7215:
7213:
7211:
7179:
7173:
7172:
7154:
7143:
7142:
7120:
7069:
7068:
7066:
7064:
7049:
7043:
7042:
7039:Encyclopedia.com
7031:
7025:
7024:
7022:
7021:
6989:
6956:
6955:
6933:
6918:
6911:
6905:
6904:
6882:
6874:
6865:
6864:
6840:
6824:
6820:
6814:
6804:
6798:
6795:
6785:
6783:
6774:
6764:
6762:
6719:
6712:
6702:
6700:
6689:
6543:Crimean Karaites
6508:Turkic languages
6455:Mamluk Sultanate
6430:House of Basarab
6402:
6386:
6374:
6359:
6347:
6338:Cuman chain mail
6335:
6323:
6311:
6295:
6283:
6271:
6259:
6247:
6235:
6223:
6211:
6199:
6187:
6175:
6163:
6151:
6139:
6127:
6115:
6103:
6091:
6079:
6067:
6055:
6043:
5996:North East Asian
5935:Carpathian basin
5914:
5907:
5903:
5900:
5894:
5891:inline citations
5867:
5866:
5859:
5837:Mamluk Sultanate
5632:Toponyms of the
5377:the counties of
5337:Northern Dobruja
5162:Monument to the
5106:Byzantine Empire
5092:service after a
4884:Laurentian Codex
4862:Laurentian Codex
4847:Hungarian people
4831:Ahmad ibn Fadlan
4603:Battle of Beroia
4502:Military tactics
4237:Wallachian Plain
4122:Megas Domestikos
4022:on the shore of
3949:Tsardom of Vidin
3806:
3779:Chronicon Pictum
3752:Coat of arms of
3742:Chronicon Pictum
3658:Chronicon Pictum
3638:Chronicon Pictum
3595:Chronicon Pictum
3585:, also known as
3557:county of Csanad
3478:Chronicon Pictum
3429:Teutonic Knights
3137:Mongol invasions
3065:Byzantine Empire
2823:Byzantine Empire
2697:Chronicon Pictum
2689:Battle of Kerlés
2634:Viktor Vasnetsov
2601:became Crimea's
2548:Byzantine Empire
2542:principalities,
2442:Byzantine Empire
2240:Asia, circa 1200
2029:Orunqu(t) (<
1946:Äenegrepa (<
1786:
1772:
1680:
1648:
1646:
1612:Laurentian Codex
1507:Turkic languages
1474:
1427:Turkic languages
1404:Byzantine Empire
1376:
1369:
1362:
1328:Khanate of Kazan
1285:
1275:
1257:
1256:
1247:
1240:
1233:
1214:
1189:
1177:
1165:
1126:
1114:
1102:
1090:
1078:
1064:Sultanate of Rum
1053:
1041:
1038:Ghaznavid Empire
1029:
1017:
1005:
973:
961:
949:
937:
934:Uyghur Khaganate
925:
913:
901:
889:
877:
865:
862:Khazar Khaganate
842:
834:
813:
805:
771:
746:
738:
737:
733:Pre-14th century
710:Major concepts:
665:
664:
660:Turkic Mythology
477:
476:
472:Turkic Languages
455:Crimean Karaites
392:Cherniye Klobuki
298:
297:
272:preâ14th century
271:
265:
264:
248:Empire of Nicaea
244:Byzantine Empire
205:medieval Balkans
87:(historically),
48:
39:
32:
28:
13018:
13017:
13013:
13012:
13011:
13009:
13008:
13007:
12943:
12942:
12941:
12936:
12901:
12897:Kazakh diaspora
12865:
12835:
12584:
12550:
12548:
12542:
12504:Afghan Turkmens
12495:
12488:
12466:
12460:
12415:Siberian Tatars
12339:
12264:
12258:
12254:Iranian Kazakhs
12234:Khorasani Turks
12206:
12200:
12173:
12167:
12110:Chinese Kazakhs
12092:
12086:
12069:
12068:Turkic peoples
12063:
11964:Bulgarian Turks
11940:Abkhazian Turks
11893:
11865:Afghan Turkmens
11847:
11802:
11793:Iranian Kazakhs
11788:Chinese Kazakhs
11771:
11691:
11686:
11648:Wayback Machine
11632:
11583:
11565:
11553:
11550:
11548:Further reading
11514:
11496:
11491:
11430:
11426:
11375:
11371:
11362:
11360:
11356:
11345:
11337:
11333:
11267:
11260:
11253:
11237:
11233:
11228:
11224:
11217:
11200:
11196:
11189:
11171:
11167:
11159:Aristov N. A.,
11158:
11154:
11145:
11141:
11132:
11130:
11126:
11119:
11112:
11108:
11102:Wayback Machine
11092:
11088:
11078:
11076:
11074:
11058:
11049:
11040:
11036:
11027:
11025:
11012:
11011:
11007:
10997:
10995:
10984:
10980:
10971:
10967:
10957:
10955:
10942:
10941:
10937:
10927:
10925:
10912:
10911:
10907:
10900:
10877:
10873:
10868:
10864:
10854:
10852:
10847:
10846:
10842:
10837:
10833:
10828:Wayback Machine
10818:
10814:
10804:
10802:
10801:on 24 July 2011
10791:
10787:
10777:
10775:
10766:
10765:
10761:
10756:
10752:
10747:
10743:
10730:
10728:
10725:"Ä°lber ORTAYLI"
10723:
10722:
10718:
10703:
10699:
10680:
10676:
10657:
10653:
10634:
10630:
10617:
10613:
10606:
10598:. CUP Archive.
10590:
10586:
10575:
10571:
10566:
10557:
10487:
10483:
10478:
10474:
10455:
10451:
10439:
10435:
10428:
10420:. p. 181.
10410:
10406:
10397:
10395:
10386:
10385:
10381:
10376:
10372:
10362:
10360:
10353:
10337:
10326:
10319:Acta Orientalia
10316:Wayback Machine
10307:Szilvia KovĂĄcs
10306:
10302:
10295:
10287:. p. 195.
10285:Scarecrow Press
10277:
10270:
10263:
10249:
10245:
10236:
10232:
10227:Wayback Machine
10217:
10213:
10204:
10202:
10195:
10175:
10162:
10149:. p. 111.
10139:
10135:
10128:
10108:
10101:
10092:
10090:
10081:
10080:
10073:
10063:
10061:
10050:
10046:
10027:
10020:
10012:
10008:
10007:
10003:
9995:
9991:
9990:
9986:
9978:
9974:
9973:
9969:
9950:
9946:
9931:
9927:
9916:
9912:
9904:
9897:
9889:
9885:
9870:
9863:
9850:
9848:
9816:
9807:
9801:
9794:
9789:
9785:
9780:
9776:
9771:
9764:
9758:Robert de Clari
9755:
9748:
9738:
9736:
9723:
9722:
9711:
9704:
9690:
9686:
9679:
9665:
9652:
9645:
9631:
9627:
9618:
9616:
9609:
9593:
9589:
9576:
9572:
9563:
9562:
9558:
9553:
9549:
9542:
9528:
9513:
9508:
9504:
9499:
9495:
9485:
9483:
9479:
9472:
9468:
9467:
9458:
9453:
9449:
9444:
9440:
9430:
9428:
9415:
9414:
9410:
9403:
9383:
9376:
9369:
9355:
9346:
9337:
9335:
9328:
9312:
9308:
9301:
9287:
9283:
9270:
9266:
9259:
9242:
9229:
9224:
9215:
9206:
9204:
9197:
9181:
9177:
9171:Wayback Machine
9161:
9157:
9144:
9140:
9131:
9129:
9122:
9106:
9102:
9093:
9091:
9084:
9068:
9064:
9056:
9052:
9043:
9041:
9034:
9018:
9014:
9007:
8985:
8981:
8974:
8960:
8951:
8941:
8939:
8932:
8916:
8912:
8905:
8891:
8876:
8859:
8855:
8845:Robert de Clari
8842:
8838:
8831:
8817:
8813:
8805:
8801:
8792:
8790:
8783:
8767:
8763:
8753:
8751:
8742:
8741:
8737:
8718:
8714:
8706:
8702:
8693:
8691:
8682:
8681:
8668:
8661:
8643:
8639:
8632:
8628:
8619:
8617:
8610:
8594:
8583:
8572:
8568:
8561:
8547:
8540:
8531:
8527:
8521:Desht-i-Kipchak
8517:
8513:
8484:
8480:
8471:
8467:
8460:
8446:
8442:
8427:
8394:
8380:
8376:
8366:
8364:
8349:
8345:
8336:
8332:
8323:
8319:
8314:
8310:
8293:
8286:
8275:
8271:
8264:
8250:
8239:
8224:
8220:
8209:
8205:
8192:
8188:
8179:
8175:
8166:
8165:
8161:
8152:
8151:
8147:
8136:
8132:
8123:
8119:
8110:
8106:
8086:
8082:
8073:
8069:
8054:
8050:
8038:
8034:
8019:
8015:
8006:
8002:
7987:
7983:
7972:
7968:
7959:
7955:
7942:
7938:
7923:
7919:
7904:
7900:
7894:Wayback Machine
7882:
7878:
7869:
7865:
7859:Wayback Machine
7847:
7843:
7828:
7824:
7815:
7811:
7802:
7798:
7791:
7790:978-867147122-0
7773:
7769:
7764:
7760:
7750:
7748:
7741:
7721:
7708:
7698:
7696:
7692:
7681:
7675:
7644:
7635:
7631:
7622:
7618:
7611:
7593:
7589:
7582:
7568:
7555:
7539:
7538:
7526:
7512:
7508:
7493:, ed. (1911). "
7478:
7476:
7475:
7471:
7465:Wayback Machine
7455:
7451:
7441:
7439:
7430:
7429:
7418:
7387:
7383:
7373:
7371:
7364:
7344:
7325:
7318:
7300:
7261:
7254:
7234:
7219:
7209:
7207:
7200:
7180:
7176:
7169:
7155:
7146:
7139:
7121:
7072:
7062:
7060:
7051:
7050:
7046:
7033:
7032:
7028:
7019:
7017:
7010:
6990:
6959:
6952:
6934:
6921:
6912:
6908:
6889:Rowson, Everett
6875:
6868:
6861:
6841:
6837:
6833:
6828:
6827:
6821:
6817:
6805:
6801:
6715:
6690:
6686:
6681:
6676:
6671:
6655:Roman the Great
6632:Qutbuddin Aibak
6628:Delhi Sultanate
6518:Tatar invasions
6498:Yuri Dolgorukiy
6421:
6414:
6403:
6394:
6387:
6378:
6375:
6366:
6360:
6351:
6348:
6339:
6336:
6327:
6324:
6315:
6312:
6303:
6296:
6287:
6284:
6275:
6272:
6263:
6260:
6251:
6248:
6239:
6236:
6227:
6224:
6215:
6212:
6203:
6200:
6191:
6188:
6179:
6176:
6167:
6164:
6155:
6152:
6143:
6142:Cuman sculpture
6140:
6131:
6128:
6119:
6116:
6107:
6104:
6095:
6092:
6083:
6080:
6071:
6068:
6059:
6056:
6047:
6044:
6035:
6016:
5941:were revealed.
5915:
5904:
5898:
5895:
5880:
5868:
5864:
5857:
5831:(1223) and the
5818:feigned-retreat
5812:(1260) and the
5795:Turkic Kaganate
5623:Greater Cumania
5547:Greater Cumania
5506:has developed.
5502:influence, the
5431:
5419:
5396:the village of
5370:the village of
5339:(also Romania);
5303:, southwestern
5262:the village of
5243:Smolensk Oblast
5189:North Macedonia
5156:
5124:
4954:Siversky Donets
4841:. According to
4800:
4794:
4761:Codex Cumanicus
4757:
4755:Codex Cumanicus
4751:
4749:Codex Cumanicus
4636:
4630:
4593:cavalry archers
4555:Lamellar armour
4504:
4261:Robert de Clari
4257:
4233:
4199:
4174:Robert de Clari
4057:throughout the
3977:
3957:George Terter I
3909:Stefan Dragutin
3904:
3891:
3889:
3887:
3885:
3883:
3881:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3868:
3866:
3864:
3862:
3860:
3858:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3815:Modern Turkish
3570:, wife of King
3537:Greater Cumania
3535:in Hungarian):
3511:Greater Cumania
3375:
3369:
3262:Mongol conquest
3145:
3139:
3116:Latin Crusaders
2841:. In 1091, the
2831:Yuri Dolgorukiy
2713:Saint Ladislaus
2693:Saint Ladislaus
2660:, Grand Prince
2619:
2576:Khwarezm Empire
2574:; and with the
2515:in the west to
2504:
2434:
2423:belongs to the
2358:
2257:tribe named 枟 (
2251:
2241:
2233:
2228:
2183:
2101:TÄ YĆĄqĂ»t (*TaÄ
1889:
1837:
1797:
1695:Old East Slavic
1673:
1659:John Mandeville
1642:
1636:
1481:Porta Caucasica
1457:Pliny the Elder
1450:
1445:
1432:Codex Cumanicus
1380:
1318:Mongol invasion
1273:
1266:
1251:
1222:
1221:
1151:Tughlaq dynasty
1123:Delhi Sultanate
821:Tokhara Yabghus
782:Tiele (Gaoche)
747:202 BCEâ13th CE
735:
725:
724:
668:Belief system:
662:
652:
651:
607:Karachay-Balkar
474:
464:
463:
295:
201:Eurasian Steppe
175:Related to the
168:in Western and
50:
27:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
13016:
13006:
13005:
13000:
12995:
12993:Turkic peoples
12990:
12985:
12980:
12975:
12970:
12965:
12960:
12955:
12938:
12937:
12906:
12903:
12902:
12900:
12899:
12894:
12889:
12884:
12879:
12873:
12871:
12867:
12866:
12864:
12863:
12858:
12853:
12847:
12845:
12841:
12840:
12837:
12836:
12834:
12833:
12828:
12823:
12818:
12816:Yenisei Kyrgyz
12813:
12808:
12803:
12798:
12793:
12788:
12783:
12778:
12773:
12768:
12763:
12758:
12753:
12752:
12751:
12744:
12732:
12727:
12722:
12717:
12712:
12707:
12706:
12705:
12693:
12688:
12683:
12678:
12673:
12668:
12663:
12658:
12653:
12648:
12643:
12638:
12633:
12628:
12623:
12618:
12613:
12608:
12603:
12598:
12592:
12590:
12586:
12585:
12583:
12582:
12577:
12572:
12567:
12565:Finnish Tatars
12562:
12556:
12554:
12544:
12543:
12541:
12540:
12535:
12530:
12525:
12524:
12523:
12511:
12506:
12500:
12498:
12490:
12489:
12487:
12486:
12481:
12476:
12470:
12468:
12462:
12461:
12459:
12458:
12453:
12452:
12451:
12439:
12434:
12429:
12428:
12427:
12426:
12425:
12411:
12404:
12397:
12390:
12383:
12371:
12366:
12361:
12356:
12351:
12346:
12345:
12344:
12332:
12327:
12322:
12317:
12312:
12307:
12302:
12297:
12296:
12295:
12288:
12281:
12268:
12266:
12260:
12259:
12257:
12256:
12251:
12246:
12241:
12236:
12231:
12226:
12221:
12216:
12210:
12208:
12202:
12201:
12199:
12198:
12193:
12188:
12186:Crimean Tatars
12183:
12177:
12175:
12169:
12168:
12166:
12165:
12160:
12159:
12158:
12146:
12141:
12136:
12131:
12129:Chinese Uzbeks
12126:
12125:
12124:
12115:Chinese Kyrgyz
12112:
12107:
12105:Chinese Tatars
12102:
12096:
12094:
12088:
12087:
12085:
12084:
12079:
12073:
12071:
12065:
12064:
12062:
12061:
12056:
12054:Tunisian Turks
12051:
12046:
12041:
12039:Romanian Turks
12036:
12031:
12026:
12021:
12016:
12011:
12009:Lebanese Turks
12006:
12001:
11996:
11991:
11989:Egyptian Turks
11986:
11981:
11976:
11971:
11969:Croatian Turks
11966:
11961:
11956:
11955:
11954:
11945:Algerian Turks
11942:
11937:
11936:
11935:
11928:
11921:
11914:
11901:
11899:
11895:
11894:
11892:
11891:
11886:
11885:
11884:
11877:
11876:
11875:
11855:
11853:
11849:
11848:
11846:
11845:
11840:
11835:
11830:
11829:
11828:
11819:Chinese Kyrgyz
11816:
11810:
11808:
11804:
11803:
11801:
11800:
11795:
11790:
11785:
11779:
11777:
11773:
11772:
11770:
11769:
11768:
11767:
11760:
11759:
11758:
11744:
11737:
11736:
11735:
11728:
11708:
11706:
11699:
11693:
11692:
11689:Turkic peoples
11685:
11684:
11677:
11670:
11662:
11656:
11655:
11650:
11638:
11631:
11630:External links
11628:
11627:
11626:
11619:
11616:
11613:
11610:
11607:
11602:
11599:
11581:
11563:
11559:Szilvia KovĂĄcs
11549:
11546:
11545:
11544:
11535:
11518:
11512:
11495:
11492:
11490:
11489:
11424:
11387:(4): 413â440.
11369:
11331:
11258:
11251:
11231:
11222:
11215:
11194:
11187:
11165:
11152:
11139:
11106:
11086:
11072:
11047:
11034:
11005:
10978:
10965:
10935:
10905:
10898:
10871:
10862:
10840:
10831:
10812:
10785:
10759:
10750:
10741:
10716:
10697:
10682:Erdem, Ä°lhan.
10674:
10651:
10628:
10626:, pp. 289-316.
10611:
10604:
10584:
10569:
10555:
10500:(5). Detroit:
10481:
10472:
10449:
10433:
10426:
10404:
10379:
10370:
10351:
10324:
10300:
10293:
10268:
10261:
10243:
10230:
10211:
10193:
10187:. p. 53.
10160:
10133:
10126:
10099:
10071:
10044:
10018:
10001:
9984:
9967:
9944:
9925:
9910:
9907:on 2020-08-23.
9883:
9861:
9826:(in Turkish).
9805:
9792:
9783:
9774:
9762:
9746:
9709:
9702:
9684:
9677:
9650:
9643:
9625:
9607:
9587:
9570:
9556:
9547:
9540:
9511:
9502:
9500:Meszaros 2000.
9493:
9456:
9447:
9438:
9423:. 2012-10-12.
9408:
9401:
9374:
9367:
9344:
9326:
9306:
9299:
9281:
9264:
9257:
9245:Linehan, Peter
9227:
9213:
9195:
9175:
9155:
9138:
9120:
9100:
9082:
9062:
9060:, p. 620.
9050:
9032:
9012:
9005:
8979:
8972:
8949:
8930:
8910:
8903:
8874:
8853:
8836:
8829:
8811:
8799:
8781:
8761:
8735:
8712:
8710:, p. 120.
8700:
8666:
8659:
8637:
8626:
8608:
8602:. ISIS Press.
8581:
8578:. p. 208.
8566:
8559:
8538:
8525:
8511:
8495:Yellow Uyghurs
8478:
8465:
8458:
8440:
8392:
8374:
8343:
8330:
8317:
8308:
8284:
8269:
8262:
8237:
8218:
8203:
8186:
8173:
8159:
8145:
8130:
8117:
8104:
8088:Altheim, Franz
8080:
8067:
8048:
8032:
8013:
8000:
7981:
7978:. p. 307.
7966:
7953:
7936:
7917:
7898:
7876:
7863:
7841:
7822:
7809:
7803:Rick Derksen,
7796:
7789:
7767:
7758:
7739:
7706:
7642:
7629:
7616:
7609:
7603:. p. 44.
7587:
7580:
7553:
7524:
7506:
7491:Chisholm, Hugh
7469:
7449:
7416:
7381:
7362:
7323:
7316:
7259:
7252:
7217:
7198:
7174:
7167:
7144:
7137:
7070:
7044:
7041:. 31 May 2023.
7026:
7009:978-9004175365
7008:
6957:
6950:
6919:
6906:
6885:KrÀmer, Gudrun
6866:
6859:
6834:
6832:
6829:
6826:
6825:
6815:
6812:Yellow Uyghurs
6799:
6797:
6796:
6775:
6754:
6745:
6736:
6727:
6713:
6683:
6682:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6669:
6664:
6658:
6652:
6646:
6641:
6635:
6625:
6619:
6614:
6609:
6603:
6597:
6595:Terter dynasty
6592:
6586:
6581:
6576:
6571:
6566:
6561:
6556:
6551:
6546:
6540:
6535:
6530:
6525:
6520:
6515:
6510:
6505:
6500:
6495:
6490:
6485:
6480:
6474:
6473:
6472:
6467:
6462:
6457:
6452:
6447:
6442:
6437:
6435:Hunyadi family
6432:
6427:
6420:
6417:
6416:
6415:
6413:, 14th century
6404:
6397:
6395:
6388:
6381:
6379:
6376:
6369:
6367:
6361:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6318:
6316:
6313:
6306:
6304:
6297:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6278:
6276:
6273:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6230:
6228:
6225:
6218:
6216:
6213:
6206:
6204:
6201:
6194:
6192:
6189:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6170:
6168:
6165:
6158:
6156:
6153:
6146:
6144:
6141:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6062:
6060:
6057:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6038:
6034:
6031:
6015:
6012:
5917:
5916:
5871:
5869:
5862:
5856:
5853:
5761:Altai Republic
5634:Cuman language
5627:Little Cumania
5551:Little Cumania
5496:Cuman language
5471:Crimean Gothic
5467:Cuman language
5451:
5450:
5436:
5429:
5424:
5417:
5412:
5401:
5394:
5391:KunszentmiklĂłs
5375:
5368:
5357:
5346:
5343:
5340:
5330:
5327:Sivas Province
5319:
5308:
5289:
5284:and region in
5278:
5271:
5260:
5257:
5250:Mogilev Region
5246:
5239:
5232:
5222:
5207:
5192:
5168:Veliko Tarnovo
5155:
5152:
5123:
5120:
5119:
5118:
5102:Megas Domestic
5079:
5045:, son of Khan
5039:
4977:
4974:Apollon Maykov
4947:
4929:
4895:
4865:
4839:Zayn al-AkhbÄr
4820:Western Turkic
4796:Main article:
4793:
4790:
4765:Cuman language
4753:Main article:
4750:
4747:
4632:Main article:
4629:
4626:
4582:Arabian horses
4503:
4500:
4350:. Cuman townsâ
4316:southern Italy
4256:
4253:
4245:Prahova County
4232:
4229:
4198:
4195:
4089:Nicaean Empire
4059:Meander valley
4047:Nicaean Empire
3976:
3973:
3911:, son of King
3903:
3900:
3895:
3894:
3871:
3848:
3817:
3816:
3813:
3810:
3545:Little Cumania
3507:Little Cumania
3427:region to the
3368:
3365:
3293:Pontic steppes
3274:Hadrianoupolis
3138:
3135:
2993:Constantinople
2985:Gleb Yuryevich
2827:Volga Bulgaria
2618:
2615:
2607:Karaite Jewish
2599:Cuman language
2503:
2500:
2496:Volga Bulgaria
2488:. The Russian
2438:Russian steppe
2433:
2430:
2366:Yellow Uyghurs
2357:
2354:
2250:
2247:
2239:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2220:Chorni Klobuky
2216:
2215:
2212:
2206:
2203:
2200:
2193:
2190:
2182:
2181:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2166:
2163:
2160:
2157:
2154:
2148:
2145:
2139:
2119:of Turkicized
2113:
2110:
2099:
2096:
2090:
2087:
2080:
2077:
2071:
2057:
2038:
2027:
2024:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2002:
1999:
1996:
1989:
1982:
1975:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1944:
1937:
1934:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1904:
1888:
1885:
1836:
1833:
1825:Adam of Bremen
1817:Proto-Germanic
1796:
1793:
1750:Eastern Slavic
1735:Serbo-Croatian
1672:
1669:
1635:
1632:
1604:Hypatian Codex
1584:György Györffy
1556:
1555:
1552:
1545:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1423:Cuman language
1382:
1381:
1379:
1378:
1371:
1364:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1351:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1308:Volga Bulgaria
1305:
1300:
1295:
1293:Great Bulgaria
1287:
1286:
1278:
1277:
1268:
1267:
1260:
1253:
1252:
1250:
1249:
1242:
1235:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1218:
1217:
1206:
1205:
1204:
1203:
1193:
1192:
1181:
1180:
1169:
1168:
1157:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1147:
1144:Khalji dynasty
1140:
1137:Mamluk dynasty
1130:
1129:
1118:
1117:
1106:
1105:
1099:Kerait Khanate
1094:
1093:
1082:
1081:
1070:
1069:
1068:
1067:
1057:
1056:
1045:
1044:
1033:
1032:
1021:
1020:
1009:
1008:
997:
996:
995:
994:
987:
977:
976:
965:
964:
953:
952:
941:
940:
929:
928:
917:
916:
905:
904:
893:
892:
881:
880:
869:
868:
857:
856:
848:
847:
846:
845:
837:
817:
816:
808:
797:
796:
788:
787:
786:
785:
775:
774:
763:
762:
761:
760:
750:
749:
736:
731:
730:
727:
726:
721:
720:
718:
707:
706:
704:
693:
692:
690:
679:
678:
676:
663:
658:
657:
654:
653:
648:
647:
645:
639:
638:
636:
630:
629:
627:
621:
620:
618:
612:
611:
609:
603:
602:
600:
594:
593:
591:
585:
584:
582:
576:
575:
573:
567:
566:
564:
558:
557:
555:
549:
548:
546:
540:
539:
537:
531:
530:
528:
522:
521:
519:
513:
512:
510:
504:
503:
501:
495:
494:
492:
486:
485:
483:
475:
470:
469:
466:
465:
460:
459:
457:
451:
450:
448:
442:
441:
439:
433:
432:
430:
424:
423:
421:
415:
414:
412:
406:
405:
403:
397:
396:
394:
388:
387:
385:
379:
378:
376:
370:
369:
367:
361:
360:
358:
352:
351:
349:
343:
342:
340:
334:
333:
331:
325:
324:
322:
316:
315:
313:
307:
306:
304:
296:
293:Turkic peoples
291:
290:
287:
286:
275:
274:
183:and along the
158:Cuman language
156:who spoke the
133:
132:
102:
101:
97:
96:
91:(in Balkans),
81:
80:
76:
75:
69:
68:
64:
63:
57:
56:
52:
51:
40:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
13015:
13004:
13001:
12999:
12996:
12994:
12991:
12989:
12986:
12984:
12981:
12979:
12976:
12974:
12971:
12969:
12966:
12964:
12961:
12959:
12956:
12954:
12951:
12950:
12948:
12935:territories).
12934:
12930:
12926:
12922:
12918:
12914:
12910:
12904:
12898:
12895:
12893:
12890:
12888:
12885:
12883:
12880:
12878:
12875:
12874:
12872:
12868:
12862:
12859:
12857:
12854:
12852:
12849:
12848:
12846:
12842:
12832:
12829:
12827:
12824:
12822:
12819:
12817:
12814:
12812:
12809:
12807:
12804:
12802:
12799:
12797:
12794:
12792:
12789:
12787:
12784:
12782:
12779:
12777:
12774:
12772:
12769:
12767:
12764:
12762:
12759:
12757:
12754:
12749:
12745:
12742:
12738:
12737:
12736:
12733:
12731:
12728:
12726:
12723:
12721:
12718:
12716:
12713:
12711:
12708:
12703:
12699:
12698:
12697:
12694:
12692:
12689:
12687:
12684:
12682:
12679:
12677:
12674:
12672:
12669:
12667:
12664:
12662:
12659:
12657:
12654:
12652:
12649:
12647:
12644:
12642:
12639:
12637:
12636:Black Klobuks
12634:
12632:
12629:
12627:
12624:
12622:
12619:
12617:
12614:
12612:
12609:
12607:
12604:
12602:
12599:
12597:
12594:
12593:
12591:
12587:
12581:
12578:
12576:
12573:
12571:
12568:
12566:
12563:
12561:
12558:
12557:
12555:
12552:(exc. Russia)
12545:
12539:
12538:Afghan Kyrgyz
12536:
12534:
12531:
12529:
12526:
12521:
12517:
12516:
12515:
12512:
12510:
12507:
12505:
12502:
12501:
12499:
12497:
12491:
12485:
12482:
12480:
12477:
12475:
12472:
12471:
12469:
12463:
12457:
12454:
12449:
12445:
12444:
12443:
12440:
12438:
12435:
12433:
12430:
12423:
12419:
12418:
12416:
12412:
12409:
12405:
12402:
12398:
12395:
12394:Mishar Tatars
12391:
12388:
12384:
12381:
12377:
12376:
12375:
12372:
12370:
12367:
12365:
12362:
12360:
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12118:
12117:
12116:
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12106:
12103:
12101:
12098:
12097:
12095:
12089:
12083:
12080:
12078:
12075:
12074:
12072:
12070:in Uzbekistan
12066:
12060:
12057:
12055:
12052:
12050:
12047:
12045:
12044:Serbian Turks
12042:
12040:
12037:
12035:
12032:
12030:
12027:
12025:
12022:
12020:
12017:
12015:
12012:
12010:
12007:
12005:
12004:Kosovan Turks
12002:
12000:
11999:Israeli Turks
11997:
11995:
11992:
11990:
11987:
11985:
11982:
11980:
11979:Cypriot Turks
11977:
11975:
11972:
11970:
11967:
11965:
11962:
11960:
11959:Bosnian Turks
11957:
11952:
11948:
11947:
11946:
11943:
11941:
11938:
11933:
11929:
11926:
11922:
11919:
11915:
11912:
11908:
11907:
11906:
11903:
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11900:
11896:
11890:
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11873:
11869:
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11862:
11861:
11860:
11857:
11856:
11854:
11850:
11844:
11841:
11839:
11836:
11834:
11833:Afghan Kyrgyz
11831:
11826:
11822:
11821:
11820:
11817:
11815:
11812:
11811:
11809:
11805:
11799:
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11593:
11589:
11582:
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11571:
11564:
11560:
11556:
11552:
11551:
11541:
11536:
11532:
11528:
11524:
11519:
11515:
11513:963-7930-97-3
11509:
11505:
11503:
11498:
11497:
11485:
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11428:
11420:
11416:
11412:
11408:
11404:
11400:
11395:
11390:
11386:
11382:
11381:
11380:Human Biology
11373:
11355:
11351:
11344:
11343:
11335:
11327:
11323:
11319:
11315:
11311:
11307:
11303:
11299:
11295:
11291:
11287:
11283:
11279:
11275:
11274:
11273:Human Biology
11265:
11263:
11254:
11248:
11244:
11243:
11235:
11226:
11218:
11212:
11208:
11204:
11203:Ayalon, David
11198:
11190:
11184:
11181:. p. 9.
11180:
11176:
11169:
11162:
11156:
11149:
11143:
11125:
11117:
11110:
11103:
11099:
11096:
11090:
11075:
11073:9786068377100
11069:
11065:
11064:
11056:
11054:
11052:
11044:
11038:
11024:on 2005-02-16
11023:
11019:
11015:
11009:
10993:
10989:
10982:
10975:
10969:
10953:
10949:
10945:
10939:
10923:
10919:
10918:Reference.com
10915:
10909:
10901:
10899:9780190494704
10895:
10891:
10887:
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10881:
10875:
10866:
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10745:
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10713:
10708:
10701:
10693:
10689:
10685:
10678:
10670:
10666:
10662:
10655:
10648:(250): 11â36.
10647:
10643:
10639:
10632:
10625:
10621:
10615:
10607:
10605:9780521347723
10601:
10597:
10596:
10588:
10580:
10573:
10564:
10562:
10560:
10551:
10547:
10543:
10539:
10535:
10531:
10527:
10523:
10519:
10515:
10511:
10507:
10503:
10499:
10495:
10494:
10493:Human Biology
10485:
10476:
10468:
10464:
10460:
10453:
10446:
10442:
10437:
10429:
10423:
10419:
10415:
10408:
10394:on 2010-01-24
10393:
10389:
10383:
10374:
10358:
10354:
10348:
10344:
10343:
10335:
10333:
10331:
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10320:
10317:
10313:
10310:
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10296:
10290:
10286:
10282:
10275:
10273:
10264:
10258:
10254:
10247:
10240:
10234:
10228:
10224:
10221:
10215:
10200:
10196:
10190:
10186:
10182:
10181:
10173:
10171:
10169:
10167:
10165:
10156:
10152:
10148:
10147:Vintage Books
10144:
10137:
10129:
10123:
10119:
10115:
10114:
10106:
10104:
10088:
10084:
10078:
10076:
10059:
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10025:
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10011:
10005:
9994:
9988:
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9963:
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9955:
9948:
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9929:
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9914:
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9875:
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9859:
9847:
9843:
9838:
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9829:
9825:
9821:
9814:
9812:
9810:
9799:
9797:
9787:
9778:
9769:
9767:
9760:'s chronicle.
9759:
9753:
9751:
9734:
9730:
9726:
9720:
9718:
9716:
9714:
9705:
9699:
9695:
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9674:
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9584:
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9566:
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9522:
9520:
9518:
9516:
9506:
9497:
9478:
9471:
9465:
9463:
9461:
9454:Szakaly 2000.
9451:
9442:
9426:
9422:
9418:
9412:
9404:
9398:
9394:
9390:
9389:
9381:
9379:
9370:
9364:
9360:
9353:
9351:
9349:
9333:
9329:
9323:
9319:
9318:
9310:
9302:
9296:
9292:
9285:
9278:
9277:963-7930-97-3
9274:
9268:
9260:
9254:
9251:. Routledge.
9250:
9246:
9240:
9238:
9236:
9234:
9232:
9222:
9220:
9218:
9202:
9198:
9192:
9188:
9187:
9179:
9172:
9168:
9165:
9162:Roger Finch,
9159:
9152:
9148:
9142:
9127:
9123:
9117:
9113:
9112:
9104:
9089:
9085:
9079:
9075:
9074:
9066:
9059:
9054:
9039:
9035:
9029:
9025:
9024:
9016:
9008:
9002:
8998:
8993:
8992:
8983:
8975:
8969:
8965:
8958:
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8927:
8923:
8922:
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8906:
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8887:
8885:
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8846:
8840:
8832:
8826:
8822:
8815:
8808:
8803:
8788:
8784:
8778:
8774:
8773:
8765:
8749:
8745:
8739:
8731:
8727:
8723:
8716:
8709:
8704:
8689:
8685:
8679:
8677:
8675:
8673:
8671:
8662:
8656:
8652:
8648:
8641:
8635:
8630:
8615:
8611:
8605:
8601:
8600:
8592:
8590:
8588:
8586:
8577:
8570:
8562:
8556:
8552:
8545:
8543:
8535:
8529:
8523:tribal union"
8522:
8515:
8508:
8504:
8500:
8496:
8492:
8488:
8482:
8475:
8469:
8461:
8455:
8451:
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8425:
8423:
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8411:
8409:
8407:
8405:
8403:
8401:
8399:
8397:
8389:
8388:
8383:
8378:
8362:
8358:
8354:
8347:
8340:
8334:
8327:
8321:
8312:
8305:
8301:
8297:
8291:
8289:
8281:
8278:
8273:
8265:
8259:
8255:
8248:
8246:
8244:
8242:
8233:
8229:
8222:
8214:
8207:
8200:
8196:
8190:
8183:
8177:
8169:
8163:
8155:
8149:
8141:
8134:
8127:
8121:
8114:
8108:
8101:
8097:
8093:
8089:
8084:
8077:
8071:
8064:
8063:
8058:
8052:
8045:
8044:
8041:Cumanica IV:
8036:
8028:
8024:
8017:
8010:
8004:
7997:
7996:
7991:
7985:
7977:
7970:
7963:
7957:
7950:
7946:
7940:
7933:
7932:
7927:
7921:
7914:
7913:
7908:
7902:
7895:
7891:
7888:
7887:
7880:
7873:
7867:
7860:
7856:
7853:
7852:
7845:
7837:
7833:
7826:
7820:(1990). p. 35
7819:
7813:
7806:
7800:
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7782:
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7691:
7687:
7680:
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7661:
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7657:
7655:
7653:
7651:
7649:
7647:
7639:
7633:
7626:
7620:
7612:
7606:
7602:
7598:
7591:
7583:
7577:
7573:
7566:
7564:
7562:
7560:
7558:
7549:
7543:
7535:
7531:
7527:
7521:
7517:
7510:
7502:
7501:
7496:
7492:
7487:
7486:public domain
7473:
7466:
7462:
7459:
7453:
7438:on 2010-01-24
7437:
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7427:
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7423:
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7411:
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7392:
7385:
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7350:
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7334:
7332:
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7328:
7319:
7313:
7309:
7305:
7298:
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7294:
7292:
7290:
7288:
7286:
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7282:
7280:
7278:
7276:
7274:
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7270:
7268:
7266:
7264:
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7249:
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7224:
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7201:
7195:
7191:
7187:
7186:
7178:
7170:
7164:
7160:
7153:
7151:
7149:
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7134:
7130:
7126:
7119:
7117:
7115:
7113:
7111:
7109:
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7101:
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7079:
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7075:
7058:
7054:
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7030:
7015:
7011:
7005:
7001:
6997:
6996:
6988:
6986:
6984:
6982:
6980:
6978:
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6974:
6972:
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6968:
6966:
6964:
6962:
6953:
6947:
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6939:
6932:
6930:
6928:
6926:
6924:
6916:
6910:
6902:
6898:
6894:
6890:
6886:
6881:
6873:
6871:
6862:
6856:
6852:
6848:
6847:
6839:
6835:
6823:consequences.
6819:
6813:
6809:
6803:
6794:
6788:
6779:
6776:
6773:
6767:
6758:
6755:
6753:
6749:
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6744:
6740:
6737:
6735:
6731:
6728:
6726:
6722:
6718:
6714:
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6705:
6696:
6693:
6692:
6688:
6684:
6668:
6665:
6662:
6659:
6656:
6653:
6650:
6647:
6645:
6642:
6639:
6636:
6633:
6629:
6626:
6623:
6620:
6618:
6615:
6613:
6610:
6607:
6606:Attila JĂłzsef
6604:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6590:
6587:
6585:
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6580:
6577:
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6509:
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6504:
6501:
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6496:
6494:
6491:
6489:
6486:
6484:
6481:
6479:
6476:
6475:
6471:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6460:Bahri Mamluks
6458:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6448:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6436:
6433:
6431:
6428:
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6422:
6412:
6408:
6401:
6396:
6392:
6385:
6380:
6373:
6368:
6365:
6358:
6353:
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6341:
6334:
6329:
6322:
6317:
6310:
6305:
6301:
6294:
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6282:
6277:
6270:
6265:
6258:
6253:
6246:
6241:
6234:
6229:
6222:
6217:
6210:
6205:
6198:
6193:
6186:
6181:
6174:
6169:
6162:
6157:
6150:
6145:
6138:
6133:
6126:
6121:
6114:
6109:
6102:
6097:
6090:
6085:
6078:
6073:
6066:
6061:
6054:
6049:
6042:
6037:
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6030:
6028:
6023:
6021:
6011:
6009:
6005:
6001:
5997:
5993:
5989:
5985:
5980:
5978:
5974:
5970:
5966:
5962:
5961:Asian origins
5957:
5951:
5949:
5942:
5940:
5936:
5932:
5928:
5923:
5913:
5910:
5902:
5892:
5888:
5884:
5878:
5877:
5872:This section
5870:
5861:
5860:
5852:
5848:
5846:
5842:
5838:
5834:
5830:
5825:
5823:
5819:
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5811:
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5803:
5798:
5796:
5792:
5788:
5784:
5780:
5779:
5774:
5770:
5766:
5762:
5757:
5755:
5751:
5750:
5746:
5742:
5738:
5737:
5733:
5728:
5726:
5722:
5718:
5714:
5710:
5706:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5685:
5681:
5677:
5673:
5666:
5662:
5657:
5653:
5651:
5647:
5643:
5639:
5635:
5630:
5628:
5624:
5620:
5615:
5612:
5608:
5604:
5600:
5591:
5587:
5583:
5578:
5574:
5572:
5568:
5564:
5560:
5552:
5548:
5544:
5540:
5536:
5534:
5530:
5524:
5522:
5518:
5517:Gagauz people
5514:
5513:
5507:
5505:
5501:
5497:
5492:
5491:CumanâKipchak
5483:
5478:
5474:
5472:
5468:
5464:
5460:
5459:Ilber Ortayli
5456:
5455:Halil Inalcik
5449:
5445:
5441:
5437:
5434:
5428:
5425:
5422:
5416:
5413:
5410:
5406:
5402:
5399:
5395:
5392:
5388:
5384:
5380:
5376:
5373:
5369:
5366:
5362:
5358:
5355:
5351:
5347:
5344:
5341:
5338:
5334:
5331:
5328:
5324:
5320:
5317:
5313:
5309:
5306:
5302:
5298:
5297:Fier District
5294:
5290:
5287:
5283:
5279:
5276:
5272:
5269:
5265:
5261:
5258:
5255:
5251:
5247:
5244:
5240:
5237:
5233:
5230:
5226:
5223:
5220:
5216:
5212:
5208:
5205:
5201:
5197:
5193:
5190:
5186:
5182:
5181:
5180:
5173:
5169:
5165:
5160:
5151:
5149:
5145:
5140:
5138:
5132:
5130:
5116:
5112:
5107:
5103:
5099:
5095:
5091:
5087:
5083:
5080:
5077:
5073:
5069:
5064:
5060:
5056:
5052:
5051:Duchy of Kiev
5048:
5044:
5040:
5037:
5033:
5029:
5025:
5021:
5017:
5013:
5009:
5005:
5001:
4997:
4993:
4989:
4985:
4981:
4978:
4975:
4971:
4967:
4963:
4959:
4955:
4951:
4948:
4945:
4944:Trubizh River
4941:
4940:at the battle
4937:
4933:
4930:
4927:
4923:
4919:
4915:
4911:
4907:
4903:
4899:
4896:
4893:
4889:
4885:
4881:
4877:
4873:
4869:
4866:
4863:
4859:
4856:thought that
4855:
4851:
4848:
4844:
4840:
4836:
4832:
4828:
4827:Volga Bulgars
4824:
4821:
4817:
4813:
4809:
4805:
4802:
4801:
4799:
4792:Cuman leaders
4789:
4787:
4783:
4779:
4773:
4769:
4766:
4762:
4756:
4746:
4744:
4740:
4736:
4732:
4728:
4724:
4719:
4717:
4713:
4709:
4705:
4700:
4698:
4694:
4689:
4687:
4683:
4680:
4676:
4672:
4668:
4663:
4661:
4657:
4653:
4649:
4645:
4641:
4635:
4624:
4619:
4615:
4613:
4606:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4594:
4589:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4574:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4560:
4556:
4552:
4548:
4544:
4540:
4536:
4532:
4528:
4524:
4523:heavy cavalry
4520:
4519:light cavalry
4513:
4508:
4499:
4497:
4493:
4488:
4486:
4480:
4477:
4472:
4470:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4457:
4456:Khitan people
4453:
4449:
4443:
4441:
4437:
4428:
4424:
4422:
4416:
4412:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4393:
4392:Islamic world
4389:
4384:
4380:
4378:
4374:
4368:
4366:
4361:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4324:
4322:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4303:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4282:
4278:
4276:
4271:
4267:
4262:
4252:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4228:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4194:
4192:
4187:
4183:
4178:
4175:
4166:
4162:
4160:
4156:
4155:douloparoikoi
4152:
4148:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4127:Andronikos II
4124:
4123:
4117:
4112:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4077:
4075:
4071:
4066:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4039:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4004:
4002:
3998:
3990:
3986:
3985:Mongol Empire
3981:
3972:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3958:
3954:
3950:
3945:
3942:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3921:
3919:
3914:
3913:Stefan UroĆĄ I
3910:
3899:
3893:
3872:
3870:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3841:
3838:
3835:
3832:
3829:
3826:
3823:
3819:
3818:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3791:
3786:
3780:
3776:
3771:
3767:
3764:
3755:
3754:Maria Theresa
3750:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3730:
3726:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3686:
3682:
3680:
3677:in 1278âKing
3676:
3672:
3668:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3646:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3579:
3573:
3569:
3564:
3560:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3533:
3528:
3524:
3520:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3495:
3491:
3488:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3460:
3454:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3417:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3400:
3395:
3391:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3364:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3325:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3294:
3290:
3285:
3283:
3279:
3278:Didymotoichon
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3258:
3255:
3249:
3247:
3243:
3237:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3206:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3173:
3168:
3160:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3134:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3119:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3106:with emperor
3105:
3099:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3076:
3072:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3045:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3034:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3012:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2978:
2977:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2945:
2943:
2939:
2938:Sviatopolk II
2935:
2931:
2926:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2903:First Crusade
2900:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2875:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2832:
2828:
2824:
2819:
2816:
2812:
2807:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2784:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2726:
2721:
2714:
2710:
2705:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2685:
2681:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2668:, and Prince
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2650:
2647:, but Prince
2646:
2642:
2635:
2631:
2629:
2626:The field of
2623:
2614:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2603:lingua franca
2600:
2596:
2592:
2587:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2532:
2530:
2524:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2499:
2497:
2493:
2492:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2462:Dnieper River
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2428:
2426:
2425:Kypchak group
2422:
2421:Baraba Tatars
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2353:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2302:
2297:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2260:
2256:
2246:
2237:
2223:
2221:
2213:
2210:
2207:
2204:
2201:
2198:
2194:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2186:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2142:Yimek ~ Yemek
2140:
2137:
2134:
2133:Middle Turkic
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2091:
2088:
2085:
2081:
2078:
2075:
2072:
2069:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2015:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1990:
1987:
1983:
1980:
1976:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1945:
1942:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1929:Burchebichi;
1928:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1884:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1849:
1847:
1843:
1832:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1792:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1736:
1732:
1727:
1725:
1724:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1710:Sorochinetses
1707:
1703:
1699:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1679:
1667:
1662:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1641:
1631:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1614:he is called
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1590:, instead of
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1566:âappeared as
1565:
1561:
1553:
1550:
1546:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1508:
1503:
1499:
1497:
1493:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1440:
1438:
1434:
1433:
1428:
1424:
1419:
1417:
1413:
1412:Nicaea Empire
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1377:
1372:
1370:
1365:
1363:
1358:
1357:
1355:
1354:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1303:Great Tartary
1301:
1299:
1298:Turco-Mongols
1296:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1289:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1279:
1276:
1270:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1258:
1248:
1243:
1241:
1236:
1234:
1229:
1228:
1226:
1225:
1213:
1212:
1211:Ottoman State
1208:
1207:
1202:
1201:
1200:Bahri dynasty
1197:
1196:
1195:
1194:
1188:
1187:
1183:
1182:
1176:
1175:
1171:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1159:
1158:
1153:
1152:
1148:
1146:
1145:
1141:
1139:
1138:
1134:
1133:
1132:
1131:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1119:
1113:
1112:
1108:
1107:
1101:
1100:
1096:
1095:
1089:
1088:
1084:
1083:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1071:
1066:
1065:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1058:
1052:
1051:
1050:Seljuk Empire
1047:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1034:
1028:
1027:
1023:
1022:
1016:
1015:
1011:
1010:
1004:
1003:
999:
998:
993:
992:
988:
986:
985:
981:
980:
979:
978:
972:
971:
967:
966:
960:
959:
955:
954:
948:
947:
943:
942:
936:
935:
931:
930:
924:
923:
919:
918:
912:
911:
907:
906:
900:
899:
895:
894:
888:
887:
883:
882:
876:
875:
871:
870:
864:
863:
859:
858:
855:
854:
853:Sabiri People
850:
849:
841:
838:
833:
830:
829:
828:
826:
822:
812:
809:
804:
801:
800:
799:
798:
795:
794:
790:
789:
784:
783:
779:
778:
777:
776:
770:
769:
765:
764:
759:
758:
754:
753:
752:
751:
745:
744:
740:
739:
734:
729:
728:
719:
717:
713:
709:
708:
705:
703:
699:
695:
694:
691:
689:
685:
681:
680:
677:
675:
671:
667:
666:
661:
656:
655:
646:
644:
641:
640:
637:
635:
632:
631:
628:
626:
623:
622:
619:
617:
614:
613:
610:
608:
605:
604:
601:
599:
596:
595:
592:
590:
587:
586:
583:
581:
578:
577:
574:
572:
569:
568:
565:
563:
560:
559:
556:
554:
551:
550:
547:
545:
542:
541:
538:
536:
533:
532:
529:
527:
524:
523:
520:
518:
515:
514:
511:
509:
506:
505:
502:
500:
497:
496:
493:
491:
488:
487:
484:
482:
479:
478:
473:
468:
467:
458:
456:
453:
452:
449:
447:
444:
443:
440:
438:
435:
434:
431:
429:
426:
425:
422:
420:
417:
416:
413:
411:
408:
407:
404:
402:
399:
398:
395:
393:
390:
389:
386:
384:
381:
380:
377:
375:
372:
371:
368:
366:
363:
362:
359:
357:
354:
353:
350:
348:
345:
344:
341:
339:
336:
335:
332:
330:
327:
326:
323:
321:
318:
317:
314:
312:
309:
308:
305:
303:
300:
299:
294:
289:
288:
281:
277:
276:
270:
267:
266:
263:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
222:Khanate, the
221:
217:
213:
208:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
173:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
148:
144:
140:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
77:
74:
70:
65:
62:
58:
53:
44:
38:
33:
22:
12640:
12575:Lipka Tatars
12448:Tozhu Tuvans
12408:Volga Tatars
12121:Akto Turkmen
12014:Libyan Turks
11974:Cretan Turks
11889:Akto Turkmen
11838:Tajik Kyrgyz
11825:Akto Turkmen
11712:Azerbaijanis
11622:
11584:(in Russian)
11566:(in Russian)
11558:
11539:
11522:
11504:
11501:
11441:
11437:
11427:
11384:
11378:
11372:
11361:. Retrieved
11341:
11334:
11277:
11271:
11241:
11234:
11225:
11206:
11197:
11174:
11168:
11160:
11155:
11147:
11146:Pritsak O.,
11142:
11131:. Retrieved
11122:(in Dutch).
11109:
11089:
11077:. Retrieved
11062:
11042:
11037:
11026:. Retrieved
11022:the original
11008:
10996:. Retrieved
10981:
10968:
10956:. Retrieved
10947:
10938:
10926:. Retrieved
10922:the original
10917:
10908:
10884:
10874:
10865:
10853:. Retrieved
10843:
10834:
10815:
10803:. Retrieved
10799:the original
10788:
10776:. Retrieved
10772:the original
10762:
10753:
10744:
10735:
10729:. Retrieved
10727:(in Turkish)
10719:
10710:
10700:
10687:
10677:
10668:
10664:
10654:
10645:
10641:
10631:
10614:
10594:
10587:
10577:Ibn FadlÄn.
10572:
10497:
10491:
10484:
10475:
10466:
10462:
10452:
10436:
10413:
10407:
10396:. Retrieved
10392:the original
10382:
10373:
10361:. Retrieved
10341:
10303:
10280:
10255:. Atheneum.
10252:
10246:
10238:
10233:
10214:
10203:. Retrieved
10179:
10145:. New York:
10142:
10136:
10112:
10091:. Retrieved
10062:. Retrieved
10060:. p. 48
10058:ResearchGate
10057:
10047:
10038:
10034:
10004:
9987:
9970:
9961:
9957:
9947:
9938:
9928:
9913:
9902:the original
9893:
9886:
9880:(18): 29â44.
9877:
9849:. Retrieved
9827:
9823:
9786:
9777:
9737:. Retrieved
9728:
9693:
9687:
9668:
9634:
9628:
9617:. Retrieved
9597:
9590:
9573:
9559:
9550:
9531:
9509:Lango 2000a.
9505:
9496:
9484:. Retrieved
9450:
9441:
9429:. Retrieved
9420:
9411:
9387:
9358:
9336:. Retrieved
9316:
9309:
9290:
9284:
9267:
9248:
9225:Horvath 2001
9205:. Retrieved
9185:
9178:
9158:
9146:
9141:
9130:. Retrieved
9110:
9103:
9092:. Retrieved
9072:
9065:
9053:
9042:. Retrieved
9022:
9015:
8990:
8982:
8963:
8940:. Retrieved
8920:
8913:
8894:
8861:
8856:
8839:
8820:
8814:
8806:
8802:
8791:. Retrieved
8771:
8764:
8752:. Retrieved
8738:
8729:
8725:
8715:
8703:
8692:. Retrieved
8646:
8640:
8633:
8629:
8618:. Retrieved
8598:
8575:
8569:
8550:
8533:
8528:
8514:
8490:
8486:
8481:
8473:
8468:
8449:
8443:
8430:
8385:
8377:
8365:. Retrieved
8360:
8356:
8346:
8338:
8333:
8325:
8320:
8311:
8303:
8299:
8295:
8279:
8272:
8253:
8231:
8227:
8221:
8212:
8206:
8198:
8189:
8181:
8176:
8167:
8162:
8153:
8148:
8139:
8133:
8125:
8120:
8112:
8107:
8099:
8095:
8091:
8083:
8075:
8070:
8060:
8056:
8051:
8040:
8035:
8026:
8016:
8008:
8003:
7993:
7989:
7984:
7975:
7969:
7961:
7956:
7948:
7944:
7939:
7929:
7925:
7920:
7910:
7906:
7901:
7885:
7879:
7871:
7866:
7850:
7844:
7831:
7825:
7817:
7812:
7804:
7799:
7776:
7770:
7761:
7749:. Retrieved
7725:
7697:. Retrieved
7685:
7637:
7632:
7624:
7619:
7596:
7590:
7571:
7515:
7509:
7498:
7472:
7452:
7440:. Retrieved
7436:the original
7400:
7394:
7384:
7372:. Retrieved
7348:
7303:
7238:
7208:. Retrieved
7184:
7177:
7158:
7124:
7061:. Retrieved
7047:
7038:
7029:
7018:. Retrieved
6994:
6937:
6914:
6909:
6892:
6845:
6838:
6818:
6802:
6687:
6589:Asen dynasty
6350:Cuman statue
6300:MagyarcsanĂĄd
6226:Cuman statue
6130:Cuman statue
6118:Cuman statue
6024:
6017:
5998:haplogroups
5981:
5953:
5944:
5930:
5924:
5920:
5905:
5896:
5873:
5849:
5845:David Ayalon
5826:
5799:
5791:Central Asia
5776:
5758:
5747:
5734:
5729:
5720:
5716:
5712:
5688:
5675:
5671:
5669:
5631:
5616:
5595:
5562:
5556:
5529:Ivan-Asen II
5525:
5511:
5509:The flower,
5508:
5487:
5452:
5446:province in
5442:district of
5248:Polovtsy in
5218:
5217:(renamed to
5203:
5202:(renamed to
5183:the city of
5177:
5164:Asen dynasty
5141:
5133:
5125:
5086:Seljuk Turks
5032:East Ukraine
4969:
4936:Anna Komnene
4918:East Ukraine
4857:
4838:
4815:
4785:
4781:
4777:
4774:
4770:
4758:
4729:, in a mass
4720:
4716:spirit world
4701:
4690:
4685:
4681:
4674:
4664:
4642:religion of
4637:
4621:
4617:
4608:
4597:
4590:
4575:
4516:
4489:
4481:
4473:
4466:
4460:
4444:
4433:
4417:
4413:
4397:
4377:Seljuk Turks
4369:
4325:
4304:
4283:
4279:
4258:
4234:
4205:crossed the
4200:
4179:
4171:
4154:
4146:
4121:
4113:
4081:Thessaloniki
4078:
4073:
4067:
4063:Philadelphia
4040:
4005:
3997:Golden Horde
3994:
3989:Golden Horde
3946:
3941:King Milutin
3937:Golden Horde
3922:
3905:
3898:
3875:
3852:
3845:
3842:
3839:
3836:
3833:
3830:
3827:
3824:
3821:
3790:Christianize
3787:
3784:
3759:
3718:
3714:
3710:
3687:
3683:
3679:Ladislaus IV
3663:
3600:
3548:
3540:
3530:
3515:
3499:coat of arms
3483:
3455:
3423:granted the
3418:
3403:
3388:
3326:
3286:
3270:Ivan Asen II
3266:Turkmenistan
3259:
3250:
3238:
3207:
3176:
3172:Genghis Khan
3120:
3100:
3081:
3063:against the
3046:
3031:
3013:
2982:
2974:
2971:Ivan Bilibin
2957:Seljuk Turks
2946:
2942:Asen dynasty
2929:
2927:
2917:, Prince of
2876:
2847:semi-nomadic
2820:
2808:
2785:
2761:Christianity
2759:offered the
2755:river. King
2737:Transylvania
2730:
2709:Székelyderzs
2638:
2625:
2602:
2588:
2533:
2525:
2505:
2489:
2435:
2417:Tobol-Irtysh
2394:
2390:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2359:
2349:
2321:
2312:
2305:
2298:
2289:
2273:
2269:
2261:
2252:
2244:
2217:
2184:
2135:
2128:
2116:
2083:
2067:
2060:
2026:MingĂŒzoÄlı ,
2021:
2017:
2001:Qara BörklĂŒ,
1992:
1991:KĂŒÄet (<
1988:"strength"),
1985:
1950:
1940:
1890:
1880:
1876:
1868:
1864:
1856:
1850:
1838:
1820:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1798:
1778:
1774:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1745:
1737:
1730:
1728:
1722:
1718:sary chechle
1717:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1674:
1664:
1654:
1637:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1607:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1557:
1548:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1504:
1500:
1489:
1485:Porta Cumana
1484:
1480:
1477:Darial Gorge
1465:Darial Gorge
1452:
1451:
1430:
1420:
1408:Latin Empire
1385:
1323:Golden Horde
1209:
1198:
1184:
1174:Golden Horde
1172:
1160:
1149:
1142:
1135:
1121:
1109:
1097:
1085:
1073:
1062:
1048:
1036:
1024:
1012:
1000:
989:
982:
968:
956:
944:
932:
920:
908:
896:
886:Kangar Union
884:
872:
860:
851:
818:
791:
780:
766:
755:
741:
252:Latin Empire
220:Golden Horde
209:
174:
169:
165:
161:
142:
138:
136:
89:Christianity
45:in Eurasia,
26:Ethnic group
12796:Toquz Oghuz
12735:Oghuz Turks
12702:Sir-Kıvchak
12496:Afghanistan
12239:Qarai Turks
12155:Tor Uyghurs
12134:Fuyu Kyrgyz
12082:Karakalpaks
11951:Kouloughlis
11755:Karapapakhs
11592:Runivers.ru
11574:Runivers.ru
10855:16 February
10805:12 February
10504:: 639â662.
10185:I.B. Tauris
9851:October 12,
9361:. Corvina.
8503:Toquz Oghuz
7686:kipchak.com
7640:, ch 6., 27
6503:Terter clan
6407:Ladislaus I
5939:haplogroups
5822:Ibn Shaddad
5749:Prince Igor
5592:, Slovakia.
5521:Sea of Azov
5393:in Hungary,
5387:Kiskunhalas
5379:BĂĄcs-Kiskun
5374:in Hungary,
5367:in Hungary;
5350:Qashqadaryo
5312:Lerik Rayon
5301:Fier County
5098:Palaiologos
5020:Kuban River
5016:Circassians
5006:to flee to
4660:social rank
4640:shamanistic
4586:steppe ones
4561:, shoulder
4551:mail armour
4547:war hammers
4539:heavy spear
4365:stone babas
4308:Finno-Ugric
4295:Sea of Azov
4129:. His son,
3497:Historical
3446:Jasz people
3298:Nogai Horde
3282:Akropolites
3246:Kalka River
3191:Muhammad II
3033:Prince Igor
2458:Oghuz Turks
2454:Kievan Rus'
2056:*alp-erlĂŒ),
1943:"to boil"),
1892:Kievan Rus'
1742:West Slavic
1640:Ibn Battuta
1530:Turkologist
1272:History of
825:Turk Shahis
772:71 BCâ?? AD
490:Azerbaijani
311:Oghuz Turks
212:Kievan Rus'
185:Volga River
12947:Categories
11843:Van Kyrgyz
11725:Shahsevans
11363:2014-03-01
11133:2016-02-16
11028:2009-03-15
10948:Halasmédia
10778:24 October
10731:2023-02-04
10624:9004290362
10398:2014-03-01
10205:2015-10-19
10093:2014-03-01
9725:"Polovtsy"
9619:2015-10-19
9338:2015-10-19
9279:], p. 268.
9207:2015-10-19
9151:Vasily Yan
9132:2015-10-19
9094:2015-10-19
9044:2015-10-19
8793:2015-10-19
8694:2014-03-01
8620:2015-10-19
8094:(Berlin),
7403:(3): 455.
7374:19 October
7035:"Polovtsy"
7020:2015-10-19
6998:. Leiden:
6860:9004121226
6674:References
5988:East Asian
5883:improve it
5783:N. Aristov
5684:Manas epic
5398:Kunmadaras
5363:, Turkey;
5354:Uzbekistan
5329:of Turkey;
5316:Azerbaijan
5286:Montenegro
5213:region of
5198:region of
5148:Ibn Fadlan
5129:East Asian
5122:Appearance
5068:Greek fire
4922:Zaporizhia
4914:Sula River
4888:Pereyaslav
4782:shabat kun
4739:Bortz Khan
4704:divination
4567:face plate
4346:, and the
4330:(Surozh),
4241:Olt County
4168:Cuman camp
3795:Cumans in
3541:NagykunsĂĄg
3425:Burzenland
3371:See also:
3341:Baldwin II
3141:See also:
3084:Bulgarians
3053:Bulgarians
3030:'s opera,
2895:Adrianople
2891:Paristrion
2687:After the
2550:, and the
2529:Tmutorakan
2521:Kazakhstan
2482:Adrianople
2478:Bessarabia
2278:Tuul River
2195:Csertan ("
2171:ElŃborili,
2165:ShelŃbiry,
1925:BurÄoÄlı (
1922:Baya(w)ut,
1910:Arslan-opa
1755:, Russian
1602:." In the
1542:Akhal-Teke
1410:, and the
1386:After the
1343:Tatar ASSR
898:Turk Shahi
580:Karakalpak
12870:Diasporas
12811:Xueyantuo
12801:Uriankhai
12748:Pechenegs
12741:Turkomans
12715:Kutrigurs
12387:Kryashens
12349:Kumandins
12330:Karachays
12310:Besermyan
12285:Telengits
12191:Krymchaks
12174:in Crimea
12139:Ili Turks
11732:KĂŒresĂŒnni
11394:1112.2013
11294:0018-7143
10518:0018-7143
9846:245309166
9393:Routledge
9058:Rapp 1997
8536:, 276-279
8090:. (1959)
8055:Clauson.
7943:Clauson.
7924:Clauson.
7905:Clauson.
7542:cite book
7534:994543451
6901:1873-9830
6831:Citations
6787:romanized
6778:Ukrainian
6766:romanized
6730:Hungarian
6717:âčSee Tfdâș
6704:romanized
6695:Bulgarian
6679:Footnotes
6302:, Hungary
5984:Kumandins
5887:verifying
5841:Ilkhanate
5765:Kumandins
5732:epic poem
5642:Teleorman
5603:Calvinism
5571:Kunhegyes
5440:Orhangazi
5277:, Serbia;
5245:, Russia;
5225:ComÄneĆti
5221:in 1927);
5206:in 1928);
5111:Macedonia
5090:Byzantine
4996:Pechenegs
4854:Yury Zuev
4810:(compare
4675:uchuchmak
4652:ancestors
4648:animistic
4563:spaulders
4496:ballistas
4492:mangonels
4485:Samarkand
4348:Varangian
4299:Don River
4270:sheepskin
4186:sheepskin
4147:Stratioti
4135:Pinkernes
3991:in yellow
3925:BraniÄevo
3793:Shamanist
3654:Körösszeg
3612:civil war
3549:KiskunsĂĄg
3450:Batu Khan
3410:Guranduht
3347:from the
3345:Tzurullon
3248:in 1223.
3234:Chernigov
3224:, Prince
3131:Wallachia
3038:Caucasian
2989:Black Sea
2899:Anchialos
2883:Lithuania
2843:Pechenegs
2781:Ladislaus
2773:Ladislaus
2769:Ladislaus
2757:Ladislaus
2691:in 1068,
2664:, Prince
2611:preserved
2570:) in the
2466:Black Sea
2432:Conquests
2338:Turkomans
2168:Topchaki,
2109:BaĆĄqurt),
1972:Qitan-opa
1933:Borcsol),
1907:Altun-oba
1900:Hungarian
1827:, and in
1576:Pechenegs
1274:Tatarstan
1215:1299â1922
1190:1250â1517
1178:1242â1502
1166:1224â1266
1127:1206â1526
1115:1136â1225
1091:1077â1231
1079:1067â1239
1054:1037â1194
874:Xueyantuo
716:Grey wolf
698:Ergenekon
674:Shamanism
446:Krymchaks
356:Kutrigurs
256:Wallachia
187:known as
181:Black Sea
164:in Rus',
67:Languages
12921:Turkmens
12909:Turkmeni
12766:Saragurs
12710:Kurykans
12696:Kipchaks
12681:Keraites
12666:GöktĂŒrks
12656:Dughlats
12646:Dingling
12616:Berendei
12467:Mongolia
12437:Tofalars
12401:NaÄaybĂ€k
12305:Bashkirs
12292:Tubalars
12278:Chelkans
12272:Altaians
12093:in China
11925:Tahtacıs
11918:Muhacirs
11859:Turkmens
11644:Archived
11531:41881042
11476:27453128
11419:13463642
11411:17278619
11354:Archived
11326:13801005
11318:16596944
11302:31029123
11205:(1979).
11124:Archived
11098:Archived
11079:29 April
10998:29 April
10992:Archived
10958:29 April
10952:Archived
10928:29 April
10882:(2015).
10824:Archived
10692:Archived
10550:13801005
10542:16596944
10526:31029123
10363:29 April
10357:Archived
10312:Archived
10223:Archived
10199:Archived
10087:Archived
10083:"Cumans"
10064:9 August
9824:Belleten
9803:187-233.
9739:29 April
9733:Archived
9613:Archived
9477:Archived
9431:29 April
9425:Archived
9332:Archived
9201:Archived
9167:Archived
9126:Archived
9088:Archived
9038:Archived
8936:Archived
8787:Archived
8754:29 April
8748:Archived
8744:"Boniak"
8688:Archived
8684:"Cumans"
8614:Archived
8390:, p. 31.
8280:Kipchaks
7896:, p. 522
7890:Archived
7855:Archived
7818:Kipchaks
7745:Archived
7690:Archived
7467:, p. 21.
7461:Archived
7368:Archived
7204:Archived
7063:13 April
7057:Archived
7053:"Cumans"
7014:Archived
6915:Speculum
6891:(eds.).
6880:"Kumans"
6808:Kipchaks
6793:polovtsi
6772:polovtsy
6748:Romanian
6630: â
6419:See also
5965:Csengele
5899:May 2020
5855:Genetics
5787:Chelkans
5721:Polovtsy
5717:Polovets
5705:Moldavia
5701:Székelys
5696:Székelys
5650:Komondor
5621:region (
5512:Kumoniga
5365:Debrecen
5275:Ivanjica
5238:, China;
5236:Xinjiang
5196:Kastoria
5185:Kumanovo
5172:Bulgaria
5057:and the
5043:Sharukan
5038:in 1125.
5008:Ruthenia
5000:Berendei
4970:eyevshan
4932:Tugorkan
4906:Ruthenia
4868:Sharukan
4850:Székelys
4735:Moldavia
4667:prophesy
4644:Tengrism
4628:Religion
4531:scimitar
4476:Isidorus
4448:Bashkirs
4352:Sharukan
4344:Solianyi
4340:Zaloznyi
4291:Dniester
4289:and the
4055:Anatolia
4024:Lake Van
3953:Shishman
3691:a battle
3669:between
3620:Slavonia
3566:Seal of
3349:Nicaeans
3320:and the
3127:Moldavia
3092:uprising
3069:Bashkirs
3042:Danubian
3001:Berendei
2919:PrzemyĆl
2796:Pecheneg
2711:church:
2676:and the
2649:Vsevolod
2580:Kipchaks
2572:Caucasus
2562:and the
2544:Bulgaria
2386:Kipchaks
2362:Kipchaks
2334:Tagazgaz
2326:Khirkhiz
2209:Iloncsuk
2159:Tatrany,
1968:Ä°t-oÄlı,
1846:Pecheneg
1842:Kankalis
1789:Lipovtsi
1784:Polovtsy
1770:Polovtsy
1731:polovtsy
1702:polovtsy
1687:Polovtsy
1678:Polovtsy
1671:Polovtsy
1643:(1304 â
1496:Kipchaks
1416:Anatolia
1313:Kipchaks
1263:a series
1261:Part of
1042:963â1186
1030:860â1091
1018:856â1335
1006:848â1036
974:840â1212
950:750â1055
926:743â1035
866:618â1048
793:GöktĂŒrks
768:Dingling
670:Tengrism
643:Krymchak
383:Kipchaks
320:Saragurs
236:Moldavia
195:and the
193:Caucasus
177:Pecheneg
170:Kipchaks
162:Polovtsy
122:Bashkirs
110:Pecheneg
106:Kipchaks
85:Tengrism
79:Religion
21:Kipchaks
12933:Ottoman
12917:Iranian
12913:Afghani
12861:Mughals
12856:Hazaras
12806:Utigurs
12781:TĂŒrgesh
12756:Onogurs
12730:Nushibi
12725:Naimans
12686:Khazars
12676:Karluks
12631:Chigils
12626:Bulgars
12611:Barsils
12549:Europe
12528:Ansarlu
12474:Khotons
12432:Teleuts
12325:Dolgans
12320:Chuvash
12315:Chulyms
12300:Balkars
12244:Qashqai
12229:Khalajs
12207:in Iran
12149:Uyghurs
11872:Ansarlu
11783:Kazakhs
11697:Peoples
11598:format.
11580:format.
11494:Sources
11484:2132782
11467:4958967
11446:Bibcode
11310:1752384
10768:"CUMAN"
10534:1752384
10443:at the
10322:255-266
10155:60-7688
9486:14 June
9173:, p. 5.
8942:14 June
8860:In his
7861:, p.55.
7751:14 June
7699:1 March
7488::
7442:1 March
7210:14 June
6789::
6782:ĐżĐŸĐ»ĐŸĐČŃŃ
6768::
6761:ĐżĐŸĐ»ĐŸĐČŃŃ
6757:Russian
6743:PoĆowcy
6725:Kumanen
6706::
6608:, poets
6602:, sport
6549:Madjars
6445:Kazakhs
6391:Donetsk
6033:Gallery
5973:Finnish
5881:Please
5802:Baibars
5769:Charysh
5725:Zeeland
5691:Csangos
5682:in the
5665:Ukraine
5661:Kharkiv
5611:Iazyges
5582:Cumania
5567:Kunbaja
5409:Ukraine
5325:in the
5305:Albania
5295:in the
5254:Belarus
5229:Romania
5028:Seljuks
5004:Torkils
4950:Syrchan
4942:on the
4926:Donetsk
4912:on the
4837:in his
4823:Nushibi
4814:đ°đ°đ°
4786:Shabbat
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