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conservation mission for over 60 years. Historically, portions of
Cumberland Island remain in private hands. Large areas were deeded to the National Parks Foundation by members or heirs of the Carnegie family in 1971. Other lands in private ownership were purchased with funds provided by the Mellon Foundation and Congress, and in 1972 Cumberland Island was designated a national seashore. A small number of property owners, principally ones who preserved the island and protected it from massive commercial development, still own their homes and other private property on the southern, western and northern regions of the island. Some, however, have sold their property to the National Park Service (NPS), with an agreement that retains their ownership and full property rights during their lifetime. Eventually, their property will be owned by the National Park Service.
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704:, and his wife Lucy bought land on Cumberland for a winter retreat. In 1884, they began building a mansion on the site of Dungeness, though Carnegie never lived to see its completion. Lucy and their nine children continued to live on the island, naming their mansion Dungeness after that of Greene. Dungeness was designed as a 59-room castle. They also built pools, a golf course, and 40 smaller buildings to house the 200 servants who worked at the mansion. The last time Dungeness was used was for the 1929 wedding of a Carnegie daughter. After the
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and going to the beach. At the height of the innkeeping era in the 1890s, guests numbered around 750. Black residents of the north end staffed the hotel: they served as waiters, cooks, laundresses, and drivers of the horse-drawn trolleys that transported guests. Hotel
Cumberland at High Point was sold in 1918 and became a private club. The Candler family of Atlanta, associated with Coca-Cola, owned part of the north end.
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758:"The Settlement". It was a residential area for black workers, as Georgia had passed laws requiring racial segregation of housing and public facilities. The First African Baptist Church, established in The Settlement in 1893, was rebuilt in the 1930s. It is one of the few remaining structures of this community.
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Cumberland Island is actually two islands—the island proper and Little
Cumberland Island—connected by a marsh. Little Cumberland is a separate island and not a part of Cumberland Island. As are the private properties on Cumberland Island, Little Cumberland Island has been maintained with a nature and
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Former slaves and their descendants continued to live on the island after the Civil War. According to historian Mary
Bullard, one community existed in the Brick Hill area of the island between 1862–1891. Many of these freedmen were farmers. In the 1880s, another community formed at what is now called
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The mansion featured 6-foot (1.8 m) thick walls at the base, four chimneys and 16 fireplaces, and was surrounded by 12 acres (49,000 m) of gardens. Dungeness was the site of many special social galas, where statesmen and military leaders enjoyed the
Millers' hospitality. When the island was
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In 1954, some of the members of the
Carnegie family invited the National Park Service to the island to assess its suitability as a National Seashore. In 1955, the National Park Service named Cumberland Island as one of the most significant natural areas in the United States and plans got underway to
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In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, innkeeping was the primary business on the north end. The most prosperous hotel was located in the High Point area and attracted guests who belonged to the rising middle class. Visitors arrived on steamboats and enjoyed activities such as fishing, hunting,
467:, in 1603. It was one of the main mission centers, situated at a major Mocama site. Another Spanish mission on Cumberland was Puturiba, which operated from 1595–1597. An additional mission, San Phelipe, was relocated from the North Newport River to the northern end of Cumberland from 1670–1684.
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However, the thought of any additional development on the island beyond the structures already erected by the
Carnegies and Sam Candler, who also owned part of the island, caused activists, politicians, members of the Carnegie and Candler families, and a number of organizations, including the
340:(30°51′N, 81°27′W). Cumberland Island constitutes the westernmost point of shoreline on the Atlantic Ocean in the United States. The island is 17.5 miles (28.2 km) long, with an area of 36,415 acres (147.37 km or 56.90 square miles), including 16,850 acres (68.2 km) of
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secure it. Simultaneously, the State of
Georgia was working on plans to secure the island as a state park. Plans to create a National Seashore were complicated when, in October 1968, Carnegie descendants sold three thousand acres of the island to real estate developer
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chiefdom. The main village, known as
Tacatacuru, was located towards the southern end of the island; during the time of European colonization, the Spanish recorded the names of at least six more villages on the island, and eleven more were located on the mainland.
532:. For a decade the small village of Berrimacke existed near the fort. In 1740 he built a second fort at the southern point of the island called Fort William. The forts were built to defend English settlements to the north from the Spanish in Florida.
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plants at the edge of
Cumberland's dense maritime forest. Cumberland Island's most famous ecosystem is its beach, which stretches over 17 miles (27 km). The island is home to many native interesting animals, as well as non-native species. There are
845:. The bill was signed by President Richard Nixon on October 23, 1972. The Carnegie family sold the island to the federal government. With donations from the Mellon Foundation, Cumberland Island became a unit of the National Park Service, designated
754:(the last ship to bring slaves from Africa to the United States) to nearby Jekyll Island in 1858. These north end families owned some slaves, and during the Civil War, most of these people moved to the mainland when Union forces occupied the island.
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were married on Cumberland Island in 1996, in the First African Baptist Church with their reception taking place at the historic Greyfield Inn. While they filled the church's eight pews with friends and family, no media were permitted at the event.
658:, a Revolutionary War hero and old friend of Catharine Greene, was returning from the West Indies when he asked to be taken to Dungeness. After a month of illness, he died on March 25 and was buried on the island. His son, Confederate General
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In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, small farmers settled on the north end of the island. Other island residents at this time worked as innkeepers and pilots for St. Andrews Sound. One of these pilots, James Clubb, directed the
509:. Under the treaty most of the islands, including Cumberland Island, were ceded to England, thus conflicting with the Spanish claim to the islands. The name of Cumberland Island was given by a young
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pirates attacked Cumberland Island, looting and burning many of the buildings. Many of the natives and the Spanish missionaries fled the island. An attack in 1684 by a pirate known to the Spanish as
841:, to band together and push Fraser to sell to the National Park Foundation. They, along with others, also helped push a bill through the US Congress that established Cumberland Island as a
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who had been shot in the leg by a caretaker weeks before. Today, the ruins of the mansion remain on the southern end of the island. The Carnegie family owned 90% of the island.
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led to the final abandonment of the island by the Spaniards. Survivors retreated to St. Augustine to the south. During the colonial years, many had died of exposure to European
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The first inhabitants were indigenous peoples who settled there as early as 4,000 years ago. Later inhabitants participated in the Savannah archaeological culture and spoke the
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in 1742, the need for the forts ended. They abandoned the forts and eventually the village disappeared. No trace remains today of Fort William, and most signs of
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Historical records indicate that until 1681, there were approximately 300 natives and several Spanish missionary priests living on Cumberland Island. In 1683,
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738:, privately owned by members of the Carnegie family. The caretaker of the estate (nearby homes and an air-strip) and his family live in the residence.
662:, had a tombstone placed over the grave and visited his father's final resting place several times. In 1913, the body of Harry Lee was reinterred at
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who traveled with Fraser and Brower as they toured Cumberland Island. Brower pushed for a 90/10 split, with 90% of the land to remain undeveloped.
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819:, on the island to discuss how to develop the area. This meeting and discussions between Fraser and Brower were documented in one part of the book
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482:, to which they had no natural immunity. The Tacatacuru relocated closer to St. Augustine, and Cumberland Island was thereafter occupied by the
643:, and food crops were also grown. Rice sloughs are still visible on the island through satellite imagery. According to national oral history,
517:(the nephew of Chief Tomochichi who visited England with Oglethorpe.) He suggested the island be named for William Augustus, the 13-year-old
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486:. By then most of the Mocama had converted to Roman Catholicism as taught to them by the Spanish priests before the island was abandoned.
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founded most of southern Cumberland Island as a result of a business deal used to finance the army. Greene died in 1786. His wife,
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has been built on the mainland opposite, which requires frequent dredging to the river so that it will be deep enough.
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at the southern end of the island, first recorded in a land grant petition in 1765 and almost certainly named after the
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This area hosts endangered right whales as well as many other forms of sea life, including sea turtles and dolphins.
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group who spoke the Mocama dialect. In the 17th century the island and the adjacent coast were controlled by the
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463:. When the Spanish arrived in the 1550s, they named the island San Pedro. They built a garrison and mission,
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The island has three major ecosystem regions. Along the western edge of the island there are large areas of
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In 1736 Oglethorpe established a fort at what is now Terrapin Point in the north of the island, named
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In the 1760s, the island was divided into royal grants but saw little activity. When naturalist
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Lucy Carnegie had additional estates built on the island for her children. These include:
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develop the cotton gin. With its unusual range of wildlife, the island has been declared a
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56: in this Cumberland Island. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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352:. There is no bridge to the island; it is reached by the Cumberland Ferry from
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566:, remarried Phineas Miller ten years later; and they built a huge, four-story
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1138:"The Story of the Georgia Island That Helped John F. Kennedy Jr. Get Married"
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nation, who claimed historic ownership of the coastal islands between the
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Cumberland Island National Seashore: A History of Conservation Conflict
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328:. Little Cumberland Island is connected to the main island by a marsh.
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During the 16th and 17th centuries, Cumberland Island was part of the
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Carnegie Family/Cumberland Island photograph collection (1888-1919)
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While Sea Island cotton was by far the largest and most valuable
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was first grown here by a local family, the Millers, who helped
1081:. DeLeon Springs, Florida: E.O. Painter Printing. pp. 2–3.
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in Camden County. His grave is on the main road of the island.
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visited the island in 1774, the island was mostly uninhabited.
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An Abandoned Black Settlement on Cumberland Island, Georgia
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on the island. The Millers' Dungeness burned down in 1866.
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The Internal Enemy: Slavery and War in Virginia, 1772-1832
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Cumberland Island Hiking, Camping & Backpacking Guide
1014:"Cumberland Island : Liberation and the War of 1812"
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1066:. Darien, Georgia: The Darien News. pp. 2–4.
635:, other documented agricultural products such as
497:coast in 1733. In 1735 he made a treaty with the
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967:. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press.
1268:A Natural History of Cumberland Island, Georgia
1126:. Darien, Georgia: The Darien News. p. 50.
1111:. Darien, Georgia: The Darien News. p. 42.
866:Since the national seashore was established, a
535:After the English defeated the Spanish in the
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873:A project to construct a spaceport, known as
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608:The Millers were the first major planters of
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647:wood from the island was used to build the
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116:Learn how and when to remove this message
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1052:, (New York: Norton, 2013), pp. 327-332.
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612:on Cumberland. They held a total of 210
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171:Location of Cumberland Island in Georgia
1315:Barrier islands of Georgia (U.S. state)
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1124:Cumberland Island: The Unsung Northend
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1109:Cumberland Island: The Unsung Northend
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1064:Cumberland Island: The Unsung Northend
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791:Looking North from Dungeness runway.
689:Dungeness Mansion before 1959 fire on
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620:. Catharine and Phineas Miller helped
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245:147.37 km (56.90 sq mi)
1270:. Macon, GA: Mercer University Press.
54:adding citations to reliable sources
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1320:Landforms of Camden County, Georgia
992:. Garland Publishing. p. 647.
890:Cumberland Island National Seashore
847:Cumberland Island National Seashore
783:Cumberland Island National Seashore
691:Cumberland Island National Seashore
434:. Its inhabitants were part of the
16:Island in the U.S. state of Georgia
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813:Hilton Head Island, South Carolina
519:Prince William, Duke of Cumberland
21:Cumberland Island (disambiguation)
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651:, "Old Ironsides", in the 1790s.
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1330:Georgia (U.S. state) Sea Islands
589:headland, on the south coast of
336:Cumberland Island forms part of
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140:Aerial view of Cumberland Island
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1335:Islands of Georgia (U.S. state)
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901:NRHP sites on Cumberland Island
41:needs additional citations for
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990:Colonial Wars of North America
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917:Little Cumberland Island Light
795:can be seen in the upper left.
793:Kings Bay Naval Submarine Base
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1197:Encounters with the Archdruid
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822:Encounters with the Archdruid
1172:University of Virginia Press
964:Cumberland Island: A History
811:, who had developed part of
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597:briefly occupied during the
573:on top of a Native American
564:Catharine Littlefield Greene
417:roaming free on the island.
376:. One will also see gnarled
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1288:from the collection of the
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868:Navy nuclear submarine base
700:, brother of steel magnate
558:The Revolutionary War hero
253:17.5 mi (28.2 km)
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1161:Dilsaver, Lary M. (2004).
862:Cumberland Island seashore
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426:Native American settlement
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368:Marsh on Cumberland Island
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306:southeastern United States
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1203:Farrar, Straus and Giroux
1077:Bullard, Mary R. (1982).
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777:Present-day conservation
654:In 1818, an ill General
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895:Cumberland Island Horse
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459:missionary province of
39:This Cumberland Island
1281:Cumberland Island site
1237:. 2021. Archived from
1023:. 2008. Archived from
961:Bullard, Mary (2003).
853:Current land ownership
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656:"Lighthorse" Harry Lee
537:Battle of Bloody Marsh
403:nine-banded armadillos
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338:Camden County, Georgia
1193:McPhee, John (1971).
1122:Miller, Mary (1990).
1107:Miller, Mary (1990).
1094:I Remember Cumberland
1092:Miller, Mary (1993).
1062:Miller, Mary (1990).
988:Gallay, Alan (1996).
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781:Further information:
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216:30.85111°N 81.44833°W
50:improve this article
19:For other uses, see
1258:Relevant literature
1235:Georgia Conservancy
927:Stafford Plantation
835:Georgia Conservancy
766:John F. Kennedy Jr.
736:Stafford Plantation
681:Carnegie Family era
669:By the time of the
664:Lexington, Virginia
628:, debuted in 1793.
480:infectious diseases
465:San Pedro de Mocama
451:Colonial settlement
411:American alligators
380:trees covered with
221:30.85111; -81.44833
212: /
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65:"Cumberland Island"
1325:St. Marys, Georgia
1264:Ruckdeschel, Carol
1241:on 20 January 2021
1231:"Spaceport Camden"
1021:Forgotten Invasion
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316:. The long-staple
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1310:Cumberland Island
999:978-1-138-89108-1
843:national seashore
610:Sea Island cotton
391:white-tailed deer
326:National Seashore
318:Sea Island cotton
302:Cumberland Island
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1239:the original
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415:feral horses
382:Spanish moss
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48:Please help
43:verification
40:
1205:. pp.
839:Sierra Club
827:John McPhee
622:Eli Whitney
599:War of 1812
575:shell mound
322:Eli Whitney
310:Sea Islands
236:Sea Islands
232:Archipelago
219: /
195:Coordinates
1304:Categories
1147:2020-05-04
933:References
907:Duck House
626:cotton gin
618:plantation
444:Tacatacuru
407:wild boars
207:81°26′54″W
204:30°51′04″N
76:newspapers
1178:5 January
1034:5 January
912:Dungeness
743:North end
724:Greyfield
671:Civil War
587:Dungeness
579:Dungeness
521:, son of
515:Toonahowi
395:squirrels
354:St. Marys
332:Geography
304:, in the
180:Geography
106:July 2013
1266:. 2017.
884:See also
837:and the
751:Wanderer
708:and the
675:planters
645:live oak
511:Yamacraw
399:raccoons
386:palmetto
384:and the
378:live oak
346:mudflats
185:Location
714:poacher
591:England
571:mansion
495:Georgia
484:Yamasee
440:Timucua
421:History
360:Ecology
314:Georgia
276:Georgia
90:scholar
1245:26 May
1213:
1207:79–150
996:
971:
637:indigo
614:slaves
513:named
472:French
457:Mocama
436:Mocama
348:, and
282:County
250:Length
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1168:(PDF)
1028:(PDF)
1017:(PDF)
706:Crash
568:tabby
499:Creek
342:marsh
272:State
97:JSTOR
83:books
1247:2022
1211:ISBN
1180:2012
1036:2012
994:ISBN
969:ISBN
768:and
641:rice
583:spit
505:and
438:, a
242:Area
69:news
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