5891:. Each bit pattern causes the circuits in the CPU to execute one of the fundamental operations of the hardware. The activation of specific electrical inputs (e.g., CPU package pins for microprocessors), and logical settings for CPU state values, control the processor's computation. Individual machine languages are specific to a family of processors; machine-language code for one family of processors cannot run directly on processors in another family unless the processors in question have additional hardware to support it (for example, DEC VAX processors included a PDP-11 compatibility mode). They are (essentially) always defined by the CPU developer, not by 3rd parties. The symbolic version, the processor's
5559:
5477:
5207:
11878:
11850:
9772:
System software is computer software designed to operate and control the computer hardware, and to provide a platform for running application software. System software includes software categories such as operating systems, utility software, device drivers, compilers, and linkers. Examples of system
2584:
Server-side embedded languages are much more flexible, since almost any language can be built into a server. The aim of having fragments of server-side code embedded in a web page is to generate additional markup dynamically; the code itself disappears when the page is served, to be replaced by its
9768:
are for low-level tasks like memory management or task management. A system programming language usually refers to a programming language used for system programming; such languages are designed for writing system software, which usually requires different development approaches when compared with
10378:
serve the purpose of transforming (translating) source code specified in a certain formal language into a defined destination format code. It is most commonly used in intermediate components of more complex super-systems in order to adopt internal results for input into a succeeding processing
8138:
languages are based on the concept of the unit and scope (the data viewing range) of an executable code statement. A procedural program is composed of one or more units or modules, either user coded or provided in a code library; each module is composed of one or more procedures, also called a
2680:
needs to be linked into the executable. Source code fragments for the embedded language can then be passed to an evaluation function as strings. Application control languages can be implemented this way, if the source code is input by the user. Languages with small interpreters are preferred.
3245:
languages define programs and subroutines as mathematical functions and treat them as first-class. Many so-called functional languages are "impure", containing imperative features. Many functional languages are tied to mathematical calculation tools. Functional languages include:
9581:
They provide both higher hardware abstraction and a more flexible programming model than previous paradigms which hardcoded transformation and shading equations. This gives the programmer greater control over the rendering process and delivers richer content at lower overhead.
396:), so machine code instructions appear in a form understandable by humans, although there may not be a one-to-one mapping between an individual statement and an individual instruction. Assembly languages let programmers use symbolic addresses, which the
10797:. Thus an algorithm can be considered to generate usable results. In contrast, SQL can only select records that are limited to the current collection, the data at hand in the system, rather than produce a statement of the correctness of the result.
3773:(HDL) is a specialized computer language used to describe the structure, design, and operation of electronic circuits, and most commonly, digital logic circuits. The two most widely used and well-supported HDL varieties used in industry are
2266:
Data-oriented languages provide powerful ways of searching and manipulating the relations that have been described as entity relationship tables which map one set of things into other sets. Examples of data-oriented languages include:
2356:
can be used as an aid to clarifying the logic before writing a program in any language, but in the 1960s a number of languages were developed where the main logic is expressed directly in the form of a decision table, including:
9635:
Shading languages used in offline rendering produce maximum image quality. Processing such shaders is time-consuming. The computational power required can be expensive because of their ability to produce photorealistic results.
9572:
is a graphics programming language adapted to programming shader effects. Such language forms usually consist of special data types, like "color" and "normal". Due to the variety of target markets for 3D computer graphics.
2161:
languages rely on a (usually visual) representation of the flow of data to specify the program. Frequently used for reacting to discrete events or for processing streams of data. Examples of dataflow languages include:
8982:
Rule-based languages instantiate rules when activated by conditions in a set of data. Of all possible activations, some set is selected and the statements belonging to those rules execute. Rule-based languages include:
5325:(also known as BlitzMax) is usually reference-counted, and also supports a garbage collector. However, it also ships with optional utilities for using pointers and for directly allocating and freeing memory.
4221:
Interactive mode languages act as a kind of shell: expressions or statements can be entered one at a time, and the result of their evaluation is seen immediately. The interactive mode is also termed a
5401:
normally manages the memory automatically in its JVM and JavaScript targets. However, the LLVM-based Scala Native compiler supports the use of pointers, as well as C-style heap allocation (e.g.
5457:
uses GC by default, for user convenience, which can be turned off (-gc none). Users are free to manage memory manually. Can also use autofree (-autofree) or arena allocation (-prealloc).
8622:
languages let programs examine and possibly modify their high-level structure at runtime or compile-time. This is most common in high-level virtual machine programming languages like
6457:, so they still need a rudimentary awareness of syntax. That being the case, they are often still applicable to more than one language. Contrast with source-embeddable languages like
2581:
Client-side embedded languages are limited by the abilities of the browser or intended client. They aim to provide dynamism to web pages without the need to recontact the server.
2397:
programming languages are also declarative, and constitute the major subcategories of the declarative category. This section lists additional examples not in those subcategories.
11292:
4541:
are programming languages in which programs may be executed from source code form, by an interpreter. Theoretically, any language can be compiled or interpreted, so the term
3491:
4954:
Garbage
Collection (GC) is a form of automatic memory management. The garbage collector attempts to reclaim memory that was allocated by the program but is no longer used.
5751:– has only a few keywords and not all the constructs needed for a full programming language – many database management systems extend SQL with additional constructs as a
7102:(concurrent, concatenative, functional, metaprogramming generic, imperative, reflection object-oriented, pipelines, reactive, and via libraries constraints, distributed)
9428:
5622:
7084:(functional, compiled, interpreted, object-oriented (class-based), imperative, metaprogramming, extension, impure, interactive mode, iterative, reflective, scripting)
6735:
style. The goal is to allow programmers to use the best tool for a job, admitting that no one paradigm solves all problems in the easiest or most efficient way.
6522:) have been embedded into applications. These are sometimes called "macro languages", although in a somewhat different sense to textual-substitution macros like
6453:
in the case of the C preprocessor). Alternatively, they may not, but in this case it is still often undesirable to (for instance) expand a macro embedded in a
6537:
is the writing of programs that write or manipulate other programs, including themselves, as their data or that do part of the work that is otherwise done at
6434:
languages transform one source code file into another. A "macro" is essentially a short piece of text that expands into a longer one (not to be confused with
1400:
84:
340:
Aspect-oriented programming enables developers to add new functionality to code, known as "advice", without modifying that code itself; rather, it uses a
10839:
with the traditional single-dispatch OO semantics is not present in Julia, instead with the more general multiple dispatch on different types at runtime.
6715:
5815:
10434:
let users specify programs in a two-(or more)-dimensional way, instead of as one-dimensional text strings, via graphic layouts of various types. Some
4646:(early versions, pre-1962, and some experimental ones; production Lisp systems are compilers, but many of them still provide an interpreter if needed)
6780:
5784:
3893:
Imperative programming languages may be multi-paradigm and appear in other classifications. Here is a list of programming languages that follow the
11386:
10096:
3083:
430:
is a programming language designed for use by a non-computer expert to easily create tutorials, websites, and other interactive computer programs.
11582:
11162:
5375:
support optional reference counting and garbage collection as alternatives to manual memory management (Apple deprecated the garbage collector).
9511:
are optimized for programming reactive systems, systems that are often interrupted and must respond quickly. Many such systems are also called
8270:
7545:
2436:
1933:
884:
9422:
2873:
is a programming language designed as a test of the boundaries of computer programming language design, as a proof of concept, or as a joke.
9796:
5319:
implementations are not required to offer garbage collection, but the language semantics support it, and many implementations include it.
6545:. In many cases, this allows programmers to get more done in the same amount of time as they would take to write all the code manually.
2676:
A wide variety of dynamic or scripting languages can be embedded in compiled executable code. Basically, object code for the language's
11866:
9503:
2373:
58:
11296:
10752:
6331:
2760:
1394:
5361:
is usually garbage-collected or reference-counted by default, depending on its configuration, but the programmer may use the switch
3675:
1458:– a language designed for implementing and orchestrating micro-services. Provides a message based parallel-first concurrency model.
267:
77:
11902:
11871:
7330:
2864:
2450:
1345:
17:
3763:
3088:
1833:
434:
11110:
10426:
7772:
7307:
5190:
4958:
4766:
4495:
4184:
302:
5570:
5488:
5218:
3003:(extension of Java with language support for writing optimization models and powerful abstractions for bulk data processing)
1669:– multiparadigm language, supports shared-state and message-passing concurrency, and futures, and Mozart Programming System
11907:
6421:
5765:
3860:
3815:
3810:
1421:
concurrency. Concurrent languages that make use of message passing have generally been inspired by process calculi such as
153:
11602:
11575:
9377:
7713:
7222:, are also used for technical computing, this list focuses on languages almost exclusively used for technical computing.
7060:(imperative, functional (can't be purely functional), object-oriented, class-oriented, aspect-oriented (through modules))
6720:
6294:
4108:
3670:
2229:
1793:
70:
8421:(first release was more modular than other languages of the time; the standard has become even more modular since then)
7896:
6740:
6538:
4860:
3096:
2918:
1640:
1422:
1313:
1307:
2578:
Source embeddable languages embed small pieces of executable code inside a piece of free-form text, often a web page.
11607:
9694:
9327:
7751:
7621:
7257:
4578:
2923:
1997:
53:
11335:
7342:
5869:
5355:
provides programmers with full control over its own garbage collector, including the ability to disable it outright.
2541:
2224:
11612:
9587:
9508:
5883:
are directly executable by a computer's CPU. They are typically formulated as bit patterns, usually represented in
3272:
2172:
1876:
1762:
1455:
767:
11372:
5773:
languages specify a set of attributes that a solution must-have, rather than a set of steps to obtain a solution.
9362:
9013:
7901:
7591:
4897:
3566:
3053:
2742:
2116:
1841:
1758:
618:
409:
136:
11881:
11813:
11686:
11568:
10653:
10537:
10503:
9440:
9122:
8666:
8217:
8139:
function, routine, subroutine, or method, depending on the language. Examples of procedural languages include:
8096:
8065:
7816:
7514:
7499:
6999:
6925:
6818:
6580:
5850:
5022:
4980:
4970:
4855:
4305:
3950:
3623:
3397:
3328:
3323:
3287:
3209:
2935:
2878:
2831:
2796:
2696:
2479:
2455:
2288:
2277:
2272:
1917:
1895:
1550:
1538:
1410:
1241:
1089:
951:
868:
840:
828:
800:
131:
32:
11317:
11188:
5823:(a logic programming language featuring polymorphic typing, modular programming, and higher-order programming)
4865:
11856:
11834:
11788:
11761:
11736:
11696:
10762:
10746:
10636:
10618:
10384:
10353:
10223:
10192:
10188:
10120:
10108:
9742:
9546:
9541:
9450:
9297:
9228:
9170:
8998:
8873:
8803:
8761:
8736:
8646:
8535:
8471:
8449:
8434:
8365:
8317:
8310:
8223:
8090:
8071:
8046:
7745:
7626:
7569:
7504:
7391:
7296:
7292:
7219:
7093:
7081:
6943:
6931:
6919:
6824:
6687:
6672:
6642:
6585:
6575:
5931:
5700:
5674:
5669:
5528:
5294:
5289:
5170:
5108:
5103:
5057:
5027:
5015:
4927:
4886:
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4613:
4584:
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4299:
4294:
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3474:
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3452:
3407:
3237:
3111:
3069:
3021:
2870:
2841:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2722:
2622:
2474:
2389:
via imperative programming languages, where control flow is specified by serial orders (imperatives). (Pure)
2141:
2012:
2002:
1900:
1773:
1690:
1625:
1544:
1532:
1522:
1495:
1356:
1333:
1253:
1179:
1137:
1120:
1074:
1004:
961:
956:
919:
810:
548:
206:
43:
9551:
3091:
are high-level languages built around database systems. They are generally used in commercial environments.
2499:
1769:. Execution proceeds by attempting to find values for the variables which satisfy all declared constraints.
11828:
11731:
11701:
10849:
10588:
10517:
10349:
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9526:
9455:
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9213:
8793:
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4189:
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1245:
1229:
1213:
1166:
1068:
914:
858:
804:
440:
247:
2621:
The above examples are particularly dedicated to this purpose. A large number of other languages, such as
1443:– concurrent language with threads and message passing, used for systems programming in early versions of
11803:
11798:
11741:
11721:
10483:
10431:
10413:
10404:
10345:
10308:
10264:
10227:
10202:
10176:
10116:
9732:
9727:
9611:
9605:
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9332:
9307:
9018:
8918:
8898:
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7509:
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7232:
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6993:
6979:
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5864:
5809:
5717:
5679:
5634:
5533:
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5392:
5180:
5175:
5113:
5067:
5047:
4985:
4932:
4892:
4751:
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4731:
4643:
4463:
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4438:
4398:
4346:
4251:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4154:
4037:
4032:
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3830:
3715:
3705:
3700:
3685:
3640:
3571:
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3496:
3422:
3412:
3353:
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3256:
3037:
3032:
3011:
2913:
2893:
2806:
2791:
2732:
2727:
2638:
2634:
2095:
2090:
2075:
2070:
1992:
1987:
1928:
1846:
1798:
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1701:
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1681:
1612:
1574:
1486:
1440:
1414:
1382:
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1161:
1132:
1094:
1046:
991:
873:
663:
397:
368:
335:
277:
141:
11473:
Wulf, W.A.; Russell, D.B.; Haberman, A.N. (December 1971). "BLISS: A Language for
Systems Programming".
11746:
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11625:
10562:
10281:
10168:
10157:
10087:
9936:
9711:
9641:
9563:
9485:
9460:
9432:
9367:
9317:
9271:
9250:
8888:
8810:
8771:
8681:
8466:
8429:
8375:
8254:
8144:
8107:
8056:
8040:
7989:
7964:
7959:
7653:
7641:
7636:
7484:
7478:
7474:
7348:
7177:
7111:
6989:
6800:
6746:
6652:
6632:
6605:
6483:
5710:
5690:
5639:
5543:
5508:
5431:. On Apple platforms, these functions are imported from the C standard library (which is imported from
5358:
5316:
5304:
5120:
5073:
4965:
4917:
4912:
4870:
4787:
4741:
4654:
4649:
4555:
4448:
4357:
4336:
4230:
4076:
4047:
3902:
3695:
3635:
3593:
3561:
3484:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3307:
3282:
2988:
2717:
2034:
2022:
2017:
1661:
1616:
1585:
1434:
1372:
1294:
1156:
1105:
941:
725:
594:
348:
322:
317:
201:
191:
186:
113:
104:
The groupings are overlapping; not mutually exclusive. A language can be listed in multiple groupings.
11433:
7090:(array, interpreted, impure, interactive mode, list-based, object-oriented prototype-based, scripting)
11756:
11711:
10337:
10304:
9890:
9623:
9208:
9203:
9111:
9096:
9003:
8345:
8017:
7954:
7719:
7380:
7044:, imperative, object-oriented (class-based), concurrent, distributed), and Mozart Programming System
7029:
6937:
5839:(formulates data and the program evaluation mechanism as a special form of mathematical logic called
5826:
5626:
5125:
5032:
4902:
4623:
4378:
4102:
4022:
3600:
3343:
3338:
3312:
2706:
2701:
2691:
2514:
2204:
1981:
1866:
1778:
1722:
1666:
1562:
1366:
1218:
985:
236:
11487:
7891:
are object-oriented languages where the distinction between classes and instances has been removed:
5463:
uses reference counting by default, but the user is free to manage the memory manually if they wish.
2958:
11793:
11676:
11360:
10757:
10333:
10322:
10292:
10256:
10134:
10073:
10039:
9998:
9871:
9408:
9302:
9126:
8627:
8540:
8333:
8265:
8207:
7979:
7611:
7559:
7540:
7287:
7215:
7185:
7087:
6959:
6864:
6774:
6762:
6565:
6431:
6082:
5729:
5695:
5513:
5454:
5352:
5254:
4726:
4618:
4433:
4341:
4199:
3970:
3940:
3735:
3680:
3516:
3417:
3348:
2938:
are languages embedded into another program and used to harness its features in extension scripts.
2136:
2085:
1939:
1923:
1881:
1861:
1829:
1766:
1728:
1676:
1516:
1471:
1258:
1115:
878:
788:
540:
502:
405:
282:
272:
252:
242:
178:
9198:
10375:
10370:
9599:
8691:
8530:
8274:
7390:
Polymorphic functions parameterized by the class of some of their arguments are typically called
7282:
6396:
5909:
4711:
4428:
4144:
3150:(Not based on a database; still, the goal is to work at a higher level of abstraction than 3GLs.)
2677:
2464:
2440:
2426:
2411:
2382:
2378:
1976:
6449:
Macro languages may be restricted to acting on specially labeled code regions (pre-fixed with a
11662:
11482:
10052:
9706:
9260:
8619:
8278:
8135:
7041:
6784:
6766:
6523:
6471:
6310:
6302:
5423:
normally uses reference counting, but also allows the user to manually manage the memory using
4467:
3318:
3242:
2468:
2444:
2415:
2386:
2039:
1752:
1325:
1317:
466:
401:
7126:(imperative, functional, object-oriented (class-based), metaprogramming, declarative, natural)
10921:
9801:
9647:
9593:
9223:
9117:
8965:
8751:
8661:
8595:
7866:
6922:(imperative, object-oriented (class-based), generic, functional (agents), concurrent (SCOOP))
6754:
6283:
6267:
6227:
6063:
2146:
1464:– domain specific programming language for audio, precise control over concurrency and timing
1444:
638:
566:
488:
478:
2299:
11591:
11136:
11050:
10998:
10786:
10737:
10443:
10435:
9669:
7237:
6983:
6750:
6724:
5777:
4538:
2402:
2167:
2158:
1818:
1490:
1341:
1337:
1321:
1170:
1050:
1008:
995:
844:
814:
196:
174:
170:
98:
11253:
6555:
8:
11667:
10232:
9512:
9039:
8950:
8585:
7312:
7197:
7138:(concurrent, functional, imperative, object-oriented, generic, metaprogramming, compiled)
7072:(interpreted, general-purpose, high-level, cross-platform, dynamic programming language )
6758:
6697:
6273:
6251:
6241:
4824:
4521:
4204:
3894:
3745:
2846:
2561:
2546:
2336:
307:
7114:(functional, imperative, object-oriented (prototype-based), metaprogramming (dialected))
7108:(functional, imperative, object-oriented (prototype-based), metaprogramming (dialected))
5389:
operators. PostScript Level 2 introduced a garbage collector, but its usage is optional.
11500:
11272:
10794:
10687:
9393:
9154:
9064:
8741:
8714:
8350:
8294:
8117:
7927:
7835:
7606:
7191:
7096:(functional, imperative, object-oriented (class-based) and can be extended by the user)
6949:
6902:
6511:
6495:
6353:
5844:
5372:
5331:
supports pointers and heap allocation as of COBOL 2002, along with a garbage collector.
5000:
4808:
4777:
4267:
3990:
3437:
3163:
2766:
Languages developed primarily for the purpose of teaching and learning of programming.
2642:
1954:
1733:
1022:
427:
421:
11647:
10955:
10873:
10645:
10463:
10065:
9830:
9192:
9106:
8696:
8487:
8026:
7685:(full object-orientation equivalence in an original, strongly typed, Wirthian manner)
7601:
7551:
7422:
7399:
7272:
6969:
6876:
6788:
6443:
6212:
5892:
5770:
5243:
3167:
2182:
1571:– supports concurrent, distributed, and parallel programming across multiple machines
1505:
894:
701:
657:
573:
494:
385:
380:
158:
469:(CLI) languages are also called batch languages or job control languages. Examples:
11504:
11492:
10624:
10207:
9661:
9569:
9043:
8954:
8913:
8678:
8651:
8589:
8444:
8340:
7801:
7411:
7403:
7316:
7252:
7201:
7033:
6732:
6728:
6701:
6377:
6349:
6235:
6191:
6000:
5983:
5962:
5937:
5923:
5915:
5895:, is also defined by the developer, in most cases. Some commonly used machine code
5752:
5264:
4828:
4665:
4608:
4525:
4368:
4315:
4208:
4017:
3845:
3749:
3137:
2850:
2771:
2550:
2340:
1526:
1500:
980:
604:
455:
389:
311:
231:
11090:
11070:
2381:
express the logic of a computation without describing its control flow in detail.
2296:(an ANSI standard general-purpose language with specializations for database work)
10807:
10782:
10498:
10014:
9516:
7851:
7785:
7407:
7395:
7384:
7037:
6867:(generic, imperative, functional, object-oriented (class-based), metaprogramming)
6815:(generic, imperative, object-oriented (class-based), functional, metaprogramming)
6534:
6327:
6323:
6245:
6221:
6185:
4545:
generally refers to languages that are usually interpreted rather than compiled.
3214:
2254:
1406:
1205:
1141:
634:
556:
211:
10810:, which originally used their own domestic ISA, but were later redesigned to be
5395:
supports optional reference counting, but manual memory management is preferred.
10473:
10468:
10027:
9876:
9700:
9397:
8907:
8609:
7795:
7781:
7045:
6954:
6465:
6454:
6435:
6231:
6205:
6201:
6078:
5830:
3511:
3266:
2353:
2199:
1670:
923:
834:
119:
11518:
10967:
7168:(protocol-oriented, object-oriented, functional, imperative, block-structured)
11896:
11766:
10981:
10641:
10575:
10184:
9853:
9814:
9276:
8928:
8699:
8580:
8483:
8022:
7861:
7856:
7840:
7823:
7688:
7554:
7336:
7051:
6879:
6839:(generic, imperative, object-oriented (class-based), functional, contractual)
6827:(generic, imperative, object-oriented (class-based), functional, declarative)
6821:(generic, imperative, object-oriented (class-based), functional, declarative)
6217:
6136:
5856:
5037:
4516:
4091:
3870:
3219:
2325:
2121:
1418:
1329:
1284:
1279:
902:
358:
11022:
10956:
Documentation » The Python
Standard Library » Concurrent Execution
1685:
1654:
1479:– C Omega, a research language extending C#, uses asynchronous communication
1426:
11818:
11657:
11404:
11163:"SOM-based OO COBOL language elements that are changed - IBM Documentation"
10139:
10092:
9352:
9217:
9149:
8815:
8709:
8575:
8289:
7969:
7922:
7586:
7464:
6897:
6610:
6542:
6507:
6277:
5995:
5880:
5605:
4995:
4792:
4632:
4592:
4262:
4057:
3985:
3432:
3178:
3120:(Interactive Development Environment for an Application Life) for use with
2654:
2131:
1949:
1413:. The predominant paradigm for concurrency in mainstream languages such as
1269:
1057:
720:
649:
11550:
11496:
11459:
2997:(extension of C and C++ to use the GPU and parallel extensions of the CPU)
11232:
10742:
10649:
10547:
10527:
10260:
9980:
9955:
9617:
9265:
9076:
9071:
8933:
8826:
8788:
8477:
7828:
7698:
7693:
7430:
7387:
is a key concept, if not the main concept, in object-oriented languages.
7159:
7017:
6842:
6408:
6391:
6387:
6383:
6314:
6074:
6069:
5888:
5840:
5649:
5590:
5538:
5368:
5322:
5130:
5083:
4771:
4246:
4096:
3790:
3730:
3605:
3546:
2686:
2234:
2050:
1710:
1223:
1110:
974:
863:
673:
118:
Agent-oriented programming allows the developer to build, extend and use
11560:
7132:(imperative, functional, object-oriented (class-based), metaprogramming)
7014:(functional, object-oriented (class-based), imperative, metaprogramming)
6855:(functional, imperative, object-oriented (class-based), metaprogramming)
5812:(a functional programming language with first-class Datalog constraints)
5558:
5476:
5206:
11726:
10942:
10697:
10677:
10312:
10248:
9894:
9722:
9480:
9404:
9292:
9177:
9159:
9144:
9139:
9081:
8863:
8731:
8719:
8704:
8525:
8392:
8299:
8284:
8249:
8236:(C/Java-like syntax, with new syntax elements for time and parallelism)
8194:(these lack most modularity in (especially) versions before about 1990)
7932:
7917:
7661:(data abstraction, information hiding, strong typing, full modularity)
7530:
7398:, classes typically also include method definitions. In languages with
7262:
7005:
6928:(functional, generic, object-oriented (class-based), language-oriented)
6907:
6891:
6570:
6515:
6503:
6439:
6368:
6290:
6286:
6059:
6055:
6031:
6027:
6023:
5659:
5378:
5165:
5093:
5005:
4990:
4880:
4706:
4701:
4638:
4598:
4560:
4550:
4511:
4408:
4403:
4272:
4257:
4139:
3995:
3980:
3825:
3556:
3462:
3442:
3427:
3333:
3193:
3126:
3121:
3117:
3063:
3016:
2979:
2974:
2659:
2608:
2407:
2080:
1969:
1959:
1944:
1377:
1349:
946:
888:
669:
624:
562:
262:
220:
169:) languages generalize operations on scalars to apply transparently to
11532:
11418:
11208:
11036:
7066:(imperative, object-oriented, functional (can't be purely functional))
5820:
5337:
provides optional manual memory management by letting the user import
1646:
11823:
10893:
10790:
10532:
10511:
10493:
10453:
9898:
9687:
9357:
9255:
9240:
9233:
9101:
8903:
8766:
8623:
8370:
8355:
7998:
7791:
7702:
7631:
6882:(generic, imperative, object-oriented (class-based), metaprogramming)
6692:
6682:
6677:
6372:
6337:
6259:
6113:
6036:
6016:
5664:
5279:
5185:
5098:
4797:
4483:
4325:
3840:
3586:
3358:
3106:
2969:
2953:
2888:
2524:
2214:
2007:
1885:
1716:
1621:
1579:
1201:
1185:
1040:
610:
297:
9463:(all functions work on parameter stacks instead of named parameters)
5549:
5381:
originally required developers to manually reclaim memory using the
710:, though theoretically any language can be compiled or interpreted.
10629:
10602:
10598:
10542:
10522:
10488:
10341:
10236:
10172:
10104:
9809:
9382:
9182:
9033:
8820:
8570:
8438:
8402:
8181:
8167:
8150:
7845:
7740:
7682:
7664:
7658:
7579:
7075:
6946:(functional, object-oriented (class-based), imperative, procedural)
6743:(generic, imperative, object-oriented, prototype-based, functional)
6263:
6196:
6180:
6176:
6172:
6159:
6122:
5310:
5284:
5238:
5150:
4803:
4134:
4066:
4062:
3930:
3924:
3907:
3835:
3820:
3796:
3660:
3203:
3188:
3147:
3142:
2943:
2908:
2898:
2811:
2781:
2664:
2599:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2305:
2209:
1817:
language has syntax that defines a block as the statements between
1449:
1208:
1195:
1173:
1144:
1053:
1027:
1011:
998:
934:
847:
817:
771:
762:
748:
731:
707:
531:
518:
341:
122:, which are abstractions of objects that can message other agents.
11273:"Native code interoperability – Scala Native 0.4.14 documentation"
11716:
11706:
10907:
10583:
10448:
10300:
10219:
10126:
9973:
9947:
9864:
9841:
9737:
9665:
9536:
9531:
9445:
9165:
8783:
8724:
8641:
8555:
8424:
8327:
8305:
8101:
8076:
7938:
7677:
7672:
7648:
7247:
7242:
7194:(functional, imperative, pipeline, object-oriented (class-based))
7011:
6975:
6912:
6833:(imperative, object-oriented, time-based, concurrent, on-the-fly)
6627:
6615:
6590:
6519:
6341:
6319:
6305:
6168:
6164:
6155:
6151:
6146:
6141:
5799:
5644:
5523:
5467:
5274:
5078:
5062:
5042:
5010:
4581:(PL/B, formerly DATABUS, later versions added optional compiling)
4330:
4277:
4241:
4012:
4000:
3875:
3865:
3774:
3630:
3541:
3501:
3447:
3391:
3292:
3183:
3173:
2983:
2947:
2903:
2883:
2776:
2431:
2361:
2219:
2188:
2044:
1964:
1788:
1603:
1568:
1482:
1150:
1099:
1084:
1017:
966:
898:
683:
677:
544:
523:
363:
353:
226:
216:
126:
7026:(functional, imperative, object-oriented (class-based), modular)
6873:(generic, imperative, functional, object-oriented (class-based))
6438:), possibly with parameter substitution. They are often used to
6049:
11783:
11751:
11635:
11472:
10811:
10712:
10593:
10552:
10507:
10458:
10394:
10077:
10047:
10002:
9924:
9753:
9717:
9681:
9490:
9475:
9471:
9387:
9342:
9187:
9086:
9028:
9008:
8940:
8923:
8868:
8856:
8851:
8831:
8565:
8550:
8517:(large general-purpose language, originally for IBM mainframes)
8494:
8408:
8382:
8186:
8160:
8155:
7949:
7811:
7777:
7596:
7574:
7415:
7383:
defined by their class. Class definitions include member data.
7354:
7302:
7277:
6794:
6362:
6255:
6106:. There are vendor variants, but they're essentially the same:
6099:
6003:
5991:
5978:
5974:
5957:
5904:
5836:
5789:
5334:
4937:
4756:
4686:
4670:
4566:
4489:
4418:
4373:
4052:
3917:
3912:
3855:
3402:
3157:
3153:
3043:
3000:
2994:
2614:
2530:
2504:
2460:
2331:
2315:
2244:
2100:
2055:
1191:
1063:
1032:
929:
741:
736:
584:
579:
552:
292:
287:
257:
7120:(imperative, logic, object-oriented (class-based), rule-based)
6986:, concurrent, modular, functional, object-oriented, scripting)
2527:– purely functional, automatically parallelizing and race-free
1719:– purely functional, automatically parallelizing and race-free
11691:
11681:
11652:
11630:
10717:
10707:
10608:
10478:
10296:
10269:
10215:
10180:
10147:
10125:
Embedded systems, OS kernels, compilers, games, simulations,
10112:
10060:
10034:
9931:
9848:
9676:
9312:
9134:
8993:
8960:
8883:
8656:
8456:
8418:
8239:
8233:
8228:
8212:
8202:
8191:
8173:
8034:
7984:
7974:
7876:
7806:
7708:
7564:
7520:
7494:
7227:
7153:
7147:
7105:
7023:
6830:
6812:
6622:
6550:
6357:
6118:
6090:
5987:
5970:
5966:
5953:
5949:
5945:
5941:
5884:
5518:
5328:
5259:
5249:
5143:
4850:
4761:
4736:
4675:
4659:
4572:
4443:
4383:
4362:
4287:
4235:
4081:
4071:
3965:
3960:
3945:
3935:
3850:
3710:
3690:
3618:
3457:
3387:
3224:
3132:
3024:(embedded in Maya, Blender, and other 3-D animation packages)
2736:
2556:
2293:
2282:
2177:
1905:
1890:
1856:
1738:
1693:– uses thread-based parallelism and process-based parallelism
1631:
1461:
1236:
1036:
908:
853:
823:
794:
777:
754:
715:
508:
450:
445:
11111:"Using Pointers in an ILE COBOL Program - IBM Documentation"
10682:
8626:, and less common in lower-level programming languages like
7883:
7188:(functional, imperative, procedural, structured, concurrent)
6894:(functional, imperative, object-oriented (prototype-based))
1476:
11773:
10723:
10702:
10692:
10557:
10409:
10022:
10009:
9993:
9968:
9919:
9906:
9884:
9821:
9747:
9322:
9281:
9050:
9023:
8970:
8836:
8514:
8509:
8499:
8441:(improved, smaller, faster, safer follow-ons for Modula-2)
8413:
8197:
8004:
7871:
7724:
7057:
6637:
6477:
6442:
source code. Preprocessors can also supply facilities like
6405:
6094:
5804:
5610:
5595:
5299:
5155:
4812:
4721:
4691:
4453:
4412:
4388:
4310:
4179:
4159:
4129:
4119:
3880:
3778:
3650:
3645:
3101:
3027:
3006:
2963:
2630:
2519:
2310:
2249:
2239:
2060:
1911:
1871:
1825:
1467:
1289:
1126:
1078:
783:
687:
653:
644:
628:
614:
598:
588:
527:
484:
474:
5197:
2611:
and an essential component in electronics industry systems
11808:
11778:
11318:"Understanding Ownership - The Rust Programming Language"
11167:
11141:
11115:
10669:
10399:
10389:
10273:
9985:
9960:
9911:
9826:
9372:
9347:
9286:
9091:
8988:
8945:
8841:
7730:
7171:
7063:
6499:
6458:
6131:
6109:
6103:
6043:
6010:
5748:
5742:
5736:
5705:
5160:
4922:
4782:
4696:
4505:
4393:
4194:
4124:
3740:
3655:
3198:
3058:
3048:
2747:
2604:
2594:
2535:
2509:
2320:
2111:
2065:
1851:
1529:
mechanism, Simple
Concurrent Object-Oriented Computation)
970:
569:
534:
512:
498:
10578:
designed and implemented several influential languages.
7367:
7174:(functional, imperative, object-oriented (class-based))
6845:(functional, imperative, object-oriented (class-based),
329:
11387:"Procedural Macros for Generating Code from Attributes"
10922:"Christopher Diggins: What is a concatenative language"
7214:
Several general-purpose programming languages, such as
7180:(functional, imperative, object-oriented (class-based))
7020:(imperative, object-oriented (class-based), reflective)
6962:(functional, imperative, object-oriented (class-based))
6809:(functional, imperative, object-oriented (class-based))
6803:(functional, imperative, object-oriented (class-based))
6426:
1765:
where relationships between variables are expressed as
1684:– essentially an executable implementation of Milner's
1547:– uses asynchronous message passing with nothing shared
107:
4944:
1301:
11189:"Memory Allocation — Cython 3.0.0.dev0 documentation"
6486:(developed at the California Institute of Technology)
1914:– concurrent C for multithreaded parallel programming
1401:
List of concurrent and parallel programming languages
11261:. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. pp. 56–65.
5920:
16-bit Thumb instructions (subset of registers used)
2754:
1600:– dataflow language, communicates by message passing
1344:, which is common in other programming styles, with
7748:(interpretive language, optionally object-oriented)
1746:
1452:– an extension of the Java language for parallelism
461:
6716:Comparison of multi-paradigm programming languages
3803:
10993:
10991:
8630:. Languages and platforms supporting reflection:
8474:(successor to ALGOL 60, predecessor of Modula-2)
7667:(added more object-oriented features to Modula-2)
7078:(dataflow, object-oriented (class-based), visual)
6972:("object-oriented"), functional, metaprogramming)
5550:Languages with automatic reference counting (ARC)
4841:Iterative languages are built around or offering
3784:
3757:
2641:can be adapted (for instance, by being made into
11894:
11336:"Smart Pointers - The Rust Programming Language"
10806:A notable exception would be the Soviet/Russian
10722:eXtensible Stylesheet Language Transformations (
10668:These are languages based on or that operate on
8037:, the abstract language that introduced the rule
7705:derived object model and message passing syntax)
7008:(object-oriented (class-based, prototype-based))
5311:Languages with optional manual memory management
1188:– purely functional, parallelizing and race-free
780:(including the first version of Dartmouth BASIC)
11293:"Projects/Vala/ReferenceHandling - GNOME Wiki!"
9750:(yet another compiler-compiler, from Bell Labs)
9411:(DCL) on VMS have powerful scripting abilities.
5616:
5349:from C, which they can then use in Python code.
4254:(with Observatory or Dartium's developer tools)
1741:– XML processing language, enabling concurrency
1519:– uses promises, ensures deadlocks cannot occur
10999:"Indentation based syntax · rsdn/nemerle Wiki"
10988:
8271:Distributed Application Specification Language
7997:(first prototype-based language, derived from
7780:(first object-oriented language, developed by
7546:Distributed Application Specification Language
7324:
6849:(user may add further paradigms, e.g., logic))
6490:
5468:Languages with deterministic memory management
4949:
3077:
2437:Distributed Application Specification Language
11576:
7848:(Microsoft Office 'macro scripting' language)
7754:(programmer does not get to pick the objects)
6474:(originally from AT&T, bundled with Unix)
4216:
2328:– a native RDBMS engine, object-oriented, RAD
78:
11359:(8) "Little Languages", pp 711-721 from his
11255:PostScript Language Reference, third edition
10914:
10822:
10820:
9655:
8018:Off-side rule § Off-side rule languages
6529:
6102:– The original specification was created by
6062:(the latter was used in the first and early
1834:descend from or are strongly influenced by C
10826:Submodels are not listed, only base models.
10364:
7054:(imperative, object-oriented (class-based))
6934:(functional, object-oriented (class-based))
6888:(functional, object-oriented (class-based))
5443:); on Linux, the developer needs to import
4662:(an ANSI standard general-purpose language)
4365:(an ANSI standard general-purpose language)
2348:
706:These are languages typically processed by
11849:
11583:
11569:
9608:(HLSL) or DirectX Shader Assembly Language
9220:, by default, interpreting also available)
8906:(pure object-orientation, originally from
8011:
6992:(functional, imperative, object-oriented (
6709:
4635:, by default, interpreting also available)
3781:. Hardware description languages include:
2394:
2261:
1804:
1409:languages provide language constructs for
344:to implement the advice into code blocks.
85:
71:
11590:
11486:
11023:"Solidity: Solidity 0.8.11 documentation"
10817:
10753:List of educational programming languages
8025:languages denote blocks of code by their
7884:Object-oriented prototype-based languages
3799:(VHDL with Analog/Mixed-Signal extension)
3129:report generator (now CA-Easytrieve Plus)
2761:List of educational programming languages
2390:
1653:, which incorporates ideas from Milner's
9497:
9416:
7904:(ABCL, ABCL/1, ABCL/R, ABCL/R2, ABCL/c+)
5759:
4819:
4533:
3676:Q (programming language from Kx Systems)
2367:
1369:(function application is also supported)
404:addresses. Most assemblers also support
10358:Vinix OS, OS kernels, compilers, games
10055:subsystems, most compilers, FSE editor
9660:These languages assist with generating
9390:, dedicated to database-driven websites
8977:
8614:
8330:(better modularity in later Standards)
8130:
7794:(pure object-orientation, developed at
7331:Non-English-based programming languages
5843:and a general proving mechanism called
5198:Languages with manual memory management
3888:
3231:
3089:Fourth-generation programming languages
3084:Fourth-generation programming languages
2617:– dedicated to database-driven websites
2568:
1628:variant extended to support parallelism
1388:
797:(multiparadigm language derived from C)
14:
11895:
10781:The objects of SQL are collections of
10663:
9576:
9058:
7150:(imperative, object-oriented, generic)
7002:(functional, logical, object-oriented)
4836:
3764:List of hardware description languages
2930:
2660:JavaScript (aka ECMAScript or JScript)
435:Darwin Information Typing Architecture
415:
393:
11564:
11373:"Meta-programming: What, why and how"
11251:
10438:languages are also visual languages.
9403:Many shell command languages such as
7368:Object-oriented class-based languages
7209:
4959:Garbage collection (computer science)
4486:(anywhere in a Smalltalk environment)
3793:(Verilog for Analog and Mixed-Signal)
2858:
2285:a relational database access language
2153:
1340:. Concatenative programming replaces
1102:(into intermediate language bytecode)
695:
374:
330:Aspect-oriented programming languages
11533:"Organizations using the D Language"
10129:, air traffic control, and avionics
9630:
9557:
9427:Stack-based languages are a type of
9423:Stack-oriented programming languages
9162:(first named Mocha, then LiveScript)
8302:(first named Mocha, then LiveScript)
7935:(first named Mocha, then LiveScript)
7421:
6427:Textual substitution macro languages
5875:
5732:serve a specialized problem domain.
5553:
5471:
5201:
3861:Ruby (hardware description language)
3816:Altera Hardware Description Language
3811:Advanced Boolean Expression Language
108:Agent-oriented programming languages
11352:Jon Bentley (AT&T) August 1986
10420:
9759:
9125:(compiled to bytecode, and running
8170:(very influential language design)
7714:OpenEdge Advanced Business Language
6295:Super Nintendo Entertainment System
5724:
5621:List-based languages are a type of
4945:Languages by memory management type
4333:(with the GHCi or Hugs interpreter)
4109:OpenEdge Advanced Business Language
3762:For a more comprehensive list, see
3671:Q (equational programming language)
3206:(VHLL, or Very-High-Level Language)
2759:For a more comprehensive list, see
2230:Swift (parallel scripting language)
1582:– concurrent language based on Java
1399:For a more comprehensive list, see
1302:Concatenative programming languages
24:
11431:
10569:
9703:(Lexical Analysis, from Bell Labs)
8603:
7897:1C:Enterprise programming language
7457:
7349:Language Symbolique d'Enseignement
7156:(concurrent, dataflow, functional)
6940:, Golang (imperative, procedural),
6741:1C:Enterprise programming language
6415:
5859:(object-oriented Prolog extension)
5739:– used for text file manipulation.
3927:(very influential language design)
3097:1C:Enterprise programming language
1641:Communicating Sequential Processes
1615:, used for systems programming in
1423:communicating sequential processes
1314:concatenative programming language
1308:Concatenative programming language
666:(Tandem Advanced Command Language)
147:
25:
11919:
9509:Synchronous programming languages
9504:Synchronous programming languages
6480:(general-purpose macro processor)
5776:Notable languages following this
4579:Programming Language for Business
2755:Educational programming languages
2671:
2573:
2538:(Only DQL, not DDL, DCL, and DML)
2374:Declarative programming languages
2302:(a proprietary superset of MUMPS)
791:(widely used procedural language)
11877:
11876:
11848:
10814:compatible as a policy decision.
9588:Adobe Graphics Assembly Language
9474:via its implementation language
8405:(fundamentally based on modules)
5829:, and Mozart Programming System
5557:
5475:
5205:
1763:declarative programming language
1747:Constraint programming languages
1395:Concurrent programming languages
1324:in which all expressions denote
462:Command-line interface languages
11543:
11525:
11511:
11466:
11452:
11425:
11411:
11397:
11379:
11365:
11346:
11328:
11310:
11285:
11265:
11245:
11225:
11201:
11181:
11155:
11129:
11103:
11083:
11063:
11043:
11029:
11015:
10968:"Channels and other mechanisms"
10842:
10829:
10800:
10775:
9014:GOAL agent programming language
8257:(Combined Programming Language)
7902:Actor-Based Concurrent Language
6861:(concurrent, functional, logic)
6797:(constraint, imperative, logic)
6052:, first used in the Intel 8086
3804:HDLs for digital circuit design
2936:Extension programming languages
1832:. Many curly bracket languages
1828:(1966), and was popularized by
1819:curly brackets, a.k.a. braces,
1759:constraint programming language
1129:(originally for IBM mainframes)
11903:Lists of programming languages
11051:"Memory Management · BlitzMax"
10974:
10960:
10949:
10935:
10900:
10886:
10866:
10621:(Oberon, Oberon-07, Oberon-2)
9114:(Embeddable C/C++ interpreter)
6077:(the first x86 processor with
5365:to deallocate memory manually.
3785:HDLs for analog circuit design
3758:Hardware description languages
2865:Esoteric programming languages
2648:
2588:
2225:StreamBase StreamSQL EventFlow
1824:. This syntax originated with
13:
1:
10859:
10763:Esoteric programming language
10747:programmable logic controller
10197:OS kernels, compilers, games
9838:ALGOL 60, FORTRAN, some COBOL
7720:Oz, Mozart Programming System
7406:. There are exceptions where
7144:(functional, object-oriented)
4492:(with the S-Lang shell, slsh)
3771:hardware description language
3315:(but functions are 2nd class)
3070:Visual Basic for Applications
2871:esoteric programming language
1194:(object-oriented superset of
881:(from a reengineering of C++)
497:(the Bourne-Again shell from
11419:"Meta-object protocol (MOP)"
10850:automatic reference counting
10432:Visual programming languages
10427:Visual programming languages
9766:system programming languages
6461:, which are fully featured.
5745:– parses and transforms text
5617:List-based languages – LISPs
1908:– audio programming language
1348:as the default way to build
1071:(on the fly to machine code)
7:
11908:Array programming languages
10731:
10414:XML transformation language
9612:PlayStation Shader Language
9606:High-Level Shading Language
8635:Aspect-oriented programming
8176:Machine ALGOL Like Language
7377:object-oriented programming
7325:Non-English-based languages
6491:Application macro languages
6422:Macro programming languages
6006:(influenced VAX and M68000)
5926:(major architecture change)
5766:Logic programming languages
4950:Garbage collected languages
4818:Some scripting languages –
4508:(with the Tcl shell, tclsh)
3078:Fourth-generation languages
1553:– using the Termite library
1541:– uses threads and monitors
336:Aspect-oriented programming
154:Array programming languages
10:
11924:
11438:Adobe Developer Connection
11137:"HEAP - IBM Documentation"
10424:
10368:
9937:Carnegie Mellon University
9712:Parsing expression grammar
9642:RenderMan Shading Language
9564:Category:Shading languages
9561:
9552:Céu (programming language)
9501:
9420:
9289:(intended for Web servers)
9062:
8682:BlackBox Component Builder
8632:
8607:
8015:
7701:(a superset of C adding a
7328:
6713:
6419:
6204:and successors, including
5763:
4956:
4217:Interactive mode languages
3761:
3235:
3170:) now VISION:BUILDER of CA
3081:
2862:
2758:
2371:
1884:– developed circa 1970 at
1750:
1709:– implements Erlang-style
1617:Inferno (operating system)
1398:
1392:
1305:
1153:(Report Program Generator)
699:
419:
378:
333:
151:
114:Agent-oriented programming
111:
97:This is a list of notable
11844:
11621:
11598:
11475:Communications of the ACM
11361:Programming Pearls column
11233:"Nim's Memory Management"
10924:. Drdobbs.com. 2008-12-31
10506:(written in and based on
9656:Syntax-handling languages
9004:Constraint Handling Rules
7889:Prototype-based languages
7402:, methods are defined by
7032:(functional (evaluation:
6530:Metaprogramming languages
4103:Open Programming Language
3365:
2982:and some dialects, e.g.,
1779:Constraint Handling Rules
1035:(usually story files for
591:automation and test tool)
388:directly correspond to a
237:Interactive Data Language
179:higher-dimensional arrays
10785:, called tables. A full
10768:
10758:List of markup languages
10376:Transformation languages
10365:Transformation languages
9891:operating system kernels
9515:, and are used often in
9429:data-structured language
9409:DIGITAL Command Language
9216:(compiled on the fly to
8147:(multi-purpose language)
7481:(multi-purpose language)
6763:template metaprogramming
5623:data-structured language
5413:) and stack allocation (
4631:(compiled on the fly to
2991:(embedded in many games)
2349:Decision table languages
1639:– influenced heavily by
1437:– multi-purpose language
728:(multi-purpose language)
541:DIGITAL Command Language
503:Free Software Foundation
400:converts to absolute or
11252:Adobe (February 1999).
10371:Transformation language
10317:As a replacement for C
9690:(FSF's version of Yacc)
9600:OpenGL Shading Language
8275:declarative programming
8012:Off-side rule languages
7517:(formerly named Chrome)
6721:Multiparadigm languages
6710:Multiparadigm languages
4683:(early implementations)
3249:
2465:declarative programming
2441:declarative programming
2412:declarative programming
2383:Declarative programming
2262:Data-oriented languages
2108:(curly-braces optional)
2047:(curly braces optional)
1805:Curly bracket languages
1559:(runs on the Erlang VM)
1535:(runs on the Erlang VM)
607:(a C shell for Windows)
18:Curly-bracket languages
11537:D Programming Language
11213:D Programming Language
11091:"BRL.Blitz · BlitzMax"
10327:Alexander Medvednikov
9769:application software.
9618:Metal Shading Language
9431:that are based on the
8620:Reflective programming
8279:imperative programming
8136:Procedural programming
6723:support more than one
6618:(and META I, a subset)
6330:, particularly of the
6303:National Semiconductor
5625:that are based on the
4589:Melting Ice Technology
3522:Java (since version 8)
3243:Functional programming
2469:imperative programming
2445:imperative programming
2416:imperative programming
2387:imperative programming
2385:stands in contrast to
1753:Constraint programming
1649:– a modern variant of
1123:(most implementations)
670:Windows batch language
467:Command-line interface
11592:Programming languages
11497:10.1145/362919.362936
11071:"Pointers · BlitzMax"
10082:See C++ Applications
9802:Burroughs Corporation
9684:(EBNF with semantics)
9670:context-free grammars
9648:Open Shading Language
9594:ARB assembly language
9498:Synchronous languages
9417:Stack-based languages
8596:Microsoft Dynamics AX
8220:(similar to Java/C++)
6731:to use more than one
6284:Western Design Center
6268:Atari 8-bit computers
6228:Motorola 68000 series
5760:Logic-based languages
4539:Interpreted languages
4534:Interpreted languages
2379:Declarative languages
2368:Declarative languages
1445:Plan 9 from Bell Labs
1266:(GObject type system)
1204:platform independent
751:(influential design)
99:programming languages
11209:"Garbage Collection"
10787:programming language
10738:Programming paradigm
10436:dataflow programming
9697:(FSF version of Lex)
8978:Rule-based languages
8615:Reflective languages
8131:Procedural languages
7394:. In languages with
7162:(functional, visual)
7006:Metaobject protocols
6725:programming paradigm
6468:(the C preprocessor)
6313:, first used in the
6230:(CPUs used in early
6093:, introduced in the
5778:programming paradigm
4543:interpreted language
4223:read–eval–print loop
3889:Imperative languages
3238:Functional languages
3232:Functional languages
3168:Sterling/Informatics
2569:Embeddable languages
2159:Dataflow programming
1491:Java virtual machine
1389:Concurrent languages
1346:function composition
1342:function application
1338:function composition
1322:programming language
1248:, generates runtime)
1081:to produce binaries)
1077:(Kotlin/Native uses
33:Programming language
11405:"Classes and Roles"
10908:""Aspects in Raku""
10664:XML-based languages
10644:(umbrella name for
10574:Computer scientist
10233:Servo layout engine
9773:languages include:
9577:Real-time rendering
9193:Game Maker Language
9059:Scripting languages
9040:Wolfram Mathematica
8951:Wolfram Mathematica
8823:– ETH Oberon System
8586:Wolfram Mathematica
8125:(off-side optional)
8104:(off-side optional)
8068:, Haskell's parent
7602:Game Maker Language
7418:'s object system).
7313:Wolfram Mathematica
7198:Wolfram Mathematica
6698:Wolfram Mathematica
6496:Scripting languages
6242:MOS Technology 65xx
4837:Iterative languages
4825:Wolfram Mathematica
4522:Wolfram Mathematica
4205:Wolfram Mathematica
3895:imperative paradigm
3746:Wolfram Mathematica
3502:G (used in LabVIEW)
3160:) – now part of BIS
2931:Extension languages
2847:Wolfram Mathematica
2562:XSL Transformations
2547:Wolfram Mathematica
2337:Wolfram Mathematica
1920:– a safer C variant
1725:– research language
969:(first compiled by
905:development system)
416:Authoring languages
308:Wolfram Mathematica
101:, grouped by type.
11551:"Mozilla Research"
11519:"C++ Applications"
10793:, irrespective of
10688:ECMAScript for XML
10412:is the best known
9394:Windows PowerShell
9155:ECMAScript for XML
9065:Scripting language
9036:– robots are rules
8715:ECMAScript for XML
8295:ECMAScript for XML
8043:, Python's parent
7928:ECMAScript for XML
7379:languages support
7210:Numerical analysis
7192:Windows PowerShell
6903:ECMAScript for XML
6512:ECMAScript for XML
6367:30-bit computers:
6340:– an evolution of
6332:seventh generation
5845:logical resolution
5569:. You can help by
5487:. You can help by
5217:. You can help by
5001:ECMAScript for XML
4889:, through "agents"
4809:Windows PowerShell
4800:scripting language
4609:GameMaker Language
4569:scripting language
4563:scripting language
4268:ECMAScript for XML
3991:ECMAScript for XML
3769:In electronics, a
3438:ECMAScript for XML
2859:Esoteric languages
2300:Caché ObjectScript
2183:Hartmann pipelines
2154:Dataflow languages
1955:ECMAScript for XML
1734:Unified Parallel C
1508:(by Brinch-Hansen)
696:Compiled languages
617:shell, written by
563:DOS batch language
428:authoring language
422:Authoring language
410:symbolic constants
386:Assembly languages
375:Assembly languages
11890:
11889:
11872:Non-English-based
11553:. 1 January 2014.
11391:doc.rust-lang.org
11340:doc.rust-lang.org
11322:doc.rust-lang.org
10745:– a standard for
10362:
10361:
10152:Multiple domains
10066:Bjarne Stroustrup
9662:lexical analyzers
9631:Offline rendering
9602:(GLSL or glslang)
9558:Shading languages
7423:Multiple dispatch
7412:generic functions
7404:generic functions
7400:multiple dispatch
7273:Klerer-May System
6970:multiple dispatch
5893:assembly language
5881:Machine languages
5876:Machine languages
5853:(based on Prolog)
5587:
5586:
5505:
5504:
5235:
5234:
4349:(since version 9)
4058:Machine languages
3040:(Google SketchUp)
2607:– server-side in
1506:Concurrent Pascal
1140:(to intermediate
911:(a Digital COBOL)
837:for Leo computers
702:Compiled language
658:Stephen R. Bourne
381:Assembly language
159:Array programming
95:
94:
16:(Redirected from
11915:
11880:
11879:
11852:
11851:
11585:
11578:
11571:
11562:
11561:
11555:
11554:
11547:
11541:
11540:
11529:
11523:
11522:
11515:
11509:
11508:
11490:
11470:
11464:
11463:
11456:
11450:
11449:
11447:
11445:
11429:
11423:
11422:
11415:
11409:
11408:
11401:
11395:
11394:
11383:
11377:
11376:
11369:
11363:
11350:
11344:
11343:
11332:
11326:
11325:
11314:
11308:
11307:
11305:
11304:
11295:. Archived from
11289:
11283:
11282:
11280:
11279:
11269:
11263:
11262:
11260:
11249:
11243:
11242:
11240:
11239:
11229:
11223:
11222:
11220:
11219:
11205:
11199:
11198:
11196:
11195:
11185:
11179:
11178:
11176:
11175:
11159:
11153:
11152:
11150:
11149:
11133:
11127:
11126:
11124:
11123:
11107:
11101:
11100:
11098:
11097:
11087:
11081:
11080:
11078:
11077:
11067:
11061:
11060:
11058:
11057:
11047:
11041:
11040:
11033:
11027:
11026:
11019:
11013:
11012:
11010:
11009:
10995:
10986:
10985:
10978:
10972:
10971:
10964:
10958:
10953:
10947:
10946:
10939:
10933:
10932:
10930:
10929:
10918:
10912:
10911:
10904:
10898:
10897:
10890:
10884:
10883:
10881:
10880:
10870:
10853:
10846:
10840:
10833:
10827:
10824:
10815:
10804:
10798:
10783:database records
10779:
10625:Component Pascal
10611:Modula 3 variant
10454:Clickteam Fusion
10421:Visual languages
10276:app development
10208:Mozilla Research
9776:
9775:
9760:System languages
9570:shading language
9517:embedded systems
9513:realtime systems
9435:data structure.
9053:
9044:Wolfram language
8955:Wolfram language
8914:Little Smalltalk
8679:Component Pascal
8590:Wolfram language
8445:Component Pascal
8273:(DASL) (combine
7802:Little Smalltalk
7465:ActionScript 3.0
7317:Wolfram language
7202:Wolfram language
6702:Wolfram language
6452:
6397:1100/2200 series
6350:Sun Microsystems
5897:instruction sets
5753:stored procedure
5730:Little languages
5725:Little languages
5629:data structure.
5582:
5579:
5561:
5554:
5500:
5497:
5479:
5472:
5450:
5446:
5442:
5438:
5434:
5430:
5426:
5416:
5412:
5408:
5404:
5388:
5384:
5364:
5348:
5344:
5340:
5265:Component Pascal
5230:
5227:
5209:
5202:
4829:Wolfram language
4526:Wolfram language
4209:Wolfram language
4097:Open Object Rexx
3750:Wolfram language
3138:IBM Informix-4GL
2851:Wolfram language
2551:Wolfram language
2439:(DASL) (combine
2341:Wolfram language
1822:
1501:Co-array Fortran
605:Hamilton C shell
390:machine language
312:Wolfram language
167:multidimensional
87:
80:
73:
29:
28:
21:
11923:
11922:
11918:
11917:
11916:
11914:
11913:
11912:
11893:
11892:
11891:
11886:
11840:
11617:
11594:
11589:
11559:
11558:
11549:
11548:
11544:
11531:
11530:
11526:
11517:
11516:
11512:
11488:10.1.1.691.9765
11481:(12): 780–790.
11471:
11467:
11458:
11457:
11453:
11443:
11441:
11432:Scabia, Marco.
11430:
11426:
11417:
11416:
11412:
11403:
11402:
11398:
11385:
11384:
11380:
11371:
11370:
11366:
11351:
11347:
11334:
11333:
11329:
11316:
11315:
11311:
11302:
11300:
11291:
11290:
11286:
11277:
11275:
11271:
11270:
11266:
11258:
11250:
11246:
11237:
11235:
11231:
11230:
11226:
11217:
11215:
11207:
11206:
11202:
11193:
11191:
11187:
11186:
11182:
11173:
11171:
11161:
11160:
11156:
11147:
11145:
11135:
11134:
11130:
11121:
11119:
11109:
11108:
11104:
11095:
11093:
11089:
11088:
11084:
11075:
11073:
11069:
11068:
11064:
11055:
11053:
11049:
11048:
11044:
11035:
11034:
11030:
11021:
11020:
11016:
11007:
11005:
10997:
10996:
10989:
10982:"ProblemSolver"
10980:
10979:
10975:
10966:
10965:
10961:
10954:
10950:
10943:"Feed operator"
10941:
10940:
10936:
10927:
10925:
10920:
10919:
10915:
10906:
10905:
10901:
10892:
10891:
10887:
10878:
10876:
10872:
10871:
10867:
10862:
10857:
10856:
10847:
10843:
10835:The concept of
10834:
10830:
10825:
10818:
10808:1801 series CPU
10805:
10801:
10780:
10776:
10771:
10749:(PLC) languages
10734:
10729:
10666:
10661:
10572:
10570:Wirth languages
10567:
10510:, a version of
10499:Quartz Composer
10429:
10425:Main category:
10423:
10418:
10373:
10367:
10015:Honeywell, Inc.
9981:PL/MP and PL/MI
9762:
9658:
9653:
9633:
9628:
9579:
9566:
9560:
9506:
9502:Main category:
9500:
9495:
9425:
9421:Main category:
9419:
9414:
9268:(OREXX, OOREXX)
9067:
9061:
9056:
9049:
8980:
8975:
8637:
8617:
8612:
8606:
8604:Query languages
8601:
8133:
8128:
8020:
8014:
8009:
7886:
7881:
7852:Visual DataFlex
7786:Kristen Nygaard
7460:
7458:Single dispatch
7455:
7426:
7408:single dispatch
7396:single dispatch
7385:Message passing
7370:
7333:
7327:
7322:
7212:
7207:
6994:prototype-based
6847:aspect-oriented
6771:object-oriented
6727:. They allow a
6718:
6712:
6707:
6535:Metaprogramming
6532:
6493:
6450:
6436:hygienic macros
6429:
6424:
6420:Main category:
6418:
6416:Macro languages
6413:
6324:Power Macintosh
5878:
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2255:WebMethods Flow
2156:
2151:
1936:– based on Java
1820:
1807:
1755:
1749:
1744:
1485:– a dialect of
1470:– a concurrent
1407:Message passing
1404:
1397:
1393:Main category:
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891:, JSP, Flex.war
757:a Machine ALGOL
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120:software agents
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11434:"What is AGAL"
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6206:z/Architecture
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5578:September 2018
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2730:
2725:
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2710:
2704:
2699:
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2689:
2683:
2673:
2672:In object code
2670:
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2667:(Windows only)
2662:
2657:
2650:
2647:
2619:
2618:
2612:
2602:
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2574:In source code
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2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
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2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1990:
1985:
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1967:
1962:
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1952:
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1937:
1931:
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1776:
1751:Main article:
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1699:
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1688:
1679:
1674:
1671:cross-platform
1664:
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1634:
1629:
1619:
1611:– relative of
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1306:Main article:
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1044:
1030:
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1002:
989:
983:
978:
964:
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949:
944:
939:
938:
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932:
924:Bertrand Meyer
922:(developed by
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826:
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700:Main article:
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112:Main article:
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11767:Object Pascal
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11382:
11375:. 2011-12-14.
11374:
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11299:on 2024-01-21
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10647:
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10642:Object Pascal
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10576:Niklaus Wirth
10564:
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10551:
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10462:
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10447:
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10408:
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10382:
10380:
10377:
10372:
10357:
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10332:
10329:
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10324:
10321:
10320:
10316:
10314:
10310:
10306:
10302:
10298:
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10285:
10283:
10280:
10279:
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10225:
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10217:
10214:
10211:
10209:
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10200:
10196:
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10190:
10186:
10185:Object Pascal
10182:
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10167:
10164:
10162:Andreas Rumpf
10161:
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10024:
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10013:
10011:
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10000:
9997:
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9989:
9987:
9984:
9982:
9979:
9978:
9975:
9972:
9970:
9967:
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9943:
9940:
9938:
9935:
9933:
9930:
9929:
9926:
9923:
9921:
9918:
9915:
9913:
9910:
9908:
9905:
9904:
9900:
9896:
9892:
9888:
9886:
9883:
9880:
9878:
9875:
9873:
9870:
9869:
9866:
9863:
9860:
9857:
9855:
9854:Niklaus Wirth
9852:
9850:
9847:
9846:
9843:
9840:
9837:
9834:
9832:
9828:
9825:
9823:
9820:
9819:
9816:
9813:
9811:
9808:
9805:
9803:
9800:
9798:
9795:
9794:
9790:
9788:Influenced by
9787:
9784:
9781:
9778:
9777:
9774:
9770:
9767:
9755:
9752:
9749:
9746:
9744:
9741:
9739:
9736:
9734:
9731:
9729:
9726:
9724:
9721:
9719:
9716:
9713:
9710:
9708:
9705:
9702:
9699:
9696:
9692:
9689:
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9683:
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9678:
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9674:
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9671:
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9643:
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9410:
9406:
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9395:
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9364:
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9354:
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9349:
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9321:
9319:
9316:
9314:
9311:
9309:
9306:
9304:
9301:
9299:
9296:
9294:
9291:
9288:
9285:
9283:
9280:
9278:
9277:Pascal Script
9275:
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9270:
9267:
9264:
9262:
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9254:
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9207:
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9098:
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9052:
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9045:
9041:
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9032:
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9027:
9025:
9022:
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9017:
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9010:
9007:
9005:
9002:
9000:
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8995:
8992:
8990:
8987:
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8959:
8956:
8952:
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8944:
8942:
8939:
8935:
8932:
8930:
8929:IBM VisualAge
8927:
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8809:
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8753:
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8735:
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8730:
8726:
8723:
8721:
8718:
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8713:
8711:
8708:
8707:
8706:
8703:
8701:
8700:Object Pascal
8698:
8695:
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8690:
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8677:
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8672:
8668:
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8631:
8629:
8625:
8621:
8611:
8597:
8594:
8591:
8587:
8584:
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8581:Visual FoxPro
8579:
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8513:
8511:
8508:
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8503:
8501:
8498:
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8493:
8489:
8485:
8484:Object Pascal
8482:
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8470:
8468:
8465:
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8460:
8458:
8455:
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8442:
8440:
8436:
8433:
8431:
8428:
8426:
8423:
8420:
8417:
8415:
8412:
8410:
8407:
8404:
8401:
8399:
8396:
8394:
8391:
8389:
8386:
8384:
8381:
8377:
8374:
8372:
8369:
8367:
8364:
8363:
8362:
8359:
8357:
8354:
8352:
8349:
8347:
8344:
8342:
8339:
8335:
8332:
8331:
8329:
8326:
8324:
8321:
8319:
8316:
8312:
8309:
8307:
8304:
8301:
8298:
8296:
8293:
8291:
8288:
8287:
8286:
8283:
8280:
8276:
8272:
8269:
8267:
8264:
8262:
8259:
8256:
8253:
8251:
8248:
8246:
8243:
8241:
8238:
8235:
8232:
8230:
8227:
8225:
8222:
8219:
8216:
8214:
8211:
8209:
8206:
8204:
8201:
8199:
8196:
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8190:
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8185:
8183:
8180:
8175:
8172:
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8159:
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8153:
8152:
8149:
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8143:
8142:
8140:
8137:
8124:
8121:
8119:
8116:
8114:
8111:
8109:
8106:
8103:
8100:
8098:
8095:
8092:
8089:
8083:
8080:
8079:
8078:
8075:
8073:
8070:
8069:
8067:
8064:
8058:
8055:
8053:
8050:
8049:
8048:
8045:
8044:
8042:
8039:
8036:
8033:
8032:
8030:
8028:
8024:
8023:Off-side rule
8019:
8006:
8003:
8000:
7996:
7993:
7991:
7988:
7986:
7983:
7981:
7978:
7976:
7973:
7971:
7968:
7966:
7963:
7961:
7958:
7956:
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7947:
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7911:
7909:
7906:
7903:
7900:
7898:
7895:
7894:
7892:
7890:
7878:
7875:
7873:
7870:
7868:
7865:
7863:
7862:Visual Prolog
7860:
7858:
7857:Visual FoxPro
7855:
7853:
7850:
7847:
7844:
7842:
7841:SuperCollider
7839:
7837:
7834:
7830:
7827:
7825:
7824:IBM VisualAge
7822:
7818:
7815:
7814:
7813:
7810:
7808:
7805:
7803:
7800:
7799:
7797:
7793:
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7779:
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7734:
7732:
7729:
7726:
7723:
7721:
7718:
7715:
7712:
7710:
7707:
7704:
7700:
7697:
7695:
7692:
7690:
7689:Object Pascal
7687:
7684:
7681:
7679:
7676:
7674:
7671:
7666:
7663:
7662:
7660:
7657:
7655:
7652:
7650:
7647:
7643:
7640:
7638:
7635:
7633:
7630:
7628:
7625:
7623:
7620:
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7615:
7613:
7610:
7608:
7605:
7603:
7600:
7598:
7595:
7593:
7590:
7588:
7585:
7581:
7578:
7576:
7573:
7572:
7571:
7568:
7566:
7563:
7561:
7558:
7556:
7555:Object Pascal
7553:
7550:
7547:
7544:
7542:
7539:
7537:
7534:
7532:
7529:
7527:
7524:
7522:
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7516:
7513:
7511:
7508:
7506:
7503:
7501:
7498:
7496:
7493:
7491:
7488:
7486:
7483:
7480:
7476:
7473:
7471:
7468:
7466:
7463:
7462:
7452:
7449:
7447:
7444:
7442:
7439:
7437:
7434:
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7429:
7428:
7424:
7419:
7417:
7413:
7409:
7405:
7401:
7397:
7393:
7388:
7386:
7382:
7378:
7374:
7362:
7359:
7356:
7353:
7350:
7347:
7344:
7341:
7338:
7337:Chinese BASIC
7335:
7334:
7332:
7318:
7314:
7311:
7309:
7306:
7304:
7301:
7298:
7294:
7291:
7289:
7286:
7284:
7281:
7279:
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7274:
7271:
7269:
7266:
7264:
7261:
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7256:
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7241:
7239:
7236:
7234:
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7229:
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7225:
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7203:
7199:
7196:
7193:
7190:
7187:
7184:
7179:
7176:
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7170:
7167:
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7158:
7155:
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7149:
7146:
7143:
7140:
7137:
7134:
7131:
7128:
7125:
7122:
7119:
7116:
7113:
7110:
7107:
7104:
7101:
7098:
7095:
7092:
7089:
7086:
7083:
7080:
7077:
7074:
7071:
7068:
7065:
7062:
7059:
7056:
7053:
7052:Object Pascal
7050:
7047:
7043:
7039:
7035:
7031:
7028:
7025:
7022:
7019:
7016:
7013:
7010:
7007:
7004:
7001:
6998:
6995:
6991:
6988:
6985:
6981:
6977:
6974:
6971:
6968:(imperative,
6967:
6964:
6961:
6958:
6956:
6953:
6951:
6948:
6945:
6942:
6939:
6936:
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6921:
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6911:
6909:
6906:
6904:
6901:
6899:
6896:
6895:
6893:
6890:
6887:
6884:
6881:
6880:Object Pascal
6878:
6875:
6872:
6869:
6866:
6863:
6860:
6857:
6854:
6851:
6848:
6844:
6841:
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6832:
6829:
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6808:
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6799:
6796:
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6776:
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6756:
6752:
6748:
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6726:
6722:
6717:
6703:
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6696:
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6681:
6679:
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6674:
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6666:
6664:
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6659:
6656:
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6617:
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6609:
6607:
6604:
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6509:
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6467:
6464:
6463:
6462:
6460:
6456:
6447:
6445:
6441:
6437:
6433:
6423:
6410:
6407:
6404:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6389:
6385:
6382:
6381:
6379:
6376:
6374:
6370:
6366:
6365:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6355:
6351:
6348:
6343:
6339:
6336:
6333:
6329:
6328:game consoles
6325:
6321:
6318:
6317:
6316:
6312:
6309:
6307:
6304:
6301:
6296:
6292:
6288:
6285:
6282:
6279:
6275:
6272:
6269:
6265:
6261:
6257:
6253:
6250:
6249:
6247:
6243:
6240:
6237:
6233:
6229:
6226:
6223:
6219:
6218:Motorola 6800
6216:
6214:
6211:
6207:
6203:
6200:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6178:
6174:
6170:
6166:
6163:
6161:
6157:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6134:
6133:
6130:
6124:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6111:
6108:
6107:
6105:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6092:
6089:
6084:
6080:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6065:
6061:
6057:
6054:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6047:
6045:
6042:
6038:
6035:
6034:
6033:
6029:
6025:
6022:
6018:
6014:
6012:
6008:
6005:
6002:
5999:
5997:
5993:
5989:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5976:
5972:
5968:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5955:
5951:
5947:
5943:
5939:
5936:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5925:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5913:
5912:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5902:
5900:
5898:
5894:
5890:
5886:
5882:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5858:
5857:Visual Prolog
5855:
5852:
5849:
5848:
5846:
5842:
5838:
5835:
5832:
5828:
5825:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5803:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5782:
5781:
5779:
5774:
5772:
5767:
5754:
5750:
5747:
5744:
5741:
5738:
5735:
5734:
5733:
5731:
5719:
5716:
5712:
5709:
5708:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5688:
5681:
5678:
5676:
5673:
5671:
5668:
5666:
5663:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5653:
5651:
5648:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5637:
5636:
5633:
5632:
5630:
5628:
5624:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5588:
5581:
5572:
5568:
5565:This section
5563:
5560:
5556:
5555:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5506:
5499:
5490:
5486:
5483:This section
5481:
5478:
5474:
5473:
5462:
5459:
5456:
5453:
5422:
5419:
5400:
5397:
5394:
5391:
5380:
5377:
5374:
5373:Objective-C++
5370:
5367:
5360:
5357:
5354:
5351:
5336:
5333:
5330:
5327:
5324:
5321:
5318:
5315:
5314:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5236:
5229:
5226:November 2016
5220:
5216:
5213:This section
5211:
5208:
5204:
5203:
5192:
5189:
5187:
5184:
5182:
5179:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5145:
5142:
5138:
5135:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5128:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5071:
5070:(originator)
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4993:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4963:
4960:
4955:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4888:
4885:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4848:
4846:
4844:
4830:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4817:
4814:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4802:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4634:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4594:
4590:
4586:
4583:
4580:
4577:
4574:
4571:
4568:
4565:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4548:
4546:
4544:
4540:
4527:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4517:Visual FoxPro
4515:
4513:
4510:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4491:
4488:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4469:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4414:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4260:
4259:
4256:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4228:
4226:
4224:
4210:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4110:
4107:
4104:
4101:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4092:Object Pascal
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3983:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3926:
3923:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3910:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3900:
3898:
3896:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3871:SystemVerilog
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3808:
3798:
3795:
3792:
3789:
3788:
3782:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3765:
3751:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
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1811:curly bracket
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1551:Gambit Scheme
1549:
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1534:
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1528:
1525:(through the
1524:
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1518:
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1425:(CSP) or the
1424:
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1419:shared memory
1416:
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1331:
1330:juxtaposition
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1309:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1285:Visual Prolog
1283:
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1280:Visual FoxPro
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1197:
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1187:
1184:
1182:(e.g. Gambit)
1181:
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1175:
1172:
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1165:
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1160:
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907:
904:
903:Object Pascal
900:
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522:
520:
517:
515:Command List)
514:
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507:
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496:
493:
490:
486:
483:
480:
476:
473:
472:
470:
468:
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205:
203:
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185:
184:
182:
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176:
172:
168:
164:
161:(also termed
160:
155:
143:
140:
138:
135:
133:
130:
128:
125:
124:
123:
121:
115:
105:
102:
100:
88:
83:
81:
76:
74:
69:
68:
66:
65:
60:
57:
55:
54:Chronological
52:
50:
47:
45:
42:
41:
40:
39:
36:
31:
30:
27:
19:
11867:Generational
11861:
11857:Alphabetical
11853:
11833:
11658:Visual Basic
11545:
11536:
11527:
11513:
11478:
11474:
11468:
11454:
11442:. Retrieved
11437:
11427:
11413:
11399:
11390:
11381:
11367:
11356:
11353:
11348:
11339:
11330:
11321:
11312:
11301:. Retrieved
11297:the original
11287:
11276:. Retrieved
11267:
11254:
11247:
11236:. Retrieved
11227:
11216:. Retrieved
11212:
11203:
11192:. Retrieved
11183:
11172:. Retrieved
11166:
11157:
11146:. Retrieved
11140:
11131:
11120:. Retrieved
11114:
11105:
11094:. Retrieved
11085:
11074:. Retrieved
11065:
11054:. Retrieved
11045:
11031:
11017:
11006:. Retrieved
11002:
10976:
10962:
10951:
10937:
10926:. Retrieved
10916:
10902:
10888:
10877:. Retrieved
10868:
10844:
10836:
10831:
10802:
10789:can specify
10777:
10667:
10573:
10528:Spreadsheets
10430:
10374:
10140:Digital Mars
10093:Jean Ichbiah
9893:, including
9771:
9765:
9763:
9659:
9634:
9580:
9567:
9521:
9507:
9426:
9378:TorqueScript
9218:machine code
9150:ActionScript
8981:
8816:Maude system
8710:ActionScript
8618:
8576:Visual Basic
8290:ActionScript
8134:
8021:
7970:NewtonScript
7923:ActionScript
7887:
7587:Fortran 2003
7410:methods are
7389:
7371:
7213:
7160:Spreadsheets
6898:ActionScript
6719:
6611:Maude system
6543:compile time
6533:
6508:ActionScript
6494:
6448:
6430:
6371:, 492, 494,
6326:and in many
6278:Commodore 64
5996:DECSYSTEM-20
5879:
5775:
5769:
5728:
5620:
5606:Visual Basic
5575:
5571:adding to it
5566:
5493:
5489:adding to it
5484:
5223:
5219:adding to it
5214:
4996:ActionScript
4953:
4840:
4793:TorqueScript
4633:machine code
4593:EiffelStudio
4588:
4542:
4537:
4263:ActionScript
4220:
3986:ActionScript
3892:
3768:
3731:Spreadsheets
3433:ActionScript
3241:
3179:Progress 4GL
3114:'s GraphTalk
3087:
2934:
2868:
2765:
2675:
2655:ActionScript
2620:
2583:
2580:
2577:
2377:
2352:
2265:
2157:
2132:UnrealScript
1950:ActionScript
1836:. Examples:
1814:
1810:
1808:
1794:Kaleidoscope
1756:
1405:
1311:
1276:JIT runtime)
1270:Visual Basic
1058:machine code
721:ActionScript
705:
613:(a standard
465:
425:
384:
339:
166:
162:
157:
117:
103:
96:
59:Generational
48:
44:Alphabetical
26:
11862:Categorical
10874:"Operators"
10848:Swift uses
10743:IEC 61131-3
10650:Free Pascal
10605:, variants
10469:Grasshopper
10261:Objective-C
9950:(portions)
9400:-based CLI)
9266:Object REXX
9077:AppleScript
9072:AngelScript
8934:VisualWorks
8827:Objective-C
8789:Common Lisp
8478:Free Pascal
8027:indentation
7829:VisualWorks
7699:Objective-C
7694:Object REXX
7431:Common Lisp
7345:(Icelandic)
7018:Objective-C
6843:Common Lisp
6775:class-based
6755:distributed
6733:programming
6409:Elbrus 2000
6315:IBM RS/6000
6287:65816/65802
6186:1400 series
6075:Intel 80286
6070:Intel 80186
5889:hexadecimal
5771:Logic-based
5650:Common Lisp
5591:Objective-C
5539:Objective-C
5451:on Windows.
5369:Objective-C
5323:Blitz BASIC
5131:Standard ML
5084:Common Lisp
4772:Standard ML
4415:-based CLI)
4247:Common Lisp
3883:(VHSIC HDL)
3791:Verilog-AMS
3606:Standard ML
3547:Common Lisp
2919:Shakespeare
2687:AngelScript
2678:interpreter
2649:Client side
2589:Server side
2395:logic-based
2187:G (used in
2051:Objective-C
1815:curly brace
1767:constraints
1411:concurrency
1350:subroutines
1334:expressions
1224:Standard ML
1111:Objective-C
975:John Backus
864:Common Lisp
831:(DOS-based)
829:CLIPPER 5.3
674:COMMAND.COM
672:(input for
637:(shell for
631:-based CLI)
535:UC Berkeley
487:(shell for
477:(shell for
402:relocatable
239: (IDL)
49:Categorical
11897:Categories
11727:JavaScript
11603:Comparison
11460:"Grammars"
11303:2022-03-21
11278:2023-07-05
11238:2022-03-18
11218:2022-03-18
11194:2023-07-14
11174:2023-07-14
11148:2023-07-14
11122:2023-07-14
11096:2023-07-14
11076:2023-07-14
11056:2023-07-14
11037:"Iterator"
11008:2022-03-18
10928:2013-07-01
10879:2024-05-13
10860:References
10791:algorithms
10313:JavaScript
10249:Apple Inc.
9944:ALGOL-PL/I
9895:Windows NT
9782:Originator
9723:Emacs Lisp
9562:See also:
9522:Examples:
9481:PostScript
9405:Unix shell
9328:Revolution
9293:PowerShell
9178:Emacs Lisp
9160:JavaScript
9145:ECMAScript
9140:ColdFusion
9129:inside VM)
9082:AutoHotKey
8908:Xerox PARC
8864:PowerShell
8732:Emacs Lisp
8720:JavaScript
8705:ECMAScript
8633:See also:
8526:PowerShell
8393:Language H
8300:JavaScript
8285:ECMAScript
8250:ColdFusion
7933:JavaScript
7918:ECMAScript
7796:Xerox PARC
7752:Revolution
7622:Processing
7531:ColdFusion
7263:GNU Octave
7042:constraint
7040:), logic,
6908:JavaScript
6892:ECMAScript
6785:functional
6767:imperative
6751:concurrent
6571:Emacs Lisp
6516:JavaScript
6504:ECMAScript
6440:preprocess
6380:computers
6322:– used in
6291:Apple IIGS
6238:computers)
6234:and early
6202:System/360
6056:Intel 8086
6050:16-bit x86
6024:Intel 8008
5841:Horn logic
5660:Emacs Lisp
5496:April 2018
5433:Foundation
5415:stackalloc
5379:PostScript
5166:PowerShell
5094:Emacs Lisp
5006:JavaScript
4991:ECMAScript
4881:ECMAScript
4843:generators
4815:-based CLI
4707:PowerShell
4702:PostScript
4639:JavaScript
4599:Emacs Lisp
4561:AutoHotkey
4512:Unix shell
4409:PowerShell
4404:PostScript
4302:(with iex)
4273:JavaScript
4258:ECMAScript
4140:PowerShell
3996:JavaScript
3981:ECMAScript
3826:Confluence
3557:Emacs Lisp
3463:TypeScript
3443:JavaScript
3428:ECMAScript
3334:PureScript
3127:Easytrieve
3064:Vim script
3017:PowerShell
2980:JavaScript
2975:Emacs Lisp
2924:Whitespace
2709:(C and Go)
2645:modules).
2609:NaviServer
2391:functional
2081:PowerShell
1998:Processing
1970:TypeScript
1960:JavaScript
1945:ECMAScript
1713:on the JVM
1686:π-calculus
1655:π-calculus
1427:π-calculus
1378:PostScript
1328:, and the
1318:point-free
947:Emacs Lisp
656:shell, by
652:(standard
625:PowerShell
619:David Korn
456:Authorware
221:Fortran 90
11824:Smalltalk
11483:CiteSeerX
10656:, others)
10533:Stateflow
10512:Smalltalk
10494:Pure Data
10444:Analytica
10379:routine.
10323:V (Vlang)
9899:Unix-like
9897:and most
9791:Used for
9688:GNU bison
9358:Smalltalk
9256:MAXScript
9234:Join Java
9102:BeanShell
8904:Smalltalk
8767:Join Java
8624:Smalltalk
8371:Join Java
8356:HyperTalk
7999:Smalltalk
7792:Smalltalk
7773:Speakeasy
7703:Smalltalk
7632:Join Java
7357:(Russian)
7339:(Chinese)
7308:Speakeasy
7238:Analytica
7186:V (Vlang)
6693:TREE-META
6683:Smalltalk
6678:SequenceL
6338:Power ISA
6289:(CPU for
6276:(CPU for
6260:BBC Micro
6254:(CPU for
6232:Macintosh
6083:IBM PC AT
6037:Zilog Z80
5914:Original
5780:include:
5455:V (Vlang)
5363:--mm:none
5280:FreeBASIC
5246:(various)
5191:Speakeasy
5186:Smalltalk
4798:thinBasic
4767:Speakeasy
4496:Speakeasy
4484:Smalltalk
4200:V (Vlang)
4185:Speakeasy
3841:Impulse C
3736:V (Vlang)
3359:SequenceL
3273:Cuneiform
3269:(Gallina)
3107:CorVision
2954:BeanShell
2889:Brainfuck
2525:SequenceL
2463:(combine
2410:(combine
2403:Analytica
2215:Pure Data
2173:Ballerina
2168:Analytica
2137:V (Vlang)
2008:Join Java
1886:Bell Labs
1877:Ballerina
1729:V (Vlang)
1717:SequenceL
1622:MultiLisp
1580:Join Java
1456:Ballerina
1326:functions
1320:computer
1259:V (Vlang)
1202:Smalltalk
1186:SequenceL
1049:(usually
768:Ballerina
708:compilers
398:assembler
303:Speakeasy
298:SequenceL
197:Analytica
11882:Category
11648:Assembly
11608:Timeline
10732:See also
10630:Oberon-2
10603:Modula-3
10599:Modula-2
10543:ToonTalk
10523:Simulink
10489:Prograph
10342:Oberon-2
10237:Redox OS
10173:Modula-3
10105:ALGOL 68
9901:systems
9861:ALGOL 60
9810:ALGOL 60
9779:Language
9383:VBScript
9363:Squirrel
9199:GDScript
9183:CMS EXEC
9034:ToonTalk
8821:Oberon-2
8571:VBScript
8439:Oberon-2
8403:Modula-2
8182:ALGOL 68
8168:ALGOL 60
8151:ALGOL 58
7846:VBScript
7741:Prograph
7683:Oberon-2
7665:Modula-3
7659:Modula-2
7592:Fortress
7580:Ubercode
7479:Ada 2005
7351:(French)
7076:Prograph
6984:dataflow
6539:run time
6498:such as
6264:Apple II
6175:, 7044,
6123:Intel 64
6015:64-bit:
6009:32-bit:
5755:language
5285:Modula-2
5244:Assembly
5239:ALGOL 68
5151:Modula-3
4804:VBScript
4225:(REPL).
4099:(ooRexx)
4067:Modula-3
4063:Modula-2
3931:ALGOL 68
3925:ALGOL 60
3908:ALGOL 58
3836:Handel-C
3821:Bluespec
3797:VHDL-AMS
3661:PL/pgSQL
3567:Little b
3204:Ubercode
3189:RETRIEVE
3148:LiveCode
3143:LINC 4GL
3118:CA-IDEAL
3054:Squirrel
2966:(C/SIDE)
2944:AutoLISP
2909:Malbolge
2899:INTERCAL
2812:Modula-2
2782:Catrobat
2743:Squirrel
2665:VBScript
2600:VBScript
2585:output.
2495:Modelica
2490:MetaPost
2485:Metafont
2306:RETRIEVE
2210:Prograph
2117:Solidity
1984:(Golang)
1565:(Golang)
1489:for the
1450:Ateji PX
1336:denotes
1209:bytecode
1196:ALGOL 60
1174:bytecode
1145:bytecode
1054:bytecode
1012:bytecode
999:bytecode
988:(Golang)
935:Ubercode
848:bytecode
818:bytecode
807:runtime)
772:bytecode
763:ALGOL 68
749:ALGOL 60
732:ALGOL 58
543:CLI for
532:Bill Joy
519:CMS EXEC
342:pointcut
175:matrices
11835:more...
11814:Scratch
11717:Haskell
11707:Fortran
11663:classic
11613:History
11505:9564255
11440:. Adobe
10795:runtime
10654:Oxygene
10584:ALGOL W
10538:Subtext
10504:Scratch
10449:Blockly
10301:LLVM IR
10220:Haskell
10127:CubeSat
9865:ALGOL W
9842:Multics
9738:SableCC
9666:parsers
9537:Esterel
9532:Averest
9446:Befunge
9441:Beatnik
9166:JScript
8784:Clojure
8742:Harbour
8725:JScript
8642:Befunge
8425:Nemerle
8351:Harbour
8328:Fortran
8306:JScript
8102:Nemerle
8077:Haskell
8066:Miranda
7939:JScript
7817:Scratch
7678:NetRexx
7673:Nemerle
7649:LabVIEW
7607:Harbour
7515:Oxygene
7392:methods
7381:objects
7375:-based
7363:(Tamil)
7343:Fjölnir
7299:variant
7248:FreeMat
7243:Fortran
7012:Nemerle
7000:Mercury
6976:LabVIEW
6950:Harbour
6913:JScript
6759:generic
6729:program
6628:Nemerle
6616:META II
6591:Haskell
6541:during
6520:JScript
6342:PowerPC
6320:PowerPC
6306:NS320xx
6001:16-bit:
5870:Soufflé
5851:Mercury
5821:λProlog
5800:Datalog
5645:Clojure
5524:Fortran
5407:realloc
5387:restore
5343:realloc
5275:Fortran
5079:Clojure
5063:LabVIEW
5043:Haskell
5023:Emerald
5011:JScript
4981:Crystal
4856:Alphard
4331:Haskell
4278:JScript
4242:Clojure
4013:FORTRAN
4001:JScript
3876:Verilog
3866:SystemC
3775:Verilog
3631:Nemerle
3542:Clojure
3448:JScript
3390:(since
3329:Miranda
3324:Mercury
3293:Haskell
3288:Futhark
3210:Uniface
3184:PV-Wave
3174:NATURAL
3164:MARK-IV
2984:JScript
2948:AutoCAD
2904:LOLCODE
2884:Befunge
2879:Beatnik
2832:Scratch
2797:Emerald
2777:Blockly
2542:Soufflé
2480:Mercury
2456:Gremlin
2432:Datalog
2362:Filetab
2289:Gremlin
2278:Clipper
2273:Clarion
2220:Reaktor
2189:LabVIEW
2045:Nemerle
1965:JScript
1918:Cyclone
1842:ABCL/c+
1789:ECLiPSe
1647:occam-π
1604:LabVIEW
1569:Haskell
1539:Emerald
1483:Clojure
1100:Nemerle
1090:Mercury
1085:LabVIEW
1023:Harbour
1018:Haskell
967:Fortran
952:Emerald
899:Borland
887:→Java,
869:Crystal
841:Clojure
774:runtime
678:CMD.EXE
574:Windows
489:IBM PCs
479:IBM PCs
364:Nemerle
354:AspectJ
227:FreeMat
219:(As of
217:Fortran
171:vectors
127:Clojure
11854:Lists:
11789:Python
11784:Prolog
11762:Pascal
11752:MATLAB
11737:Kotlin
11697:Erlang
11636:Simula
11503:
11485:
11003:GitHub
10894:"wrap"
10837:object
10812:PDP-11
10713:XQuery
10646:Delphi
10637:Pascal
10619:Oberon
10594:Modula
10553:VisSim
10508:Squeak
10464:Fabrik
10459:DRAKON
10395:MOFM2T
10354:Kotlin
10224:Erlang
10193:Oberon
10189:Python
10121:Eiffel
10109:Pascal
10078:Simula
10048:JOVIAL
10003:OS/400
9925:OS/360
9754:JavaCC
9743:Scheme
9718:Prolog
9682:Coco/R
9614:(PSSL)
9590:(AGAL)
9547:Signal
9542:Lustre
9491:S-Lang
9476:POP-11
9472:Poplog
9451:Factor
9388:WebDNA
9343:S-Lang
9298:Python
9229:Groovy
9188:EXEC 2
9171:Source
9087:AutoIt
9029:Prolog
9009:Drools
8999:Claire
8941:SNOBOL
8924:Squeak
8874:Python
8869:Prolog
8857:POP-11
8852:Poplog
8832:PCASTL
8804:Scheme
8762:Groovy
8737:Eiffel
8697:Delphi
8692:Cypher
8647:Ceylon
8566:S-Lang
8551:Rapira
8536:Python
8495:PCASTL
8488:Delphi
8472:Pascal
8450:Seneca
8435:Oberon
8409:MATLAB
8383:JOVIAL
8366:Groovy
8318:Eiffel
8311:Source
8224:Ceylon
8187:Alma-0
8161:NELIAC
8156:JOVIAL
8091:Elixir
8072:Orwell
8047:Python
7950:Squeak
7812:Squeak
7778:Simula
7746:Python
7627:Groovy
7597:Gambas
7575:Sather
7570:Eiffel
7552:Delphi
7548:(DASL)
7505:Ceylon
7475:Ada 95
7416:Bigloo
7414:(e.g.
7355:Rapira
7303:Scilab
7297:Oberon
7293:Seneca
7278:MATLAB
7220:Python
7094:Racket
7082:Python
6980:visual
6944:Groovy
6932:Fantom
6920:Eiffel
6877:Delphi
6825:Ceylon
6795:Alma-0
6688:Source
6673:Scheme
6643:Python
6586:Groovy
6576:Elixir
6378:36-bit
6363:UNIVAC
6354:Oracle
6266:, and
6256:VIC-20
6188:, 7010
6100:x86-64
6064:IBM PC
6004:PDP-11
5992:PDP-10
5984:36-bit
5979:PDP-12
5975:LINC-8
5963:12-bit
5958:PDP-15
5938:18-bit
5924:64-bit
5916:32-bit
5905:RISC-V
5837:Prolog
5790:Alma-0
5701:Source
5675:Scheme
5670:Racket
5529:Pascal
5447:, and
5437:AppKit
5425:malloc
5403:malloc
5345:, and
5339:malloc
5335:Cython
5295:Pascal
5290:Oberon
5171:Python
5133:(SML)
5109:Scheme
5104:Racket
5058:Kotlin
5038:Groovy
5028:Erlang
5016:Source
4938:Sather
4928:Python
4887:Eiffel
4883:(ES6+)
4757:S-Lang
4717:Python
4687:PCASTL
4681:Pascal
4671:MATLAB
4614:Groovy
4585:Eiffel
4567:AutoIt
4490:S-Lang
4479:Scheme
4466:(with
4424:Python
4419:Prolog
4374:MATLAB
4321:Groovy
4300:Elixir
4295:Erlang
4283:Source
4150:Python
4115:Pascal
4087:Oberon
4053:MATLAB
4028:Groovy
4006:Source
3956:Ceylon
3918:NELIAC
3913:JOVIAL
3856:PALASM
3666:Python
3608:(SML)
3582:Scheme
3577:Racket
3532:Kotlin
3507:Groovy
3475:Elixir
3470:Erlang
3453:Source
3408:Ceylon
3403:VB.NET
3366:Impure
3154:MAPPER
3044:S-Lang
3022:Python
3001:OptimJ
2995:OpenCL
2842:Turing
2827:Scheme
2822:Racket
2817:Pascal
2723:Python
2643:Apache
2623:Erlang
2615:WebDNA
2531:SPARQL
2505:Prolog
2475:Lustre
2461:Inform
2427:Cypher
2332:WebDNA
2316:SPARQL
2245:VisSim
2142:Yorick
2101:S-Lang
2056:PCASTL
2013:Kotlin
2003:Groovy
1901:Ceylon
1774:Claire
1711:actors
1691:Python
1643:(CSP)
1626:Scheme
1545:Erlang
1533:Elixir
1523:Eiffel
1496:Chapel
1357:Factor
1254:Turing
1244:(into
1226:(SML)
1192:Simula
1180:Scheme
1169:(into
1138:Python
1121:Pascal
1075:Kotlin
1064:JOVIAL
1041:Z-code
1033:Inform
1007:(into
1005:Groovy
994:(into
962:Factor
957:Erlang
930:Sather
920:Eiffel
895:Delphi
843:(into
813:(into
811:Ceylon
803:(into
742:NELIAC
737:JOVIAL
690:shell)
639:Plan 9
601:shell)
585:Expect
580:EXEC 2
572:, pre-
567:IBM PC
553:Compaq
437:(DITA)
406:macros
359:Groovy
293:S-Lang
288:Scilab
263:Octave
258:MATLAB
207:Chapel
177:, and
163:vector
11829:Swift
11819:Shell
11732:Julia
11702:Forth
11692:COBOL
11653:BASIC
11631:ALGOL
11501:S2CID
11444:8 May
11259:(PDF)
10769:Notes
10718:XProc
10708:XPath
10609:Obliq
10589:Euler
10518:Snap!
10479:NXT-G
10350:Swift
10330:2019
10289:2016
10270:macOS
10244:Swift
10035:SYMPL
9932:BLISS
9889:Most
9849:PL360
9831:SHARE
9797:ESPOL
9714:(PEG)
9677:ANTLR
9650:(OSL)
9644:(RSL)
9620:(MSL)
9527:Argus
9456:Forth
9433:stack
9313:Rebol
9272:Oriel
9246:Lasso
9214:Julia
9195:(GML)
9135:CLIST
8994:CLIPS
8961:XOTcl
8884:Rebol
8794:Dylan
8747:Julia
8674:Cobra
8657:ChucK
8652:Charm
8598:(X++)
8531:PROSE
8480:(FPC)
8467:Oriel
8462:Occam
8457:OCaml
8419:MUMPS
8398:Lasso
8388:Julia
8341:GAUSS
8323:Forth
8245:Cobra
8240:COBOL
8234:ChucK
8229:CHILL
8203:BLISS
8192:BASIC
8174:SMALL
8123:Scala
8113:Occam
8082:Curry
8052:Cobra
8035:ISWIM
7985:Rebol
7975:Obliq
7946:Etoys
7913:Cecil
7908:Agora
7877:XOTcl
7807:Pharo
7768:Scala
7716:(ABL)
7709:OCaml
7565:GNU E
7526:Cobra
7521:ChucK
7470:Actor
7446:Julia
7441:Dylan
7436:Cecil
7373:Class
7361:ezhil
7295:– an
7283:PROSE
7268:Julia
7253:GAUSS
7228:AIMMS
7166:Swift
7154:SISAL
7148:Seed7
7142:Scala
7106:Rebol
7034:eager
7024:OCaml
6966:Julia
6886:Dylan
6859:Curry
6837:Cobra
6831:ChucK
6789:logic
6623:OCaml
6596:Julia
6432:Macro
6358:SPARC
6352:(now
6311:POWER
6246:8-bit
6222:8-bit
6119:Intel
6114:AMD64
6095:80386
6091:IA-32
6017:Alpha
5988:PDP-6
5971:PDP-8
5967:PDP-5
5954:PDP-9
5950:PDP-7
5946:PDP-4
5942:PDP-1
5899:are:
5885:octal
5816:Janus
5795:Curry
5665:Guile
5655:Dylan
5601:Swift
5445:Glibc
5441:UIKit
5421:Swift
5399:Scala
5329:COBOL
5270:Forth
5250:BLISS
5144:OCaml
5137:Alice
5099:Guile
5089:Dylan
5053:Julia
4976:Clean
4908:Julia
4898:IPL-v
4876:Cobra
4851:Aldor
4820:below
4774:(SML)
4762:Seed7
4737:Rebol
4712:PROSE
4676:OCaml
4666:Maple
4660:MUMPS
4629:Julia
4604:FOCAL
4587:(via
4573:BASIC
4501:Swift
4474:Scala
4444:Rebol
4429:PROSE
4384:OCaml
4369:Maple
4363:MUMPS
4353:Julia
4326:Guile
4316:GAUSS
4288:ArkTS
4236:BASIC
4190:Swift
4145:PROSE
4111:(ABL)
4105:(OPL)
4082:OCaml
4072:MUMPS
4043:Julia
4018:GAUSS
3966:COBOL
3961:CHILL
3936:BASIC
3851:MyHDL
3726:Swift
3721:Scala
3711:REFAL
3691:Rebol
3619:OCaml
3612:Alice
3587:Guile
3552:Dylan
3527:Julia
3480:Gleam
3458:ArkTS
3392:C++11
3303:Idris
3278:Curry
3262:Clean
3225:xBase
3133:FOCUS
3072:(VBA)
3066:(vim)
2970:Guile
2837:Snap!
2802:Ezhil
2787:COMAL
2772:Alice
2737:mruby
2735:(via
2713:Julia
2627:Scala
2557:xBase
2422:Curry
2294:MUMPS
2283:dBase
2195:Lucid
2178:BMDFM
2127:Swift
2106:Scala
2030:Limbo
1906:ChucK
1857:ArkTS
1761:is a
1739:XProc
1707:Scala
1651:occam
1637:occam
1632:OCaml
1609:Limbo
1598:Joule
1593:Julia
1557:Gleam
1527:SCOOP
1512:Curry
1462:ChucK
1362:Forth
1316:is a
1237:OCaml
1230:Alice
1214:Swift
1167:Scala
1069:Julia
1056:; to
1037:Glulx
1028:HolyC
981:GAUSS
915:Dylan
909:DIBOL
859:Cobra
854:COBOL
824:CHILL
778:BASIC
755:SMALL
716:ArkTS
565:(for
509:CLIST
451:TUTOR
446:PILOT
441:Lasso
394:below
392:(see
248:Julia
232:GAUSS
35:lists
11804:Rust
11799:Ruby
11774:Perl
11742:Lisp
11722:Java
11668:.NET
11446:2018
11354:CACM
10724:XSLT
10703:XAML
10693:MXML
10558:Vvvv
10484:Pict
10410:XSLT
10405:Raku
10346:Rust
10309:Rust
10265:Rust
10253:2014
10228:Ruby
10212:2010
10203:Rust
10177:Lisp
10165:2008
10144:2001
10117:Java
10101:1983
10070:1979
10044:197x
10028:CP-6
10023:PL/I
10019:197x
10010:PL-6
9994:PL/I
9990:197x
9969:PL/I
9965:197x
9956:PL/8
9941:1970
9920:PL/I
9916:196x
9907:PL/S
9885:BCPL
9881:1969
9858:1968
9835:1964
9822:PL/I
9806:1961
9764:The
9748:yacc
9733:Raku
9728:Lisp
9695:Flex
9693:GNU
9668:for
9664:and
9467:Piet
9398:.NET
9338:Ruby
9333:Ring
9323:Rexx
9308:Raku
9282:Perl
9209:JASS
9107:Bash
9051:XSLT
9024:OPS5
9019:Jess
8971:Xojo
8919:Self
8899:Ruby
8894:Ring
8879:Raku
8847:Pico
8837:Perl
8799:Logo
8779:Lisp
8757:Java
8687:Curl
8561:Rust
8546:Raku
8521:Plus
8515:PL/I
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