1057:
970:
806:
139:
1002:
639:
836:
752:
673:
595:
544:
939:
718:
1088:
326:
884:
779:
501:(1655â1660) began. The Swedish army held Duke Jacob captive from 1658 to 1660. During this period both colonies continued to thrive until they were taken by the more numerous Dutch settlers, who surrounded Fort James and forced Hubert de Beveren, Governor of the Curonians, to surrender. The merchant fleet and factories were destroyed. Courland and Semigallia officially yielded New Courland on 11 December 1659. However, this war ended with the
1032:
613:
24:
914:
691:
252:
519:
Tobago was regained again just for a short period at the end of Duke Jacob's rule with an attempt in July 1680 at a new colony which also later failed. He began to restore the fleet and factories, and the Duchy never again reached its previous level of prosperity. The island was abandoned except for
454:
church. The colony was successful, but the
Netherlands was not willing to accede to losing the West Indies and replied by establishing its own colony nearby a few months later. Thus, the small Curonian colony soon became overshadowed by a second Dutch colony. While 120 Curonian colonists had come in
523:
In May 1690, shortly after the island was sold by
Courland and Semigallia the previous year, the Curonian government permanently left Tobago, and those who remained essentially joined the buccaneers or other Anglo-Dutch colonies. Absentee governors would continue to be appointed until 1795, thereby
423:
Soon afterwards the
Protestant powers felt sufficiently organised and prepared to launch several colonial expeditions against Spanish interests in the Caribbean. The alliance between England and the Netherlands against Spain began to dissolve thanks to England's attempts to break Dutch monopolies.
1131:
At the outbreak of the Third Anglo-Dutch War (1672â1674), the colony was captured and looted again by
Barbadians, where in 1673 Adrian Lampsins and the late Cornelius' son Jan briefly again retook Tobago, but the island was recaptured by an English Barbadian force under Sir Tobias Bridge from
408:. Under agreement with other Protestant powers who saw their various individual efforts insufficient to trade and/or colonise the Americas, Africa, and the Indies simultaneously, Courland's attention shifted to Africa. In 1651 the Duchy gained its first successful
424:
The Dutch were primary competitors to
Courland, which decided to support the English in the brewing conflict. Therefore, Courland received permission from its Protestant English allies to make still another attempt at a colony on Tobago.
1127:
The Nepoyo (Arawakans) from
Trinidad attack the settlement, but they were able to fend off the attacks with the help of the native Kalina (Carib) of Tobago, but were attacked again by the Kalinago (Island Caribs) from St. Vincent.
520:
visiting buccaneers from March 1683 to June 1686, before again being occupied by a collection of scattered
Curonians from throughout the Dutch, French, and English West Indies, as well as by fresh settlers from the home country.
1138:
The French attack again by March 1677, with the resulting naval battle resulted in serious losses on both sides, and the French forces withdrew, but returned the following year, captured the island, and destroyed the settlement.
1198:
Edmundson "The Dutch in
Western Guiana" English historical review: 1901 Vol. XVI 640 - 675 pp. -- About he first period of Dutch settlements in Guiana and Tobago, including some information about Courland colonizing
1584:
431:("The Arms of the Duchess of Courland") arrived carrying 45 cannon, 25 officers, 124 Curonian soldiers and 80 families of colonists to occupy Tobago. Captain Willem Mollens declared the island "New Courland" (
1579:
516:
seeking new harbours, and an expeditionary fleet of
Spanish vessels, the Curonians left Tobago in 1666. In 1668 a Curonian ship attempted to reoccupy Fort Jacobus and was driven off by the Dutch.
361:. Metalworking and shipbuilding became much more developed. Trading relations were established not only with nearby countries, but also with England, France, the Netherlands, Portugal and others.
439:(Fort James) with the surrounding town called Jacobsstadt (Jamestown). Other features were given Curonian names such as Great Courland Bay, Jacobs (James) Bay, Courland Estate, Neu-
497:
The Duchy of
Courland and Semigallia became a focus of strategic interest for both Sweden and PolandâLithuania. In 1655 the Swedish army entered the territory of the Duchy and the
1941:
1151:
New Courland is finally sold to the British Empire by around 1690 to 1693, where last mention of the colony was a small group of settlers encountered by a Danish ship in 1693.
1670:
600:
1785:
41:
1827:
1934:
1493:
1810:
1564:
455:
1657, the Dutch colony reached a population of 1,200 by the next year, when 500 French Protestant refugees fleeing Catholic persecution joined them.
88:
757:
60:
2078:
1927:
1859:
1007:
392:
with about 300 settlers attempted to settle on the north coast near Courland Bay. This colony was again blockaded, but proved more successful.
1690:
1589:
1549:
1202:
Goslinga,C.Ch. "The Dutch in the Caribbean & on the Wild Coast 1580-1680" 647 pp. 12 maps Van Gorcum & C. 1971 Assen, The Netherlands
67:
385:. The first Curonian colony met a similar end, whilst a second attempt was essentially blockaded by Spain and strangled in infancy by 1639.
1832:
1619:
1737:
1267:
194:
74:
1866:
1680:
1559:
1384:
570:
229:
1996:
1644:
1195:
Carmichael,Gertrude "The history of the West Indian Island of Trinidad and Tobago, 1498-1900", 463 pp. 8 plts. 1961, London, UK.
400:
quickly agitated and armed the tribes to attack the settlement. In 1650 the colonists abandoned the colony, which was evacuated to
310:
189:
512:
Although peace had been established between the Curonians and the Dutch, there still remained Spain. Following several attacks by
56:
2026:
1715:
1554:
204:
1950:
1401:
378:
2036:
1720:
306:
280:
234:
214:
209:
128:
1341:
2088:
1961:
1820:
1519:
219:
159:
1192:
Archibald, D. "Tobago: melancholy isle, vol. I 1498-1771" 137 pp. Westindiana, 1987, Port of Spain, Trinidad & Tobago
2001:
1991:
1981:
1976:
1367:
199:
184:
179:
169:
154:
149:
1871:
1727:
1389:
1316:
1182:
338:
174:
1966:
1705:
1675:
1533:
1336:
337:, and had a population of only 200,000, mostly of Latvian and Baltic German ancestry, and was itself a vassal of the
107:
1894:
1695:
1062:
298:
224:
81:
1710:
1629:
1574:
1524:
1488:
1800:
1569:
1260:
525:
239:
45:
1842:
1233:
The colony of the colonized: the Duchy of Courlandâs Tobago colony and contemporary Latvian national identity
1700:
2083:
1854:
1685:
1544:
1362:
1118:
Jamaican buccaneers and English forces from Barbados invade by 1666 during the Second Anglo-Dutch War.
1529:
1394:
1253:
1056:
1037:
273:
1240:
From the port of Ventspils to Great Courland Bay: The Couronian colony on Tobago in past and present
1758:
1744:
1658:
1539:
1285:
1142:
Fresh Courlander attempts to establish a colony in Tobago in 1680 and 1681 were abandoned in 1683.
1483:
1305:
969:
805:
575:
357:(today's LiepÄja). During his travels to Western Europe, Duke Jacob became an eager proponent of
34:
1226:
Balts in the Caribbean, The Duchy of Courland's attempts to colonize Tobago Island, 1638 to 1654
2009:
1815:
1624:
1498:
1357:
1160:
1775:
2014:
1795:
1415:
1311:
1124:
The Dutch recapture the island by 1667 and Dutch settlers re-establish the colony by 1668.
944:
723:
266:
8:
1919:
1732:
1634:
1514:
1300:
865:
436:
413:
349:, it established one of the largest merchant fleets in Europe, with its main harbours in
1903:
1468:
1331:
1321:
1148:
A final Courlander attempt to settle the island in 1686 was largely abandoned by 1687.
975:
811:
1790:
1106:
1093:
841:
644:
618:
138:
2019:
1908:
1805:
1780:
1459:
1454:
1439:
1046:
928:
705:
678:
627:
389:
638:
2031:
1473:
1449:
1444:
1186:
1132:
Barbados, and Adrian was killed alongside his nephew when the fort was blown up.
889:
784:
502:
401:
1075:
373:
at least as early as 1637, when a Couronian ship attempted to found a colony on
1986:
938:
883:
859:
778:
717:
256:
1607:
1001:
835:
751:
672:
594:
531:
The Courland Monument near Courland Bay commemorates the Duchy's settlements.
2072:
1770:
1478:
957:
919:
736:
696:
657:
498:
397:
346:
342:
1242:, in: Journal of Baltic Studies, Vol. 44, No. 4, December 2013, pp. 503â526.
1179:
1087:
543:
417:
358:
325:
2059:
Article also discusses colonization in Central and South America and Asia
370:
2046:
487:
479:
354:
2041:
1639:
1276:
1245:
513:
450:
In their first year on the island the Curonians built an Evangelical
350:
1031:
506:
23:
1434:
1238:
Imbi Sooman, Jesma McFarlane, Valdis Teraudkalns, Stefan Donecker:
913:
690:
612:
509:) of 1660, on the basis of which Tobago was returned to Courland.
491:
451:
377:
with 212 settlers. An earlier European settlement on the island, a
1372:
435:). A fort was erected on the southwest of the island, also called
463:
444:
405:
1377:
475:
471:
467:
409:
393:
374:
334:
314:
302:
1235:, in: Nationalities Papers; Vol. 38, No. 4, 2010, pp. 491â508.
1180:
Tobago: The history of the Dutch and Courlanders' settlements
459:
440:
382:
381:, formed in 1628, had been wiped out a few months earlier by
1228:, in: Caribbean Quarterly, Vol. 46, No. 2, 2000, pp. 25â44.
369:
The Duchy's ships started undertaking trade voyages to the
1949:
483:
317:
from 1654 to 1659 and intermittently from 1660 to 1689.
524:
facilitating the continued use of covert privateering
1121:
French forces from Grenada then capture the island.
333:Courland and Semigallia was located in present-day
48:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2070:
1135:A new Dutch colony was re-established in 1676.
1935:
1261:
1145:New Courland is abandoned from 1683 to 1686.
858:1660) after Jacob Kettler is captured by the
576:Monarch of the PolishâLithuanian Commonwealth
274:
1189:This website contains further bibliography:
534:
494:shells, tropical birds and their feathers.
1942:
1928:
1268:
1254:
281:
267:
1681:Caribbean Basin Trade and Partnership Act
108:Learn how and when to remove this message
1645:Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States
1029:
878:
853:
746:
715:
667:
555:
541:
324:
57:"Curonian colonization of the Americas"
2079:European colonization of the Caribbean
2071:
1951:European colonization of North America
1275:
962:(20 November 1648 â 16 September 1668)
741:(20 November 1648 â 16 September 1668)
560:
364:
1923:
1721:Eastern Caribbean Securities Exchange
1249:
420:and it established Fort Jacob there.
295:Curonian colonization of the Americas
1821:Central American and Caribbean Games
46:adding citations to reliable sources
17:
1327:Baltic-German Caribbean (1654-1689)
429:Das Wappen der Herzogin von Kurland
313:. It had a colony on the island of
13:
1219:The Couronians and the West Indies
1211:
1051:(1 January 1682 â 22 January 1698)
458:Goods exported to Europe included
14:
2100:
1080:(19 June 1669 â 10 November 1673)
933:(17 August 1642 â 1 January 1682)
854:Dutch Settlers Take Control (1659
710:(17 August 1642 â 1 January 1682)
305:), which was the second-smallest
235:Colonization of the United States
1086:
1055:
1030:
1000:
968:
937:
912:
882:
834:
804:
777:
750:
716:
689:
671:
637:
611:
593:
542:
379:Dutch colony named New Walcheren
299:Duchy of Courland and Semigallia
250:
137:
22:
1630:Association of Caribbean States
1489:Latin America and the Caribbean
662:(8 November 1632 â 20 May 1648)
571:Duke of Courland and Semigallia
33:needs additional citations for
1173:
1072:Mykolas Kaributas ViĆĄnioveckis
632:(17 May 1587 â 17 August 1642)
526:Letters of Marque and Reprisal
447:Bay and Little Courland Bay.
339:PolishâLithuanian Commonwealth
307:state to colonise the Americas
1:
1342:Swedish Caribbean (1784â1878)
1317:British Caribbean (1586â1834)
1301:Spanish Caribbean (1492â1898)
1166:
1691:Central banks and currencies
1337:German Caribbean (1685-1693)
1332:Danish Caribbean (1672â1917)
1322:French Caribbean (1625â1817)
1111:(21 May 1674 â 17 June 1696)
1084:
1054:
974:
877:
830:
829:
802:
775:
745:
666:
589:
588:
554:
7:
2089:Former colonies of Courland
1312:Dutch Caribbean (1554â1863)
1185:September 28, 2007, at the
1154:
1068:MichaĆ Korybut WiĆniowiecki
329:Great Courland Bay Monument
10:
2105:
1686:Caribbean Development Bank
1363:Caribbean Court of Justice
320:
2055:
1957:
1888:
1850:
1841:
1766:
1757:
1738:in the Danish West Indies
1666:
1657:
1615:
1606:
1507:
1427:
1423:
1414:
1350:
1293:
1284:
1043:Friedrich Casimir Kettler
1038:Frederick Casimir Kettler
1026:
1023:
1006:
999:
936:
911:
688:
685:
682:
677:
670:
636:
574:
569:
566:
563:
535:Governors of New Courland
427:On 20 May 1654, the ship
353:(today's Ventspils), and
341:at that time. Under Duke
1224:Karin Jekabson-Lemanis:
388:In 1642 two ships under
1484:Caribbean South America
396:missionaries among the
1625:Afro-Caribbean leftism
1499:Western Caribbean zone
330:
230:Colonization of Canada
1585:Dependent territories
1402:Territorial evolution
1161:Curonian colonisation
1076:House of WiĆniowiecki
954:Jonas Kazimieras Vaza
733:Jonas Kazimieras Vaza
345:(ruled 1642-1682), a
328:
297:was performed by the
129:European colonization
2015:Fridtjof Nansen Land
1590:World Heritage Sites
42:improve this article
2010:Erik the Red's Land
1833:Television stations
1635:Caribbean Community
1103:Jonas III Sobieskis
867:Second Northern War
564:Incumbent Governor
365:Courland and Tobago
123:Part of a series on
1550:Metropolitan areas
1494:Southern Caribbean
1469:Caribbean Lowlands
1390:Influx of diseases
1231:Harry C. Merritt:
976:Cornelius Lampsins
812:Cornelius Lampsins
763:Curounian Governor
414:St. Andrews Island
331:
257:History portal
2084:History of Tobago
2066:
2065:
1917:
1916:
1884:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1753:
1752:
1653:
1652:
1602:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1410:
1409:
1368:Indigenous people
1116:
1115:
1112:
1107:House of Sobieski
1081:
1052:
1047:House of Ketteler
1020:
1014:
1013:Absentee Governor
989:
982:
963:
934:
929:House of Ketteler
925:Jakob von Kettler
903:
896:
873:
857:
842:Hubert de Beveren
818:
791:
764:
742:
711:
706:House of Ketteler
702:Jakob von Kettler
663:
650:WĆadysĆaw IV Waza
633:
628:House of Ketteler
619:Friedrich Kettler
291:
290:
118:
117:
110:
92:
2096:
2020:Sverdrup Islands
1944:
1937:
1930:
1921:
1920:
1897:
1848:
1847:
1781:Caribbean people
1764:
1763:
1664:
1663:
1613:
1612:
1580:Sovereign states
1560:Populated places
1460:Windward Islands
1455:Leeward Antilles
1440:Greater Antilles
1425:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1291:
1290:
1270:
1263:
1256:
1247:
1246:
1217:Edgar Anderson:
1205:
1177:
1110:
1099:Jan III Sobieski
1090:
1079:
1059:
1050:
1034:
1018:
1012:
1004:
985:
980:
972:
961:
950:Jan II Kazimierz
941:
932:
916:
899:
894:
886:
871:
868:
862:
855:
838:
816:
808:
789:
781:
762:
754:
740:
729:Jan II Kazimierz
720:
709:
693:
679:Cornelius Caroon
675:
661:
654:Vladislovas Vaza
641:
631:
624:Frīdrihs Ketlers
615:
597:
546:
539:
538:
311:Knights of Malta
283:
276:
269:
255:
254:
253:
141:
120:
119:
113:
106:
102:
99:
93:
91:
50:
26:
18:
2104:
2103:
2099:
2098:
2097:
2095:
2094:
2093:
2069:
2068:
2067:
2062:
2051:
1953:
1948:
1918:
1913:
1900:
1893:
1876:
1837:
1749:
1716:Stock exchanges
1649:
1594:
1503:
1474:Caribbean Plate
1450:Leeward Islands
1445:Lesser Antilles
1406:
1346:
1280:
1274:
1221:, Chicago 1965.
1214:
1212:Further reading
1209:
1208:
1187:Wayback Machine
1178:
1174:
1169:
1157:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1091:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1060:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1035:
1016:
1010:
984:
981:Baron of Tobago
978:
960:
956:
952:
948:
945:John II Casimir
942:
931:
927:
923:
917:
898:
895:Baron of Tobago
892:
890:Adrian Lampsins
866:
860:
785:Adrian Lampsins
739:
735:
731:
727:
724:John II Casimir
721:
708:
704:
700:
694:
660:
656:
652:
648:
642:
630:
626:
622:
601:Edward Marshall
537:
528:in the region.
503:Treaty of Oliwa
367:
323:
287:
251:
249:
244:
131:of the Americas
130:
114:
103:
97:
94:
51:
49:
39:
27:
12:
11:
5:
2102:
2092:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2064:
2063:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2023:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1947:
1946:
1939:
1932:
1924:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1911:
1906:
1899:
1898:
1890:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1875:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1863:
1862:
1851:
1845:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1824:
1823:
1813:
1811:Radio stations
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1767:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1751:
1750:
1748:
1747:
1742:
1741:
1740:
1735:
1725:
1724:
1723:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1667:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1616:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1527:
1525:Extreme points
1522:
1517:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1471:
1466:
1465:
1464:
1463:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1442:
1431:
1429:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1404:
1399:
1398:
1397:
1387:
1382:
1381:
1380:
1375:
1365:
1360:
1358:Afro-Caribbean
1354:
1352:
1348:
1347:
1345:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1303:
1297:
1295:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1279: articles
1273:
1272:
1265:
1258:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1236:
1229:
1222:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1204:
1203:
1200:
1196:
1193:
1171:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1163:
1156:
1153:
1114:
1113:
1083:
1082:
1053:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1005:
997:
996:
993:
990:
973:
965:
964:
935:
910:
907:
904:
887:
880:
876:
875:
861:Swedish Empire
851:
850:
847:
844:
839:
832:
828:
827:
824:
821:
817:Dutch Governor
809:
801:
800:
797:
794:
790:Dutch Governor
782:
774:
773:
770:
767:
758:Willem Mollens
755:
748:
744:
743:
713:
712:
687:
684:
681:
676:
669:
665:
664:
635:
609:
606:
603:
598:
591:
587:
586:
583:
579:
578:
573:
568:
565:
562:
559:
553:
552:
547:New Courland (
536:
533:
412:in Africa, on
390:Captain Caroon
366:
363:
322:
319:
289:
288:
286:
285:
278:
271:
263:
260:
259:
246:
245:
243:
242:
240:Decolonization
237:
232:
227:
222:
217:
212:
207:
202:
197:
192:
187:
182:
177:
172:
167:
162:
157:
152:
146:
143:
142:
134:
133:
125:
124:
116:
115:
30:
28:
21:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2101:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2074:
2058:
2057:
2054:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1959:
1956:
1952:
1945:
1940:
1938:
1933:
1931:
1926:
1925:
1922:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1896:
1892:
1891:
1887:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1840:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1768:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1756:
1746:
1743:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1730:
1729:
1726:
1722:
1719:
1718:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1656:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1506:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1479:Caribbean Sea
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1413:
1403:
1400:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1349:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1283:
1278:
1271:
1266:
1264:
1259:
1257:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1241:
1237:
1234:
1230:
1227:
1223:
1220:
1216:
1215:
1201:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1181:
1176:
1172:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1136:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1095:
1089:
1085:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1064:
1058:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1039:
1033:
1021:
1015:
1009:
1003:
998:
994:
991:
988:
983:
977:
971:
967:
966:
959:
958:House of Vasa
955:
951:
947:
946:
940:
930:
926:
922:
921:
920:Jacob Kettler
915:
908:
905:
902:
897:
891:
888:
885:
881:
869:
863:
852:
848:
845:
843:
840:
837:
833:
825:
822:
820:
819:
813:
810:
807:
803:
798:
795:
793:
792:
786:
783:
780:
776:
771:
768:
766:
765:
759:
756:
753:
749:
738:
737:House of Vasa
734:
730:
726:
725:
719:
714:
707:
703:
699:
698:
697:Jacob Kettler
692:
680:
674:
659:
658:House of Vasa
655:
651:
647:
646:
640:
634:
629:
625:
621:
620:
614:
610:
607:
604:
602:
599:
596:
592:
584:
581:
580:
577:
572:
558:
550:
545:
540:
532:
529:
527:
521:
517:
515:
510:
508:
505:(signed near
504:
500:
499:Northern Wars
495:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
456:
453:
448:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
425:
421:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
386:
384:
380:
376:
372:
362:
360:
356:
352:
348:
347:Baltic German
344:
343:Jacob Kettler
340:
336:
327:
318:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
284:
279:
277:
272:
270:
265:
264:
262:
261:
258:
248:
247:
241:
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
226:
223:
221:
218:
216:
213:
211:
208:
206:
203:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
181:
178:
176:
173:
171:
168:
166:
163:
161:
158:
156:
153:
151:
148:
147:
145:
144:
140:
136:
135:
132:
127:
126:
122:
121:
112:
109:
101:
90:
87:
83:
80:
76:
73:
69:
66:
62:
59: â
58:
54:
53:Find sources:
47:
43:
37:
36:
31:This article
29:
25:
20:
19:
16:
1971:
1860:Pre-Arawakan
1843:Demographics
1326:
1308:(1500sâ1830)
1239:
1232:
1225:
1218:
1175:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1137:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1102:
1098:
1092:
1071:
1067:
1061:
1042:
1036:
1017:
1011:
1008:Karl de Napp
986:
979:
953:
949:
943:
924:
918:
900:
893:
815:
814:
788:
787:
761:
760:
732:
728:
722:
701:
695:
653:
649:
645:Ladislaus IV
643:
623:
617:
616:
556:
548:
530:
522:
518:
511:
496:
457:
449:
437:Fort Jacobus
432:
428:
426:
422:
418:Gambia River
387:
368:
359:mercantilism
332:
309:, after the
294:
292:
164:
104:
95:
85:
78:
71:
64:
52:
40:Please help
35:verification
32:
15:
1997:Hospitaller
1520:Earthquakes
549:Neu Kurland
433:Neu-Kurland
371:West Indies
190:Hospitaller
98:August 2010
2073:Categories
2027:Portuguese
2006:Norwegian
1867:Population
1796:Literature
1385:Hurricanes
1167:References
514:buccaneers
404:and later
205:Portuguese
150:First wave
68:newspapers
1872:Religions
1855:Languages
1786:Carnivals
1701:Companies
1640:CARIFORUM
1620:Democracy
1555:Mountains
1545:Cetaceans
1515:Bioregion
1416:Geography
1277:Caribbean
1063:Michael I
561:Portrait
2037:Scottish
1972:Curonian
1904:Category
1828:Stadiums
1676:Airports
1671:Airlines
1608:Politics
1508:By topic
1435:Antilles
1351:By topic
1294:Timeline
1183:Archived
1155:See also
1094:John III
987:De Facto
901:De Facto
492:tortoise
452:Lutheran
215:Scottish
165:Curonian
2047:Swedish
2042:Spanish
2032:Russian
1967:Belgian
1962:British
1895:Outline
1791:Cuisine
1759:Culture
1745:Tourism
1733:in Cuba
1706:Fishing
1659:Economy
1540:Mammals
1534:by area
1530:Islands
1428:Regions
1395:Malaria
1286:History
1199:Tobago.
1019:De Jure
870:by 1658
864:in the
567:Tenure
464:tobacco
416:in the
406:Jamaica
402:Tortuga
321:History
225:Swedish
220:Spanish
210:Russian
195:Italian
160:British
82:scholar
1992:French
1982:German
1977:Danish
1909:Portal
1806:Poetry
1711:Hotels
1696:Citrus
1575:Ultras
1565:Rivers
1378:Arawak
1306:Piracy
585:Until
507:GdaĆsk
480:indigo
476:ginger
472:cotton
468:coffee
410:colony
394:Jesuit
375:Tobago
351:Windau
335:Latvia
315:Tobago
303:Latvia
185:German
180:French
170:Danish
155:Basque
84:
77:
70:
63:
55:
2002:Norse
1987:Dutch
1816:Sport
1801:Music
1728:Sugar
1570:Trees
1373:TaĂno
1027:1689
1024:1660
995:1666
992:1662
909:1666
906:1662
874:1660
849:1659
846:1656
826:1656
823:1654
799:1656
796:1654
772:1656
769:1654
686:1650
683:1643
608:1643
605:1642
582:From
488:cocoa
460:sugar
445:Libau
441:Mitau
398:Carib
383:Spain
355:Libau
301:(now
200:Norse
175:Dutch
89:JSTOR
75:books
1776:Beer
293:The
61:news
1771:Art
557:No.
484:rum
44:by
2075::
879:5
831:4
747:3
668:2
590:1
551:)
490:,
486:,
482:,
478:,
474:,
470:,
466:,
462:,
443:,
1943:e
1936:t
1929:v
1536:)
1532:(
1269:e
1262:t
1255:v
872:â
856:â
282:e
275:t
268:v
111:)
105:(
100:)
96:(
86:·
79:·
72:·
65:·
38:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.svg)