Knowledge

5015:(1998), pp. 26–27. "The principal feature of the world's news market in the second half of the 19th century and the first third of the 20th, was the cartel. This was an oligopolistic and hierarchical structure of the global news market controlled by Reuters, Havas and Wolff at the top tier, in partnership with an ever-increasing number of national news agencies. Each member of the triumvirate had the right to distribute its news service, incorporating news of the cartel, to its ascribed territories: these territories were determined by periodic, formal agreements. The triumvirate of Reuters, Havas, and Wolff supplied world news to national news agencies in return for a service of national news (although the practice was rather more complicated) the national agencies had exclusive rights to the distribution of cartel news in their territories, and the cartel had exclusive rights to the national agency news services." 1739:), Wolff, Havas, and Reuters formed a news cartel, dividing up the global market into three sections, in which each had more-or-less exclusive distribution rights and relationships with national agencies. Each agency's area corresponded roughly to the colonial sphere of its mother country. Reuters and the Australian national news service had an agreement to exchange news only with each other. Due to the high cost of maintaining infrastructure, political goodwill, and global reach, newcomers found it virtually impossible to challenge the big three European agencies or the American Associated Press. In 1890 Reuters (in partnership with the Press Association, England's major news agency for domestic stories) expanded into "soft" news stories for public consumption, about topics such as sports and "human interest". In 1904, the big three wire services opened relations with 6007:(1996), p. 7. "Since World War II, an intricate and worldwide network of international news media has evolved, providing an expanded capability for information flows. This relationship between the capacity and the need to communicate rapidly has resulted from the interaction of two long-term historical processes: the evolution toward a single global society and the movement of civilization beyond four great benchmarks of human communication—speech, writing, printing, electronic communications (telephone and radio)—into a fifth era of long-distance instant communication based on telecommunications (mainly satellites) and computer technology. Harold Lasswell believed that the mass media revolution has accelerated the tempo and direction of world history. What would have happened later has happened sooner, and changes in timing may have modified substantive developments." 3031:, is a scripted pageant organized for a mass live broadcast. Media events include athletic contests such as the Super Bowl and the Olympics, cultural events like awards ceremonies and celebrity funerals, and also political events such as coronations, debates between electoral candidates, and diplomatic ceremonies. These events typically unfold according to a common format which simplifies the transmission of news items about them. Usually, they have the effect of increasing the perceived unity of all parties involved, which include the broadcasters and audience. Today, international events such as a national declaration of independence can be scripted in advance with the major news agencies, with staff specially deployed to key locations worldwide in advance of the life news broadcast. Public relations companies can participate in these events as well. 2656:, news for mass consumption is produced in hierarchical organizations. Reporters, working near the bottom of the structure, are given significant autonomy in researching and preparing reports, subject to assignments and occasional intervention from higher decision-makers. Owners at the top of the news hierarchy influence the content of news indirectly but substantially. The professional norms of journalism discourage overt censorship; however, news organizations have covert but firm norms about how to cover certain topics. These policies are conveyed to journalists through socialization on the job; without any written policy, they simply learn how things are done. Journalists comply with these rules for various reasons, including job security. Journalists are also systematically influenced by their education, including 2212:, has said that "verything we thought we once knew about journalism needs to be rethought in the Digital Age." Today the work of journalism can be done from anywhere and done well. It requires no more than a reporter and a laptop. In that way, journalistic authority seems to have become more individual- and less institution-based. But does the individual reporter always have to be an actual journalist? Or can journalistic work be done from anywhere and by anyone? These are questions that refer to the core of journalistic practice and the definition of "news" itself. As Schudson has given emphasis to, the answer is not easily found; "the ground journalists walk upon is shaking, and the experience for both those who work in the field and those on the outside studying it is dizzying". 2284: 6230:(2006), pp. 58–72, 133–136. "In almost all cases, a combination of privatization schemes and higher rates of public investment led to double-digit growth in teledensity figures throughout the 1990s and continuing today (see Table 3.3). Private telecommunications operators were drawn to emerging markets like Brazil, China, and India, among others, because technological innovation coupled with policy reforms promised access to lucrative high-density business and urban middle-class consumers. The few comparative studies of telecommunications reform in the South show that the political environment—whether the state is responsive to democratic public interest—\and its relative power vis-à-vis foreign capital and G8 nations have shaped the terms of reform." 7481: 2198:, which is a service of persistently written articles uploaded and written by one or more individuals. Millions of people in countries such as the United States and South Korea have taken up blogging. Many blogs have rather small audiences; some blogs are read by millions each month. Social media sites, especially Twitter and Facebook, have become an important source of breaking news information and for disseminating links to news websites. Twitter declared in 2012: "It's like being delivered a newspaper whose headlines you'll always find interesting—you can discover news as it's happening, learn more about topics that are important to you, and get the inside scoop in real time." Cell phone cameras have normalized citizen 1120: 4102:)—was created to accommodate the local representatives. During this time, there were many rising powerful dukes, princes or governor-generals in charge of the large territories, equal in size to a modern province in China. These dukes or princes would naturally provide for their own news service at the capital Chang'an, which handled all official documents submitted by these representatives and transmitted imperial edicts in return. Recent archaeological research has uncovered such official reports from the Tang dynasty. Two archive documents of that period, originally found in Dunhuang have been regarded by Chinese scholars as the earliest forms of newspaper in the world (Fang 1997 53–8)" 7236:(2001), pp. 93–94. "Because political events and issues in modern societies typically take place in specialized locations, most citizens experience politics vicariously. For elites, information from the media becomes just one of many sources of data. Because of their political involvement and interest and their vast base of prior knowledge, elites treat media coverage as foreground, or sources of new and/or specific information. Nonelites, on the other hand, are not so interested in politics, and they have relatively little prior knowledge about political issues. For nonelites, media coverage is not only a source of new data, but their only source of information." 5137:(2005), pp. 25–26. Translating Lenin: "Why instead of 200–400 lines you can't write in 20–10 lines about such simple, well-known, clear, and already mastered to a great degree, widespread phenomena like the base betrayals of the Mensheviks, those lackeys of the bourgeoisie, like the Anglo-Japanese invasion for the restoration of the holy law of capital; like the chattering teeth of the American millionaires against Germany, and so on, and so on. It is necessary to talk about this, it is necessary to register each new fact in this regard, but in a few lines; to pound out in 'telegraph style' the new appearances of old, already known and evaluated policies." 3114: 7358:(1923), p. 17. "The newspaper has ceased to be a personal organ and has become a social product; it no longer represents the interests of an individual, but it represents rather a group activity. The press groups society and unifies each group, as Scott-James has pointed out. It unifies society on national lines and thus the press of each country has developed in its own characteristic direction. It unifies the groups interested in religion, in politics, in business, in automobiles, in sports, in education, or in fashion, and from these groups having unified interests there has developed the press that ministers to each specialized group." 54: 1725: 83: 6873:(2004), pp. 62–63. "To clarify, H.S. Becker (1967) employs the notion of a 'hierarchy of credibility' to specify how, in a system of ranked groups, participants will take it as given that the members of the highest group are best placed to define 'the way things really are' due to their 'knowledge of truth'. Implicit in this assumption is the view that 'those at the top' will have access to a more complete picture of the bureaucratic organization's workings than members of lower groups whose definition of reality, because of this subordinate status, can only be partial and distorted." 3172:, the general public will identify as its priorities those issues which are highlighted on the news. The agenda-setting model has been well-supported by research, which indicate that the public's self-reported concerns respond to changes in news coverage rather than changes in the underlying issue itself. The less an issue obviously affects people's lives, the bigger an influence media agenda-setting can have on their opinion of it. The agenda-setting power becomes even stronger in practice because of the correspondence in news topics promulgated by different media channels. 3968:(1988), p. 27. "Whoever controlled the messengers could select which anecdotes and information would be favored by this treatment. Therefore, whoever controlled the messengers gained not only a conduit to the members of a society—the ability to inform them of new regulations—but gained a measure of power over the selection of news the members of a society received—the power, for example to ensure that they received news of triumphs but not necessarily of debacles. Messengers were controlled, for the most part, by kings, chiefs, headmen. They were rarely channels of dissent." 4424:(2014), pp. 6–8. "So this sort of news reporting was very different from the discreet, dispassionate services of the manuscript news men. News pamphlets were often committed and engaged, intended to persuade as well as inform. News also became, for the first time, part of the entertainment industry. What could be more entertaining than the tale of some catastrophe in a far-off place, or a grisly murder? This was not unproblematic, particularly for the traditional leaders of society who were used to news being part of a confidential service, provided by trusted agents." 3544:(1978), p. 6. "Before the 1920s, journalists did not think much about the subjectivity of perception. They had relatively little incentive to doubt the firmness of the reality by which they lived. After World War I, however, this changed. Journalists, like others, lost faith in the democratic market society had taken for granted. Their experience of propaganda during the war and public relations thereafter convinced them that the world they reported was one that interested parties had constructed for them to report. In such a world, naïve empiricism could not last." 4069:(1979), p. 14. "The Chinese civilization was one of the earliest to have found it convenient to set up a systematic news-collection network across a large land mass. During the Han dynasty (206BC–AD219) the imperial court arranged to be supplied with information on the events of the Empire by means of a postal empire similar to the princely message systems of the European Middle Ages, when the postmasters of the Holy Roman Empire were required to write summaries of events taking place within their regions and transmit them along specified routes." 6123:(1998), p. 8-10. "The UN, through UNESCO, consistently endeavored to encourage the spread and development of national news agencies, and of news-exchange arrangements between them, especially during the great wave of independence in Africa during the 1960s. Setting up a national news agency became one of the essential things, part of the 'script', of what it meant to be a 'nation'. Through a national news agency, a state could lay down information links domestically and internationally which would facilitate the generation and exchange of news." 7371:(2011), ed. Neiger, Myers, & Zandberg; pp. 156–160. "In Israel, radio played a decisive role in establishing and consolidating the nation during the first decades after the creation of the State (Pansler, 2004). The exclusive position enjoyed by radio in the field of electronic broadcasting during the crucial first twenty years of Israel's existence since 1948, when the press was politically divided and television was absent—Israel's first television channel started broadcasting in 1968—gave it much weight in setting the collective agenda." 3498:(1998), p. 6. "News agency news is considered 'wholesale' resource material, something that has to be worked upon, smelted, reconfigured, for conversion into a news report that is suitable for consumption by ordinary readers. It has also suited the news agencies to be thus presented: they have needed to seem credible to extensive networks of 'retail' clients of many different political and cultural shades and hues. They have wanted to avoid controversy, to maintain an image of plain, almost dull, but completely dependable professionalism." 1464: 3421:(1988), p. 56. "It is axiomatic in journalism that the fastest medium with the largest potential audience will disseminate the bulk of a community's breaking news. Today that race is being won by television and radio. Consequently, daily newspapers are beginning to underplay breaking news about yesterday's events (already old news to much of their audience) in favor of more analytical perspectives on those events. In other words, dailies are now moving in the direction toward which weeklies retreated when dailies were introduced." 3923:(1997), p. 366. "Another ancient form of advertising was the town crier, who told the citizenry about the 'good deal' to be found 'just around the corner'. Unlike the signs, which contained only information regarding the merchant, the criers also informed the citizens of the news of the day. Because the crier, or his agent, was compensated for his assistance in getting the advertising message out in the context of the news, there are interesting parallels with the newspaper of today (Applegate, 1993; Roche, 1993; Schramm, 1988)." 5891:(1998), p. 21. "Bloomberg's influence is greater than the number of its terminals may suggest, as it feeds financial data and economic news through the AP network to AP members and clients in the United States, and to many national networks through national news agencies. Indeed, it boasts having the second largest 'wholesale' news distribution in the United States, after AP. It has print, radio and television distribution in many countries: Bloomberg television is distributed via Astra satellite service in Europe." 1473: 9282: 633: 5195:(1992), p. 31. "It was quite normal for the average listener to be depicted as dressed immaculately in full evening dress, seated or standing elegantly with an expensive brand of cigarette in his hand, listening to his set. The BBC was happy to live up to this stereotype. Radio announces always arrived in evening dress, and announcers were chosen from the upper classes of English society. More importantly, they had to be able to speak the King's English just as the King spoke it." 2675:: to ask why and how certain narratives make their way from news producers to news consumers. Obvious gatekeepers include journalists, news agency staff, and wire editors of newspapers. Ideology, personal preferences, source of news, and length of a story are among the many considerations which influence gatekeepers. Although social media have changed the structure of news dissemination, gatekeeper effects may continue due to the role of a few central nodes in the social network. 2094: 9294: 9270: 6843:(1988), p. 5. "Free of an extended view of the history of press-government relations, it is easy to maintain a romantic image of the journalist, when unchained by repressive regulation, as a staunch adversary of government; it is easy to overlook the basic pro-authoritarian role that has been played by those who spread news: their success in occupying the minds of the governed with a belief in the importance, if not the inevitability, of a system of government." 6089:(2004), pp. 28–31. "A major liability of transnational media conglomerates is the loss of distinctive local culture. Transnational media conglomerates have a distinctly American influence—regardless of their country of origin. For instance, although Bertelsmann is a German-based corporation, in 2001, its largest proportion of its revenue (35 per cent) came from its U.S. media subsidiaries, including Bantam, Doubleday Dell, and Random House publishing companies, 6890:(1997), pp. 34–37. "In sum, a considerable body of research supports the argument that inter-organizational- and institutional-level forces, realized in a journalistic culture of 'objectivity,' fostered by, and in the service of, progressive liberal capitalism, constrain what journalists report. News thus exhibits an identifiable and widely shared form and a content broadly consonant with the social structures and values of its political-economic context." 2628: 4582:(2004), p. 90. "The 1792 law codified the right of newspapers to exchange copies for free with one another, and by the 1840s the average newspaper received an astonishing 4,300 exchange copies a year. Editors relied on other papers for the national news that filled most of their columns. In effect, the federal government was encouraging local papers to become outlets for a national news network that the government itself did not control." 7003:(1992), pp. 21, 55. "The Reuters news service would be broadcast from Rugby with an insertion written by the Foreign Office. The secret agreement provided that both Leafield and Rugby Radio would carry 720 000 words per year, at a cost of three and a half pence per word. During and after the Second World War, these two radio stations transmitted news whose content had been falsified with the intention of deceiving the enemy." 7822:(2001), 12. "Some media may be so pervasive and so consistent in their effects that their impact is not noticeable. After all, it is almost impossible find someone who doesn't watch television in industrialized societies. And those light viewers associate regularly with others who do watch television. Morgan (1986) suggested that 'the longer we live with television, the smaller television's observable impact may become'. 4469:(2014), p. 9. "The news reporting of the newspapers was very different, and utterly unfamiliar to those who had not previously been subscribers to the manuscript service. Each report was no more than a couple sentences long. It offered no explanation, comment, or commentary. Unlike a news pamphlet the reader did not know where this fitted in the narrative—or even whether what was reported would turn out to be important." 1415: 4346:(1979), pp. 18–19. "Since the late Middle Ages a formal network of correspondents and intelligence agents had come into being across the bulk of the European continent, busily sending news of military, diplomatic and ecclesiastical affairs along a series of prescribed routes. The information was handwritten and passed along carefully organized chains, each item being labeled with its place and date of origin." 1275: 5263:(1992), p. 27. "Thus WEAF planted the seeds of a new business that eventually grew to envelop the broadcasting industry: advertising, public relations, and propaganda. From about 1927 this revolution was under way. Advertising agencies, manufacturers, sponsors, promoters, and the sellers of medical and life insurance were jockeying for places in a world of propaganda disseminated by radio broadcasting." 3356:(2014), p. 3. "Even as news became more plentiful in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the problem of establishing the veracity of news reports remained acute. The news market—and by the sixteenth century it was a real market—was humming with conflicting reports, some incredible, some all too plausible: lives, fortunes, even the fate of kingdoms could depend upon acting on the right information." 7607:(2006), p. 303. "Virtually all references to the political significance of news events refer to the historical events of the first part of the 1990s. Current political events are overshadowed so greatly by the start of the political process in South Africa that they have lost much of their significance to the participants. Both black and white participants in the focus group shared this response." 7345:(2004), p. 24. "Publications weave invisible threads of connection among their readers. Once a newspaper circulates, for example, no one ever truly reads it alone. Readers know that others are also seeing it at roughly the same time, and they read it differently as a result, conscious that the information is now out in the open, spread before a public that may talk about the news and act on it." 1649:, which often travelled along railroad lines, enabled news to travel faster, over longer distances. (Days before Morse's Baltimore–Washington line transmitted the famous question, "What hath God wrought?", it transmitted the news that Henry Clay and Theodore Frelinghuysen had been chosen by the Whig nominating party.) Telegraph networks enabled a new centralization of the news, in the hands of 2595:(Office of Communications) enforces a legal requirement of "impartiality" on news broadcasters. Both newspapers and broadcast news programs in the United States are generally expected to remain neutral and avoid bias except for clearly indicated editorial articles or segments. Many single-party governments have operated state-run news organizations, which may present the government's views. 2575:" (who, what, when, where, why, and also how) of an event. Newspapers normally place hard news stories on the first pages, so the most important information is at the beginning, enabling busy readers to read as little or as much as they desire. Local stations and networks with a set format must take news stories and break them down into the most important aspects due to time constraints. 3316:(1979), p. 7. "In the information which chose to supply, and in the many sources of information which it took over and reorganized, it contained a bias towards recency or newness; to its readers, it offered regularity of publication. It had to be filled with whatever was available, unable to wait until information of greater clarity or certainty or of wider perspective had accumulated." 978: 5438:(1996), pp. 45–48. "When a major crisis breaks out overseas, ABC, CBS, and NBC will issue news bulletins and then go back to scheduled programming and perhaps do a late-evening wrap-up, but CNN stays on the air for long stretches of time continually updating the story. The networks' version of the story will be seen in the United States; CNN's version will be seen all over the world." 2194:. News can be delivered more quickly through this method of news as well as accessed more easily. The internet era has transformed the understanding of news. Because the internet allows communication which is not only instantaneous, but also bi- or multi-directional, it has blurred the boundaries of who is a legitimate news producer. A common type of internet journalism is called 1796:. "It was the decrease in information costs and the increasing communication speed that stood at the roots of increased market integration, rather than falling transport costs by itself. In order to send goods to another area, merchants needed to know first whether in fact to send off the goods and to what place. Information costs and speed were essential for these decisions." 1564:, was "a very civilized man prepared for a time to face life in the forest, plunging into the wilderness of the New World with his Bible, ax, and newspapers." In France, the Revolution brought forth an abundance of newspapers and a new climate of press freedom, followed by a return to repression under Napoleon. In 1792 the Revolutionaries set up a news ministry called the 7384:(2006), pp. 6–7. "But is an illusion which, when we receive it, and when we extend to it our trust in its authority as a representation of the real, transports us from the relative isolation of our domestic environments, the parochialism of our streets and small towns, the crowded bustle of our big cities, to membership of virtual global communities, united in access to 2463:, which envisions an international news exchange system involving national news agencies in every country. UNESCO encouraged the new states formed from colonial territories in the 1960s to establish news agencies, to generate domestic news stories, exchange news items with international partners, and disseminate both types of news internally. Along these lines, the 1980 4398: 1813: 7884:(2001), 100. "When issues are obtrusive, or directly experienced, such as inflation, the public does not need the news media to alert them to its importance. But, the less direct experience that they have with an issue, the more they depend on the news media for awareness. So, agenda-setting appears to be stronger for less personally involving issues." 2427:, which bought and incorporated World Television News; and Reuters Television. Bloomberg News created in the 1990s, expanded rapidly to become a player in the realm of international news. The Associated Press also maintains a radio network with thousands of subscribers worldwide; it is the sole provider of international news to many small stations. 1552:, and continuing into the 1800s. American newspapers got many of their stories by copying reports from each other. Thus by offering free postage to newspapers wishing to exchange copies, the Postal Service Act subsidized a rapidly growing news network through which different stories could percolate. Newspapers thrived during the colonization of the 1343:, runners, and regularly spaced relay stations. By this method, news could travel between Kyoto and Kamakura in 5–7 days. Special horse-mounted messengers could move information at the speed of 170 kilometers per day. The Japanese shogunates were less tolerant than the Chinese government of news circulation. The postal system established during the 1717:. The rebels proceeded to disrupt the British telegraph network, which was rebuilt with more redundancies. In 1902–1903, Britain and the U.S. completed the circumtelegraphy of the planet with transpacific cables from Canada to Fiji and New Zealand (British Empire), and from the US to Hawaii and the occupied Philippines. U.S. reassertions of the 2448: 6565:(1997), pp. 139–140, 146–152. "One method management could use to control its journalists would be to establish rules and regulations. This bureaucratic form would not be very efficient A more efficient method for controlling behavior in nonbureaucratic organizations, such as news organizations, is through professionalism. Professionalism " 3464:(2006), p. 7. " for the journalist the assessment of newsworthiness is an operationalization based on the aforementioned conditions. In other words, the practitioner typically constructs a method for fulfilling the daily job requirements. He or she rarely has an underlying theoretical understanding of what defining something or someone as 1784: 5157:(1998), pp. 23–24. "Earnings were generally derived from the sale of news services to media, financial or economic institutions, and governments, which were important as sources of revenue and as sources of intelligence, and it is generally considered that their news services reflected their respective national interests." 2615:. Similarly, the objectivity of news organizations owned by conglomerated corporations fairly may be questioned, in light of the natural incentive for such groups to report news in a manner intended to advance the conglomerate's financial interests. Individuals and organizations who are the subject of news reports may use 5592:(2004), pp. 42–43. "In contrast, the Masai, a nomadic community of cattle raisers in Kenya, Africa, spend their lives on the move; consequently, their contact with the media is sporadic. As a result, members of the Masai community did not learn about the September 11 attack in New York until the following June." 1266:, have also been used throughout history to convey limited types of information. These can have ranged from smoke and fire signals to advanced systems using semaphore codes and telescopes. The latter form of optical telegraph came into use in Japan, Britain, France, and Germany from the 1790s through the 1850s. 1688:, to handle domestic news. Just before insulated telegraph line crossed the English Channel in 1851, Reuter won the right to transmit stock exchange prices between Paris and London. He maneuvered Reuters into a dominant global position with the motto "Follow the Cable", setting up news outposts across the 1627:, and mistrust of the European approach to news reporting. By the end of the eighteenth century, the Ottoman Empire's leaders in Istanbul monitored the European press, but its contents were not disseminated for mass consumption. Some of the first written news in modern North Africa arose in Egypt under 7480: 2693: 2619: 2012: 1703: 977: 3434:(2012), pp. 35, 82. "... newspapers were defining what news was, categorizing and expanding their domain on the fly. Indeed, Somerville argues that 'news' is not an objective 'historical' concept but one that is defined by the news industry as it creates a commodity sold by publishers to the public." 3121: 2706: 2238: 2130: 1712: 1394: 3034: 2946: 2782: 2723: 2663: 2638: 2634: 2447: 1812: 1808: 1606: 1501: 1463: 3164: 3117: 3113: 3019: 2678: 1783: 1519: 1241: 4397: 3704: 3468: 2627: 2291: 2107: 1791: 1100: 3100: 2603: 2490:. It gives less coverage than other agencies to crime, disasters, and violence. Geographically, 70% of its news reporting concerns Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the Caribbean. IPS has the most subscribers in Latin America and southern Africa. IPS receives grants from organizations such as the 2398: 2349: 1048: 989: 3200: 3109: 2912: 2873: 2847: 2544: 1829: 2930: 1615: 1430: 1199: 2753:. International radio broadcasting came into wide-ranging use by world powers seeking cultural integration of their empires. The British government used BBC radio as a diplomatic tool, setting up Arabic, Spanish and Portuguese services in 1937. American propaganda broadcasters include 2442: 1872: 1861:" program, which included news from the U.S. to make the soldiers homesick. But by the end of the war, Britain had the largest radio network in the world, broadcasting internationally in 43 different languages. Its scope would eventually be surpassed (by 1955) by the worldwide 1821: 1347: 1233:, official messages were regularly distributed at mosques, by traveling holy men, and by secular criers. These criers were sent to read official announcements in marketplaces, highways, and other well-traveled places, sometimes issuing commands and penalties for disobedience. 2341: 6860:(1997), p. 14. "One study after another comes up with essentially the same observation, and it matters not whether the study is at the national, state, or local level—the story of journalism, on a day-to-day basis, is the story of the interaction of reporters and officials." 2931: 2268: 2163:. Televisions are densely concentrated in the United States (98% of households), and the average American watches 4 hours of television programming each day. In other parts of the world, such as Kenya—especially rural areas without much electricity—televisions are rare. 2541:, which also protected the free flow of information across borders. The World Bank also promoted privatization of national telecommunications, which afforded large multinational corporations the opportunity to purchase networks and expand operations in the Third World. 2982: 2775:. Other major international broadcasters include the People's Republic of China, Taiwan, Germany, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, North Korea, India, Cuba, and Australia. Around the world (and especially, formerly, in the Soviet bloc), international news sources such as the 1454: 2724: 3977: 1080: 1192: 3368: 2900:, both the federal government and the secessionist Republic of Biafra hired public relations firms, which competed to influence public opinion in the West, and between them established some of the key narratives employed in news reports about the war. 1584:. Yet, as in the case other newspapers, the incorporation of advertising into the newspaper led to justified reservations about accepting newspaper information at face value. Economic newspapers also became promoters of economic ideologies, such as 7392: 1206:—"The worshipful and most esteemed gentlemen of the Eight of Ward and Security of the city of Florence make it known, notify, and expressly command, to whosoever, of whatever status, rank, quality and condition"—and continuing with a statement ( 972: 2698:' in control of news organizations in the United States and the Netherlands. Further, newsrooms tend to divide journalists by gender, assigning men to "hard" topics like military, crime, and economics, and women to "soft", "humanised" topics. 1105:, roadside inns, along the way, and these places have naturally served as hubs for gaining news of the world. In late medieval Britain, reports ("tidings") of major events were a topic of great public interest, as chronicled in Chaucer's 1380 2112:. In China, too, newspapers have gained exclusive status, city-by-city, and pooled into large associations such as Chengdu Business News. These associations function like news agencies, challenging the hegemony of Xinhua as a news provider. 2122: 1661:) in Paris. Havas began in 1832, using the French government's optical telegraph network. In 1840 he began using pigeons for communications to Paris, London, and Brussels. Havas began to use the electric telegraph when it became available. 1539: 2000: 3007:, instantaneous global news coverage can rally public opinion as never before to motivate political action. In 1989, local and global communications media-enabled instant exposure to and discussion of the Chinese government's actions in 2245: 4206:(1991), p. 21. "Business thrives on the most recent news. The merchants of the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries, no less than those of today, required the 'freshest advices' in order to conduct their affairs profitably." 2586: 2889:.) The journalist relies on appearances of autonomy and even opposition to established interests—but the public relations agent seek to conceal their client's influence on the news,. Thus, public relations works its magic in secret. 1527:, publication was restricted to approved presses—as exemplified by The London Gazette, which prominently bore the words: "Published By Authority". Parliament allowed the Licensing Act to lapse in 1695, beginning a new era marked by 1389: 1571: 3002: 2315: 1370:, increased cross-border interaction created a rising need for information which was met by concise handwritten newssheets. The driving force of this new development was the commercial advantage provided by up-to-date news. 3587: 1938: 6641:(1997), p. 57. "Simply put, gatekeeping is the process by which the billions of messages that are available in the world get cut down and transformed into hundreds of messages that reach a given person on a given day." 2419: 1809: 3155: 2903: 2598: 3011:. The news about Tiananmen Square travelled over a fax machine, telephone, newspaper, radio, and television, and continued to travel even after the government imposed new restrictions on local telecommunications. 2166: 7646:(2011), ed. Neiger, Myers, & Zandberg; pp. 233–234. Also see: Neta Kliger-Vilenchik, "Setting the collective memory agenda: Examining mainstream media influence on individuals' perceptions of the past"; 2916: 2718: 3451: 1547: 2407: 2478:, founded in 1964, has served as an intermediary for Third World press agencies. Inter Press Service's editorial policy favors coverage of events, institutions, and issues which relate to inequality, 7206: 1837: 981: 1877:, who first entered the public ear as a war reporter in London, made the big leap to television to become an iconic newsman on CBS (and later the director of the United States Information Agency). 3744:(1988), p. 8. "A particularly lively forum for the exchange of news by word of mouth—the coffeehouse—flourished in England well after the development of the newspaper, and in some countries, the 2787: 2690:: propagation of the same error through increasingly reliable sources. In 2009, a number of journalists were embarrassed after all reproducing a fictional quotation, originating from Knowledge. 2505:, and UNESCO developed the use of satellite television for international broadcasting. In India, 1975–1976, these agencies implemented an experimental satellite television system, called the 1580: 6579: 6537: 6684: 3570:(1988), p. 2. "Sensationalism appears to be a technique or style that is rooted somehow in the nature of the news. News obviously can do much more than merely sensationalize, but most news 1322: 3046: 3122: 1721: 1362: 2533: 2390: 1713: 6569: 2257: 1523: 2456: 3283:"Mrs. John Cosgrave Is Dead Founded Finch Junior College: Was Institution's President Nearly 50 Years; Coined 'Current Events' Phrase". New York Herald Tribune. 1 November 1949. 5917: 1556:, fueled by high literacy and a newspaper-loving culture. By 1880, San Francisco rivaled New York in number of different newspapers and in printed newspaper copies per capita. 1037:, the human practice of sharing information about other humans of mutual interest. A common sensational topic is violence; hence another news dictum, "if it bleeds, it leads". 4133: 7266:". Also see: James Broderick, "'Give Us This Day Our Daily Press': Journalism in the Life and Art of James Joyce", Dissertation accepted at City University of New York, 1999. 2108: 1507: 2885: 2611: 1981: 6903: 3148: 3035: 1300: 2467:, "Many Voices, One World", called for an interdependent global news system with more participation from different governments. To this end, also, UNESCO formed the 1139: 3574:, in an important sense, sensational: it is intended, in part, to arouse, to excite, often—whether the subject is a political scandal or a double murder—to shock." 2494: 1226: 2239: 2686: 2242: 2066:' homes as the event occurs. Events that used to take hours or days to become common knowledge in towns or in nations are fed instantaneously to consumers via 2938: 2009: 1598: 1480: 7731: 2337:, convey both news stories for mass audiences and financial information of interest to businesses and investors. Bloomberg LP, a private company founded by 2322: 1788: 7180: 1440: 6437: 2878:, which are rebroadcast as news without commentary or detail about their origin. Video news releases seem like normal news programming, but use subtle 2498: 8311: 2923:, which derives from the newspapers of 16 June (and thereabouts), 1904, and represents the newspaper office itself as a vital part of life in Dublin. 2452:. Critics further charge that the Western media conglomerates maintain a bias towards the status quo economic order, especially a pro-corporate bias. 7151: 2228: 2209: 7894: 1002:, despite the inherent difficulty of reporting without political bias. Perception of these values has changed greatly over time as sensationalized ' 2394: 8337: 5763: 2116: 1959:, was controlled by the U.S. Department of Defense and used mostly by academics. It became available to a wider public with the release of the 1045: 2506: 2502: 2460: 1857: 1296:, were available to a sizeable reading public and dealt with common news themes—though they straddle the line between news and history. The 7367: 1354:(guild). They became even faster, and created an effective optical telegraphy system using flags by day and lanterns and mirrors by night. 668: 5671: 1451: 5684: 1068: 8267: 6739: 2825:, has become one of the foremost news sources in the world, appreciated by millions as an alternative to the Western media. State-owned 2765: 2727: 1314: 6724: 1510:, from 1605, is recognized as the world's first formalized 'newspaper'; while not a 'newspaper' in the modern sense, the Ancient Roman 7992: 7530: 2788: 2251: 1149:. These were carved in metal or stone and posted in public places. In medieval England, parliamentary declarations were delivered to 2806: 4119: 3074: 3051: 1143: 1560: 6738: 3043: 2546: 1838: 990: 8159: 2679: 1792: 1743:, the news agency of Czarist Russia, to their group, though they maintained their own reporters in Moscow. During and after the 3210: 3089:. Positive news stories found memorable by Jordanians featured political events affecting their lives and families—such as the 2545: 2292: 5525: 2664: 1825: 8585: 8446: 8367: 8332: 8281: 8241: 8213: 8199: 8124: 6400: 5852: 5712: 3184: 2600: 2430: 3482:(2014), p. 6. "News fitted ideally into the expanding market for cheap print, and it swiftly became an important commodity." 8677: 3047: 2582:; reporters claim to try to cover all sides of an issue without bias, as compared to commentators or analysts, who provide 1814: 810: 8160: 3240: 2668:: a domain of human affairs, usually involving government or commerce, in which certain types of events routinely occur. 2283: 1488: 1304:, circulated among court officials during the late Han dynasty (second and third centuries AD). Between 713 and 734, the 8278:". Proceedings of the 10th Anniversary Symposium of the Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project: Helsinki, 7–11 September 1995. 1329: 7954: 4450: 4218: 3141: 3055: 2510: 2491: 2363: 6330: 1692: 8627: 8613: 8599: 8571: 8557: 8543: 8522: 8501: 8487: 8460: 8432: 8418: 8384: 8353: 8318: 8304: 8255: 8227: 8178: 8153: 8139: 8110: 8095: 8080: 8054: 8039: 8010: 4146: 3808: 3781: 3149: 3008: 2412: 1532: 8262: 7933: 7683: 1676:, began collecting news from Germany and France in 1849, and in 1851 immigrated to London, where he established the 8404: 7717: 2424: 2168: 2109: 1896: 1866: 1705: 1427: 661: 8634: 1637:. Beginning in the 1850s and 1860s, the private press began to develop in the multi-religious country of Lebanon. 1092: 9329: 9324: 8774: 8185: 7069: 4226: 2758: 1908: 1528: 107: 8206: 3514: 1119: 4138: 4043: 3094: 3086: 2874: 2468: 2215: 1920: 7642: 1985: 1186: 8620: 2225: 1833: 1777: 1709: 1680: 1669: 1591: 1503: 17: 7916: 9319: 9245: 8946: 4098:(2007), p. 14. "However, it was in the Tang dynasty that a specific bureau—the Bureau of Official Reports ( 1927:, to which the network is prepared to shift its total attention if so chosen. CNN news was transmitted via 1892: 1858: 1805: 1681: 1180:. In most cases, the official spreaders of news have been closely aligned with holders of political power. 1058: 278: 157: 4184: 2222: 1747:, the outside agencies maintained a working relationship with the Petrograd Telegraph Agency, renamed the 7263: 3705: 3090: 3081:. In Jordan, people cited numerous memorable news events involving death and war, including the death of 2784: 2672: 2231: 654: 6239: 1631:, who developed the local paper industry and initiated the limited circulation of news bulletins called 1222:(announcements) might concern petty crimes, requests for information, and notices about missing slaves. 9260: 8508: 3168: 2935: 2750: 2526: 2319: 1978: 1842: 1253: 6693: 3039: 1724: 8275: 7616: 4920: 4128: 3140: 2327: 1931: 9042: 8982: 8857: 8852: 8789: 8670: 5816: 3063: 2826: 2818: 2579: 2538: 2059: 2055: 1935: 1762: 1748: 1714: 1288: 1283: 999: 374: 314: 193: 188: 122: 7276: 6416: 5511: 2250:. Social media is creating changes in the consumer behaviour and news consumption. According to a 1624: 807: 9037: 8778: 6599: 6557: 6450: 2963: 2671: 2487: 2368: 2354: 2052: 1759: 1524: 1422: 957: 369: 111: 3333: 3232:, accessed online, 5 March 2015. "Etymology: Spec. use of plural of new n., after Middle French 1989: 1131: 82: 9012: 8937: 8814: 8061: 2653: 2171:. These two major agencies have agreements to exchange video news with ABC, NBC, CBS, CNN, and 1793: 1135: 344: 269: 147: 38: 8187:". Dissertation accepted at University of Leeds Institute of Communication Studies, June 2004. 5844: 4943: 2741: 1223: 9274: 9249: 9170: 9155: 9062: 9047: 8902: 8892: 6827: 5871:(1998), p. 2; Oliver Boyd-Barrett, "'Global' News Agencies", in Boyd-Barrett & Rantanen, 3169: 2032: 1982: 1940: 1628: 1561: 1456: 693: 500: 485: 394: 379: 238: 228: 45: 31: 7779: 5839: 4115:(1979), p. 14. "At a later stage of its development, during the Sung period (960–1278), the 3798: 2247: 1696: 9145: 9052: 9032: 9027: 8992: 8962: 8877: 7283:, ed. Lazarsfeld & Stanton; New York: Harper & Brothers, 1949; quoted in Stephens, 6393: 3700:(1988), pp. 14, 305. "The desire to pass on tales of current events could be found even in 3078: 2639:'radical impartiality'—the need to hear the widest range of views—all sides of the story." 2483: 2479: 2449: 2296: 2172: 2002: 1658: 1646: 847: 475: 384: 364: 359: 324: 294: 213: 7975: 7841: 2620: 2013: 8: 9207: 9112: 9002: 8952: 8942: 8912: 8842: 8799: 8663: 8465: 4237: 3650:"definition of newsworthiness by the Free Online Dictionary, Thesaurus, and Encyclopedia" 3040: 2893: 2886: 2762: 2550: 2475: 2304: 2006: 1973: 1912: 1654: 1577: 1498: 1448: 1432: 1367: 1202: 815: 642: 537: 444: 334: 284: 274: 248: 178: 132: 59: 8411: 2896: 9092: 9067: 9007: 8972: 8882: 8867: 8862: 8784: 7792: 7547: 6347: 5934: 5837: 5780: 5463: 3605: 3469: 3135: 2958: 2897: 2875: 2687: 2631: 2623: 2323: 2300: 2035:. In modern times, printed news had to be phoned into a newsroom or brought there by a 2014: 1960: 1888: 1884: 1744: 1549: 1374: 1157: 1003: 915: 713: 424: 399: 339: 304: 218: 203: 198: 117: 8453: 6667: 6650: 3194: 2265:, which allows readers to navigate to other pages related to the one they're reading. 1963: 9286: 9233: 9218: 9185: 9107: 9097: 9087: 8987: 8928: 8907: 8897: 8887: 8819: 8623: 8609: 8595: 8581: 8567: 8553: 8539: 8518: 8497: 8483: 8456: 8442: 8428: 8414: 8380: 8363: 8349: 8328: 8314: 8300: 8251: 8237: 8223: 8209: 8195: 8174: 8149: 8135: 8120: 8106: 8091: 8076: 8050: 8035: 7748: 7551: 6396: 6351: 5938: 5848: 5784: 5708: 4142: 3804: 3145: 3021: 2991: 2972: 2879: 2776: 2742: 2657: 2605: 2529: 2338: 2234: 2187: 2176: 1841: 1834: 1685: 1553: 1444: 1423: 1402: 1263: 1107: 637: 563: 548: 515: 439: 429: 419: 319: 243: 233: 223: 152: 3609: 2549:, a conference which emphasized the role of civil society and the private sector in 2345: 1502: 53: 9223: 9180: 9175: 9102: 9072: 9022: 8977: 8872: 8475: 8290:'Take Writing': News, Information, And Documentary Culture in Late Medieval England 8194: 7850: 7788: 7740: 7539: 7160: 6339: 5926: 5772: 5094: 3597: 3340: 2927: 2870: 2754: 2746: 2708: 2387: 2205: 2156: 1964: 1900: 1874: 1862: 1693: 1494: 1363: 1018:, let alone actively correcting for it. News is also sometimes said to portray the 1007: 944: 929: 922: 866: 844: 553: 510: 505: 434: 404: 354: 309: 208: 8062: 3649: 2085: 9077: 8997: 8847: 8837: 8737: 8372: 7164: 6388: 6187: 6174: 6161: 6145: 5930: 5903: 5702: 4454: 4222: 3785: 3601: 3131: 2954: 2948: 2919: 2783: 2695: 2616: 2514: 2464: 2199: 1846: 1718: 1708:, reporting the news in England twelve days after the event took place. In 1866, 1334: 1255: 1250: 1150: 1124: 961: 904: 889: 880: 614: 409: 329: 183: 173: 3262: 2947: 1176: 9057: 8809: 8732: 8566:. Updated edition. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company (Thompson), 1997. 8389: 8234: 6343: 6016: 5990: 5887: 5797: 4388: 2853: 2829: 2796: 2665: 2588: 2380: 2334: 2258: 1689: 1665: 1541: 1536: 1306: 1230: 1077: 1033: 1026: 933: 885: 870: 848: 752: 609: 389: 142: 3248:(feminine singular) a new development, a fresh turn of events). Compare later 2957: 857: 9314: 9308: 9164: 9135: 9082: 9017: 8727: 8066: 7543: 5776: 2996: 2992: 2712: 2680: 2431: 2048: 1697: 1650: 1140: 1101: 800: 788: 772: 697: 604: 494: 465: 414: 349: 8592: 7744: 6303: 4447: 4215: 1435:. These riders could travel 180 kilometers in a day. This system became the 9150: 9140: 8722: 8633: 8289: 7752: 7629: 7603: 5966: 3370: 3144: 3082: 3070: 3059: 2976: 2892: 2834: 2772: 2408: 2308: 2262: 2254:, a large portion of Americans read news on digital and on mobile devices. 2093: 2075: 1620: 1585: 1581: 1472: 1330: 1323: 1311: 1173: 1161: 1102: 1097: 1085:, news for the general public often travelled orally via monks, travelers, 1030: 709: 599: 480: 470: 8276:'Royal Roads' and Other Questions of the Neo-Assyrian Communication System 7955:"OPINION EXCHANGE | Don Shelby: An anchorman's take on 'Anchorman 2'" 3779: 1010: 775: 9298: 9228: 8794: 6279: 3745: 3186: 3181: 3028: 2866: 2799:, planting false stories which made their way to news outlets worldwide. 2736: 2562: 2395: 2391: 2278: 2044: 1673: 1512: 1443:), who in 1587 received exclusive operating rights from the Emperor. The 1297: 1183: 1145: 899: 685: 558: 127: 8578: 8392:"News as a Form of Knowledge: A Chapter in the Sociology of Knowledge", 7691: 2934: 2837:, branded as RT, also have multiplatform presences and large audiences. 893: 874: 826: 9160: 8967: 8917: 8804: 8764: 8702: 8686: 8636:". Dissertation accepted at University of Maryland, College Park, 2006. 8248: 8184: 6578: 6536: 3196: 3004: 2811: 2612: 2568: 2534: 2530: 2358: 2071: 2047: 2026: 1891: 1880: 1850: 1826: 1653: 1573: 1557: 1436: 1350: 1344: 1246: 1086: 1015: 1011: 974: 960: 823: 796: 736: 725: 579: 524: 490: 299: 253: 137: 97: 74: 8346: 2097: 1286:, where reports gathered by officials were eventually compiled as the 9203: 9130: 8707: 6032: 3328: 3191: 3036: 2444: 2350: 2102: 1854: 1293: 1274: 811: 804: 744: 584: 533: 460: 64: 8646: 8536: 7765: 6886:(1987), ed. C.H. Berger & S.H. Chaffee; reprinted in Berkowitz, 6620:(1987), ed. C.H. Berger & S.H. Chaffee; reprinted in Berkowitz, 6523:(1987), ed. C.H. Berger & S.H. Chaffee; reprinted in Berkowitz, 5965: 1318:) to centralize news distribution for the court. Newsletters called 1278: 9213: 8220: 7854: 6710:"; Dissertation accepted at Goldsmiths, University of London, 2011. 6707: 5801: 5107: 5076: 5060: 3701: 2979:'s photograph of a starving child being stalked by a vulture; etc. 2830: 2803: 2195: 2191: 2160: 2148: 2140: 2079: 2063: 2036: 1928: 1916: 1904: 1169: 1165: 827: 776: 760: 740: 701: 543: 2039:, where it was typed and either transmitted over wire services or 1242: 1214:), and the penalty to be exacted from those who would not comply ( 8768: 8717: 6882: 6616: 6519: 2968: 2807: 2720: 2694: 2583: 2572: 2312: 2124: 2040: 1956: 1944: 1677: 1414: 1382: 1339: 1136: 1093: 1073: 764: 756: 717: 594: 101: 8325: 6045: 4740: 4722: 2999: 2779: 2457: 2437: 8742: 8650: 2416: 2372: 2346: 1924: 1845:, a centrally located high-power station on the continent, was 1772: 1460: 1386: 1132: 1082: 1034: 1025: 748: 619: 8494: 8439: 4134: 8655: 8480: 8117: 6824: 2822: 2592: 2520: 2152: 2067: 2017:, who provide an additional perspective on unfolding events. 1301: 1177: 1069: 1019: 819: 792: 768: 8472:. New York: Oxford University Press (American Branch), 1923. 8171: 8011:"Facebook investing $ 300 million in local news initiatives" 2821:, a TV and internet news network owned by the government of 1399: 8957: 8712: 6852: 4731: 4708: 3800: 3152:. Journalists themselves also experience trauma and guilt. 2975: 2299:(AFP). It was founded in 1835 by a Parisian translator and 1776:, New China. Xinhua became the official news agency of the 1752: 1439:, administered by Tasso descendants (subsequently known as 998: 705: 589: 289: 8362:. Houndsmills, Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011. 7068:(2004), p. 49; also see: Josh Getlin and Johanna Neuman, " 6708: 2913: 2333: 1704: 37:"Current Events" redirects here. For the music album, see 8292:". Dissertation accepted at University of Maryland, 2006. 7176: 7174: 5834: 5153:'Global' News Agencies", in Boyd-Barrett & Rantanen, 5011:'Global' News Agencies", in Boyd-Barrett & Rantanen, 2792: 2642: 2525: 2376: 2144: 1611:, published in Kikuyu by the Kenyan Central Association. 784: 780: 732: 7993:"Facebook announces $ 300 million local news investment" 4254:. Venice: Fondazione Ugo e Olga Levi, 1985. Chs. 1 2, 3. 4252: 4241:(Cambridge University Press, 2002) pp. 212, 214, 216–217 3586: 3382: 2486:, natural resources, population, health, education, and 1245: 1156: 8515: 6081: 6079: 6077: 5584: 5582: 2711: 8260: 7949: 7947: 7934:"How nonstop marketing killed my buzz for Anchorman 2" 7684:"Queen's University – Department of Political Studies" 7171: 4294: 4265: 4193: 1911: 1508: 1282: 44:. For the page on Knowledge about current events, see 9258: 8360: 8297: 8222:. Fourth edition. Iowa State University Press, 1996. 7529: 6633: 6036:(2011), ed. Neiger, Myers, & Zandberg; pp. 31–34. 5696: 5694: 4902: 4900: 2131: 1599: 8208:. New York: Taylor & Francis (Routledge), 2013. 8173:. Boston: Focal Press (Butterworth-Heineman), 1997. 8034:. (2nd ed. McGraw Hill Open University Press, 2004. 6074: 5579: 2683: 2058: 1262: 7944: 7678: 7676: 7406: 3822: 3820: 3408: 3336:: "History is the record of things accomplished. A 2219: 8295:Manoff, Robert Karl, and Michael Schudson (eds.). 7928: 7926: 7911: 7909: 6364:Zhong, "Searching for Meaning" (2006), pp. 15, 35. 6280:"Public Journalism and the Problem of Objectivity" 5836: 5691: 4897: 4290: 4288: 4286: 3748:has survived even the introduction of television." 2814:to beam 24-hour programming to Iraq and environs. 2499:United States Agency for International Development 2139:Internationally distributed news channels include 1022:, but this relationship is elusive and qualified. 8550:A History of News: From the Drum to the Satellite 8132:The Press and Society: From Caxton to Northcliffe 8086:Boyd-Barrett, Oliver, and Tehri Rantanen (eds.). 7893: 7831:Zhong, "Searching for Meaning" (2006), pp. 17–18. 6898: 6896: 5811: 5809: 5807: 4848: 4846: 4204:Beginnings of Commercial and Financial Journalism 3490: 3488: 3069:explosion, the 1997 death of Princess Diana, the 2869:, which deals with marketing distinct from news, 2701: 2608:model focusing on developments in everyday life. 2571:. Commonly, news content should contain all the " 2210:Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism 1544:, where publishers could evade state censorship. 1292:. The annals, whose compilation is attributed to 9306: 8492:Shoemaker, Pamela J. and Akiba A. Cohen (eds.). 8427:. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbau Associates, 2001. 7970: 7968: 7673: 5799:Papers in International and Global Communication 5758: 5756: 5754: 3817: 1049:unknown events that could pose personal danger. 8564:Communications Media in the Information Society 7923: 7906: 7660: 7658: 7656: 7262:; Palgrave Macmillan, 2010; see Chapter Five, " 7139:Communications Media in the Information Society 6056:Communications Media in the Information Society 5616:Communications Media in the Information Society 5603:Communications Media in the Information Society 5391:Communications Media in the Information Society 5378:Communications Media in the Information Society 5219:Communications Media in the Information Society 4658:Communications Media in the Information Society 4283: 4039: 4037: 4035: 3921:Communications Media in the Information Society 3841:Communications Media in the Information Society 3190:. One example in recent time is the fact that 2941: 2353:Other agencies with considerable reach include 1014:, journalists were not aware of the concept of 803:, often driven by government communication and 8358:Neiger, Motti, Oren Myers, and Eyal Zandberg. 8146:Media Events: The Live Broadcasting of History 8101:Chakravartty, Paula, and Katharine Sarikakis. 8024: 7987: 7985: 7917:"Brands set to 'stay classy' with Anchorman 2" 6902: 6893: 6157: 6155: 5835:Broderick, James F.; Darren W. Miller (2007). 5804: 5430: 5428: 4843: 3485: 2295:The oldest news agency still operating is the 1153:for public display and reading at the market. 692:. This may be provided through many different 8671: 8377:Inventing Reality: The Politics of News Media 7965: 6241:International Communication and Globalization 6097:magazines, and Arista and RCA record labels." 5815: 5791: 5751: 5641: 5639: 5637: 5465:International Communication and Globalization 5459: 5457: 5401: 5399: 5072: 5070: 4446:Weber 2006, World Association of Newspapers: 3960: 3958: 3386:(1986), ed. Manoff & Schudson; pp. 81–82. 2635:terms of appearance and relationship to men. 2507:Satellite Instructional Television Experiment 2503:National Aeronautics and Space Administration 2461:New World Information and Communication Order 2438:New World Information and Communication Order 2179:is a notable broadcaster in times of crisis. 1593:The Royal Gazette and Sierra Leone Advertiser 1194: 1187: 795:, have been dubbed news since ancient times. 662: 8455:. New York: Jeremy P. Tarcher/Putnam, 2001. 8047:The Press in the Arab Middle East: A History 7653: 7264:Newspapers and Periodicals: Endless Dialogue 6805: 6803: 6720: 6718: 6716: 6028: 6026: 5964:Lisa M. George & Christiaan Hogendorn, " 5542: 5540: 5538: 5507: 5505: 5503: 5501: 5499: 4996:Struggle for Control of Global Communication 4983:Struggle for Control of Global Communication 4957:Struggle for Control of Global Communication 4877: 4875: 4777:The Press in the Arab Middle East: A History 4764:The Press in the Arab Middle East: A History 4751:The Press in the Arab Middle East: A History 4209: 4032: 3934:The Press in the Arab Middle East: A History 3901:Milner, "Fanno bandire" (2013), pp. 122–123. 3874:Milner, "Fanno bandire" (2013), pp. 110–112. 3759:The Press in the Arab Middle East: A History 3510: 3508: 3506: 3504: 3348: 3346: 3292: 3290: 2995:. In this view, the news media constitute a 2604:distractions from reality, and emphasized a 1632: 1400: 7982: 7896:Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly 7840: 7337: 7335: 7295: 7293: 6299: 6297: 6152: 5425: 5242: 5240: 5174: 5172: 4375: 4373: 4354: 4352: 4239:Court and Politics in Papal Rome, 1492–1700 4012: 4010: 3175: 2951:, the construction of a national identity. 2882:and other techniques to influence viewers. 1997:magazine, posted photographs of the scene. 1753:Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union (TASS) 1672:in Berlin in 1849. Another Havas disciple, 1114: 8678: 8664: 8441:. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2014. 8339:I Tatti Studies in the Italian Renaissance 5707:(2nd ed.). W.W. Norton. p. 205. 5634: 5454: 5396: 5090: 5088: 5086: 5067: 4919: 4718: 4716: 4714: 4379:Bakker, "Trading Facts" (2011), pp. 10–11. 4358:Bakker, "Trading Facts" (2011), pp. 11–12. 4077: 4075: 3955: 2578:Journalists are often expected to aim for 2567:News values are the professional norms of 2521:Further transformation in global news flow 1337:from 1183 to 1333. The system depended on 669: 655: 6800: 6713: 6023: 5883: 5881: 5535: 5496: 5145: 5143: 4872: 4122: 3944: 3942: 3501: 3364: 3362: 3343: 3287: 2789:International Organization of Journalists 1310:("Bulletin of the Court") of the Chinese 1076:, Polynesians, and American Southerners, 63:newspaper about the first Moon landing – 8218:Hachten, William A, with Harva Hachten. 7778: 7332: 7290: 6567:makes the use of discretion predictable. 6329: 6294: 5899: 5897: 5762: 5742: 5727: 5700: 5526:Telegraph.co.uk: 15 years of online news 5237: 5169: 4440: 4370: 4349: 4105: 4007: 3308: 3306: 3125: 2282: 2248:news gathering on social media platforms 2175:—itself a sizeable video news exchange. 2092: 2062:technology to bring current events into 1915:, the United States waged the 1991–1992 1817:. By 1939, 58% of Americans surveyed by 1770:. In 1937, the Party renamed the agency 1728:World railway and telegraph system, 1900 1723: 1471: 1467: 1413: 1273: 1118: 865:. Similar developments are found in the 814:became established in Europe during the 52: 8608:. London: Peter Peregrinus Ltd., 1992. 8562:Straubhaar, Joseph, and Robert LaRose. 8529:The Newspaper: An International History 8517:. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, Inc., 2004. 8327:. New York: Routledge (Informa), 2006. 6905:International Journal of Press/Politics 5083: 4970:Connecting the Nineteenth-Century World 4854:Connecting the Nineteenth-Century World 4790:Connecting the Nineteenth-Century World 4711: 4645:The Newspaper: An International History 4480:The Newspaper: An International History 4344:The Newspaper: An International History 4113:The Newspaper: An International History 4083:The Newspaper: An International History 4072: 4067:The Newspaper: An International History 3910:Milner, "Fanno bandire" (2013), p. 124. 3892:Milner, "Fanno bandire" (2013), p. 121. 3883:Milner, "Fanno bandire" (2013), p. 120. 3796: 3314:The Newspaper: An International History 3276: 2547:World Summit on the Information Society 2311:. By the end of the twentieth century, 1887:(CNN) in 1980 inaugurated a new era of 1799: 1595:, established in 1801, and followed by 1516:served a similar purpose circa 131 BC. 1506:emerged in Germany in the early 1600s. 830:has also begun to play a similar role. 731:Common topics for news reports include 14: 9307: 8513:Silverblatt, Art, and Nikolai Zlobin. 8379:. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1993. 8309:McCusker, J.J., & C. Gravesteijn. 8250:. University of Illinois Press, 2002. 8190:Fowler-Watt, Karen, and Stuart Allan. 8073:Social Meanings of News: A Text Reader 7976:"How Facebook stole the news business" 7664: 7150: 6386: 5878: 5818:International Journal of Communication 5166:Bakker, "Trading Facts" (2011), p. 33. 5140: 5051:Bakker, "Trading Facts" (2011), p. 28. 5042:Bakker, "Trading Facts" (2011), p. 23. 5033:Bakker, "Trading Facts" (2011), p. 36. 5024:Bakker, "Trading Facts" (2011), p. 22. 4894:Bakker, "Trading Facts" (2011), p. 16. 4801:Bakker, "Trading Facts" (2011), p. 15. 4556:Bakker, "Trading Facts" (2011), p. 30. 4367:Lim, "Take Writing" (2006), pp. 35–45. 4016:Bakker, "Trading Facts" (2011), p. 13. 3939: 3582: 3580: 3359: 3211:Toronto school of communication theory 2643:Social organization of news production 1943:, which closed in April 1996. It used 1236: 1218:). In addition to major declarations, 1210:), a request made upon the listeners ( 1172:cultures of the American midwest. The 8659: 8606:History of International Broadcasting 8531:. London: Thames & Hudson, 1979. 8482:. New York: Basic Books, Inc., 1978. 7001:History of International Broadcasting 6962:History of International Broadcasting 6949:History of International Broadcasting 6936:History of International Broadcasting 5894: 5352:History of International Broadcasting 5339:History of International Broadcasting 5326:History of International Broadcasting 5313:History of International Broadcasting 5300:History of International Broadcasting 5274:History of International Broadcasting 5261:History of International Broadcasting 5206:History of International Broadcasting 5193:History of International Broadcasting 3303: 3142:destruction of the World Trade Center 3091:Israeli withdrawal from South Lebanon 2647: 2601:American Society of Newspaper Editors 2402: 2287:Reuters office in Bonn, Germany, 1988 1934:In 1996, the Qatar-owned broadcaster 1127:depicting a town crier with a trumpet 1029:, the disproportionate focus on, and 720:to events. News is sometimes called " 8580:. Cambridge University Press, 2013. 8451:Rampton, Sheldon, and John Stauber. 8269:Scandinavian Economic History Review 7730: 7153:Journal of Public Relations Research 5916: 4448:"Newspapers: 400 Years Young!" p.396 3770:Lim, "Take Writing" (2006), pp. 1–6. 3041:capture of American hostages in Iran 1815:National Association of Broadcasters 1623:, which had a stronger tradition of 8236:Oxford: Voltaire Foundation, 2012. 6671:27 (1950); reprinted in Berkowitz, 6654:27 (1950); reprinted in Berkowitz, 6603:11 (1989); reprinted in Berkowitz, 6586:33 (1955); reprinted in Berkowitz, 6561:11 (1989); reprinted in Berkowitz, 6544:33 (1955); reprinted in Berkowitz, 6454:11 (1989); reprinted in Berkowitz, 5765:International Communication Gazette 4267:. (Stanford UP, 2007). Chs. 10, 11. 4096:Origins of the Modern Chinese Press 4054:Origins of the Modern Chinese Press 3577: 3236:(see novel n.), or classical Latin 2907: 2840: 2020: 1489:History of newspapers and magazines 1479:, "Published By Authority" (of the 1418:Some European postal routes in 1563 24: 8594:. Indiana University Press, 2005. 8299:. New York: Pantheon Books, 1986. 8283:Australian Economic History Review 8148:. Harvard University Press, 1992. 7793:10.1111/j.1533-8525.1997.tb00758.x 7388:events, communally experienced at 7277:What 'missing the newspaper' means 6964:(1992), pp. 129–133, 132, 206–207. 6884:Handbook of Communications Science 6618:Handbook of Communications Science 6521:Handbook of Communications Science 6395:. Simon and Schuster. p. 57. 5843:. Information Today, Inc. p.  4171:Alice Gordenker, "Postal Symbol"; 3222: 2511:Indian Space Research Organisation 2492:United Nations Development Program 2364:Agenzia Nazionale Stampa Associata 2031:News can travel through different 1732:By the turn of the century (i.e., 1657:, who founded Bureau Havas (later 1535:newspapers. (During this era, the 25: 9341: 8640: 8403:(Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2019) 7281:Communications Research 1948–1949 5732:(2nd ed.). pp. 207–216. 3852:Lim, "Take Writing" (2006), p. 5. 3165:few alternatives for comparison. 3101:events in the minds of citizens. 3071:intervention of the Supreme Court 2423:Television news agencies include 1040: 9292: 9280: 9268: 8003: 7887: 7874: 7861: 7834: 7825: 7812: 7799: 7772: 7759: 7724: 7711: 7698: 7669:. Congressional Quarterly Press. 7667:Mass Media and American Politics 7636: 7623: 7610: 7597: 7584: 7571: 7558: 7523: 7510: 7497: 7484: 7474: 7461: 7448: 7435: 7422: 7409: 7400: 7374: 7361: 7348: 7319: 7306: 7269: 7252: 7239: 7226: 7213: 7200: 7187: 7144: 7131: 7118: 7105: 7092: 7079: 7058: 7045: 7032: 7019: 7006: 6993: 6980: 6967: 6954: 6941: 6928: 6915: 6876: 6863: 6856:(1989); reprinted in Berkowitz, 6846: 6833: 6816: 6787: 6774: 6761: 6748: 6731: 6700: 6687: 6678: 6661: 6644: 6637:(1991); reprinted in Berkowitz, 6627: 6610: 6593: 6572: 6551: 6530: 6513: 6500: 6487: 6474: 6461: 6444: 6431: 6409: 6380: 6367: 6358: 6323: 6310: 6272: 6259: 6246: 6233: 6220: 6207: 6194: 6181: 6168: 6139: 6126: 6113: 6100: 6061: 6048: 6039: 6010: 5997: 5984: 5971: 5958: 5945: 5910: 5861: 5828: 5736: 5721: 5678: 5665: 5652: 5621: 5608: 5595: 5566: 5553: 5518: 5483: 5470: 5441: 5412: 5383: 5370: 5357: 5344: 5331: 5318: 5305: 5292: 5279: 5266: 5253: 5224: 5211: 5198: 5185: 5160: 5127: 5114: 5101: 5054: 5045: 5036: 5027: 5018: 5001: 4988: 4975: 4962: 4949: 4932: 4913: 4888: 4859: 4830: 4817: 4804: 4795: 4782: 4769: 4756: 4743: 4734: 4725: 4702: 4689: 4676: 4663: 4650: 4637: 2986: 2802:Broadcasts into Iraq before the 2730: 2613:commercial or political pressure 2425:Associated Press Television News 2272: 2190:is news that is reported on the 2169:Associated Press Television News 2110:consolidation in media ownership 1867:United States Information Agency 631: 81: 27:Information about current events 8622:Abingdon, UK: Routledge, 2007. 8538:. New York: Basic Books, 2004. 8470:The Newspaper and the Historian 8144:Dayan, Daniel, and Elihu Katz. 7719:New England Journal of Medicine 7469:The Newspaper and the Historian 7356:The Newspaper and the Historian 7221:The Newspaper and the Historian 6826:; New York: Garland, 1997; pp. 6811:The Newspaper and the Historian 4942:; Palgrave Macmillan, 2009; p. 4838:The Newspaper and the Historian 4825:The Newspaper and the Historian 4624: 4611: 4598: 4585: 4572: 4559: 4550: 4537: 4524: 4511: 4498: 4485: 4472: 4459: 4427: 4414: 4401: 4391: 4382: 4361: 4336: 4323: 4310: 4297: 4270: 4257: 4244: 4231: 4227:World Association of Newspapers 4196: 4187: 4178: 4165: 4152: 4088: 4059: 4046: 4019: 3994: 3981: 3971: 3926: 3913: 3904: 3895: 3886: 3877: 3868: 3855: 3846: 3833: 3790: 3773: 3764: 3751: 3734: 3721: 3708: 3690: 3677: 3664: 3642: 3629: 3616: 3560: 3547: 3534: 3521: 3472: 3454: 3437: 3424: 3411: 3402: 3389: 2759:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 1979:A 1994 earthquake in California 1919:with the assistance of nonstop 8685: 8103:Media Policy and Globalization 7733:American Journal of Psychiatry 7260:The Culture of Joyce's Ulysses 6267:Media Policy and Globalization 6228:Media Policy and Globalization 6215:Media Policy and Globalization 6202:Media Policy and Globalization 6134:Media Policy and Globalization 4139:University of California Press 3376: 3319: 3255: 3180:It has been acknowledged that 3104: 3014: 2795:heavily pursued a strategy of 2702:Relationship with institutions 2556: 2469:Non-Aligned News Agencies Pool 2411:, and the Communist agencies: 1895:. Rupert Murdoch's Australian 716:, or through the testimony of 13: 1: 8743:Pundit / commentator 8394:American Journal of Sociology 7397:, right now, to real people." 6119:Boyd-Barrett & Rantanen, 5977:Boyd-Barrett & Rantanen, 5867:Boyd-Barrett & Rantanen, 4409:History of Mass Communication 4331:History of Mass Communication 3950:History of Mass Communication 3729:History of Mass Communication 3494:Boyd-Barrett & Rantanen, 3332:(1923), p. 10. Salmon quotes 3263:"Online Etymology Dictionary" 3244:new (compare classical Latin 3216: 2766: 2182: 2134: 1955:The early internet, known as 1733: 1670:Wolffs Telegraphisches Bureau 620:Pundit / commentator 8506:Silberstein-Loeb, Jonathan. 8105:. Palgrave Macmillan, 2006. 7165:10.1207/s1532754xjprr1101_03 7070:Vying for Eyes, Ears of Iraq 7066:International Communications 7053:International Communications 6854:Media, Culture & Society 6601:Media, Culture & Society 6559:Media, Culture & Society 6452:Media, Culture & Society 6332:Media, Culture & Society 6265:Chakravartty and Sarikakis, 6226:Chakravartty and Sarikakis, 6213:Chakravartty and Sarikakis, 6200:Chakravartty and Sarikakis, 6132:Chakravartty and Sarikakis, 6087:International Communications 5931:10.1080/10584609.2011.572487 5747:(2nd ed.). p. 207. 5590:International Communications 5096:Media, Culture & Society 4697:Power of the Financial Press 4684:Power of the Financial Press 4671:Power of the Financial Press 4202:McCusker & Gravesteijn, 3602:10.1080/1461670X.2012.664321 3159: 3027:One type of news event, the 2942:Social and cultural cohesion 2926:A 1945 study by sociologist 2497:Beginning in the 1960s, the 2088: 1893:BBC World Service Television 1806:British Broadcasting Company 1395:century, long passages from 1377:first published the monthly 1366:from Bruges to Riga. In the 1063: 1059:History of telecommunication 984: 838: 158:Index of journalism articles 7: 9246:List of journalism articles 8496:New York, Routledge, 2006. 8401:International News Agencies 8025:Sources and further reading 7721:, 345.20, 15 November 2001. 6375:Governing Soviet Journalism 5135:Governing Soviet Journalism 3204: 2785:Central Intelligence Agency 2591:, the government agency of 2509:, with assistance from the 2415:from the Soviet Union, and 1950: 1835:Allied invasion of Normandy 1766:newspaper and the internal 1751:(ROSTA) and eventually the 1710:an undersea telegraph cable 1640: 1373:In 1556, the government of 1006:' has risen in popularity. 724:" to differentiate it from 10: 9346: 8552:. New York: Viking, 1988. 8192:Journalism: New Challenges 8164:Senri Ethnological Studies 8119:. (Northwestern UP, 2008. 7208:Columbia Journalism Review 7064:Silverblatt & Zlobin, 7051:Silverblatt & Zlobin, 6344:10.1177/016344300022005002 6085:Silverblatt & Zlobin, 5743:Schudson, Michael (2011). 5728:Schudson, Michael (2011). 5701:Schudson, Michael (2011). 5588:Silverblatt & Zlobin, 4263:Selfridge-Field, Eleanor. 4250:Selfridge-Field, Eleanor. 3129: 3095:Israel–Jordan peace treaty 3075:2000 presidential election 2955:Images connected with news 2763:set up during the Cold War 2751:international broadcasting 2734: 2560: 2320:United Press International 2276: 2117:most circulated newspapers 2100: 2024: 1865:programs, produced by the 1830:nations prepared for war. 1778:People's Republic of China 1486: 1056: 1052: 967: 851:, the equivalent word was 833: 36: 29: 9243: 9195: 9122: 8927: 8829: 8753: 8693: 8425:Media Effects And Society 8313:. Amsterdam: Neha, 1991. 8134:. London: Longman, 1978. 8088:The Globalization of News 7882:Media Effects And Society 7869:Media Effects And Society 7820:Media Effects And Society 7807:Media Effects And Society 7706:Media Effects And Society 7665:Graber, Doris A. (1980). 7579:Media Effects And Society 7566:Media Effects And Society 7234:Media Effects And Society 6417:"Re-thinking Objectivity" 6189:The Globalization of News 6176:The Globalization of News 6163:The Globalization of News 6147:The Globalization of News 6121:The Globalization of News 6018:The Globalization of News 5992:The Globalization of News 5979:The Globalization of News 5889:The Globalization of News 5873:The Globalization of News 5869:The Globalization of News 5354:(1992), pp. 108–114, 132. 5155:The Globalization of News 5109:The Globalization of News 5078:The Globalization of News 5062:The Globalization of News 5013:The Globalization of News 3496:The Globalization of News 3230:Oxford English Dictionary 2745:, alternatively known as 2328:News World Communications 1923:. CNN's specialty is the 1899:entered the picture with 1839:Office of War Information 1684:agency, later called the 1664:One of Havas's proteges, 1357: 643:Category: Journalism 8068:. (Hampton Press, 2011). 7843:Public Opinion Quarterly 7544:10.1177/1464884911400846 5777:10.1177/1748048512465546 4225:, A Newspaper Timeline, 3797:Bleumer, Gerrit (2007). 3626:(1988), pp. 26, 105–106. 3447:(1988), p. 3. "The term 3176:Influence of sponsorship 2827:China Central Television 2749:and, in the modern era, 2654:sociological perspective 2539:World Trade Organization 2459:(UNESCO) has promoted a 2119:all publish from Japan. 2060:communications satellite 2056:United States cable news 1749:Russian Telegraph Agency 1715:Indian Rebellion of 1857 1621:spread to the Arab world 1619:Newspapers were slow to 1407:and, in northern Italy, 1289:Spring and Autumn Annals 1284:eighth century BCE China 1259:, for similar purposes. 1115:Government proclamations 714:electronic communication 8703:Journalists (reporters) 7745:10.1176/ajp.156.10.1536 7137:Straubhaar and LaRose, 7126:Trust Us, We're Experts 7124:Rampton & Stauber, 7113:Trust Us, We're Experts 7111:Rampton & Stauber, 7055:(2004), p. 49; also see 6888:Social Meanings of News 6858:Social Meanings of News 6673:Social Meanings of News 6656:Social Meanings of News 6639:Social Meanings of News 6622:Social Meanings of News 6605:Social Meanings of News 6588:Social Meanings of News 6563:Social Meanings of News 6546:Social Meanings of News 6525:Social Meanings of News 6456:Social Meanings of News 6054:Straubhaar and LaRose, 5919:Political Communication 5614:Straubhaar and LaRose, 5601:Straubhaar and LaRose, 5389:Straubhaar and LaRose, 5376:Straubhaar and LaRose, 5217:Straubhaar and LaRose, 4922:Business History Review 4656:Straubhaar and LaRose, 4595:(2008), pp. 8–9, 22–23. 4221:11 January 2012 at the 3919:Straubhaar and LaRose, 3839:Straubhaar and LaRose, 3803:. Springer. p. 2. 3652:. Thefreedictionary.com 3460:Shoemaker & Cohen, 3395:Shoemaker & Cohen, 3052:Martin Luther King, Jr. 2964:V-J Day in Times Square 2488:sustainable development 2369:Middle East News Agency 2355:Deutsche Presse-Agentur 2053:commercial broadcasting 1760:Chinese Communist Party 1645:The development of the 1269: 993: 958:Jessica Garretson Finch 869:– namely cognates from 818:. In the 20th century, 718:observers and witnesses 580:Journalists (reporters) 9330:Television terminology 9325:Sociology of knowledge 8815:Editorial independence 8413:(Edward Elgar, 1989). 8348:. London: SAGE, 1997. 8344:Mohammadi, Ali (ed.). 8158:Distelrath, Günther. " 7781:Sociological Quarterly 6387:Thomas, Helen (2006). 3327:The Newspaper and the 3085:, Princess Diana, and 2850: 2537:institutions like the 2288: 2115:The world's top three 2098: 2051:" has become trite as 1794:economic globalization 1729: 1633: 1484: 1449:English postal service 1419: 1401: 1279: 1195: 1188: 1128: 928:– and likewise in the 148:Editorial independence 68: 9171:Pink-slime journalism 9156:Horse race journalism 8647:News media by country 8576:Wenzlhuemer, Roland. 8071:Berkowitz, Dan (ed.) 7631:News Around the World 7618:News Around the World 7605:News Around the World 7417:Global News Challenge 7343:Creation of the Media 7258:R. Brandon Kershner, 7100:Global News Challenge 7087:Global News Challenge 6975:Global News Challenge 6923:Global News Challenge 6439:Science Communication 6254:Global News Challenge 5745:The Sociology of News 5730:The Sociology of News 5704:The Sociology of News 5393:(1997), pp. 179, 210. 5007:Oliver Boyd-Barrett, 4883:Creation of the Media 4812:Creation of the Media 4632:Creation of the Media 4580:Creation of the Media 4567:Creation of the Media 4545:Creation of the Media 4532:Creation of the Media 4467:The Invention of News 4453:10 March 2010 at the 4435:The Invention of News 4422:The Invention of News 4318:Creation of the Media 4305:The Invention of News 4278:The Invention of News 4027:Creation of the Media 3989:The Invention of News 3480:The Invention of News 3462:News Around the World 3397:News Around the World 3354:The Invention of News 3170:agenda-setting theory 3126:Psychological effects 2845: 2286: 2252:study by Pew Research 2096: 2025:Further information: 1991:San Jose Mercury News 1983:Oklahoma City bombing 1941:BBC Arabic Television 1727: 1706:Lincoln assassination 1562:Alexis de Tocqueville 1475: 1468:Rise of the newspaper 1457:Christoph von Scheurl 1445:French postal service 1417: 1333:and again during the 1277: 1164:in India, and in the 1122: 638:Journalism portal 501:Pink-slime journalism 486:Horse race journalism 56: 46:Portal:Current events 32:News (disambiguation) 9146:Freedom of the press 8548:Stephens, Mitchell. 8466:Salmon, Lucy Maynard 8423:Perse, Elizabeth M. 8288:Lim, Hyunyang Kim. " 8285:54.3, November 2014. 8274:Kessler, Karlhenz. " 8049:. (Oxford UP, 1995. 7471:(1923), pp. 211–213. 7445:(2006), pp. 179–185. 7432:(2006), pp. 140–144. 7329:(2004), pp. 110–112. 7316:(2004), pp. 113–115. 7223:(1923), pp. 1–2, 31. 7141:(1997), pp. 395–396. 7042:(1996), pp. 113–116. 7029:(1996), pp. 116–118. 6951:(1992), pp. 177–182. 6925:(2013), pp. 4–6, 15. 6797:(2004), pp. 129–130. 6784:(2004), pp. 127–129. 6758:(2004), pp. 119–121. 6669:Journalism Quarterly 6652:Journalism Quarterly 6607:(1997), pp. 141–142. 6590:(1997), pp. 111–114. 6548:(1997), pp. 108–110. 6510:(2004), pp. 134–135. 6458:(1997), pp. 143–145. 6269:(2006), pp. 136–143. 6191:(1998), pp. 196–197. 6178:(1998), pp. 195–196. 6165:(1998), pp. 192–194. 6110:(2006), pp. 105–108. 6071:(1996), pp. 100–102. 6058:(1997), pp. 124–125. 5662:(2006), pp. 124–133. 5618:(1997), pp. 163–164. 5605:(1997), pp. 158–159. 5550:(2004), pp. 175–176. 5409:(2006), pp. 108–114. 5341:(1992), pp. 39, 105. 5221:(1997), pp. 177–178. 5111:(1998), pp. 182–183. 5064:(1998), pp. 180–181. 4998:(2002), pp. 153–178. 4985:(2002), pp. 145–146. 4972:(2013), pp. 211–215. 4885:(2004), pp. 175–177. 4840:(1923), pp. 117–118. 4029:(2004), pp. 156–157. 3542:Discovering the News 3334:Théophraste Renaudot 3079:September 11 attacks 2860:(1928), pp. 152–153. 2484:economic integration 2480:economic development 2450:cultural imperialism 2297:Agence France-Presse 2127:for their websites. 2003:information overload 1969:Electronic Telegraph 1851:by the United States 1800:Radio and television 1659:Agence France-Presse 1647:electrical telegraph 1483:) on 3 December 1909 476:Freedom of the press 30:For other uses, see 9320:Human communication 9208:Newspaper of record 8437:Pettegree, Andrew. 8399:Palmer, Michael B. 7961:. 23 December 2013. 7940:. 19 December 2013. 7275:Bernard Berelson, " 6822:Annteresa Lubrano, 6389:"Spinning the News" 5968:"; 1 November 2013. 5532:, 11 November 2009. 4699:(1989), pp. 81–110. 4608:(2008), pp. 31, 73. 3784:19 May 2011 at the 3150:Challenger disaster 2887:information subsidy 2876:Video News Releases 2773:by the Soviet Union 2715:telegraph company. 2551:information society 2476:Inter Press Service 2305:Charles-Louis Havas 2208:, professor at the 2033:communication media 2007:Zbigniew Brzezinski 1987:Oklahoma City Daily 1974:The Daily Telegraph 1883:'s creation of the 1655:Charles-Louis Havas 1578:economic statistics 1481:Stationers' Company 1437:Imperial Reichspost 1368:early modern period 1237:Early news networks 1224:Niccolò Machiavelli 816:early modern period 801:social developments 538:Newspaper of record 60:The Washington Post 8341:16.1/2, Fall 2013. 8017:. 15 January 2019. 7999:. 15 January 2019. 7978:. 3 February 2018. 7919:. 5 November 2013. 7694:on 5 January 2016. 7688:Queen's University 7650:7.4, October 2014. 7594:(1996), pp. 73–77. 7516:Dayan & Katz, 7507:(1992), pp. 25–53. 7503:Dayan & Katz, 7490:Dayan & Katz, 7458:(1996), pp. 70–72. 7419:(2013), pp. 17–18. 7303:(2004), pp. 47–48. 7128:(2001), pp. 22–24. 7115:(2001), pp. 13–20. 7016:(1993), pp. 66–68. 6990:(1996), pp. 66–67. 6813:(1923), pp. 90–91. 6675:(1997), pp. 66–71. 6320:(2004), pp. 20–23. 6256:(2013), pp. 22–27. 6217:(2006), pp. 33–38. 5905:Journalism Studies 5649:(1996), pp. 39–41. 5451:(1996), pp. 54–55. 5328:(1992), pp. 87–91. 5276:(1992), pp. 38–42. 5208:(1992), pp. 33–34. 5182:(2004), pp. 26–27. 5124:(2004), pp. 18–19. 4856:(2013), pp. 90–92. 4792:(2013), pp. 31–32. 4779:(1995), pp. 28–39. 4766:(1995), pp. 13–16. 4647:(1979), pp. 88–89. 4621:(2008), pp. 67–69. 4569:(2004), pp. 69–73. 4547:(2004), pp. 43–44. 4521:(2012), pp. 15–16. 4519:Reading newspapers 4506:Reading newspapers 4411:(1997), pp. 20–23. 4333:(1997), pp. 29–30. 4320:(2004), pp. 30–31. 4307:(2014), pp. 17–18. 4162:(1988), pp. 68–69. 4004:(1988), pp. 24–25. 3991:(2014), pp. 19–20. 3952:(1997), pp. 14–15. 3590:Journalism Studies 3557:(2004), pp. 46–47. 3531:(2012), pp. 36–37. 3529:Reading newspapers 3432:Reading newspapers 3399:(2006), pp. 13–14. 3136:Cultivation theory 2959:Alfred Eisenstaedt 2898:Nigerian Civil War 2810:and radio station 2696:old boys' networks 2688:circular reporting 2648:News organizations 2632:Feminist critiques 2403:Global news system 2324:Unification Church 2289: 2099: 2015:citizen journalist 1913:embedded reporters 1885:Cable News Network 1745:Russian Revolution 1730: 1625:oral communication 1588:in the mid-1900s. 1550:Postal Service Act 1485: 1477:The London Gazette 1420: 1280: 1264:optical telegraphy 1158:Vietnamese culture 1129: 1004:tabloid journalism 855:, like the French 69: 9256: 9255: 9234:Alternative media 9186:Yellow journalism 8820:Journalism school 8590:Wolfe, Thomas C. 8586:978-1-107-02528-8 8476:Schudson, Michael 8447:978-0-300-17908-8 8396:45.5, March 1940. 8368:978-0-230-27568-3 8333:978-0-415-33913-1 8242:978-0-7294-1042-7 8214:978-0-415-64066-4 8200:978-1-910042-00-7 8183:Fosu, Modestus. " 8125:978-0-8101-2508-7 8060:Bakker, Gerben. " 7494:(1992), pp. 1–14. 7195:Inventing Reality 7074:Los Angeles Times 7014:Inventing Reality 6469:Press and Society 6402:978-1-4165-4861-4 5854:978-0-910965-77-4 5714:978-0-393-91287-6 5524:Shane Richmond, " 5367:(2004), p. 42–44. 4940:Interpreting News 4493:Press and Society 4482:(1979), pp. 9–10. 4085:(1979), p. 14–15. 3865:(1988), p. 27–30. 3056:Robert F. Kennedy 3022:collective memory 2973:Phan Thi Kim Phuc 2971:'s photograph of 2880:product placement 2865:As distinct from 2777:BBC World Service 2743:political warfare 2658:journalism school 2606:socialist realism 2386:On the internet, 2339:Michael Bloomberg 2301:advertising agent 2188:Online journalism 2177:CNN International 1847:seized by Germany 1686:Press Association 1431:Maximilian's son 1424:Holy Roman Empire 1403:Mercure de France 1381:, which cost one 1111:and other works. 1108:The House of Fame 1016:bias in reporting 679: 678: 564:Alternative media 516:Yellow journalism 153:Journalism school 16:(Redirected from 9337: 9297: 9296: 9295: 9285: 9284: 9283: 9273: 9272: 9271: 9264: 9181:Propaganda model 9176:Public relations 8680: 8673: 8666: 8657: 8656: 8618:Zhang, Xiantao. 8527:Smith, Anthony. 8409:Parsons, Wayne. 8373:Parenti, Michael 8130:Cranfield, G.A. 8115:Cloud, Barbara. 8019: 8018: 8007: 8001: 8000: 7989: 7980: 7979: 7972: 7963: 7962: 7951: 7942: 7941: 7930: 7921: 7920: 7913: 7904: 7903: 7891: 7885: 7878: 7872: 7865: 7859: 7858: 7838: 7832: 7829: 7823: 7816: 7810: 7803: 7797: 7796: 7776: 7770: 7763: 7757: 7756: 7728: 7722: 7715: 7709: 7702: 7696: 7695: 7690:. Archived from 7680: 7671: 7670: 7662: 7651: 7640: 7634: 7627: 7621: 7614: 7608: 7601: 7595: 7592:World News Prism 7588: 7582: 7575: 7569: 7562: 7556: 7555: 7527: 7521: 7514: 7508: 7501: 7495: 7488: 7482: 7478: 7472: 7465: 7459: 7456:World News Prism 7452: 7446: 7439: 7433: 7426: 7420: 7413: 7407: 7404: 7398: 7395:really happening 7378: 7372: 7365: 7359: 7352: 7346: 7339: 7330: 7323: 7317: 7310: 7304: 7297: 7288: 7273: 7267: 7256: 7250: 7243: 7237: 7230: 7224: 7217: 7211: 7204: 7198: 7191: 7185: 7178: 7169: 7168: 7148: 7142: 7135: 7129: 7122: 7116: 7109: 7103: 7096: 7090: 7083: 7077: 7062: 7056: 7049: 7043: 7040:World News Prism 7036: 7030: 7027:World News Prism 7023: 7017: 7010: 7004: 6997: 6991: 6988:World News Prism 6984: 6978: 6971: 6965: 6958: 6952: 6945: 6939: 6932: 6926: 6919: 6913: 6912: 6900: 6891: 6880: 6874: 6867: 6861: 6850: 6844: 6837: 6831: 6820: 6814: 6807: 6798: 6791: 6785: 6778: 6772: 6765: 6759: 6752: 6746: 6735: 6729: 6722: 6711: 6706:Joanna Redden, " 6704: 6698: 6691: 6685: 6682: 6676: 6665: 6659: 6648: 6642: 6631: 6625: 6614: 6608: 6597: 6591: 6576: 6570: 6555: 6549: 6534: 6528: 6517: 6511: 6504: 6498: 6491: 6485: 6478: 6472: 6465: 6459: 6448: 6442: 6435: 6429: 6428: 6426: 6424: 6413: 6407: 6406: 6384: 6378: 6371: 6365: 6362: 6356: 6355: 6327: 6321: 6314: 6308: 6301: 6292: 6291: 6289: 6287: 6276: 6270: 6263: 6257: 6250: 6244: 6237: 6231: 6224: 6218: 6211: 6205: 6198: 6192: 6185: 6179: 6172: 6166: 6159: 6150: 6143: 6137: 6130: 6124: 6117: 6111: 6104: 6098: 6083: 6072: 6069:World News Prism 6065: 6059: 6052: 6046: 6043: 6037: 6030: 6021: 6014: 6008: 6005:World News Prism 6001: 5995: 5988: 5982: 5975: 5969: 5962: 5956: 5953:World News Prism 5949: 5943: 5942: 5914: 5908: 5901: 5892: 5885: 5876: 5865: 5859: 5858: 5842: 5832: 5826: 5825: 5813: 5802: 5795: 5789: 5788: 5760: 5749: 5748: 5740: 5734: 5733: 5725: 5719: 5718: 5698: 5689: 5682: 5676: 5669: 5663: 5656: 5650: 5647:World News Prism 5643: 5632: 5625: 5619: 5612: 5606: 5599: 5593: 5586: 5577: 5574:World News Prism 5570: 5564: 5563:(2006), pp. 1–2. 5557: 5551: 5544: 5533: 5522: 5516: 5509: 5494: 5487: 5481: 5474: 5468: 5461: 5452: 5449:World News Prism 5445: 5439: 5436:World News Prism 5432: 5423: 5420:World News Prism 5416: 5410: 5403: 5394: 5387: 5381: 5374: 5368: 5361: 5355: 5348: 5342: 5335: 5329: 5322: 5316: 5309: 5303: 5296: 5290: 5283: 5277: 5270: 5264: 5257: 5251: 5244: 5235: 5228: 5222: 5215: 5209: 5202: 5196: 5189: 5183: 5176: 5167: 5164: 5158: 5152: 5147: 5138: 5131: 5125: 5118: 5112: 5105: 5099: 5092: 5081: 5074: 5065: 5058: 5052: 5049: 5043: 5040: 5034: 5031: 5025: 5022: 5016: 5010: 5005: 4999: 4992: 4986: 4979: 4973: 4966: 4960: 4953: 4947: 4936: 4930: 4929: 4917: 4911: 4904: 4895: 4892: 4886: 4879: 4870: 4867:World News Prism 4863: 4857: 4850: 4841: 4834: 4828: 4821: 4815: 4808: 4802: 4799: 4793: 4786: 4780: 4773: 4767: 4760: 4754: 4753:(1995), pp. 6–7. 4747: 4741: 4738: 4732: 4729: 4723: 4720: 4709: 4706: 4700: 4693: 4687: 4680: 4674: 4667: 4661: 4654: 4648: 4641: 4635: 4628: 4622: 4615: 4609: 4602: 4596: 4589: 4583: 4576: 4570: 4563: 4557: 4554: 4548: 4541: 4535: 4528: 4522: 4515: 4509: 4502: 4496: 4489: 4483: 4476: 4470: 4463: 4457: 4444: 4438: 4431: 4425: 4418: 4412: 4405: 4399: 4395: 4389: 4386: 4380: 4377: 4368: 4365: 4359: 4356: 4347: 4340: 4334: 4327: 4321: 4314: 4308: 4301: 4295: 4292: 4281: 4274: 4268: 4261: 4255: 4248: 4242: 4235: 4229: 4213: 4207: 4200: 4194: 4191: 4185: 4182: 4176: 4169: 4163: 4156: 4150: 4126: 4120: 4109: 4103: 4092: 4086: 4079: 4070: 4063: 4057: 4050: 4044: 4041: 4030: 4023: 4017: 4014: 4005: 3998: 3992: 3985: 3979: 3975: 3969: 3962: 3953: 3946: 3937: 3930: 3924: 3917: 3911: 3908: 3902: 3899: 3893: 3890: 3884: 3881: 3875: 3872: 3866: 3859: 3853: 3850: 3844: 3837: 3831: 3824: 3815: 3814: 3794: 3788: 3777: 3771: 3768: 3762: 3755: 3749: 3738: 3732: 3725: 3719: 3712: 3706: 3694: 3688: 3681: 3675: 3668: 3662: 3661: 3659: 3657: 3646: 3640: 3633: 3627: 3620: 3614: 3613: 3584: 3575: 3564: 3558: 3551: 3545: 3538: 3532: 3525: 3519: 3512: 3499: 3492: 3483: 3476: 3470: 3458: 3452: 3441: 3435: 3428: 3422: 3415: 3409: 3406: 3400: 3393: 3387: 3384:Reading The News 3380: 3374: 3366: 3357: 3350: 3341: 3323: 3317: 3310: 3301: 3294: 3285: 3284: 3280: 3274: 3273: 3271: 3269: 3259: 3253: 3251: 3226: 3009:Tiananmen Square 2928:Bernard Berelson 2908:News consumption 2871:public relations 2861: 2841:Public relations 2771: 2768: 2755:Voice of America 2747:public diplomacy 2709:Associated Press 2388:news aggregators 2206:Michael Schudson 2157:CBC News Network 2021:News media today 1965:online newspaper 1961:Netscape browser 1907:in Britain, and 1901:Fox News Channel 1897:News Corporation 1875:Edward R. Murrow 1863:Voice of America 1843:Radio Luxembourg 1738: 1735: 1694:Associated Press 1636: 1602:in 1822 and the 1504:first newspapers 1406: 1364:Hanseatic League 1249:" traversed the 1198: 1191: 1008:Michael Schudson 930:Celtic languages 867:Slavic languages 777:royal ceremonies 671: 664: 657: 636: 635: 634: 511:Propaganda model 506:Public relations 85: 71: 70: 21: 9345: 9344: 9340: 9339: 9338: 9336: 9335: 9334: 9305: 9304: 9303: 9293: 9291: 9281: 9279: 9269: 9267: 9259: 9257: 9252: 9239: 9238: 9237: 9191: 9190: 9189: 9118: 9117: 9116: 9078:Photojournalism 8947:Interventionism 8923: 8922: 8921: 8825: 8824: 8823: 8749: 8748: 8747: 8689: 8684: 8643: 8390:Park, Robert E. 8323:McNair, Brian. 8204:Geniets, Anne. 8166:52, March 2000. 8090:. (SAGE, 1998. 8075:. (SAGE, 1997. 8030:Allan, Stuart, 8027: 8022: 8015:www.cbsnews.com 8009: 8008: 8004: 7991: 7990: 7983: 7974: 7973: 7966: 7953: 7952: 7945: 7932: 7931: 7924: 7915: 7914: 7907: 7892: 7888: 7879: 7875: 7866: 7862: 7839: 7835: 7830: 7826: 7817: 7813: 7804: 7800: 7777: 7773: 7764: 7760: 7739:(10): 1536–44. 7729: 7725: 7716: 7712: 7703: 7699: 7682: 7681: 7674: 7663: 7654: 7644:On Media Memory 7641: 7637: 7633:(2006), p. 252. 7628: 7624: 7620:(2006), p. 329. 7615: 7611: 7602: 7598: 7589: 7585: 7576: 7572: 7563: 7559: 7528: 7524: 7520:(1992), p. 196. 7515: 7511: 7502: 7498: 7489: 7485: 7479: 7475: 7466: 7462: 7453: 7449: 7440: 7436: 7427: 7423: 7414: 7410: 7405: 7401: 7379: 7375: 7369:On Media Memory 7366: 7362: 7353: 7349: 7340: 7333: 7324: 7320: 7311: 7307: 7298: 7291: 7285:History of News 7274: 7270: 7257: 7253: 7247:History of News 7244: 7240: 7231: 7227: 7218: 7214: 7210:9.3, Fall 1970. 7205: 7201: 7197:(1993), p. 169. 7192: 7188: 7179: 7172: 7149: 7145: 7136: 7132: 7123: 7119: 7110: 7106: 7097: 7093: 7084: 7080: 7063: 7059: 7050: 7046: 7037: 7033: 7024: 7020: 7011: 7007: 6998: 6994: 6985: 6981: 6972: 6968: 6959: 6955: 6946: 6942: 6933: 6929: 6920: 6916: 6901: 6894: 6881: 6877: 6868: 6864: 6851: 6847: 6841:History of News 6838: 6834: 6821: 6817: 6808: 6801: 6792: 6788: 6779: 6775: 6771:(2004), p. 124. 6766: 6762: 6753: 6749: 6736: 6732: 6723: 6714: 6705: 6701: 6692: 6688: 6683: 6679: 6666: 6662: 6649: 6645: 6632: 6628: 6615: 6611: 6598: 6594: 6577: 6573: 6556: 6552: 6535: 6531: 6518: 6514: 6505: 6501: 6497:(2004), p. 129. 6492: 6488: 6484:(2004), p. 123. 6479: 6475: 6466: 6462: 6449: 6445: 6436: 6432: 6422: 6420: 6415: 6414: 6410: 6403: 6385: 6381: 6372: 6368: 6363: 6359: 6328: 6324: 6315: 6311: 6302: 6295: 6285: 6283: 6278: 6277: 6273: 6264: 6260: 6251: 6247: 6238: 6234: 6225: 6221: 6212: 6208: 6199: 6195: 6186: 6182: 6173: 6169: 6160: 6153: 6149:(1998), p. 191. 6144: 6140: 6131: 6127: 6118: 6114: 6105: 6101: 6084: 6075: 6066: 6062: 6053: 6049: 6044: 6040: 6034:On Media Memory 6031: 6024: 6015: 6011: 6002: 5998: 5989: 5985: 5976: 5972: 5963: 5959: 5950: 5946: 5915: 5911: 5902: 5895: 5886: 5879: 5866: 5862: 5855: 5833: 5829: 5814: 5805: 5796: 5792: 5761: 5752: 5741: 5737: 5726: 5722: 5715: 5699: 5692: 5683: 5679: 5670: 5666: 5657: 5653: 5644: 5635: 5631:(2004), p. 100. 5626: 5622: 5613: 5609: 5600: 5596: 5587: 5580: 5571: 5567: 5558: 5554: 5545: 5536: 5523: 5519: 5510: 5497: 5493:(2004), p. 173. 5488: 5484: 5480:(2006), p. 118. 5475: 5471: 5462: 5455: 5446: 5442: 5433: 5426: 5417: 5413: 5404: 5397: 5388: 5384: 5380:(1997), p. 209. 5375: 5371: 5362: 5358: 5349: 5345: 5336: 5332: 5323: 5319: 5315:(1992), pp. 45. 5310: 5306: 5297: 5293: 5284: 5280: 5271: 5267: 5258: 5254: 5245: 5238: 5229: 5225: 5216: 5212: 5203: 5199: 5190: 5186: 5177: 5170: 5165: 5161: 5150: 5148: 5141: 5132: 5128: 5119: 5115: 5106: 5102: 5093: 5084: 5080:(1998), p. 184. 5075: 5068: 5059: 5055: 5050: 5046: 5041: 5037: 5032: 5028: 5023: 5019: 5008: 5006: 5002: 4993: 4989: 4980: 4976: 4967: 4963: 4954: 4950: 4938:Graham Meikle, 4937: 4933: 4918: 4914: 4905: 4898: 4893: 4889: 4880: 4873: 4864: 4860: 4851: 4844: 4835: 4831: 4827:(1923), p. 118. 4822: 4818: 4814:(2004), p. 180. 4809: 4805: 4800: 4796: 4787: 4783: 4774: 4770: 4761: 4757: 4748: 4744: 4739: 4735: 4730: 4726: 4721: 4712: 4707: 4703: 4694: 4690: 4681: 4677: 4668: 4664: 4660:(1997), p. 391. 4655: 4651: 4642: 4638: 4634:(2004), p. 48. 4629: 4625: 4616: 4612: 4603: 4599: 4590: 4586: 4577: 4573: 4564: 4560: 4555: 4551: 4542: 4538: 4529: 4525: 4516: 4512: 4503: 4499: 4490: 4486: 4477: 4473: 4464: 4460: 4455:Wayback Machine 4445: 4441: 4432: 4428: 4419: 4415: 4406: 4402: 4396: 4392: 4387: 4383: 4378: 4371: 4366: 4362: 4357: 4350: 4341: 4337: 4328: 4324: 4315: 4311: 4302: 4298: 4293: 4284: 4275: 4271: 4262: 4258: 4249: 4245: 4236: 4232: 4223:Wayback Machine 4214: 4210: 4201: 4197: 4192: 4188: 4183: 4179: 4170: 4166: 4160:History of News 4157: 4153: 4127: 4123: 4110: 4106: 4093: 4089: 4080: 4073: 4064: 4060: 4051: 4047: 4042: 4033: 4024: 4020: 4015: 4008: 4002:History of News 3999: 3995: 3986: 3982: 3976: 3972: 3966:History of News 3963: 3956: 3947: 3940: 3931: 3927: 3918: 3914: 3909: 3905: 3900: 3896: 3891: 3887: 3882: 3878: 3873: 3869: 3863:History of News 3860: 3856: 3851: 3847: 3843:(1997), p. 390. 3838: 3834: 3825: 3818: 3811: 3795: 3791: 3786:Wayback Machine 3778: 3774: 3769: 3765: 3756: 3752: 3742:History of News 3739: 3735: 3726: 3722: 3716:History of News 3713: 3709: 3698:History of News 3695: 3691: 3685:History of News 3682: 3678: 3672:History of News 3669: 3665: 3655: 3653: 3648: 3647: 3643: 3639:(2004), p. 202. 3634: 3630: 3624:History of News 3621: 3617: 3585: 3578: 3568:History of News 3565: 3561: 3552: 3548: 3539: 3535: 3526: 3522: 3513: 3502: 3493: 3486: 3477: 3473: 3459: 3455: 3445:History of News 3442: 3438: 3429: 3425: 3419:History of News 3416: 3412: 3407: 3403: 3394: 3390: 3381: 3377: 3367: 3360: 3351: 3344: 3324: 3320: 3311: 3304: 3298:History of News 3295: 3288: 3282: 3281: 3277: 3267: 3265: 3261: 3260: 3256: 3249: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3207: 3178: 3162: 3138: 3132:Media influence 3128: 3107: 3048:John F. Kennedy 3017: 2989: 2949:nation-building 2944: 2910: 2894:1990 news story 2863: 2852: 2843: 2804:Second Gulf War 2769: 2739: 2733: 2704: 2650: 2645: 2617:news management 2565: 2559: 2523: 2515:All India Radio 2465:MacBride report 2440: 2405: 2281: 2275: 2200:photojournalism 2185: 2137: 2105: 2091: 2029: 2023: 1971:, published by 1953: 1853:—which created 1802: 1736: 1719:Monroe Doctrine 1643: 1566:Bureau d'Esprit 1495:spread of paper 1491: 1470: 1441:Thurn-und-Taxis 1379:Notizie scritte 1360: 1335:Kamakura period 1272: 1256:cursus publicus 1251:Assyrian Empire 1239: 1125:Tommaso Garzoni 1117: 1078:anthropologists 1066: 1061: 1055: 1043: 996: 987: 970: 962:Barnard College 861:and the German 841: 836: 675: 632: 630: 410:Photojournalism 279:Interventionism 67:, July 21, 1969 57:A girl holding 49: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9343: 9333: 9332: 9327: 9322: 9317: 9302: 9301: 9289: 9277: 9275:Current events 9254: 9253: 9244: 9241: 9240: 9236: 9231: 9226: 9221: 9216: 9211: 9201: 9200: 9199: 9197: 9193: 9192: 9188: 9183: 9178: 9173: 9168: 9158: 9153: 9148: 9143: 9138: 9133: 9128: 9127: 9126: 9124: 9120: 9119: 9115: 9110: 9105: 9100: 9095: 9090: 9085: 9080: 9075: 9070: 9065: 9060: 9058:New Journalism 9055: 9050: 9045: 9040: 9035: 9030: 9028:Human-interest 9025: 9020: 9015: 9010: 9008:Digital/Online 9005: 9000: 8995: 8990: 8985: 8980: 8975: 8970: 8965: 8960: 8955: 8950: 8940: 8935: 8934: 8933: 8931: 8925: 8924: 8920: 8915: 8910: 8905: 8900: 8895: 8890: 8885: 8880: 8875: 8870: 8865: 8860: 8855: 8850: 8845: 8840: 8835: 8834: 8833: 8831: 8827: 8826: 8822: 8817: 8812: 8810:Sensationalism 8807: 8802: 8797: 8792: 8787: 8782: 8779:code of ethics 8772: 8762: 8759: 8758: 8757: 8755: 8751: 8750: 8746: 8745: 8740: 8735: 8733:News presenter 8730: 8725: 8720: 8715: 8710: 8705: 8699: 8698: 8697: 8695: 8691: 8690: 8683: 8682: 8675: 8668: 8660: 8654: 8653: 8642: 8641:External links 8639: 8638: 8637: 8630: 8616: 8602: 8588: 8574: 8560: 8546: 8532: 8525: 8511: 8504: 8490: 8473: 8463: 8449: 8435: 8421: 8407: 8397: 8387: 8370: 8356: 8342: 8335: 8321: 8307: 8293: 8286: 8279: 8272: 8265: 8258: 8244: 8230: 8216: 8202: 8188: 8181: 8169:Fang, Irving. 8167: 8156: 8142: 8128: 8113: 8099: 8084: 8069: 8058: 8043: 8026: 8023: 8021: 8020: 8002: 7981: 7964: 7943: 7922: 7905: 7886: 7873: 7871:(2001), 98–99. 7860: 7855:10.1086/267990 7833: 7824: 7811: 7798: 7787:(4): 647–668. 7771: 7758: 7723: 7710: 7697: 7672: 7652: 7648:Memory Studies 7635: 7622: 7609: 7596: 7583: 7581:(2001), 73–76. 7570: 7568:(2001), 57–61. 7557: 7538:(1): 103–120. 7522: 7509: 7496: 7483: 7473: 7460: 7447: 7443:Cultural Chaos 7434: 7430:Cultural Chaos 7421: 7408: 7399: 7382:Cultural Chaos 7373: 7360: 7347: 7331: 7318: 7305: 7289: 7287:(1988), p. 17. 7268: 7251: 7238: 7225: 7212: 7199: 7186: 7170: 7143: 7130: 7117: 7104: 7102:(2013), p. 66. 7091: 7078: 7076:, 10 May 2003. 7057: 7044: 7031: 7018: 7005: 6992: 6979: 6977:(2013), p. 47. 6966: 6953: 6940: 6938:(1992), p. 39. 6927: 6914: 6892: 6875: 6862: 6845: 6832: 6815: 6799: 6786: 6773: 6760: 6747: 6737:John Timmer, " 6730: 6712: 6699: 6686: 6677: 6660: 6658:(1997), p. 63. 6643: 6626: 6624:(1997), p. 38. 6609: 6592: 6571: 6550: 6529: 6527:(1997), p. 37. 6512: 6499: 6486: 6473: 6460: 6443: 6430: 6408: 6401: 6379: 6377:(2005), p. 29. 6366: 6357: 6338:(5): 557–573. 6322: 6309: 6293: 6271: 6258: 6245: 6232: 6219: 6206: 6204:(2006), p. 29. 6193: 6180: 6167: 6151: 6138: 6136:(2006), p. 31. 6125: 6112: 6108:Cultural Chaos 6099: 6073: 6060: 6047: 6038: 6022: 6020:(1998), p. 22. 6009: 5996: 5994:(1998), p. 19. 5983: 5970: 5957: 5955:(1996), p. 38. 5944: 5925:(3): 377–393. 5909: 5893: 5877: 5875:(1998), p. 28. 5860: 5853: 5827: 5803: 5790: 5771:(2): 141–156. 5750: 5735: 5720: 5713: 5690: 5677: 5664: 5660:Cultural Chaos 5651: 5633: 5620: 5607: 5594: 5578: 5565: 5561:Cultural Chaos 5552: 5534: 5517: 5495: 5482: 5478:Cultural Chaos 5469: 5453: 5440: 5424: 5422:(1996), p. 34. 5411: 5407:Cultural Chaos 5395: 5382: 5369: 5356: 5343: 5330: 5317: 5304: 5302:(1992), p. 51. 5291: 5289:(2004), p. 29. 5278: 5265: 5252: 5250:(2004), p. 34. 5236: 5234:(2004), p. 33. 5223: 5210: 5197: 5184: 5168: 5159: 5149:Boyd-Barrett, 5139: 5126: 5113: 5100: 5082: 5066: 5053: 5044: 5035: 5026: 5017: 5000: 4987: 4974: 4961: 4959:(2002), p. 32. 4948: 4931: 4912: 4910:(2004), p. 17. 4896: 4887: 4871: 4869:(1996), p. 43. 4858: 4842: 4829: 4816: 4803: 4794: 4781: 4768: 4755: 4742: 4733: 4724: 4710: 4701: 4688: 4675: 4662: 4649: 4636: 4623: 4619:Frontier Press 4610: 4606:Frontier Press 4597: 4593:Frontier Press 4584: 4571: 4558: 4549: 4536: 4534:(2004), p. 29. 4523: 4510: 4508:(2012), p. 11. 4497: 4484: 4471: 4458: 4439: 4426: 4413: 4400: 4390: 4381: 4369: 4360: 4348: 4335: 4322: 4309: 4296: 4282: 4269: 4256: 4243: 4230: 4208: 4195: 4186: 4177: 4175:, 21 May 2013. 4164: 4151: 4129:Brook, Timothy 4121: 4104: 4087: 4071: 4058: 4056:(2007), p. 13. 4045: 4031: 4018: 4006: 3993: 3980: 3970: 3954: 3938: 3925: 3912: 3903: 3894: 3885: 3876: 3867: 3854: 3845: 3832: 3816: 3809: 3789: 3772: 3763: 3750: 3733: 3731:(1997), p. 19. 3720: 3707: 3689: 3687:(1988), p. 31. 3676: 3674:(1988), p. 33. 3663: 3641: 3628: 3615: 3576: 3559: 3546: 3533: 3520: 3500: 3484: 3471: 3453: 3436: 3423: 3410: 3401: 3388: 3375: 3358: 3342: 3318: 3302: 3300:(1988), p. 13. 3286: 3275: 3254: 3220: 3218: 3215: 3214: 3213: 3206: 3203: 3177: 3174: 3161: 3158: 3127: 3124: 3106: 3103: 3064:Space Shuttle 3024:of a society. 3016: 3013: 2988: 2985: 2961:'s photograph 2943: 2940: 2909: 2906: 2854:Edward Bernays 2844: 2842: 2839: 2797:disinformation 2791:. The Russian 2735:Main article: 2732: 2729: 2703: 2700: 2652:Viewed from a 2649: 2646: 2644: 2641: 2589:United Kingdom 2561:Main article: 2558: 2555: 2522: 2519: 2439: 2436: 2404: 2401: 2381:Anadolu Agency 2335:Bloomberg News 2277:Main article: 2274: 2271: 2259:World Wide Web 2236: 2235: 2232: 2229: 2226: 2223: 2220: 2184: 2181: 2136: 2133: 2101:Main article: 2090: 2087: 2022: 2019: 1952: 1949: 1947:to broadcast. 1921:media coverage 1801: 1798: 1768:Reference News 1690:British Empire 1666:Bernhard Wolff 1642: 1639: 1604:Liberia Herald 1542:Dutch Republic 1499:printing press 1469: 1466: 1409:Pallade veneta 1359: 1356: 1307:Kaiyuan Za Bao 1271: 1268: 1238: 1235: 1231:Ottoman Empire 1116: 1113: 1065: 1062: 1054: 1051: 1042: 1041:Newsworthiness 1039: 1027:sensationalism 995: 992: 986: 983: 969: 966: 964:in the 1890s. 903:, "new"), the 871:Serbo-Croatian 849:Middle English 840: 837: 835: 832: 706:postal systems 690:current events 677: 676: 674: 673: 666: 659: 651: 648: 647: 646: 645: 640: 625: 624: 623: 622: 617: 612: 610:News presenter 607: 602: 597: 592: 587: 582: 574: 573: 569: 568: 567: 566: 561: 556: 551: 546: 541: 528: 527: 521: 520: 519: 518: 513: 508: 503: 498: 488: 483: 478: 473: 468: 463: 455: 454: 450: 449: 448: 447: 442: 437: 432: 427: 422: 417: 412: 407: 402: 397: 392: 390:New Journalism 387: 382: 377: 372: 367: 362: 360:Human-interest 357: 352: 347: 342: 340:Digital/Online 337: 332: 327: 322: 317: 312: 307: 302: 297: 292: 287: 282: 272: 264: 263: 259: 258: 257: 256: 251: 246: 241: 236: 231: 226: 221: 216: 211: 206: 201: 196: 191: 186: 181: 176: 168: 167: 163: 162: 161: 160: 155: 150: 145: 143:Sensationalism 140: 135: 130: 125: 120: 115: 112:code of ethics 105: 95: 87: 86: 78: 77: 40:Current Events 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9342: 9331: 9328: 9326: 9323: 9321: 9318: 9316: 9313: 9312: 9310: 9300: 9290: 9288: 9278: 9276: 9266: 9265: 9262: 9251: 9247: 9242: 9235: 9232: 9230: 9229:News agencies 9227: 9225: 9222: 9220: 9217: 9215: 9212: 9209: 9205: 9202: 9198: 9194: 9187: 9184: 9182: 9179: 9177: 9174: 9172: 9169: 9166: 9165:False balance 9162: 9159: 9157: 9154: 9152: 9149: 9147: 9144: 9142: 9139: 9137: 9136:Fourth Estate 9134: 9132: 9129: 9125: 9123:Social impact 9121: 9114: 9111: 9109: 9106: 9104: 9101: 9099: 9096: 9094: 9091: 9089: 9086: 9084: 9083:Press release 9081: 9079: 9076: 9074: 9071: 9069: 9066: 9064: 9061: 9059: 9056: 9054: 9051: 9049: 9046: 9044: 9043:Investigative 9041: 9039: 9036: 9034: 9031: 9029: 9026: 9024: 9021: 9019: 9018:Fact-checking 9016: 9014: 9011: 9009: 9006: 9004: 9001: 8999: 8996: 8994: 8991: 8989: 8986: 8984: 8983:Collaborative 8981: 8979: 8976: 8974: 8971: 8969: 8966: 8964: 8961: 8959: 8956: 8954: 8951: 8948: 8944: 8941: 8939: 8936: 8932: 8930: 8926: 8919: 8916: 8914: 8911: 8909: 8906: 8904: 8901: 8899: 8896: 8894: 8891: 8889: 8886: 8884: 8881: 8879: 8876: 8874: 8871: 8869: 8866: 8864: 8861: 8859: 8856: 8854: 8853:Entertainment 8851: 8849: 8846: 8844: 8841: 8839: 8836: 8832: 8828: 8821: 8818: 8816: 8813: 8811: 8808: 8806: 8803: 8801: 8798: 8796: 8793: 8791: 8788: 8786: 8783: 8780: 8776: 8773: 8770: 8766: 8765:Writing style 8763: 8760: 8756: 8752: 8744: 8741: 8739: 8736: 8734: 8731: 8729: 8728:Meteorologist 8726: 8724: 8721: 8719: 8716: 8714: 8711: 8709: 8706: 8704: 8701: 8700: 8696: 8692: 8688: 8681: 8676: 8674: 8669: 8667: 8662: 8661: 8658: 8652: 8648: 8645: 8644: 8635: 8631: 8629: 8628:0-415-38066-9 8625: 8621: 8617: 8615: 8614:0-86341-281-5 8611: 8607: 8604:Wood, James. 8603: 8601: 8600:0-253-34589-8 8597: 8593: 8589: 8587: 8583: 8579: 8575: 8573: 8572:0-534-52128-2 8569: 8565: 8561: 8559: 8558:0-670-81378-8 8555: 8551: 8547: 8545: 8544:0-465-08193-2 8541: 8537: 8534:Starr, Paul. 8533: 8530: 8526: 8524: 8523:0-7656-0974-6 8520: 8516: 8512: 8509: 8505: 8503: 8502:0-415-97505-0 8499: 8495: 8491: 8489: 8488:0-465-01669-3 8485: 8481: 8477: 8474: 8471: 8467: 8464: 8462: 8461:1-58542-059-X 8458: 8454: 8450: 8448: 8444: 8440: 8436: 8434: 8433:0-8058-2505-3 8430: 8426: 8422: 8420: 8419:1-85278-039-8 8416: 8412: 8408: 8406: 8402: 8398: 8395: 8391: 8388: 8386: 8385:0-312-08629-6 8382: 8378: 8374: 8371: 8369: 8365: 8361: 8357: 8355: 8354:0-7619-5553-4 8351: 8347: 8343: 8340: 8336: 8334: 8330: 8326: 8322: 8320: 8319:90-71617-27-0 8316: 8312: 8308: 8306: 8305:0-394-54362-9 8302: 8298: 8294: 8291: 8287: 8284: 8280: 8277: 8273: 8270: 8266: 8263: 8259: 8257: 8256:0-252-02757-4 8253: 8249: 8246:Hills, Jill. 8245: 8243: 8239: 8235: 8232:Heyd, Uriel. 8231: 8229: 8228:0-8138-1571-1 8225: 8221: 8217: 8215: 8211: 8207: 8203: 8201: 8197: 8193: 8189: 8186: 8182: 8180: 8179:0-240-80254-3 8176: 8172: 8168: 8165: 8161: 8157: 8155: 8154:0-674-55955-X 8151: 8147: 8143: 8141: 8140:0-582-48983-0 8137: 8133: 8129: 8126: 8122: 8118: 8114: 8112: 8111:1-4039-7738-0 8108: 8104: 8100: 8097: 8096:0-7619-5386-8 8093: 8089: 8085: 8082: 8081:0-7619-0075-6 8078: 8074: 8070: 8067: 8063: 8059: 8056: 8055:0-19-508780-1 8052: 8048: 8045:Ayalon, Ami. 8044: 8041: 8040:0-335-21074-0 8037: 8033: 8029: 8028: 8016: 8012: 8006: 7998: 7994: 7988: 7986: 7977: 7971: 7969: 7960: 7956: 7950: 7948: 7939: 7935: 7929: 7927: 7918: 7912: 7910: 7901: 7897: 7890: 7883: 7877: 7870: 7864: 7856: 7852: 7848: 7844: 7837: 7828: 7821: 7815: 7809:(2001), 1–10. 7808: 7802: 7794: 7790: 7786: 7782: 7775: 7768: 7762: 7754: 7750: 7746: 7742: 7738: 7734: 7727: 7720: 7714: 7707: 7701: 7693: 7689: 7685: 7679: 7677: 7668: 7661: 7659: 7657: 7649: 7645: 7639: 7632: 7626: 7619: 7613: 7606: 7600: 7593: 7587: 7580: 7574: 7567: 7561: 7553: 7549: 7545: 7541: 7537: 7533: 7526: 7519: 7513: 7506: 7500: 7493: 7487: 7477: 7470: 7464: 7457: 7451: 7444: 7438: 7431: 7425: 7418: 7412: 7403: 7396: 7391: 7387: 7383: 7377: 7370: 7364: 7357: 7351: 7344: 7338: 7336: 7328: 7322: 7315: 7309: 7302: 7296: 7294: 7286: 7282: 7278: 7272: 7265: 7261: 7255: 7249:(1988), p. 5. 7248: 7242: 7235: 7229: 7222: 7216: 7209: 7203: 7196: 7190: 7183: 7177: 7175: 7166: 7162: 7158: 7154: 7147: 7140: 7134: 7127: 7121: 7114: 7108: 7101: 7095: 7088: 7082: 7075: 7071: 7067: 7061: 7054: 7048: 7041: 7035: 7028: 7022: 7015: 7009: 7002: 6996: 6989: 6983: 6976: 6970: 6963: 6957: 6950: 6944: 6937: 6931: 6924: 6918: 6910: 6906: 6899: 6897: 6889: 6885: 6879: 6872: 6866: 6859: 6855: 6849: 6842: 6836: 6829: 6825: 6819: 6812: 6806: 6804: 6796: 6790: 6783: 6777: 6770: 6764: 6757: 6751: 6745:, 7 May 2009. 6744: 6740: 6734: 6727: 6721: 6719: 6717: 6709: 6703: 6696: 6690: 6681: 6674: 6670: 6664: 6657: 6653: 6647: 6640: 6636: 6630: 6623: 6619: 6613: 6606: 6602: 6596: 6589: 6585: 6584:Social Forces 6581: 6575: 6568: 6564: 6560: 6554: 6547: 6543: 6542:Social Forces 6539: 6533: 6526: 6522: 6516: 6509: 6503: 6496: 6490: 6483: 6477: 6471:(1978), p. 8. 6470: 6464: 6457: 6453: 6447: 6440: 6434: 6418: 6412: 6404: 6398: 6394: 6390: 6383: 6376: 6370: 6361: 6353: 6349: 6345: 6341: 6337: 6333: 6326: 6319: 6313: 6306: 6300: 6298: 6281: 6275: 6268: 6262: 6255: 6249: 6242: 6236: 6229: 6223: 6216: 6210: 6203: 6197: 6190: 6184: 6177: 6171: 6164: 6158: 6156: 6148: 6142: 6135: 6129: 6122: 6116: 6109: 6103: 6096: 6092: 6091:Family Circle 6088: 6082: 6080: 6078: 6070: 6064: 6057: 6051: 6042: 6035: 6029: 6027: 6019: 6013: 6006: 6000: 5993: 5987: 5981:(1998), p. 9. 5980: 5974: 5967: 5961: 5954: 5948: 5940: 5936: 5932: 5928: 5924: 5920: 5913: 5906: 5900: 5898: 5890: 5884: 5882: 5874: 5870: 5864: 5856: 5850: 5846: 5841: 5840: 5831: 5823: 5819: 5812: 5810: 5808: 5800: 5794: 5786: 5782: 5778: 5774: 5770: 5766: 5759: 5757: 5755: 5746: 5739: 5731: 5724: 5716: 5710: 5706: 5705: 5697: 5695: 5687: 5681: 5674: 5668: 5661: 5655: 5648: 5642: 5640: 5638: 5630: 5624: 5617: 5611: 5604: 5598: 5591: 5585: 5583: 5576:(1996), p. 8. 5575: 5569: 5562: 5556: 5549: 5543: 5541: 5539: 5531: 5530:The Telegraph 5527: 5521: 5514: 5508: 5506: 5504: 5502: 5500: 5492: 5486: 5479: 5473: 5466: 5460: 5458: 5450: 5444: 5437: 5431: 5429: 5421: 5415: 5408: 5402: 5400: 5392: 5386: 5379: 5373: 5366: 5360: 5353: 5347: 5340: 5334: 5327: 5321: 5314: 5308: 5301: 5295: 5288: 5282: 5275: 5269: 5262: 5256: 5249: 5243: 5241: 5233: 5227: 5220: 5214: 5207: 5201: 5194: 5188: 5181: 5175: 5173: 5163: 5156: 5146: 5144: 5136: 5130: 5123: 5117: 5110: 5104: 5097: 5091: 5089: 5087: 5079: 5073: 5071: 5063: 5057: 5048: 5039: 5030: 5021: 5014: 5004: 4997: 4991: 4984: 4978: 4971: 4968:Wenzlhuemer, 4965: 4958: 4952: 4945: 4941: 4935: 4927: 4923: 4916: 4909: 4903: 4901: 4891: 4884: 4878: 4876: 4868: 4862: 4855: 4852:Wenzlhuemer, 4849: 4847: 4839: 4833: 4826: 4820: 4813: 4807: 4798: 4791: 4788:Wenzlhuemer, 4785: 4778: 4772: 4765: 4759: 4752: 4746: 4737: 4728: 4719: 4717: 4715: 4705: 4698: 4692: 4686:(1989), p. 40 4685: 4679: 4673:(1989), p. 31 4672: 4666: 4659: 4653: 4646: 4640: 4633: 4627: 4620: 4614: 4607: 4601: 4594: 4588: 4581: 4575: 4568: 4562: 4553: 4546: 4540: 4533: 4527: 4520: 4514: 4507: 4501: 4495:(1978), p. 1. 4494: 4488: 4481: 4475: 4468: 4462: 4456: 4452: 4449: 4443: 4437:(2014), p. 8. 4436: 4430: 4423: 4417: 4410: 4404: 4394: 4385: 4376: 4374: 4364: 4355: 4353: 4345: 4339: 4332: 4326: 4319: 4313: 4306: 4300: 4291: 4289: 4287: 4280:(2014), p. 5. 4279: 4273: 4266: 4260: 4253: 4247: 4240: 4234: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4217: 4216:Wan-Press.org 4212: 4205: 4199: 4190: 4181: 4174: 4168: 4161: 4155: 4148: 4147:0-520-22154-0 4144: 4140: 4136: 4135: 4130: 4125: 4118: 4114: 4108: 4101: 4097: 4091: 4084: 4078: 4076: 4068: 4062: 4055: 4049: 4040: 4038: 4036: 4028: 4022: 4013: 4011: 4003: 3997: 3990: 3984: 3974: 3967: 3961: 3959: 3951: 3945: 3943: 3936:(1995), p. 4. 3935: 3929: 3922: 3916: 3907: 3898: 3889: 3880: 3871: 3864: 3858: 3849: 3842: 3836: 3830:(2004), p. 9. 3829: 3823: 3821: 3812: 3810:9780387446066 3806: 3802: 3801: 3793: 3787: 3783: 3780: 3776: 3767: 3761:(1995), p. 5. 3760: 3754: 3747: 3743: 3737: 3730: 3724: 3718:(1988), p 23. 3717: 3711: 3703: 3699: 3693: 3686: 3680: 3673: 3667: 3651: 3645: 3638: 3632: 3625: 3619: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3583: 3581: 3573: 3569: 3563: 3556: 3550: 3543: 3537: 3530: 3524: 3517: 3511: 3509: 3507: 3505: 3497: 3491: 3489: 3481: 3475: 3467: 3463: 3457: 3450: 3446: 3440: 3433: 3427: 3420: 3414: 3405: 3398: 3392: 3385: 3379: 3372: 3365: 3363: 3355: 3349: 3347: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3330: 3322: 3315: 3309: 3307: 3299: 3293: 3291: 3279: 3264: 3258: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3225: 3221: 3212: 3209: 3208: 3202: 3199: 3198: 3193: 3189: 3188: 3183: 3173: 3171: 3166: 3157: 3153: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3137: 3133: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3102: 3098: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3087:Yitzhak Rabin 3084: 3080: 3077:and the 2001 3076: 3072: 3068: 3067: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3044: 3042: 3038: 3032: 3030: 3025: 3023: 3012: 3010: 3006: 3000: 2998: 2997:fourth estate 2994: 2993:public sphere 2987:Public sphere 2984: 2980: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2965: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2950: 2939: 2937: 2932: 2929: 2924: 2922: 2921: 2914: 2905: 2901: 2899: 2895: 2890: 2888: 2883: 2881: 2877: 2872: 2868: 2862: 2859: 2855: 2849: 2838: 2836: 2833:and Russia's 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2815: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2800: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2780: 2778: 2774: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2738: 2731:State control 2728: 2725: 2722: 2716: 2714: 2713:Western Union 2710: 2699: 2697: 2691: 2689: 2684: 2682: 2681:fact-checking 2676: 2674: 2669: 2667: 2661: 2659: 2655: 2640: 2636: 2633: 2629: 2626: 2621: 2618: 2614: 2609: 2607: 2602: 2596: 2594: 2590: 2585: 2581: 2576: 2574: 2570: 2564: 2554: 2552: 2548: 2542: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2518: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2495: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2472: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2453: 2451: 2446: 2435: 2433: 2432:human history 2428: 2426: 2421: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2400: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2384: 2382: 2379:(Spain), and 2378: 2374: 2370: 2367:(Italy), the 2366: 2365: 2361:(Japan), the 2360: 2356: 2351: 2348: 2343: 2340: 2336: 2331: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2293: 2285: 2280: 2273:News agencies 2270: 2266: 2264: 2261:also enables 2260: 2255: 2253: 2249: 2243: 2240: 2233: 2230: 2227: 2224: 2221: 2218: 2217: 2216: 2213: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2180: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2164: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2132: 2128: 2126: 2120: 2118: 2113: 2111: 2104: 2095: 2086: 2083: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2054: 2050: 2049:breaking news 2046: 2043:and manually 2042: 2038: 2034: 2028: 2018: 2016: 2010: 2008: 2004: 1998: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1975: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1948: 1946: 1942: 1937: 1932: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1876: 1870: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1831: 1828: 1823: 1820: 1816: 1810: 1807: 1797: 1795: 1789: 1787: 1781: 1779: 1775: 1774: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1756: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1726: 1722: 1720: 1716: 1711: 1707: 1701: 1699: 1698:Western Union 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1682:Central Press 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1662: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1651:wire services 1648: 1638: 1635: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1617: 1614: 1610: 1605: 1601: 1600: 1594: 1589: 1587: 1583: 1582:stock markets 1579: 1576:, especially 1575: 1569: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1545: 1543: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1525:Licensing Act 1521: 1517: 1515: 1514: 1509: 1505: 1500: 1496: 1490: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1465: 1462: 1458: 1452: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1429: 1428:Maximillian I 1425: 1416: 1412: 1410: 1405: 1404: 1398: 1393: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1371: 1369: 1365: 1355: 1353: 1352: 1346: 1342: 1341: 1336: 1332: 1327: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1308: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1290: 1285: 1276: 1267: 1265: 1260: 1258: 1257: 1252: 1248: 1243: 1234: 1232: 1227: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1204: 1197: 1190: 1185: 1181: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1154: 1152: 1148: 1147: 1142: 1141:Julius Caesar 1138: 1134: 1126: 1121: 1112: 1110: 1109: 1104: 1103:caravanserais 1099: 1095: 1090: 1088: 1084: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1060: 1050: 1046: 1038: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1023: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 991: 982: 979: 976: 965: 963: 959: 955: 953: 949: 946: 942: 938: 935: 931: 927: 924: 920: 917: 913: 909: 906: 902: 901: 896: 895: 891: 887: 883: 882: 877: 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375:Investigative 373: 371: 368: 366: 363: 361: 358: 356: 353: 351: 350:Fact-checking 348: 346: 343: 341: 338: 336: 333: 331: 328: 326: 323: 321: 318: 316: 315:Collaborative 313: 311: 308: 306: 303: 301: 298: 296: 293: 291: 288: 286: 283: 280: 276: 273: 271: 268: 267: 266: 265: 261: 260: 255: 252: 250: 247: 245: 242: 240: 237: 235: 232: 230: 227: 225: 222: 220: 217: 215: 212: 210: 207: 205: 202: 200: 197: 195: 192: 190: 189:Entertainment 187: 185: 182: 180: 177: 175: 172: 171: 170: 169: 165: 164: 159: 156: 154: 151: 149: 146: 144: 141: 139: 136: 134: 131: 129: 126: 124: 121: 119: 116: 113: 109: 106: 103: 99: 98:Writing style 96: 94: 91: 90: 89: 88: 84: 80: 79: 76: 73: 72: 66: 62: 61: 55: 51: 47: 43: 41: 33: 19: 18:Current event 9219:TV and radio 9151:Infotainment 9141:Fifth Estate 9038:Interpretive 8988:Comics-based 8738:Photographer 8632:Zhong, Bu. " 8619: 8605: 8591: 8577: 8563: 8549: 8535: 8528: 8514: 8507: 8493: 8479: 8469: 8452: 8438: 8424: 8410: 8400: 8393: 8376: 8359: 8345: 8338: 8324: 8310: 8296: 8282: 8268: 8261: 8247: 8233: 8219: 8205: 8191: 8170: 8163: 8145: 8131: 8116: 8102: 8087: 8072: 8065: 8046: 8032:News Culture 8031: 8014: 8005: 7996: 7959:Star Tribune 7958: 7937: 7899: 7895: 7889: 7881: 7876: 7868: 7863: 7846: 7842: 7836: 7827: 7819: 7814: 7806: 7801: 7784: 7780: 7774: 7766: 7761: 7736: 7732: 7726: 7718: 7713: 7705: 7700: 7692:the original 7687: 7666: 7647: 7643: 7638: 7630: 7625: 7617: 7612: 7604: 7599: 7591: 7586: 7578: 7573: 7565: 7560: 7535: 7531: 7525: 7518:Media Events 7517: 7512: 7505:Media Events 7504: 7499: 7492:Media Events 7491: 7486: 7476: 7468: 7463: 7455: 7450: 7442: 7437: 7429: 7424: 7416: 7411: 7402: 7394: 7389: 7385: 7381: 7376: 7368: 7363: 7355: 7350: 7342: 7327:News Culture 7326: 7321: 7314:News Culture 7313: 7308: 7301:News Culture 7300: 7284: 7280: 7271: 7259: 7254: 7246: 7241: 7233: 7228: 7220: 7215: 7207: 7202: 7194: 7189: 7181: 7159:(1): 53–90. 7156: 7152: 7146: 7138: 7133: 7125: 7120: 7112: 7107: 7099: 7094: 7089:(2013), p. 8 7086: 7081: 7073: 7065: 7060: 7052: 7047: 7039: 7034: 7026: 7021: 7013: 7008: 7000: 6995: 6987: 6982: 6974: 6969: 6961: 6956: 6948: 6943: 6935: 6930: 6922: 6917: 6908: 6904: 6887: 6883: 6878: 6871:News Culture 6870: 6865: 6857: 6853: 6848: 6840: 6835: 6823: 6818: 6810: 6795:News Culture 6794: 6789: 6782:News Culture 6781: 6776: 6769:News Culture 6768: 6763: 6756:News Culture 6755: 6750: 6743:Ars Technica 6742: 6733: 6725: 6702: 6694: 6689: 6680: 6672: 6668: 6663: 6655: 6651: 6646: 6638: 6634: 6629: 6621: 6617: 6612: 6604: 6600: 6595: 6587: 6583: 6574: 6566: 6562: 6558: 6553: 6545: 6541: 6532: 6524: 6520: 6515: 6508:News Culture 6507: 6502: 6495:News Culture 6494: 6489: 6482:News Culture 6481: 6476: 6468: 6463: 6455: 6451: 6446: 6438: 6433: 6421:. 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(1998). 4000:Stephens, 3964:Stephens, 3861:Stephens, 3740:Stephens, 3714:Stephens, 3696:Stephens, 3683:Stephens, 3670:Stephens, 3622:Stephens, 3566:Stephens, 3540:Schudson, 3516:Journalism 3466:newsworthy 3449:journalism 3443:Stephens, 3417:Stephens, 3296:Stephens, 3217:References 3197:TechCrunch 3130:See also: 3093:, and the 3066:Challenger 3005:CNN effect 2858:Propaganda 2819:Al Jazeera 2812:Radio Sawa 2569:journalism 2535:free trade 2531:World Bank 2383:(Turkey). 2375:(Serbia), 2359:Kyodo News 2173:Eurovision 2135:Television 2078:, and the 2072:television 2027:News media 1936:Al Jazeera 1881:Ted Turner 1827:Nazi Party 1668:, founded 1574:statistics 1520:analysis. 1487:See also: 1426:, Emperor 1345:Edo period 1247:Royal Road 1229:Under the 1074:Mongolians 1057:See also: 1012:propaganda 975:historians 943:) and the 884:, "new"), 824:television 812:newspapers 737:government 726:soft media 534:Newspapers 525:News media 491:Media bias 395:Non-profit 380:Multimedia 300:Churnalism 229:Technology 138:Defamation 75:Journalism 9214:Magazines 9131:Fake news 9053:Narrative 9033:Immersion 8993:Community 8963:Broadcast 8708:Columnist 7708:2001; 55. 7590:Hachten, 7552:145715955 7454:Hachten, 7415:Geniets, 7193:Parenti, 7098:Geniets, 7085:Geniets, 7038:Hachten, 7025:Hachten, 7012:Parenti, 6986:Hachten, 6973:Geniets, 6921:Geniets, 6352:145467409 6282:. Unc.edu 6252:Geniets, 6095:McCall's' 6067:Hachten, 6003:Hachten, 5951:Hachten, 5939:143208781 5785:143123659 5645:Hachten, 5572:Hachten, 5447:Hachten, 5434:Hachten, 5418:Hachten, 4865:Hachten, 4695:Parsons, 4682:Parsons, 4669:Parsons, 3329:Historian 3234:nouvelles 3160:Influence 3037:terrorism 3020:mold the 2445:Holocaust 2371:(Egypt), 2103:Newspaper 2089:Newspaper 2064:consumers 1859:Zero Hour 1855:fake news 1780:in 1949. 1764:Red China 1700:company. 1537:Stamp Act 1320:ch'ao pao 1294:Confucius 1216:peroratio 1196:banditoro 1189:banditori 1170:Winnebago 1064:Folk news 985:Commodity 937:newyddion 916:Bulgarian 858:nouvelles 839:Etymology 805:espionage 793:criminals 745:education 722:hard news 585:Columnist 544:Magazines 461:Fake news 385:Narrative 365:Immersion 325:Community 295:Broadcast 65:Apollo 11 9248:– 9224:Internet 9113:Watchdog 9003:Database 8958:Blogging 8953:Analytic 8943:Advocacy 8878:Politics 8868:Medicine 8843:Business 7997:NBC News 7753:10518163 7467:Salmon, 7441:McNair, 7428:McNair, 7380:McNair, 7354:Salmon, 7219:Salmon, 6809:Salmon, 6582:), from 6540:), from 6106:McNair, 5658:McNair, 5559:McNair, 5476:McNair, 5405:McNair, 4836:Salmon, 4823:Salmon, 4775:Ayalon, 4762:Ayalon, 4749:Ayalon, 4451:Archived 4219:Archived 3932:Ayalon, 3782:Archived 3757:Ayalon, 3702:Cultures 3610:55642544 3325:Salmon, 3250:novel n. 3246:rēs nova 3228:"News", 3205:See also 3192:Facebook 2831:Press TV 2434:itself. 2326:company 2196:blogging 2192:internet 2183:Internet 2161:Sky News 2149:Fox News 2141:BBC News 2125:paywalls 2080:internet 2037:reporter 1967:was the 1951:Internet 1929:Intelsat 1917:Gulf War 1905:Sky News 1641:Newswire 1558:Boosters 1497:and the 1459:and the 1385:. 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