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cyber attacks and cyber crime are going to expand as threat actors will continue to exploit weaknesses in protection and existing vulnerabilities to achieve their end goals, often being data theft or exfiltration. To combat cybercrime, the United States Secret
Service maintains an Electronic Crimes Task Force which extends beyond the United States as it helps to locate threat actors that are located globally and performing cyber related crimes within the United States. The Secret Service is also responsible for the National Computer Forensic Institute which allows law enforcement and people of the court to receive cyber training and information on how to combat cyber crime. The United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement is responsible for the Cyber Crimes Center (C3) providing cyber crime related services for federal, state, local and international agencies. Finally, the United States also has resources relating to Law Enforcement Cyber Incident Reporting to allow local and state agencies to understand how, when, and what should be reported as a cyber incident to the federal government.
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protect information and the tactics criminals use to steal that information is paramount. However, despite cybercrime becoming a mounting problem, many people are not aware of the severity of this problem. This could be attributed to a lack of experience and knowledge of technological issues. There are 1.5 million cyber-attacks annually, which means that there are over 4,000 attacks a day, 170 attacks every hour, or nearly three attacks every minute, with studies showing that only 16 percent of victims had asked the people who were carrying out the attacks to stop. Comparitech's 2023 study shows that cybercrime victims have peaked to 71 million annually, which means there is a cyberattack every 39 seconds. Anybody who uses the internet for any reason can be a victim, which is why it is important to be aware of how to be protected while online.
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1075:. With thousands of people dying each year due to drug overdose, investigators have made internet drug sales a priority. Many vendors do not realize the extra criminal charges that go along with selling drugs online, such as money laundering and illegal use of the mail. In 2019, a vendor was sentenced to 10 years in prison after selling cocaine and methamphetamine under the name JetSetLife. But despite the large amount of time investigators spend tracking down people, in 2018 only 65 suspects who bought and sold illegal goods on some of the biggest markets were identified. Meanwhile, thousands of transactions take place daily on these markets.
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of stolen content, and so forth. A few of the leading cybersecurity companies have the skills and resources to follow the activities of these individuals and groups. A wide variety of information that can be used for defensive purposes is available from these sources, for example, technical indicators such as hashes of infected files and malicious IPs/URLs, as well as strategic information profiling the goals and techniques of the profiled groups. Much of it is freely available, but consistent, ongoing access typically requires a subscription. Some in the corporate sector see a crucial role for
1533:. A possible counter to this is for courts to ban convicted hackers from using the internet or computers, even after they have been released from prison – though as computers and the internet become more and more central to everyday life, this type of punishment becomes more and more draconian. Nuanced approaches have been developed that manage cyber offenders' behavior without resorting to total computer or internet bans. These approaches involve restricting individuals to specific devices which are subject to monitoring or searches by probation or parole officers.
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Enhancement Act of 2014. Although the
Federal Information Security Modernization Act of 2014 was just an update of an older version of the act, it focused on the practices federal agencies were to abide by relating to cybersecurity. While the National Cybersecurity Protection Act of 2014 was aimed toward increasing the amount of information sharing that occurs across the federal and private sector to improve cybersecurity amongst the industries. Finally, the Cybersecurity Enhancement Act of 2014 relates to cybersecurity research and education.
950:, which states that sending messages or letters electronically that the government deems "indecent or grossly offensive" and/or language intended to cause "distress and anxiety" can lead to a prison sentence of six months and a potentially large fine. Australia, while not directly addressing the issue of harassment, includes most forms of online harassment under the Criminal Code Act of 1995. Using telecommunication to send threats, harass, or cause offense is a direct violation of this act.
1067:, which re-opened in August 2021 under the control of DeSnake, one of the original administrators. Investigators pose as buyers and order products from darknet vendors in the hope that the vendors leave a trail the investigators can follow. In one case an investigator posed as a firearms seller, and for six months people purchased from them and provided home addresses. The FBI was able to make over a dozen arrests during this six-month investigation. Another crackdown targeted vendors selling
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563:. Cyberextortionists demand money in return for promising to stop the attacks and provide "protection". According to the FBI, cyberextortionists are increasingly attacking corporate websites and networks, crippling their ability to operate, and demanding payments to restore their service. More than 20 cases are reported each month to the FBI, and many go unreported in order to keep the victim's name out of the public domain. Perpetrators often use a
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337:. These crimes involve the use of technology to commit fraud, identity theft, data breaches, computer viruses, scams, and expanded upon in other malicious acts. Cybercriminals exploit vulnerabilities in computer systems and networks to gain unauthorized access, steal sensitive information, disrupt services, and cause financial or reputational harm to individuals, organizations, and governments.
812:; click farms (companies where low-wage employees are paid to click or engage in conversations); incentivized browsing; video placement abuse (delivered in display banner slots); hidden ads (which will never be viewed by real users); domain spoofing (ads served on a fake website); and clickjacking, in which the user is forced to click on an ad.
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there has been a 17.75% increase in vulnerabilities across all online devices. The internet's expansive reach causes the damage inflicted to people to be magnified since many methods of cybercrime have the opportunity to reach many people. The availability of virtual spaces has allowed cybercrime to become an everyday occurrence. In 2018, the
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implemented, but there is still a gap in responding to current cyber related crime. The most recent cyber related law, according to NIST, was the NIST Small
Business Cybersecurity Act, which came out in 2018, and provides guidelines to small businesses to ensure that cybersecurity risks are being identified and addressed accurately.
1468:, laws against cybercrime are weak or sometimes nonexistent. Cybercriminals can then strike from across international borders and remain undetected. Even when identified, these criminals can typically avoid being extradited to a country such as the US that has laws that allow for prosecution. For this reason, agencies such as the
1044:. Darknet markets entice customers by making them feel comfortable. Although people can easily gain access to a Tor browser, actually gaining access to an illicit market is not as simple as typing it in on a search engine, as one would with Google. Darknet markets have special links that change frequently, ending in
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to train professionals in law enforcement at the
National Computer Forensic Institute. The NCFI provides "state and local members of the law enforcement community with training in cyber incident response, investigation, and forensic examination in cyber incident response, investigation, and forensic examination."
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The first cyber related law in the United States was the
Privacy Act of 1974 which was only required for federal agencies to follow to ensure privacy and protection of personally identifiable information (PII). However, since 1974, in the United States other laws and regulations have been drafted and
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to "persuade, induce, entice, coerce, or facilitate the travel of, the minor to engage in prohibited sexual conduct." Kramer appealed the sentence on the grounds that there was insufficient evidence to convict him under this statute because his charge included persuading through a computer device and
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Ad-fraud services include all online infrastructure and hosting services that might be needed to undertake identity or attribution fraud. Services can involve the creation of spam websites (fake networks of websites that provide artificial backlinks); link building services; hosting services; or fake
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Ransomware is a type of malware used in cyberextortion to restrict access to files, sometimes threatening permanent data erasure unless a ransom is paid. Ransomware is a global issue, with more than 300 million attacks worldwide in 2021. According to the 2022 Unit 42 Ransomware Threat Report, in 2021
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The World
Economic Forum’s 2023 Global Risks Report ranks cybercrime as one of the top 10 risks facing the world today and for the next 10 years. If cybercrime were viewed as a nation state, cybercrime would count as the third largest economy in the world. In numbers, cybercrime is predicted to cause
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has a Cyber
Intelligence Section that works to target financial cybercrimes. They combat international cybercrime and work to protect institutions such as banks from intrusions and information breaches. Based in Alabama, the Secret Service and the Alabama Office of Prosecution Services work together
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As cybercrime proliferated, a professional ecosystem evolved to support individuals and groups seeking to profit from cybercrime activities. The ecosystem has become quite specialized, and includes malware developers, botnet operators, professional cybercrime groups, groups specializing in the sale
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A problem that marketplace users sometimes face is exit scamming. That is, a vendor with a high rating acts as if they are selling on the market and have users pay for products they never receive. The vendor then closes their account after receiving money from multiple buyers and never sending what
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for mail is a scalable and inexpensive bulk e-mail-sending service for marketing purposes that could be easily set up for spam. Cloud computing could help cybercriminals leverage their attacks, whether brute-forcing a password, improving the reach of a botnet, or facilitating a spamming campaign.
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The
Department of Homeland Security also instituted the Continuous Diagnostics and Mitigation (CDM) Program. The CDM Program monitors and secures government networks by tracking network risks and informing system personnel so that they can take action. In an attempt to catch intrusions before the
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Investigating cyber crime within the United States and globally often requires partnerships. Within the United States, cyber crime may be investigated by law enforcement, the
Department of Homeland Security, among other federal agencies. However, as the world becomes more dependent on technology,
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Darknet markets have had a rise in traffic in recent years for many reasons, such as the anonymous purchases and often a system of reviews by other buyers. There are many ways in which darknet markets can financially drain individuals. Vendors and customers alike go to great lengths to keep their
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Interpol's Cyber Fusion Center began a collaboration with key cybersecurity players to distribute information on the latest online scams, cyber threats, and risks to internet users. Since 2017, reports on social engineering frauds, ransomware, phishing, and other attacks have been distributed to
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Cybercrime is becoming more of a threat in our society. According to
Accenture's State of Cybersecurity, security attacks increased 31% from 2020 to 2021. The number of attacks per company increased from 206 to 270. Due to this rising threat, the importance of raising awareness about measures to
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Due to cybercriminals using the internet for cross-border attacks and crimes, the process of prosecuting cybercriminals has been difficult. The number of vulnerabilities that a cybercriminal could use as points of opportunity to exploit has also increased over the years. From 2008 to 2014 alone,
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have used deception and subterfuge to catch criminals. For example, two Russian hackers had been evading the FBI for some time. The FBI set up a fake computing company based in Seattle, Washington. They proceeded to lure the two Russian men into the United States by offering them work with this
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Illicit access to camera sensors, microphone sensors, phonebook contacts, all internet-enabled apps, and metadata of mobile telephones running Android and iOS was reportedly provided by Israeli spyware that was found to be in operation in at least 46 nation-states around the world. Journalists,
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Cyberbullying has increased drastically with the growing popularity of online social networking. As of January 2020, 44 percent of adult internet users in the United States had "personally experienced online harassment". Online harassment of children often has negative and even life-threatening
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trace; however, that does not necessarily enable detectives to solve a case. Different types of high-tech crime may also include elements of low-tech crime, and vice versa, making cybercrime investigators an indispensable part of modern law enforcement. Methods of cybercrime detective work are
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During President Barack Obama's presidency three cybersecurity related bills were signed into order in December 2014. The first was the Federal Information Security Modernization Act of 2014, the second was the National Cybersecurity Protection Act of 2014, and the third was the Cybersecurity
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In the United States, at least 41 states have passed laws and regulations that regard extreme online harassment as a criminal act. These acts can also be prosecuted on the federal level, because of US Code 18 Section 2261A, which states that using computers to threaten or harass can lead to a
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climbed 144 percent to $ 2.2 million, and there was an 85 percent increase in the number of victims who had their personal information shown on dark web information dumps. A loss of nearly $ 400 million in 2021 and 2022 is just one of the statistics showing the impact of ransomware attacks on
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When an individual is the target of cybercrime, the computer is often the tool rather than the target. These crimes, which typically exploit human weaknesses, usually do not require much technical expertise. These are the types of crimes which have existed for centuries in the offline world.
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was paid for. The vendors, all of whom are involved in illegal activities, have no reason not to engage in exit scamming when they no longer want to be a vendor. In 2019, an entire market known as Wall Street Market allegedly exit scammed, stealing $ 30 million dollars in bitcoin.
763:, or offensive for a variety of reasons. In some instances, it may be illegal. What content is unlawful varies greatly between countries, and even within nations. It is a sensitive area in which the courts can become involved in arbitrating between groups with strong beliefs.
1193:(RBN) was registered as an internet site in 2006. Initially, much of its activity was legitimate. But apparently the founders soon discovered that it was more profitable to host illegitimate activities and to offer its services to criminals. The RBN has been described by
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1024:, which started operations in 2011, was the first major online marketplace for drugs. It was permanently shut down in October 2013 by the FBI and Europol. After Silk Road 2.0 went down, Silk Road 3 Reloaded emerged. However, it was just an older marketplace named
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Hacking has become less complex as hacking communities disseminate their knowledge through the internet. Blogs and social networks have contributed substantially to information sharing, so that beginners can benefit from older hackers' knowledge and advice.
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placed cyber crimes into five categories: unauthorized access, damage to computer data or programs, sabotage to hinder the functioning of a computer system or network, unauthorized interception of data within a system or network, and computer espionage.
5049:"Insights into Iranian Cyber Espionage: APT33 Targets Aerospace and Energy Sectors and has Ties to Destructive Malware « Insights into Iranian Cyber Espionage: APT33 Targets Aerospace and Energy Sectors and has Ties to Destructive Malware"
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Herrero, J., Torres, A., Vivas, P., & Urueña, A. (2022). Smartphone Addiction, Social Support, and Cybercrime Victimization: A Discrete Survival and Growth Mixture Model: Psychosocial Intervention. Psychosocial Intervention, 31(1), 59–66.
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era, in order to spam or scam, one needed a variety of resources, such as a dedicated server; skills in server management, network configuration, and network maintenance; and knowledge of internet service provider standards. By comparison, a
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804:; falsification of user characteristics, such as location and browser type; fake social traffic (misleading users on social networks into visiting the advertised website); and fake social media accounts that make a bot appear legitimate.
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company. Upon completion of the interview, the suspects were arrested. Clever tricks like that are sometimes a necessary part of catching cybercriminals when weak laws and limited international cooperation make it impossible otherwise.
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on webcam. Victims are abducted, threatened, or deceived and transferred to "cybersex dens". The dens can be in any location where the cybersex traffickers have a computer, tablet, or phone with an internet connection. Perpetrators use
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Phishing is mostly propagated via email. Phishing emails may contain links to other websites that are affected by malware. Or they may contain links to fake online banking or other websites used to steal private account information.
935:, or other high-speed data processing device performing logical, arithmetic, or storage functions, and includes any data storage facility or communications facility directly related to or operating in conjunction with such device."
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confirmed that organized cybercrime groups are joining forces to commit criminal activities online, while estimating the likelihood of their detection and prosecution to be less than 1 percent in the US. There are also many
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can range from a fine and a short period of jail time for a Class A misdemeanor, such as unauthorized use of a computer, up to 3 to 15 years in prison for a Class C felony, such as computer tampering in the first degree.
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is protected by law in most democratic societies, it does not include all types of speech. Spoken or written threats can be criminalized because they harm or intimidate. This applies to online or network-related threats.
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Identity fraud aims to impersonate real users and inflate audience numbers. The techniques used for identity fraud include traffic from bots (coming from a hosting company, a data center, or compromised devices);
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Because cybercriminals commonly use encryption and other techniques to hide their identity and location, it can be difficult to trace a perpetrator after a crime is committed, so prevention measures are crucial.
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tool for the UAE. An investigation revealed that the Emirati government was attempting to track every conversation, movement, relationship, appointment, sound, and image of those who installed the app on their
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Attribution fraud impersonates the activities of real users, such as clicks and conversations. Many ad-fraud techniques belong to this category: the use of hijacked and malware-infected devices as part of a
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his cellular phone technically is not a computer. Although Kramer tried to argue this point, the U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual states that the term "computer" means "an electronic, magnetic, optical,
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However, some former cybercriminals have been hired as information security experts by private companies due to their inside knowledge of computer crime, a phenomenon which theoretically could create
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has argued that individual companies using a combination of products for security is not a scalable approach and has advocated for the use of cybersecurity technology primarily at the platform level.
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On 2 March 2010, Spanish investigators arrested three men suspected of infecting over 13 million computers around the world. The botnet of infected computers included PCs inside more than half of the
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In April 2015, then-President Barack Obama released an executive order that allows the US to freeze the assets of convicted cybercriminals and block their economic activity within the United States.
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543:(IT) security specialists have documented a significant increase in network problems and server scams since early 2001. In the United States there is an increasing concern from agencies such as the
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as "the baddest of the bad". It provides web hosting services and internet access to all kinds of criminal and objectionable activities that earn up to $ 150 million in one year. It specializes in
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Computer fraud is the act of using a computer to take or alter electronic data, or to gain unlawful use of a computer or system. Computer fraud that involves the use of the internet is also called
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royalty, and government officials were among the targets. Earlier accusations that Israeli weapons companies were meddling in international telephony and smartphones have been eclipsed by the
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to hide their identities. Millions of reports of cybersex incidents are sent to authorities annually. New legislation and police procedures are needed to combat this type of cybercrime.
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It is not only the US and the European Union that have been introducing measures against cybercrime. On 31 May 2017, China announced that its new cybersecurity law was taking effect.
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of child pornography (roughly equivalent to 16,000 DVDs). To date this is the single largest US prosecution of an international child pornography ring; 52 arrests were made worldwide.
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There are an estimated 6.3 million victims of cybersex trafficking, according to a recent report by the International Labour Organization. This number includes about 1.7 million
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On 23 April 2013, the Twitter account of the Associated Press was hacked. The hacker posted a hoax tweet about fictitious attacks on the White House that they claimed left then-
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website experienced a denial-of-service attack that potentially compromised 70 million customers and 8.5 million active viewers. Other banks thought to be compromised included
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Several countries besides the US have also created laws to combat online harassment. In China, a country with over 20 percent of the world's internet users, in response to the
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1397:(DHS) are government agencies that combat cybercrime. The FBI has trained agents and analysts in cybercrime placed in their field offices and headquarters. In the DHS, the
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One of the highest-profile banking computer crimes occurred over a course of three years beginning in 1970. The chief teller at the Park Avenue branch of New York's
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Fraud and identity theft (although this increasingly uses malware, hacking or phishing, making it an example of "computer as target" as well as "computer as tool")
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3756:"DHS: Secretary Napolitano and Attorney General Holder Announce Largest U.S. Prosecution of International Criminal Network Organized to Sexually Exploit Children"
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Cybersecurity professionals have been skeptical of prevention-focused strategies. The mode of use of cybersecurity products has also been called into question.
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experienced a security breach compromising the credit card numbers, personal information, and billing and shipping addresses of as many as 24 million customers.
356:, and other cross-border crimes. Cybercrimes crossing international borders and involving the actions of at least one nation-state are sometimes referred to as
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683:. Fearing that such attacks may become a normal part of future warfare among nation-states, military commanders see a need to develop cyberspace operations.
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effects. According to a 2021 survey, 41 percent of children develop social anxiety, 37 percent develop depression, and 26 percent have suicidal thoughts.
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Ad-frauds are particularly popular among cybercriminals, as such frauds are lucrative and unlikely to be prosecuted. Jean-Loup Richet, a professor at the
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Csonka P. (2000) Internet Crime; the Draft council of Europe convention on cyber-crime: A response to the challenge of crime in the age of the internet?
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796:, classified the large variety of ad-frauds committed by cybercriminals into three categories: identity fraud, attribution fraud, and ad-fraud services.
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Cyberextortion occurs when a website, e-mail server, or computer system is subjected to or threatened with attacks by malicious hackers, often through
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675:, cyberspace has emerged as an arena for national-security threats through several recent events of geostrategic importance, including the attack on
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422:. The legal definition of computer fraud varies by jurisdiction, but typically involves accessing a computer without permission or authorization.
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1099:, and other telephone companies as well as several big credit agencies and two major universities. The damage caused was extensive; one company,
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bullying incident, the Legislative Affairs Office of the State Council passed a strict law against cyberbullying. The United Kingdom passed the
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Because of weak laws, cybercriminals operating from developing countries can often evade detection and prosecution. In countries such as the
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Criminals have simply been given a tool that increases their pool of potential victims and makes them all the harder to trace and apprehend.
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domain extensions. To add to privacy, the most prevalent currency on these markets is Bitcoin, which allows transactions to be anonymous.
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4814:"Analysis of Directive 2013/40/EU on attacks against information systems in the context of approximation of law at the European level"
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679:'s infrastructure in 2007, allegedly by Russian hackers. In August 2008, Russia again allegedly conducted cyberattacks against
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infected a document on a victim's computer, then automatically emailed that document and a copy of the virus to other people.
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Robertson, J. (2 March 2010). Authorities bust 3 in infection of 13m computers. Retrieved 26 March 2010, from Boston News:
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was one of the many high-profile female journalists and activists who were targeted. She filed a lawsuit against UAE ruler
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Richet, Jean-Loup (2012). "How to Become a Black Hat Hacker? An Exploratory Study of Barriers to Entry Into Cybercrime".
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attacks. On 3 August 2000, Canadian federal prosecutors charged MafiaBoy with 54 counts of illegal access to computers.
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In 1983, a 19-year-old UCLA student used his PC to break into a Defense Department International Communications system.
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5287:", in B. Hebenton, SY Shou, & J. Liu (eds), Asian Handbook of Criminology (pp. 49–64). New York: Springer (
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The increasing prevalence of cybercrime has resulted in more attention to computer crime detection and prosecution.
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The FBI has cracked down on these markets. In July 2017, the FBI seized one of the biggest markets, commonly called
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Barnard-Wills, David; Ashenden, Debi (21 March 2012). "Securing Virtual Space: Cyber War, Cyber Terror, and Risk".
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dynamic and constantly improving, whether in closed police units or in the framework of international cooperation.
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concerns surrounding cybercrime when confidential information is intercepted or disclosed, legally or otherwise.
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were compromised. Thirty thousand passwords were cracked, and 1.5 million eHarmony passwords were posted online.
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has said that cybercrime is the "number one problem with mankind" and that it "poses real risks to humanity".
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index, and the temporary suspension of AP's Twitter account. The Dow Jones later restored its session gains.
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Cybercrime in the Greater China Region: Regulatory Responses and Crime Prevention across the Taiwan Strait
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Bowker, Art (2012) "The Cybercrime Handbook for Community Corrections: Managing Risk in the 21st Century"
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Do not give out personal information over the internet unless you can verify that the destination is safe
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approves the private partners that provide intrusion detection and prevention services through the ECS.
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between a pan-European hacking group and Newscorp. The original motivation of the hackers was to watch
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that used the Silk Road name in order to get more exposure from the Silk Road brand's earlier success.
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Cybersex trafficking is the transportation of victims for such purposes as coerced prostitution or the
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Feinberg, T (2008). "Whether it happens at school or off-campus, cyberbullying disrupts and affects".
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reruns in Germany, which was something which Newscorp did not have the copyright permission to allow.
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for mass surveillance and a campaign of harassment of prominent activists and journalists, including
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A hacking group called MOD (Masters of Deception) allegedly stole passwords and technical data from
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Carback, Joshua T. (2018). "Cybersex Trafficking: Toward a More Effective Prosecutorial Response".
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Committing a crime using a computer can lead to an enhanced sentence. For example, in the case of
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Balkin, J., Grimmelmann, J., Katz, E., Kozlovski, N., Wagman, S. & Zarsky, T. (2006) (eds)
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2895:"War is War? The utility of cyberspace operations in the contemporary operational environment."
1977:
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identities a secret while online. Commonly used tools for hiding their online presence include
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directs obscenities and derogatory comments at specific individuals, often focusing on gender,
540:
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287:
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Richet, Jean-Loup (2011). "Adoption of deviant behavior and cybercrime 'Know how' diffusion".
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The European Union adopted cybercrime directive 2013/40/EU, which was elaborated upon in the
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Fraud factory is a collection of large fraud organizations usually involving cyber fraud and
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3251:"'I will not be silenced': Women targeted in hack-and-leak attacks speak out about spyware"
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There are many ways for cybercrime to take place, and investigations tend to start with an
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5473:"How cybercriminal communities grow and change: An investigation of ad-fraud communities"
3715:
2244:"Botnets, Cybercrime, and Cyberterrorism: Vulnerabilities and Policy Issues for Congress"
2124:"How cybercriminal communities grow and change: An investigation of ad-fraud communities"
1734:
1223:
Dreamboard. The website had approximately 600 members and may have distributed up to 123
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messaging tools to communicate with drug mules or potential customers. The dark web site
372:
251:
5015:
4017:"Phone hackers for hire: A peek into the discreet, lucrative business tapped by the FBI"
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1167:, along with computers at the University of California at Santa Barbara, were among the
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Cyber Crime. (n.d.). . Federal Bureau of Investigation. Retrieved April 24, 2024, from
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Proceedings of the 1st annual conference on Information security curriculum development
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On a personal level, there are some strategies available to defend against cybercrime:
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476:. These types of crimes often result in the loss of personal or financial information.
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committed through the use of cyberspace or computer resources. Acts of disruption of
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135:
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4934:
The Cybercrime Handbook for Community Corrections: Managing Risk in the 21st Century
2084:
Gordon, Sarah (25 July 2006). "On the definition and classification of cybercrime".
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In August 2010, the US Department of Homeland Security shut down the international
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Keeping your software and operating system update to benefit from security patches
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Computer crime encompasses a broad range of activities, including computer fraud,
348:
Internationally, both state and non-state actors engage in cybercrimes, including
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United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders
330:
241:
59:
4594:"Report: 74% of security leaders say that prevention-first strategies will fail"
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The content of websites and other electronic communications may be distasteful,
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damage is done, the DHS created the Enhanced Cybersecurity Services (ECS). The
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are required by law to keep their logfiles for a predetermined amount of time.
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2708:"Webcam slavery: tech turns Filipino families into cybersex child traffickers"
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2996:
2618:"Cheap tech and widespread internet access fuel rise in cybersex trafficking"
2149:
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978:
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130:
20:
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received 351,937 complaints of cybercrime, which led to $ 2.7 billion lost.
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Crimes that use computer networks or devices to advance other ends include:
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1739:
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Use strong passwords with a variety of characters that aren't easy to guess
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encompasses a wide range of criminal activities that are carried out using
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5922:
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5697:
5385:
Cybercrime and the Victimization of Women: Laws, Rights, and Regulations.
5319:", in M. Gill (ed) Handbook of Security (pp. 321–339). NY: Palgrave.
5019:
4675:
4116:
1465:
1354:
In a criminal investigation, a computer can be a source of evidence (see
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1041:
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along with other defendants, accusing them of sharing her photos online.
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429:
into computers to alter information, distributing malicious code such as
196:
120:
31:
5523:, Latin American's New Security Thinking, Clacso, 2014, pp. 167/182
5237:
4319:
2678:"Global taskforce tackles cybersex child trafficking in the Philippines"
1279:
injured. The hoax tweet resulted in a brief plunge of 130 points in the
456:
Other forms of fraud may be committed using computer systems, including
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5969:
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4104:
3659:. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education Press. p. 150.
1709:
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1148:
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906:
588:
536:, hardware, or programming scripts can all be forms of cyberterrorism.
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216:
160:
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Attempting to choke, &c. in order to commit any indictable offence
4105:"Global Cyberspace Is Safer than You Think: Real Trends in Cybercrime"
2828:"Global Estimates of Modern Slavery Forced Labour and Forced Marriage"
1440:
Using anti-virus software that can detect and remove malicious threats
7321:
7106:
7053:
6884:
6879:
6849:
6029:
5984:
5979:
5827:
5795:
3221:"All the Latest Cyber Bullying Statistics and What They Mean In 2021"
2738:"How the internet fuels sexual exploitation and forced labor in Asia"
1837:
1328:
1182:
worm corrupted SCADA microprocessors, particularly the types used in
1118:
970:
513:
469:
349:
3845:"Cyber attacks against Wells Fargo "significant," handled well: CFO"
3344:"Guide: What is Bitcoin and how does Bitcoin work? - CBBC Newsround"
770:
that has been the target of the strongest efforts at curtailment is
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7371:
7356:
7086:
7048:
6952:
6854:
6314:
5989:
5947:
5810:
5561:
5399:
Cyber Criminology: Exploring Internet Crimes and Criminal behavior.
5244:
1724:
1620:
1295:
1269:
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companies and more than 40 major banks, according to investigators.
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1136:
1068:
1064:
783:
700:
696:
631:
529:
446:
401:
4900:"Managing the Risks Posed by Offender Computer Use - Perspectives"
3432:"Did A Bitcoin Exit Scam Cause Dark Web Wall Street Market Crash?"
2055:"Cybercrime To Cost The World $ 9.5 trillion USD annually in 2024"
7213:
6973:
6968:
6942:
6834:
6790:
6630:
6580:
6414:
5999:
5974:
5937:
5465:
International Journal of Technology and Human Interaction (IJTHI)
4670:. Institution of Engineering and Technology. pp. 01 (43 .).
3965:"Researchers find hints of Israeli spyware around globe - SFGate"
3814:"Like LinkedIn, eHarmony is hacked; 1.5 million passwords stolen"
3670:
Mann, David; Sutton, Mike (6 November 2011). ">>Netcrime".
3191:"U.S. internet users who have experienced online harassment 2020"
2585:"Norwegian national, partner nabbed; 4 rescued from cybersex den"
1719:
1615:
1359:
1183:
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1152:
1117:
service was hacked several times during an ongoing technological
1072:
760:
676:
442:
438:
5535:
Cybercrimes: The transformation of crime in the information age,
5016:"Dridex: Tidal waves of spam pushing dangerous financial Trojan"
3945:"Israeli spyware found on phones in 45 countries, U.S. included"
922:, the defendant was given an enhanced sentence according to the
7812:
7672:
6686:
5857:
5772:
5449:(3 November 1999 ed.). Routledge; 1 edition. p. 200.
5121:"This company uses A.I. to stop cyberattacks before they start"
3571:"The Consequences of Mailing Drugs and Other Banned Substances"
2275:"Cybercrime To Cost The World $ 10.5 Trillion Annually By 2025"
1704:
1455:
Contact companies about suspicious requests of your information
1144:
1045:
809:
568:
5583:
4701:"Diffusion and Effects of Cyber Crime in Developing Countries"
7208:
6839:
6814:
4783:"U.S. Creates First Sanctions Program Against Cybercriminals"
4471:"The Importance of Understanding Encryption in Cybersecurity"
3314:"Council Post: Five Key Reasons Dark Web Markets Are Booming"
2326:"Latest Sony Pictures Breach : A Deadly Cyber Extortion"
1593:
1096:
740:
353:
4664:"ICS Threats. A Kaspersky Lab view, predictions and reality"
3885:"Fake Tweet Erasing $ 136 Billion Shows Markets Need Humans"
3281:"We talked to the opportunist imitator behind Silk Road 3.0"
1501:
In Australia, legislation to combat cybercrime includes the
7198:
7091:
6760:
6676:
4846:
4760:. Nutshell series. St. Paul, MN: West Academic Publishing.
4501:"Continuous Diagnostics and Mitigation Program | CISA"
4500:
2525:"Senator warns of possible surge in child cybersex traffic"
1172:
1156:
1053:
1049:
618:
5542:
Virtually Criminal: Crime, Deviance and Regulation Online,
3863:"AP Twitter Hack Falsely Claims Explosions at White House"
3079:"Chinese Authorities Address Online Bullying – Cybersmile"
567:. However, other cyberextortion techniques exist, such as
5401:
Boca Raton, FL, US: CRC Press, Taylor, and Francis Group.
2382:"100+ ransomware statistics for 2023 and beyond - Norton"
1160:
5521:
Control, vigilancia y respuesta penal en el ciberespacio
4727:"NIST Cybersecurity Program History and Timeline | CSRC"
3738:"Spanish police crack massive 'zombie computer' network"
1918:"BUFFETT: This is 'the number one problem with mankind'"
905:
Whereas content may be offensive in a non-specific way,
5439:
Information Technology and the Criminal Justice System,
3484:"He Escaped the Dark Web's Biggest Bust. Now He's Back"
1088:
embezzled over $ 1.5 million from hundreds of accounts.
774:, which is illegal in most jurisdictions in the world.
5593:
National Institute of Justice Electronic Crime Program
2352:"The Growing Ransomware Threat: 4 Trends and Insights"
1948:"Warren Buffett: 'Cyber poses real risks to humanity'"
1574:
Furthermore, hacking is cheaper than ever. Before the
1135:
In February 2000, an individual going by the alias of
649:. An example of cybersex trafficking is the 2018–2020
4625:"You Can't Secure 100% of Your Data 100% of the Time"
4149:
3621:"Feds Crack Down on Darknet Vendors of Illicit Goods"
2768:"1st Session, 42nd Parliament, Volume 150, Issue 194"
384:
over 9 trillion in damages worldwide in 2024.
5463:
Richet, J.L. (2013) From Young Hackers to Crackers,
5211:"ASEAN Declaration to Prevent and Combat Cybercrime"
2648:"Senate to probe rise in child cybersex trafficking"
1385:
touring the National Computer Forensic Institute in
7009:
Assaulting a constable in the execution of his duty
6596:
Assaulting a constable in the execution of his duty
5257:
Cybercrime: Digital Cops in a Networked Environment
4218:"Facts + Statistics: Identity theft and cybercrime"
3991:"Your Smartphone could be running Israeli Spyware!"
2555:"Duterte's drug war and child cybersex trafficking"
5345:DarkMarket : cyberthieves, cybercops, and you
4842:"China's new cybersecurity law takes effect today"
4186:Cybercrime : criminal threats from cyberspace
3596:"Darknet drug vendor sentenced to 10 years prison"
3545:"America's Drug Overdose Epidemic: Data to Action"
2175:(2 ed.). Detroit: Thomson/Gale. p. 137.
7004:Assault with intent to resist lawful apprehension
6591:Assault with intent to resist lawful apprehension
5337:Computer Misuse: Response, regulation and the law
4044:"Israeli firm accused of creating iPhone spyware"
3458:"The golden age of dark web drug markets is over"
2900:. Center for Strategic Leadership. Archived from
1446:Refrain from opening attachments from spam emails
1421:Cyber Security and Infrastructure Security Agency
7966:
5317:Cybercrime and establishing a secure cyber world
4986:"The Ultimate List of Cyber Attack Stats (2024)"
4538:Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency
3915:"Unprecedented cyber attacks wreak global havoc"
3401:"The 'Exit Scam' Is the Darknet's Perfect Crime"
3371:"The 'Exit Scam' Is the Darknet's Perfect Crime"
2013:Heading, Sophie; Zahidi, Saadia (January 2023).
1855:
1853:
913:, religion, nationality, or sexual orientation.
7185:
5315:Chang, Lennon Y.C., & Grabosky, P. (2014) "
5283:Broadhurst, R., and Chang, Lennon Y.C. (2013) "
5043:
5041:
3515:"7 Ways the Cops Will Bust You on the Dark Web"
2971:Wilbur, Kenneth C.; Zhu, Yi (24 October 2008).
2495:"Cyber-sex trafficking: A 21st century scourge"
754:
594:the average ransom demand in cases handled by
7171:
6231:
5641:
5348:, New York, NY : Alfred A. Knopf, 2011.
4668:Cyber Security for Industrial Control Systems
4622:
4074:"Chat App ToTok Is Spy Tool For UAE – Report"
2272:
2012:
1850:
1323:, a messaging application widely used in the
859:The examples and perspective in this section
816:and scam pages impersonating a famous brand.
307:
5038:
3700:
2864:"What is 'Nth Room' case and why it matters"
2301:"Cyberextortion by Denial-of-Service Attack"
2170:
2015:"The Global Risks Report 2023, 18th Edition"
1868:. New York, NY, USA: ACM. pp. 128–132.
1555:in the future development of cybersecurity.
5528:Computer Crimes and Digital Investigations,
5477:Technological Forecasting and Social Change
4874:"Criminal Justice System for Adults in NYS"
4758:Cybersecurity and privacy law in a nutshell
2173:West's Encyclopedia of American Law, Vol. 3
2128:Technological Forecasting and Social Change
1336:
1205:and an alleged operator of the now defunct
743:for commercial purposes (spam) is unlawful
7929:Criminal enterprises, gangs and syndicates
7178:
7164:
6238:
6224:
5648:
5634:
5562:International Journal of Cyber Criminology
4821:Journal of Law and Administrative Sciences
4755:
3669:
3650:
3648:
3646:
3549:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
2171:Lehman, Jeffrey; Phelps, Shirelle (2005).
877:, or create a new section, as appropriate.
314:
300:
38:
6192:Security information and event management
5488:
5368:Halder, D., & Jaishankar, K. (2016).
5285:Cybercrime in Asia: trends and challenges
4623:Ghosemajumder, Shuman (4 December 2017).
4242:
4236:
3842:
3811:
3683:
3481:
3368:
2970:
2139:
1559:security agencies in over 150 countries.
1521:Penalties for computer-related crimes in
1143:against high-profile websites, including
893:Learn how and when to remove this message
630:, dating pages, online chat rooms, apps,
6558:Wounding or causing grievous bodily harm
6245:
5655:
5383:Halder, D., & Jaishankar, K. (2011)
5331:Computer Crime Investigation and the Law
5077:
4969:
4661:
4528:
4526:
4041:
2459:
2457:
1376:
1283:, the removal of $ 136 billion from the
16:Type of crime based in computer networks
5577:
4780:
4756:Kesan, Jay P.; Hayes, Carol M. (2019).
4534:"Enhanced Cybersecurity Services (ECS)"
4183:
4102:
3654:
3643:
3500:from the original on 23 September 2021.
3455:
2612:
2610:
2323:
2117:
2115:
1562:
602:
7967:
6751:Preventing the lawful burial of a body
6563:Assault occasioning actual bodily harm
5470:
5444:
5406:Understanding and Managing Cybercrime,
5194:
5179:
5100:from the original on 20 September 2018
4930:
4421:from the original on 16 September 2017
4301:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
3997:from the original on 24 September 2018
3509:
3507:
2917:
2892:
2718:from the original on 12 September 2018
2254:from the original on 29 September 2022
2121:
2083:
2052:
1994:from the original on 27 September 2023
1987:. 15th Edition: 102. 15 January 2020.
1860:Sukhai, Nataliya B. (8 October 2004).
1859:
1449:Do not click on links from spam emails
1393:In the United States, the FBI and the
686:
7159:
6719:Incitement to ethnic or racial hatred
6219:
6169:Host-based intrusion detection system
5629:
5447:Hackers: Crime in the Digital Sublime
5238:https://www.fbi.gov/investigate/cyber
5008:
4811:
4544:from the original on 23 February 2023
4523:
4405:
4403:
4342:
4340:
4314:
4312:
4251:from the original on 17 December 2018
4179:
4177:
4084:from the original on 27 December 2019
3482:Greenberg, Andy (23 September 2021).
3475:
3456:Brandom, Russell (17 February 2019).
2844:from the original on 22 December 2022
2658:from the original on 13 November 2019
2628:from the original on 24 November 2020
2454:
634:sites, and other platforms. They use
7828:High-yield investment program (HYIP)
6626:Offences Against the Person Act 1861
5078:Janofsky, Adam (19 September 2018).
4866:
4481:from the original on 4 December 2019
4245:"Mandatory Data Retention Worldwide"
3824:from the original on 28 October 2018
3657:Current Controversies in Criminology
2918:Joseph, Aghatise E. (28 June 2006).
2607:
2324:Mohanta, Abhijit (6 December 2014).
2298:
2122:Richet, Jean-Loup (1 January 2022).
2112:
2065:from the original on 1 February 2024
2048:
2046:
2031:from the original on 5 February 2024
1201:for resale. It is the originator of
1078:
845:
819:
731:Propagation of illegal, obscene, or
565:distributed denial-of-service attack
7818:Foundation for New Era Philanthropy
6200:Runtime application self-protection
5597:United States Department of Justice
5588:United States Department of Justice
5370:Cyber Crimes against Women in India
5080:"How AI Can Help Stop Cyberattacks"
5059:from the original on 6 October 2019
5026:from the original on 6 January 2024
4698:
4643:from the original on 28 August 2023
3843:Rothacker, Rick (12 October 2012).
3812:Rodriguez, Salvador (6 June 2012).
3714:. 30 September 2007. Archived from
3504:
3293:from the original on 5 October 2016
3131:"Malicious Communications Act 1988"
3003:from the original on 5 October 2022
2778:from the original on 27 August 2021
2207:from the original on 10 August 2022
1756:Immigration and Customs Enforcement
1290:In May 2017, 74 countries logged a
1000:
575:. An example of cyberextortion was
13:
5751:
5324:Computer Law & Security Report
5275:Law in an Era of Smart Technology,
5268:Charles C. Thomas Publishers, Ltd.
5249:
5217:. 14 November 2017. Archived from
5161:from the original on 28 April 2023
4996:from the original on 23 March 2024
4400:
4337:
4309:
4188:. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Praeger.
4174:
4042:Beaumont, Peter (26 August 2016).
3895:from the original on 23 April 2013
3793:from the original on 18 April 2012
3780:
3694:10.1093/oxfordjournals.bjc.a014232
3429:
3369:Christian, Jon (4 February 2015).
3261:from the original on 1 August 2021
3231:from the original on 23 April 2021
2930:from the original on 18 July 2024.
2748:from the original on 29 April 2020
2688:from the original on 16 April 2019
2535:from the original on 18 April 2020
2442:from the original on 17 April 2017
2273:cybercrimemag (21 February 2018).
1644:National White Collar Crime Center
1610:Cyber Crime Unit (Hellenic Police)
919:United States v. Neil Scott Kramer
735:, including harassment and threats
387:
169:Subfields and other major theories
14:
8006:
6132:Security-focused operating system
5612:Australian High Tech Crime Centre
5602:FBI Cyber Investigators home page
5555:
5118:
4854:from the original on 18 July 2024
4793:from the original on 18 July 2024
4737:from the original on 18 July 2024
4604:from the original on 28 July 2022
4564:"Detection and Prevention | CISA"
4511:from the original on 6 April 2022
4451:from the original on 18 July 2024
4358:from the original on 18 July 2024
4224:from the original on 18 July 2024
4131:from the original on 18 July 2024
4054:from the original on 18 July 2024
3925:from the original on 18 July 2024
3762:from the original on 17 June 2023
3631:from the original on 14 July 2020
3525:from the original on 15 July 2020
3411:from the original on 24 June 2020
3381:from the original on 18 July 2024
3350:from the original on 7 April 2023
3324:from the original on 29 July 2020
3311:
3201:from the original on 18 July 2024
3171:from the original on 18 July 2024
3141:from the original on 18 July 2024
3111:from the original on 18 July 2024
3085:from the original on 18 July 2024
3023:"Federal CyberStalking Bill Info"
2952:from the original on 5 March 2016
2835:International Labour Organization
2505:from the original on 18 July 2013
2392:from the original on 18 July 2024
2362:from the original on 18 July 2024
2201:LII / Legal Information Institute
2043:
1898:from the original on 18 July 2024
1751:Economic and industrial espionage
1599:Australian High Tech Crime Centre
924:U.S. Sentencing Guidelines Manual
554:
497:
407:
7019:Encouraging or assisting a crime
6979:Perverting the course of justice
6400:Encouraging or assisting a crime
5928:Insecure direct object reference
5607:US Secret Service Computer Fraud
5530:Oxford: Oxford University Press.
5245:https://doi.org/10.5093/pi2022a3
5203:
5188:
5173:
5143:
5112:
5071:
4978:
4963:
4924:
4892:
4834:
4023:from the original on 16 May 2017
3865:. Samantha Murphy. 23 April 2013
3781:Li, David K. (17 January 2012).
3105:"Legal Perspective – Cybersmile"
2893:Murphy, Dennis (February 2010).
2874:from the original on 19 May 2020
2808:from the original on 16 May 2020
2565:from the original on 22 May 2020
2475:from the original on 21 May 2020
1958:from the original on 2 June 2023
1928:from the original on 9 June 2023
1606:, a wing of Mumbai Police, India
1511:Enhancing Online Safety Act 2015
1349:
1304:2018 Pegasus spyware revelations
1113:satellite pay-to-view encrypted
969:was found to have purchased the
850:
739:The unsolicited sending of bulk
479:
425:Forms of computer fraud include
7883:Saradha Group financial scandal
7143:History of English criminal law
7034:Obstruction of a police officer
6697:Fear or provocation of violence
6182:Information security management
5417:The Encyclopedia of Cybercrime,
4905:. December 2011. Archived from
4812:Moise, Adrian Cristian (2015).
4805:
4774:
4749:
4719:
4692:
4655:
4616:
4586:
4556:
4493:
4463:
4441:"Combatting Cyber Crime | CISA"
4433:
4370:
4352:Department of Homeland Security
4324:Federal Bureau of Investigation
4263:
4210:
4143:
4096:
4066:
4035:
4009:
3983:
3957:
3937:
3907:
3877:
3855:
3836:
3805:
3774:
3748:
3730:
3663:
3613:
3588:
3563:
3537:
3449:
3423:
3393:
3362:
3336:
3305:
3273:
3243:
3213:
3183:
3153:
3123:
3097:
3071:
3045:
3015:
2964:
2934:
2911:
2886:
2856:
2820:
2790:
2760:
2730:
2700:
2670:
2640:
2577:
2547:
2517:
2487:
2424:
2404:
2374:
2344:
2317:
2292:
2266:
2236:
2219:
2189:
1612:, established in Greece in 2004
1545:
1395:Department of Homeland Security
1344:Internet Crime Complaint Center
1103:, suffered losses of $ 370,000.
1034:virtual private networks (VPNs)
660:
545:Federal Bureau of Investigation
520:and personal computers through
474:theft of classified information
7044:Refusing to assist a constable
6860:Taking without owner's consent
5490:10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121282
5372:. New Delhi: SAGE Publishing.
4781:Northam, Jackie (April 2015).
3672:British Journal of Criminology
2164:
2141:10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121282
2077:
2053:Freeze, Di (12 October 2023).
2006:
1970:
1940:
1910:
1658:- Japan National Police Agency
1652:- Korea National Police Agency
1604:Cyber Crime Investigation Cell
1459:
1245:were attacked, and 65 million
926:§2G1.3(b)(3) for his use of a
1:
7237:1992 Indian stock market scam
7064:Fabrication of false evidence
6776:Misconduct in a public office
6702:Harassment, alarm or distress
6276:Regulatory (lowered mens rea)
5572:Countering ransomware attacks
5567:Common types of cyber attacks
5397:Jaishankar, K. (Ed.) (2011).
5387:Hershey, PA, US: IGI Global.
5304:. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar. (
4243:Zehra Ali (21 January 2018).
2197:"Computer and Internet Fraud"
1978:"The Global Risk Report 2020"
1844:
1413:
1173:distributed denial-of-service
582:
7512:Strip search phone call scam
7327:Extraterrestrial real estate
6781:Misfeasance in public office
6381:Ignorantia juris non excusat
5617:UK National Cyber Crime Unit
5151:"Cybercrime threat response"
2591:. 1 May 2020. Archived from
2086:Journal in Computer Virology
1823:United States Secret Service
1803:Police National E-Crime Unit
1670:Computer Fraud and Abuse Act
1650:Cyber Terror Response Center
1536:
1516:
1281:Dow Jones Industrial Average
948:Malicious Communications Act
939:sentence of up to 20 years.
755:Obscene or offensive content
7:
7387:Intellectual property scams
7377:Indian coal allocation scam
7186:Scams and confidence tricks
6948:Cheating the public revenue
6740:Effecting a public mischief
6586:Assault with intent to rape
6187:Information risk management
6108:Multi-factor authentication
5664:Related security categories
1662:
1638:National Special Crime Unit
1587:
1507:Telecommunications Act 1997
995:Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan
873:, discuss the issue on the
777:
549:Central Intelligence Agency
10:
8011:
7873:Pyramid schemes in Albania
7833:Investors Overseas Service
7765:Website reputation ratings
7024:Escape from lawful custody
6910:Fraud by abuse of position
6576:Assault with intent to rob
6500:Category:Criminal defences
6164:Intrusion detection system
6122:Computer security software
5778:Advanced persistent threat
4184:Brenner, Susan W. (2010).
3758:. Dhs.gov. 3 August 2011.
1782:List of computer criminals
1777:Legal aspects of computing
1695:Cybercrime countermeasures
1364:Internet Service Providers
1109:Between 1995 and 1998 the
1048:as opposed to the typical
823:
781:
690:
664:
617:of coerced sexual acts or
606:
586:
501:
483:
411:
18:
7911:
7903:Welsh Thrasher faith scam
7848:Madoff investment scandal
7773:
7575:
7342:Foreclosure rescue scheme
7227:
7191:
7140:For obsolete aspects see
7129:
7077:
6961:
6933:
6875:Misappropriation of funds
6807:Offences against property
6805:
6667:
6639:
6509:
6489:Diminished responsibility
6428:
6390:
6362:
6294:
6253:
6063:
5763:
5749:
5743:Digital rights management
5663:
5261:New York University Press
3708:"A walk on the dark side"
2098:10.1007/s11416-006-0015-z
1626:National Cyber Crime Unit
1311:US intelligence officials
1141:denial-of-service attacks
1008:are used to buy and sell
944:Human Flesh Search Engine
561:denial-of-service attacks
539:Government officials and
7990:Organized crime activity
7898:Stanford Financial Group
7703:Russian Business Network
7492:Slavery reparations scam
6962:Offences against justice
6735:Outraging public decency
6659:Sexual Offences Act 2003
6460:inc. participation in a
6370:Lesser included offences
6326:Intention in English law
6321:Intention (criminal law)
5888:Denial-of-service attack
5783:Arbitrary code execution
5441:Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
5428:Fighting Computer Crime,
5415:McQuade, S. (ed) (2009)
5182:York Deviancy Conference
4160:10.1177/1206331211430016
3655:Weitzer, Ronald (2003).
3625:www.bankinfosecurity.com
3161:"Criminal Code Act 1995"
2802:South China Morning Post
2742:South China Morning Post
2227:Fighting Computer Crime,
1862:"Hacking and cybercrime"
1690:Convention on Cybercrime
1685:Cloud computing security
1632:National Security Agency
1493:Convention on Cybercrime
1337:Combating computer crime
1191:Russian Business Network
1163:. About 50 computers at
794:Sorbonne Business School
80:Structural functionalism
65:Differential association
19:Not to be confused with
7995:Harassment and bullying
7868:Petters Group Worldwide
6098:Computer access control
6050:Rogue security software
5713:Electromagnetic warfare
5549:Cybercrime and Society,
5432:Charles Scribner's Sons
5279:Oxford University Press
5085:The Wall Street Journal
4937:. Springfield: Thomas.
4629:Harvard Business Review
4348:"Combating Cyber Crime"
4109:SSRN Electronic Journal
3494:Condé Nast Publications
2920:"Cybercrime definition"
2231:Charles Scribner's Sons
1874:10.1145/1059524.1059553
1656:Cyber Police Department
1628:, in the United Kingdom
1553:artificial intelligence
1199:personal identity theft
1186:centrifuge controllers.
1086:Union Dime Savings Bank
90:Symbolic interactionism
70:Integrative criminology
7562:White van speaker scam
7527:Technical support scam
7502:SSA impersonation scam
7457:Redemption/A4V schemes
7382:IRS impersonation scam
7347:Foreign exchange fraud
7079:Other common law areas
7029:Obstruction of justice
6771:Accessory (legal term)
6533:Corporate manslaughter
6144:Obfuscation (software)
5873:Browser Helper Objects
5757:
5298:Chang, L.Y. C. (2012)
4103:Jardine, Eric (2015).
3165:www.legislation.gov.au
3135:www.legislation.gov.uk
2989:10.1287/mksc.1080.0397
2924:www.crime-research.org
2465:"Cybersex Trafficking"
2248:www.everycrsreport.com
1646:, in the United States
1634:, in the United States
1503:Criminal Code Act 1995
1390:
1270:PNC Financial Services
1252:In December 2012, the
1128:On 26 March 1999, the
671:According to the U.S.
636:online payment systems
541:information technology
369:World Economic Forum's
75:Rational choice theory
7362:Get-rich-quick scheme
7352:Fortune telling fraud
6994:Misprision of treason
6915:Conspiracy to defraud
6870:Handling stolen goods
6714:Public Order Act 1986
6669:Public order offences
6139:Data-centric security
6020:Remote access trojans
5755:
5621:National Crime Agency
5471:Richet, J.L. (2022).
5445:Taylor, Paul (1999).
4662:Nikishin, A. (2015).
4415:www.secretservice.gov
3783:"Zappos cyber attack"
2804:. 11 September 2019.
2413:Criminal Law Bulletin
1792:National Crime Agency
1772:Internet suicide pact
1762:Initial access broker
1581:software-as-a-service
1380:
1362:. In many countries,
1171:sending pings in the
745:in some jurisdictions
673:Department of Defense
577:the Sony Hack of 2014
187:Biosocial criminology
126:Uniform Crime Reports
7838:Kapa investment scam
7658:Internet vigilantism
7648:Email authentication
7623:Cryptocurrency scams
7517:Swampland in Florida
7014:Harboring a fugitive
6984:Witness intimidation
6934:Forgery, personation
6553:Concealment of birth
6247:English criminal law
6071:Application security
5965:Privilege escalation
5833:Cross-site scripting
5686:Cybersex trafficking
5657:Information security
5578:Government resources
5540:Williams, M. (2006)
5358:Grabosky, P. (2006)
5335:Fafinski, S. (2009)
5131:on 20 September 2018
5022:. 16 February 2016.
4931:Bowker, Art (2012).
4676:10.1049/ic.2015.0003
4117:10.2139/ssrn.2634590
4080:. 27 December 2019.
4078:Silicon UK Tech News
3971:on 24 September 2018
3950:The Washington Times
3057:World Economic Forum
2654:. 11 November 2019.
2438:. 28 November 2016.
2332:on 25 September 2015
2022:World Economic Forum
1985:World Economic Forum
1818:Trespass to chattels
1700:Cyber defamation law
1563:Spread of cybercrime
1428:Shuman Ghosemajumder
1325:United Arab Emirates
967:United Arab Emirates
871:improve this section
861:may not represent a
768:internet pornography
609:Cybersex trafficking
603:Cybersex trafficking
398:cybersex trafficking
7942:Film and television
7663:Lenny anti-scam bot
7567:Work-at-home scheme
7532:Telemarketing fraud
7392:Kansas City Shuffle
7317:Embarrassing cheque
7069:Rescuing a prisoner
7039:Wasting police time
6797:Dereliction of duty
6756:Breach of the peace
6474:Prevention of crime
6336:Criminal negligence
5718:Information warfare
5676:Automotive security
5437:Pattavina, A. (ed)
5404:McQuade, S. (2006)
5329:Easttom, C. (2010)
5273:Brenner, S. (2007)
4992:. 7 February 2022.
4880:on 17 December 2018
4830:on 8 December 2015.
4475:Florida Tech Online
4388:on 31 December 2019
3718:on 10 November 2007
3407:. 4 February 2015.
3289:. 7 November 2014.
3225:BroadbandSearch.net
2652:The Philippine Star
2561:. 18 October 2019.
2529:The Philippine Star
2279:Cybercrime Magazine
2059:Cybercrime Magazine
1735:Electronic evidence
1531:perverse incentives
1294:cybercrime called "
1165:Stanford University
720:Information warfare
687:Computers as a tool
373:Global Risks Report
340:In 2000, the tenth
252:Radical criminology
7893:Scott W. Rothstein
7788:Aman Futures Group
7307:Coin rolling scams
7302:Coin-matching game
7135:English law portal
7121:Criminal procedure
6786:Abuse of authority
6616:False imprisonment
6467:Medical procedures
6295:Elements of crimes
6127:Antivirus software
5995:Social engineering
5960:Polymorphic engine
5913:Fraudulent dialers
5818:Hardware backdoors
5758:
5544:Routledge, London.
5537:Cambridge: Polity.
5533:Wall, D.S. (2007)
5526:Walden, I. (2007)
5483:(121282): 121282.
5339:Cullompton: Willan
5197:17th AIM Symposium
5119:Noyes, Katherine.
4912:on 5 November 2013
4707:on 18 October 2015
4574:on 7 November 2019
4477:. 18 August 2016.
3993:. September 2018.
3575:www.cottenfirm.com
2356:Palo Alto Networks
2134:(121282): 121282.
1833:White-collar crime
1808:Protected computer
1787:Metasploit Project
1391:
1316:The New York Times
1309:In December 2019,
1139:began a series of
1010:recreational drugs
973:'s mobile spyware
534:malicious software
512:refers to acts of
85:Subcultural theory
7985:Computer security
7962:
7961:
7924:Confidence tricks
7643:Domain name scams
7542:Thai zig zag scam
7407:Miracle cars scam
7230:confidence tricks
7228:Notable scams and
7153:
7152:
7059:Contempt of court
6989:Witness tampering
6707:intent aggravates
6692:Unlawful assembly
6548:Child destruction
6392:Inchoate offences
6254:Classes of crimes
6213:
6212:
6175:Anomaly detection
6080:Secure by default
5933:Keystroke loggers
5868:Drive-by download
5756:vectorial version
5723:Internet security
5671:Computer security
5456:978-0-415-18072-6
5410:Allyn & Bacon
5393:978-1-60960-830-9
5360:Electronic Crime,
5354:978-0-307-59293-4
5310:978-0-85793-667-7
5293:978-1-4614-5217-1
4767:978-1-63460-272-3
4685:978-1-78561-010-3
4600:. 26 April 2022.
4382:www.ncfi.usss.gov
4152:Space and Culture
4019:. 29 April 2016.
3891:. 23 April 2013.
3818:Los Angeles Times
3033:on 6 January 2020
3027:www.haltabuse.org
2977:Marketing Science
2907:on 20 March 2012.
2870:. 24 April 2020.
2774:. 18 April 2018.
2684:. 15 April 2019.
2531:. 13 April 2020.
2358:. 25 March 2022.
1954:. 30 April 2019.
1952:finance.yahoo.com
1767:Internet homicide
1680:Computer trespass
1675:Computer security
1489:Council of Europe
1356:digital forensics
1230:In January 2012,
1101:Southwestern Bell
1079:Notable incidents
955:freedom of speech
903:
902:
895:
820:Online harassment
772:child pornography
733:offensive content
628:video conferences
599:everyday people.
518:computer networks
492:human trafficking
451:advance-fee scams
324:
323:
136:Positivist school
8002:
7793:Bernard Cornfeld
7755:Stock Generation
7683:Referer spoofing
7547:Three-card monte
7537:Thai tailor scam
7497:Spanish Prisoner
7427:Overpayment scam
7367:Green goods scam
7267:Black money scam
7252:Art student scam
7247:Advance-fee scam
7242:2G spectrum case
7180:
7173:
7166:
7157:
7156:
6925:Webcam blackmail
6746:disorderly house
6682:Violent disorder
6543:Unlawful killing
6511:Offences against
6349:Strict liability
6240:
6233:
6226:
6217:
6216:
6084:Secure by design
6015:Hardware Trojans
5848:History sniffing
5838:Cross-site leaks
5733:Network security
5650:
5643:
5636:
5627:
5626:
5510:
5492:
5460:
5426:Parker D (1983)
5231:
5230:
5228:
5226:
5207:
5201:
5200:
5192:
5186:
5185:
5177:
5171:
5170:
5168:
5166:
5155:www.interpol.int
5147:
5141:
5140:
5138:
5136:
5127:. Archived from
5116:
5110:
5109:
5107:
5105:
5075:
5069:
5068:
5066:
5064:
5045:
5036:
5035:
5033:
5031:
5012:
5006:
5005:
5003:
5001:
4990:Exploding Topics
4982:
4976:
4975:
4967:
4961:
4960:
4958:
4956:
4947:. Archived from
4928:
4922:
4921:
4919:
4917:
4911:
4904:
4896:
4890:
4889:
4887:
4885:
4876:. Archived from
4870:
4864:
4863:
4861:
4859:
4838:
4832:
4831:
4829:
4823:. Archived from
4818:
4809:
4803:
4802:
4800:
4798:
4778:
4772:
4771:
4753:
4747:
4746:
4744:
4742:
4723:
4717:
4716:
4714:
4712:
4703:. Archived from
4696:
4690:
4689:
4659:
4653:
4652:
4650:
4648:
4620:
4614:
4613:
4611:
4609:
4590:
4584:
4583:
4581:
4579:
4570:. Archived from
4560:
4554:
4553:
4551:
4549:
4530:
4521:
4520:
4518:
4516:
4497:
4491:
4490:
4488:
4486:
4467:
4461:
4460:
4458:
4456:
4437:
4431:
4430:
4428:
4426:
4407:
4398:
4397:
4395:
4393:
4384:. Archived from
4374:
4368:
4367:
4365:
4363:
4354:. 19 June 2012.
4344:
4335:
4334:
4332:
4330:
4316:
4307:
4306:
4300:
4292:
4290:
4288:
4283:on 19 March 2015
4282:
4276:. Archived from
4275:
4267:
4261:
4260:
4258:
4256:
4240:
4234:
4233:
4231:
4229:
4214:
4208:
4207:
4181:
4172:
4171:
4147:
4141:
4140:
4138:
4136:
4100:
4094:
4093:
4091:
4089:
4070:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4059:
4039:
4033:
4032:
4030:
4028:
4013:
4007:
4006:
4004:
4002:
3987:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3976:
3967:. Archived from
3961:
3955:
3954:
3941:
3935:
3934:
3932:
3930:
3911:
3905:
3904:
3902:
3900:
3881:
3875:
3874:
3872:
3870:
3859:
3853:
3852:
3840:
3834:
3833:
3831:
3829:
3809:
3803:
3802:
3800:
3798:
3778:
3772:
3771:
3769:
3767:
3752:
3746:
3745:
3734:
3728:
3727:
3725:
3723:
3704:
3698:
3697:
3687:
3667:
3661:
3660:
3652:
3641:
3640:
3638:
3636:
3617:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3606:
3592:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3581:
3567:
3561:
3560:
3558:
3556:
3541:
3535:
3534:
3532:
3530:
3521:. 26 June 2016.
3511:
3502:
3501:
3479:
3473:
3472:
3470:
3468:
3453:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3442:
3427:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3416:
3397:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3386:
3366:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3355:
3340:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3329:
3309:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3298:
3277:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3266:
3247:
3241:
3240:
3238:
3236:
3217:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3206:
3187:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3176:
3157:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3146:
3127:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3116:
3101:
3095:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3075:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3049:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3038:
3029:. Archived from
3019:
3013:
3012:
3010:
3008:
2968:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2957:
2938:
2932:
2931:
2915:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2899:
2890:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2860:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2843:
2832:
2824:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2794:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2772:Senate of Canada
2764:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2734:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2714:. 17 June 2018.
2704:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2674:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2644:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2624:. 30 June 2018.
2614:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2581:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2551:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2521:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2510:
2501:. 18 July 2013.
2491:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2461:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2428:
2422:
2420:
2408:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2378:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2348:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2328:. Archived from
2321:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2306:. Archived from
2305:
2296:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2270:
2264:
2263:
2261:
2259:
2240:
2234:
2225:Parker D (1983)
2223:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2212:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2143:
2119:
2110:
2109:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2050:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2030:
2019:
2010:
2004:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1993:
1982:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1922:Business Insider
1914:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1857:
1798:Penetration test
1730:Domain hijacking
1383:Tommy Tuberville
1169:zombie computers
1014:drug traffickers
1001:Drug trafficking
898:
891:
887:
884:
878:
854:
853:
846:
640:cryptocurrencies
394:financial crimes
316:
309:
302:
111:Crime statistics
42:
28:
27:
8010:
8009:
8005:
8004:
8003:
8001:
8000:
7999:
7965:
7964:
7963:
7958:
7907:
7853:Make Money Fast
7823:Franchise fraud
7778:
7769:
7750:Spoofing attack
7733:Scammer Payback
7581:countermeasures
7580:
7571:
7262:Bait-and-switch
7229:
7223:
7187:
7184:
7154:
7149:
7125:
7073:
6957:
6935:
6929:
6845:Criminal damage
6801:
6730:Public nuisance
6663:
6641:Sexual offences
6635:
6611:Child abduction
6512:
6505:
6451:Loss of control
6424:
6386:
6358:
6290:
6249:
6244:
6214:
6209:
6059:
5759:
5747:
5738:Copy protection
5728:Mobile security
5659:
5654:
5580:
5558:
5547:Yar, M. (2006)
5457:
5421:Greenwood Press
5252:
5250:Further reading
5234:
5224:
5222:
5209:
5208:
5204:
5193:
5189:
5178:
5174:
5164:
5162:
5149:
5148:
5144:
5134:
5132:
5117:
5113:
5103:
5101:
5076:
5072:
5062:
5060:
5047:
5046:
5039:
5029:
5027:
5014:
5013:
5009:
4999:
4997:
4984:
4983:
4979:
4968:
4964:
4954:
4952:
4951:on 2 April 2015
4945:
4929:
4925:
4915:
4913:
4909:
4902:
4898:
4897:
4893:
4883:
4881:
4872:
4871:
4867:
4857:
4855:
4840:
4839:
4835:
4827:
4816:
4810:
4806:
4796:
4794:
4779:
4775:
4768:
4754:
4750:
4740:
4738:
4725:
4724:
4720:
4710:
4708:
4697:
4693:
4686:
4660:
4656:
4646:
4644:
4621:
4617:
4607:
4605:
4592:
4591:
4587:
4577:
4575:
4562:
4561:
4557:
4547:
4545:
4532:
4531:
4524:
4514:
4512:
4499:
4498:
4494:
4484:
4482:
4469:
4468:
4464:
4454:
4452:
4439:
4438:
4434:
4424:
4422:
4411:"Investigation"
4409:
4408:
4401:
4391:
4389:
4376:
4375:
4371:
4361:
4359:
4346:
4345:
4338:
4328:
4326:
4318:
4317:
4310:
4294:
4293:
4286:
4284:
4280:
4273:
4271:"Archived copy"
4269:
4268:
4264:
4254:
4252:
4241:
4237:
4227:
4225:
4216:
4215:
4211:
4196:
4182:
4175:
4148:
4144:
4134:
4132:
4101:
4097:
4087:
4085:
4072:
4071:
4067:
4057:
4055:
4040:
4036:
4026:
4024:
4015:
4014:
4010:
4000:
3998:
3989:
3988:
3984:
3974:
3972:
3963:
3962:
3958:
3943:
3942:
3938:
3928:
3926:
3921:. 13 May 2017.
3913:
3912:
3908:
3898:
3896:
3883:
3882:
3878:
3868:
3866:
3861:
3860:
3856:
3841:
3837:
3827:
3825:
3810:
3806:
3796:
3794:
3779:
3775:
3765:
3763:
3754:
3753:
3749:
3744:. 3 March 2010.
3736:
3735:
3731:
3721:
3719:
3706:
3705:
3701:
3685:10.1.1.133.3861
3668:
3664:
3653:
3644:
3634:
3632:
3619:
3618:
3614:
3604:
3602:
3594:
3593:
3589:
3579:
3577:
3569:
3568:
3564:
3554:
3552:
3551:. 24 March 2020
3543:
3542:
3538:
3528:
3526:
3513:
3512:
3505:
3480:
3476:
3466:
3464:
3454:
3450:
3440:
3438:
3430:Winder, Davey.
3428:
3424:
3414:
3412:
3399:
3398:
3394:
3384:
3382:
3367:
3363:
3353:
3351:
3342:
3341:
3337:
3327:
3325:
3310:
3306:
3296:
3294:
3279:
3278:
3274:
3264:
3262:
3257:. August 2021.
3249:
3248:
3244:
3234:
3232:
3219:
3218:
3214:
3204:
3202:
3189:
3188:
3184:
3174:
3172:
3159:
3158:
3154:
3144:
3142:
3129:
3128:
3124:
3114:
3112:
3103:
3102:
3098:
3088:
3086:
3077:
3076:
3072:
3062:
3060:
3051:
3050:
3046:
3036:
3034:
3021:
3020:
3016:
3006:
3004:
2969:
2965:
2955:
2953:
2942:"Save browsing"
2940:
2939:
2935:
2916:
2912:
2904:
2897:
2891:
2887:
2877:
2875:
2862:
2861:
2857:
2847:
2845:
2841:
2830:
2826:
2825:
2821:
2811:
2809:
2796:
2795:
2791:
2781:
2779:
2766:
2765:
2761:
2751:
2749:
2736:
2735:
2731:
2721:
2719:
2706:
2705:
2701:
2691:
2689:
2676:
2675:
2671:
2661:
2659:
2646:
2645:
2641:
2631:
2629:
2616:
2615:
2608:
2598:
2596:
2595:on 29 July 2020
2589:Manila Bulletin
2583:
2582:
2578:
2568:
2566:
2553:
2552:
2548:
2538:
2536:
2523:
2522:
2518:
2508:
2506:
2493:
2492:
2488:
2478:
2476:
2463:
2462:
2455:
2445:
2443:
2430:
2429:
2425:
2410:
2409:
2405:
2395:
2393:
2380:
2379:
2375:
2365:
2363:
2350:
2349:
2345:
2335:
2333:
2322:
2318:
2313:on 6 July 2011.
2310:
2303:
2299:Lepofsky, Ron.
2297:
2293:
2283:
2281:
2271:
2267:
2257:
2255:
2242:
2241:
2237:
2224:
2220:
2210:
2208:
2195:
2194:
2190:
2183:
2169:
2165:
2120:
2113:
2082:
2078:
2068:
2066:
2051:
2044:
2034:
2032:
2028:
2017:
2011:
2007:
1997:
1995:
1991:
1980:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1961:
1959:
1946:
1945:
1941:
1931:
1929:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1901:
1899:
1884:
1858:
1851:
1847:
1842:
1813:Techno-thriller
1665:
1590:
1576:cloud computing
1565:
1548:
1539:
1519:
1462:
1416:
1387:Hoover, Alabama
1352:
1339:
1277:President Obama
1258:Bank of America
1247:password hashes
1081:
1026:Diabolus Market
1006:Darknet markets
1003:
983:Princess Latifa
933:electrochemical
899:
888:
882:
879:
868:
855:
851:
844:
830:Online predator
822:
802:cookie stuffing
790:
780:
757:
707:
705:Carding (fraud)
691:Main articles:
689:
669:
663:
611:
605:
591:
585:
557:
506:
500:
488:
482:
445:to steal data,
416:
410:
390:
388:Classifications
354:financial theft
331:digital devices
320:
182:Anthropological
60:Criminalization
55:Conflict theory
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8008:
7998:
7997:
7992:
7987:
7982:
7977:
7960:
7959:
7957:
7956:
7951:
7950:
7949:
7944:
7936:
7931:
7926:
7921:
7915:
7913:
7909:
7908:
7906:
7905:
7900:
7895:
7890:
7885:
7880:
7875:
7870:
7865:
7860:
7855:
7850:
7845:
7840:
7835:
7830:
7825:
7820:
7815:
7810:
7805:
7800:
7795:
7790:
7784:
7782:
7771:
7770:
7768:
7767:
7762:
7760:Voice phishing
7757:
7752:
7747:
7742:
7737:
7736:
7735:
7730:
7725:
7720:
7710:
7705:
7700:
7695:
7690:
7685:
7680:
7675:
7670:
7665:
7660:
7655:
7650:
7645:
7640:
7635:
7630:
7625:
7620:
7615:
7610:
7605:
7600:
7595:
7593:Pig Butchering
7590:
7584:
7582:
7577:Internet scams
7573:
7572:
7570:
7569:
7564:
7559:
7554:
7549:
7544:
7539:
7534:
7529:
7524:
7519:
7514:
7509:
7504:
7499:
7494:
7489:
7484:
7482:Sick baby hoax
7479:
7474:
7469:
7464:
7462:Reloading scam
7459:
7454:
7449:
7444:
7439:
7434:
7429:
7424:
7419:
7414:
7409:
7404:
7399:
7397:Locksmith scam
7394:
7389:
7384:
7379:
7374:
7369:
7364:
7359:
7354:
7349:
7344:
7339:
7334:
7329:
7324:
7319:
7314:
7309:
7304:
7299:
7294:
7289:
7284:
7279:
7274:
7269:
7264:
7259:
7254:
7249:
7244:
7239:
7233:
7231:
7225:
7224:
7222:
7221:
7216:
7211:
7206:
7201:
7195:
7193:
7189:
7188:
7183:
7182:
7175:
7168:
7160:
7151:
7150:
7148:
7147:
7138:
7130:
7127:
7126:
7124:
7123:
7118:
7113:
7104:
7099:
7094:
7089:
7083:
7081:
7075:
7074:
7072:
7071:
7066:
7061:
7056:
7051:
7046:
7041:
7036:
7031:
7026:
7021:
7016:
7011:
7006:
7001:
6999:Jury tampering
6996:
6991:
6986:
6981:
6976:
6971:
6965:
6963:
6959:
6958:
6956:
6955:
6950:
6945:
6939:
6937:
6931:
6930:
6928:
6927:
6922:
6917:
6912:
6907:
6905:Fraud Act 2006
6902:
6900:Theft Act 1978
6897:
6895:Theft Act 1968
6892:
6887:
6882:
6877:
6872:
6867:
6862:
6857:
6852:
6847:
6842:
6837:
6832:
6827:
6825:Cheating (law)
6822:
6817:
6811:
6809:
6803:
6802:
6800:
6799:
6794:
6788:
6783:
6778:
6773:
6768:
6766:Forcible entry
6763:
6758:
6753:
6748:
6742:
6737:
6732:
6726:
6721:
6716:
6711:
6710:
6709:
6699:
6694:
6689:
6684:
6679:
6673:
6671:
6665:
6664:
6662:
6661:
6656:
6654:Sexual assault
6651:
6645:
6643:
6637:
6636:
6634:
6633:
6628:
6623:
6618:
6613:
6608:
6603:
6598:
6593:
6588:
6583:
6578:
6573:
6570:
6568:Common assault
6565:
6560:
6555:
6550:
6545:
6540:
6517:
6515:
6507:
6506:
6504:
6503:
6496:
6491:
6486:
6481:
6476:
6471:
6470:
6469:
6464:
6462:sporting event
6453:
6448:
6443:
6438:
6432:
6430:
6426:
6425:
6423:
6422:
6420:Common purpose
6417:
6412:
6407:
6402:
6396:
6394:
6388:
6387:
6385:
6384:
6377:
6372:
6366:
6364:
6360:
6359:
6357:
6356:
6351:
6338:
6333:
6328:
6323:
6318:
6311:
6306:
6298:
6296:
6292:
6291:
6289:
6288:
6283:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6263:
6257:
6255:
6251:
6250:
6243:
6242:
6235:
6228:
6220:
6211:
6210:
6208:
6207:
6205:Site isolation
6202:
6197:
6196:
6195:
6189:
6179:
6178:
6177:
6172:
6161:
6156:
6151:
6146:
6141:
6136:
6135:
6134:
6129:
6119:
6118:
6117:
6112:
6111:
6110:
6103:Authentication
6095:
6094:
6093:
6092:
6091:
6081:
6078:
6067:
6065:
6061:
6060:
6058:
6057:
6052:
6047:
6042:
6037:
6032:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6007:
6002:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5956:
5955:
5945:
5940:
5935:
5930:
5925:
5920:
5915:
5910:
5905:
5903:Email spoofing
5900:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5870:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5843:DOM clobbering
5840:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5823:Code injection
5820:
5815:
5814:
5813:
5808:
5803:
5798:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5769:
5767:
5761:
5760:
5750:
5748:
5746:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5703:Cyberterrorism
5700:
5695:
5694:
5693:
5691:Computer fraud
5688:
5678:
5673:
5667:
5665:
5661:
5660:
5653:
5652:
5645:
5638:
5630:
5624:
5623:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5590:
5584:Cybercrime.gov
5579:
5576:
5575:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5557:
5556:External links
5554:
5553:
5552:
5545:
5538:
5531:
5524:
5517:
5511:
5468:
5467:, 9(3), 53–62.
5461:
5455:
5442:
5435:
5424:
5419:Westport, CT:
5413:
5402:
5395:
5381:
5378:978-9385985775
5366:
5356:
5340:
5333:
5327:
5320:
5313:
5296:
5281:
5271:
5264:
5251:
5248:
5233:
5232:
5221:on 3 July 2021
5202:
5187:
5172:
5142:
5111:
5070:
5037:
5007:
4977:
4962:
4943:
4923:
4891:
4865:
4833:
4804:
4773:
4766:
4748:
4718:
4699:Kshetri, Nir.
4691:
4684:
4654:
4615:
4585:
4555:
4522:
4492:
4462:
4432:
4399:
4378:"NCFI - About"
4369:
4336:
4308:
4262:
4235:
4209:
4194:
4173:
4142:
4095:
4065:
4034:
4008:
3982:
3956:
3936:
3906:
3876:
3854:
3835:
3804:
3773:
3747:
3729:
3699:
3678:(2): 201–229.
3662:
3642:
3612:
3587:
3562:
3536:
3503:
3474:
3448:
3422:
3392:
3361:
3335:
3312:Arora, Beenu.
3304:
3272:
3242:
3212:
3182:
3152:
3122:
3096:
3070:
3059:. 27 June 2019
3044:
3014:
2983:(2): 293–308.
2963:
2933:
2910:
2885:
2855:
2819:
2789:
2759:
2744:. 2 May 2019.
2729:
2699:
2669:
2639:
2606:
2576:
2559:The ASEAN Post
2546:
2516:
2486:
2453:
2423:
2403:
2373:
2343:
2316:
2291:
2265:
2235:
2218:
2188:
2181:
2163:
2111:
2076:
2042:
2005:
1969:
1939:
1909:
1882:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
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1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
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1666:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1659:
1653:
1647:
1641:
1635:
1629:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1607:
1601:
1596:
1589:
1586:
1564:
1561:
1547:
1544:
1538:
1535:
1523:New York State
1518:
1515:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1415:
1412:
1399:Secret Service
1351:
1348:
1338:
1335:
1334:
1333:
1319:revealed that
1307:
1299:
1288:
1273:
1250:
1237:In June 2012,
1235:
1228:
1221:pedophile ring
1217:
1210:
1187:
1176:
1133:
1126:
1107:
1104:
1089:
1080:
1077:
1002:
999:
989:, and others.
901:
900:
865:of the subject
863:worldwide view
858:
856:
849:
842:Internet troll
821:
818:
779:
776:
756:
753:
737:
736:
729:
724:
723:Phishing scams
721:
718:
693:Internet fraud
688:
685:
665:Main article:
662:
659:
615:live streaming
607:Main article:
604:
601:
587:Main article:
584:
581:
556:
555:Cyberextortion
553:
547:(FBI) and the
510:cyberterrorism
504:Cyberterrorism
502:Main article:
499:
498:Cyberterrorism
496:
484:Main article:
481:
478:
466:identity theft
431:computer worms
420:internet fraud
414:Computer fraud
412:Main article:
409:
408:Computer fraud
406:
389:
386:
362:Warren Buffett
322:
321:
319:
318:
311:
304:
296:
293:
292:
291:
290:
285:
280:
275:
270:
262:
261:
257:
256:
255:
254:
249:
244:
239:
237:Organizational
234:
229:
224:
219:
214:
209:
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
179:
171:
170:
166:
165:
164:
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158:
153:
148:
143:
138:
133:
128:
123:
118:
113:
108:
100:
99:
95:
94:
93:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
49:
48:
44:
43:
35:
34:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8007:
7996:
7993:
7991:
7988:
7986:
7983:
7981:
7980:Crime by type
7978:
7976:
7973:
7972:
7970:
7955:
7954:Ponzi schemes
7952:
7948:
7945:
7943:
7940:
7939:
7938:In the media
7937:
7935:
7932:
7930:
7927:
7925:
7922:
7920:
7917:
7916:
7914:
7910:
7904:
7901:
7899:
7896:
7894:
7891:
7889:
7888:Secret Sister
7886:
7884:
7881:
7879:
7876:
7874:
7871:
7869:
7866:
7864:
7861:
7859:
7858:Matrix scheme
7856:
7854:
7851:
7849:
7846:
7844:
7841:
7839:
7836:
7834:
7831:
7829:
7826:
7824:
7821:
7819:
7816:
7814:
7811:
7809:
7806:
7804:
7801:
7799:
7796:
7794:
7791:
7789:
7786:
7785:
7783:
7781:
7780:Ponzi schemes
7776:
7772:
7766:
7763:
7761:
7758:
7756:
7753:
7751:
7748:
7746:
7743:
7741:
7738:
7734:
7731:
7729:
7726:
7724:
7721:
7719:
7716:
7715:
7714:
7711:
7709:
7706:
7704:
7701:
7699:
7696:
7694:
7691:
7689:
7688:Ripoff Report
7686:
7684:
7681:
7679:
7676:
7674:
7671:
7669:
7666:
7664:
7661:
7659:
7656:
7654:
7651:
7649:
7646:
7644:
7641:
7639:
7636:
7634:
7631:
7629:
7626:
7624:
7621:
7619:
7616:
7614:
7611:
7609:
7606:
7604:
7601:
7599:
7596:
7594:
7591:
7589:
7586:
7585:
7583:
7578:
7574:
7568:
7565:
7563:
7560:
7558:
7555:
7553:
7550:
7548:
7545:
7543:
7540:
7538:
7535:
7533:
7530:
7528:
7525:
7523:
7520:
7518:
7515:
7513:
7510:
7508:
7505:
7503:
7500:
7498:
7495:
7493:
7490:
7488:
7487:SIM swap scam
7485:
7483:
7480:
7478:
7475:
7473:
7470:
7468:
7465:
7463:
7460:
7458:
7455:
7453:
7452:Pump and dump
7450:
7448:
7445:
7443:
7440:
7438:
7437:Pig in a poke
7435:
7433:
7430:
7428:
7425:
7423:
7420:
7418:
7415:
7413:
7410:
7408:
7405:
7403:
7400:
7398:
7395:
7393:
7390:
7388:
7385:
7383:
7380:
7378:
7375:
7373:
7370:
7368:
7365:
7363:
7360:
7358:
7355:
7353:
7350:
7348:
7345:
7343:
7340:
7338:
7335:
7333:
7330:
7328:
7325:
7323:
7320:
7318:
7315:
7313:
7310:
7308:
7305:
7303:
7300:
7298:
7295:
7293:
7292:Charity fraud
7290:
7288:
7285:
7283:
7280:
7278:
7275:
7273:
7272:Blessing scam
7270:
7268:
7265:
7263:
7260:
7258:
7255:
7253:
7250:
7248:
7245:
7243:
7240:
7238:
7235:
7234:
7232:
7226:
7220:
7217:
7215:
7212:
7210:
7207:
7205:
7204:Error account
7202:
7200:
7197:
7196:
7194:
7190:
7181:
7176:
7174:
7169:
7167:
7162:
7161:
7158:
7146:
7144:
7139:
7137:
7136:
7132:
7131:
7128:
7122:
7119:
7117:
7114:
7112:
7108:
7105:
7103:
7100:
7098:
7095:
7093:
7090:
7088:
7085:
7084:
7082:
7080:
7076:
7070:
7067:
7065:
7062:
7060:
7057:
7055:
7052:
7050:
7047:
7045:
7042:
7040:
7037:
7035:
7032:
7030:
7027:
7025:
7022:
7020:
7017:
7015:
7012:
7010:
7007:
7005:
7002:
7000:
6997:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6987:
6985:
6982:
6980:
6977:
6975:
6972:
6970:
6967:
6966:
6964:
6960:
6954:
6951:
6949:
6946:
6944:
6941:
6940:
6938:
6932:
6926:
6923:
6921:
6918:
6916:
6913:
6911:
6908:
6906:
6903:
6901:
6898:
6896:
6893:
6891:
6888:
6886:
6883:
6881:
6878:
6876:
6873:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6858:
6856:
6853:
6851:
6848:
6846:
6843:
6841:
6838:
6836:
6833:
6831:
6828:
6826:
6823:
6821:
6818:
6816:
6813:
6812:
6810:
6808:
6804:
6798:
6795:
6792:
6789:
6787:
6784:
6782:
6779:
6777:
6774:
6772:
6769:
6767:
6764:
6762:
6759:
6757:
6754:
6752:
6749:
6747:
6743:
6741:
6738:
6736:
6733:
6731:
6727:
6725:
6722:
6720:
6717:
6715:
6712:
6708:
6705:
6704:
6703:
6700:
6698:
6695:
6693:
6690:
6688:
6685:
6683:
6680:
6678:
6675:
6674:
6672:
6670:
6666:
6660:
6657:
6655:
6652:
6650:
6647:
6646:
6644:
6642:
6638:
6632:
6629:
6627:
6624:
6622:
6619:
6617:
6614:
6612:
6609:
6607:
6604:
6602:
6599:
6597:
6594:
6592:
6589:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6579:
6577:
6574:
6571:
6569:
6566:
6564:
6561:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6538:
6534:
6530:
6526:
6522:
6519:
6518:
6516:
6514:
6508:
6502:
6501:
6497:
6495:
6492:
6490:
6487:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6479:Lawful excuse
6477:
6475:
6472:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6459:
6458:
6457:
6454:
6452:
6449:
6447:
6444:
6442:
6439:
6437:
6434:
6433:
6431:
6427:
6421:
6418:
6416:
6413:
6411:
6408:
6406:
6403:
6401:
6398:
6397:
6395:
6393:
6389:
6383:
6382:
6378:
6376:
6373:
6371:
6368:
6367:
6365:
6361:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6346:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6334:
6332:
6329:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6316:
6312:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6304:
6300:
6299:
6297:
6293:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6262:
6259:
6258:
6256:
6252:
6248:
6241:
6236:
6234:
6229:
6227:
6222:
6221:
6218:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6198:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6184:
6183:
6180:
6176:
6173:
6170:
6167:
6166:
6165:
6162:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6147:
6145:
6142:
6140:
6137:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6124:
6123:
6120:
6116:
6115:Authorization
6113:
6109:
6106:
6105:
6104:
6101:
6100:
6099:
6096:
6090:
6087:
6086:
6085:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6076:Secure coding
6074:
6073:
6072:
6069:
6068:
6066:
6062:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6045:SQL injection
6043:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6025:Vulnerability
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6010:Trojan horses
6008:
6006:
6005:Software bugs
6003:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5954:
5951:
5950:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5919:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5901:
5899:
5896:
5894:
5893:Eavesdropping
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5883:Data scraping
5881:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5853:Cryptojacking
5851:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5802:
5799:
5797:
5794:
5793:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5770:
5768:
5766:
5762:
5754:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5721:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5683:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5668:
5666:
5662:
5658:
5651:
5646:
5644:
5639:
5637:
5632:
5631:
5628:
5622:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5585:
5582:
5581:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5559:
5551:London: Sage.
5550:
5546:
5543:
5539:
5536:
5532:
5529:
5525:
5522:
5519:Rolón, D. N.
5518:
5516:
5512:
5508:
5504:
5500:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5482:
5478:
5474:
5469:
5466:
5462:
5458:
5452:
5448:
5443:
5440:
5436:
5433:
5429:
5425:
5422:
5418:
5414:
5411:
5407:
5403:
5400:
5396:
5394:
5390:
5386:
5382:
5379:
5375:
5371:
5367:
5365:
5364:Prentice Hall
5361:
5357:
5355:
5351:
5347:
5346:
5341:
5338:
5334:
5332:
5328:
5325:
5321:
5318:
5314:
5311:
5307:
5303:
5302:
5297:
5294:
5290:
5286:
5282:
5280:
5276:
5272:
5269:
5265:
5262:
5258:
5254:
5253:
5247:
5246:
5240:
5239:
5220:
5216:
5212:
5206:
5198:
5191:
5183:
5176:
5160:
5156:
5152:
5146:
5130:
5126:
5125:Computerworld
5122:
5115:
5099:
5095:
5091:
5087:
5086:
5081:
5074:
5058:
5054:
5050:
5044:
5042:
5025:
5021:
5017:
5011:
4995:
4991:
4987:
4981:
4973:
4972:Cyberbullying
4966:
4950:
4946:
4944:9780398087289
4940:
4936:
4935:
4927:
4908:
4901:
4895:
4879:
4875:
4869:
4853:
4850:. June 2017.
4849:
4848:
4843:
4837:
4826:
4822:
4815:
4808:
4792:
4788:
4784:
4777:
4769:
4763:
4759:
4752:
4736:
4732:
4731:csrc.nist.gov
4728:
4722:
4706:
4702:
4695:
4687:
4681:
4677:
4673:
4669:
4665:
4658:
4642:
4638:
4634:
4630:
4626:
4619:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4589:
4573:
4569:
4565:
4559:
4543:
4539:
4535:
4529:
4527:
4510:
4506:
4502:
4496:
4480:
4476:
4472:
4466:
4450:
4446:
4442:
4436:
4420:
4416:
4412:
4406:
4404:
4387:
4383:
4379:
4373:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4343:
4341:
4325:
4321:
4320:"Cyber Crime"
4315:
4313:
4304:
4298:
4279:
4272:
4266:
4250:
4246:
4239:
4223:
4219:
4213:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4195:9780313365461
4191:
4187:
4180:
4178:
4169:
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4161:
4157:
4153:
4146:
4130:
4126:
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4118:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4099:
4083:
4079:
4075:
4069:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4038:
4022:
4018:
4012:
3996:
3992:
3986:
3970:
3966:
3960:
3952:
3951:
3946:
3940:
3924:
3920:
3919:Straits Times
3916:
3910:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3880:
3864:
3858:
3850:
3846:
3839:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3808:
3792:
3788:
3787:New York Post
3784:
3777:
3761:
3757:
3751:
3743:
3739:
3733:
3717:
3713:
3712:The Economist
3709:
3703:
3695:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3666:
3658:
3651:
3649:
3647:
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3622:
3616:
3601:
3597:
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2973:"Click Fraud"
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2016:
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1828:Virtual crime
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1715:Data diddling
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1350:Investigation
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1019:
1015:
1012:online. Some
1011:
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998:
996:
992:
988:
987:Princess Haya
984:
980:
979:Ahmed Mansoor
976:
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839:
835:
834:Cyberstalking
831:
827:
826:Cyberbullying
817:
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795:
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658:
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651:Nth room case
648:
647:child victims
643:
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486:Fraud Factory
480:Fraud Factory
477:
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437:, installing
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283:Organizations
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227:Environmental
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131:Crime mapping
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52:
51:
50:
47:Main Theories
46:
45:
41:
37:
36:
33:
30:
29:
26:
22:
21:virtual crime
7878:Reed Slatkin
7843:Kubus scheme
7723:Jim Browning
7718:419eater.com
7713:Scam baiting
7698:Romance scam
7668:Lottery scam
7627:
7613:Clickjacking
7557:Wash trading
7552:Trojan horse
7467:Return fraud
7417:Mock auction
7312:Drop swindle
7277:Bogus escrow
7141:
7133:
6936:and cheating
6920:Fare evasion
6889:
6529:Manslaughter
6498:
6494:Intoxication
6436:Self-defence
6379:
6331:Recklessness
6313:
6301:
6149:Data masking
5708:Cyberwarfare
5680:
5548:
5541:
5534:
5527:
5480:
5476:
5464:
5446:
5438:
5427:
5416:
5405:
5362:New Jersey:
5359:
5344:
5336:
5330:
5326:Vol.16 no.5.
5323:
5299:
5274:
5270:Springfield.
5256:
5241:
5235:
5223:. Retrieved
5219:the original
5214:
5205:
5196:
5190:
5181:
5175:
5163:. Retrieved
5154:
5145:
5135:20 September
5133:. Retrieved
5129:the original
5124:
5114:
5104:20 September
5102:. Retrieved
5083:
5073:
5061:. Retrieved
5052:
5028:. Retrieved
5010:
4998:. Retrieved
4989:
4980:
4971:
4965:
4953:. Retrieved
4949:the original
4933:
4926:
4914:. Retrieved
4907:the original
4894:
4882:. Retrieved
4878:the original
4868:
4856:. Retrieved
4845:
4836:
4825:the original
4820:
4807:
4795:. Retrieved
4786:
4776:
4757:
4751:
4739:. Retrieved
4730:
4721:
4709:. Retrieved
4705:the original
4694:
4667:
4657:
4645:. Retrieved
4628:
4618:
4606:. Retrieved
4597:
4588:
4576:. Retrieved
4572:the original
4568:www.cisa.gov
4567:
4558:
4546:. Retrieved
4513:. Retrieved
4505:www.cisa.gov
4504:
4495:
4483:. Retrieved
4474:
4465:
4453:. Retrieved
4445:www.cisa.gov
4444:
4435:
4423:. Retrieved
4414:
4390:. Retrieved
4386:the original
4381:
4372:
4360:. Retrieved
4351:
4327:. Retrieved
4323:
4285:. Retrieved
4278:the original
4265:
4253:. Retrieved
4238:
4226:. Retrieved
4212:
4185:
4151:
4145:
4133:. Retrieved
4108:
4098:
4086:. Retrieved
4077:
4068:
4058:24 September
4056:. Retrieved
4048:The Guardian
4047:
4037:
4027:24 September
4025:. Retrieved
4011:
4001:24 September
3999:. Retrieved
3985:
3975:24 September
3973:. Retrieved
3969:the original
3959:
3948:
3939:
3927:. Retrieved
3918:
3909:
3897:. Retrieved
3888:
3879:
3867:. Retrieved
3857:
3848:
3838:
3826:. Retrieved
3817:
3807:
3795:. Retrieved
3786:
3776:
3764:. Retrieved
3750:
3741:
3732:
3720:. Retrieved
3716:the original
3711:
3702:
3675:
3671:
3665:
3656:
3633:. Retrieved
3624:
3615:
3603:. Retrieved
3599:
3590:
3578:. Retrieved
3574:
3565:
3553:. Retrieved
3548:
3539:
3527:. Retrieved
3519:www.vice.com
3518:
3487:
3477:
3465:. Retrieved
3461:
3451:
3441:25 September
3439:. Retrieved
3435:
3425:
3413:. Retrieved
3405:www.vice.com
3404:
3395:
3383:. Retrieved
3374:
3364:
3352:. Retrieved
3338:
3326:. Retrieved
3317:
3307:
3295:. Retrieved
3284:
3275:
3263:. Retrieved
3254:
3245:
3233:. Retrieved
3224:
3215:
3203:. Retrieved
3194:
3185:
3173:. Retrieved
3164:
3155:
3143:. Retrieved
3134:
3125:
3113:. Retrieved
3099:
3087:. Retrieved
3073:
3061:. Retrieved
3056:
3047:
3035:. Retrieved
3031:the original
3026:
3017:
3005:. Retrieved
2980:
2976:
2966:
2954:. Retrieved
2945:
2936:
2923:
2913:
2902:the original
2888:
2876:. Retrieved
2868:Korea Herald
2867:
2858:
2846:. Retrieved
2834:
2822:
2810:. Retrieved
2801:
2792:
2780:. Retrieved
2771:
2762:
2750:. Retrieved
2741:
2732:
2720:. Retrieved
2711:
2702:
2690:. Retrieved
2681:
2672:
2660:. Retrieved
2651:
2642:
2630:. Retrieved
2621:
2597:. Retrieved
2593:the original
2588:
2579:
2567:. Retrieved
2558:
2549:
2537:. Retrieved
2528:
2519:
2507:. Retrieved
2498:
2489:
2477:. Retrieved
2468:
2444:. Retrieved
2435:
2426:
2419:(1): 64–183.
2416:
2412:
2406:
2394:. Retrieved
2385:
2376:
2364:. Retrieved
2355:
2346:
2336:20 September
2334:. Retrieved
2330:the original
2319:
2308:the original
2294:
2282:. Retrieved
2278:
2268:
2256:. Retrieved
2247:
2238:
2226:
2221:
2209:. Retrieved
2200:
2191:
2172:
2166:
2131:
2127:
2089:
2085:
2079:
2067:. Retrieved
2058:
2033:. Retrieved
2021:
2008:
1996:. Retrieved
1984:
1972:
1960:. Retrieved
1951:
1942:
1930:. Retrieved
1921:
1912:
1900:. Retrieved
1865:
1740:Hacking back
1573:
1569:
1566:
1557:
1549:
1546:Intelligence
1540:
1528:
1520:
1500:
1497:
1486:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1463:
1432:
1425:
1417:
1408:
1404:
1392:
1368:
1353:
1340:
1314:
1262:J. P. Morgan
1214:Fortune 1000
1207:Storm botnet
1130:Melissa worm
1122:
1093:Pacific Bell
1062:
1058:
1052:, .net, and
1030:
1004:
964:
960:
952:
941:
937:
917:
915:
904:
889:
880:
860:
838:Cyber Racism
814:
806:
798:
791:
766:One area of
765:
758:
749:
738:
712:
708:
670:
667:Cyberwarfare
661:Cyberwarfare
644:
624:social media
612:
592:
573:bug poaching
558:
538:
509:
507:
494:operations.
489:
455:
424:
417:
391:
382:
366:
358:cyberwarfare
347:
339:
326:
325:
268:Bibliography
232:Experimental
211:
146:Quantitative
25:
7919:Con artists
7803:Dona Branca
7745:Spoofed URL
7653:Email fraud
7633:CyberThrill
7608:Click fraud
7522:Tarmac scam
7447:Pork barrel
7442:Pigeon drop
7432:Patent safe
7422:Moving scam
7332:Fiddle game
7282:Boiler room
7257:Badger game
7219:Sucker list
7192:Terminology
6537:Infanticide
6375:Concurrence
6089:Misuse case
5923:Infostealer
5898:Email fraud
5863:Data breach
5698:Cybergeddon
5342:Glenny, M.
5263:, New York.
4884:17 December
4741:17 February
4598:VentureBeat
4455:17 February
4255:17 December
4135:10 December
4088:27 December
3828:20 February
3797:14 February
3766:10 November
3600:www.dea.gov
2848:22 December
2436:PR Newswire
2258:5 September
1902:10 December
1466:Philippines
1460:Legislation
1285:S&P 500
1254:Wells Fargo
1042:Tor Browser
991:Ghada Owais
788:Click fraud
655:South Korea
371:(WEF) 2020
222:Development
197:Criminology
141:Qualitative
121:Ethnography
106:Comparative
32:Criminology
7975:Cybercrime
7969:Categories
7947:Literature
7808:Earl Jones
7740:ShadowCrew
7693:Rock Phish
7638:DarkMarket
7628:Cybercrime
7603:Catfishing
7477:Shell game
7412:Mismarking
7337:Fine print
7297:Clip joint
7287:Bride scam
6890:Cybercrime
6820:Dishonesty
6744:Keeping a
6621:Harassment
6606:Kidnapping
6513:the person
6405:Conspiracy
6303:Actus reus
6286:Common law
6266:Either way
6261:Indictable
6154:Encryption
6030:Web shells
5970:Ransomware
5918:Hacktivism
5681:Cybercrime
5515:Boston.com
4955:25 January
4916:25 January
4858:11 January
4578:1 November
4485:4 December
4425:3 December
4392:4 December
4362:1 November
4329:4 December
4228:2 December
3175:2 November
3145:2 November
3115:2 November
3089:2 November
3063:4 December
3037:4 December
3007:30 October
2211:1 November
2069:3 February
2035:3 February
1845:References
1744:(Illegal)
1710:Cyberheist
1509:, and the
1414:Prevention
1371:IP Address
1292:ransomware
1232:Zappos.com
1149:Dell, Inc.
1040:, and the
928:cell phone
907:harassment
883:March 2016
824:See also:
782:See also:
626:networks,
589:Ransomware
583:Ransomware
458:bank fraud
327:Cybercrime
217:Demography
161:Recidivism
7934:Impostors
7588:Avalanche
7402:Long firm
7322:Exit scam
7054:Espionage
6885:Extortion
6880:Blackmail
6865:Deception
6850:Squatting
6446:Necessity
6410:Accessory
6363:Doctrines
6354:Omissions
6345:Vicarious
6341:Corporate
6309:Causation
6281:Statutory
5985:Shellcode
5980:Scareware
5828:Crimeware
5788:Backdoors
5619:from the
5595:from the
5586:from the
5507:239962449
5499:0040-1625
5094:0099-9660
5063:3 January
5030:6 January
4637:0017-8012
4548:6 January
4204:464583250
4168:146501914
4125:1556-5068
3889:Bloomberg
3742:France 24
3680:CiteSeerX
3462:The Verge
3297:4 October
2997:0732-2399
2956:5 October
2158:239962449
2150:0040-1625
2092:: 13–20.
1838:Web shell
1537:Awareness
1517:Penalties
1389:, in 2021
1266:U.S. Bank
1225:terabytes
1123:Star Trek
1119:arms race
1022:Silk Road
1018:encrypted
971:NSO Group
953:Although
875:talk page
514:terrorism
508:The term
470:extortion
396:, scams,
350:espionage
242:Political
116:Profiling
7708:SaferNet
7678:Phishing
7618:Cramming
7507:SSC Scam
7372:Hustling
7357:Gem scam
7116:Evidence
7097:Property
7087:Contract
7049:Sedition
6953:Uttering
6855:Trespass
6830:Burglary
6728:Causing
6724:Nuisance
6521:Homicide
6484:Insanity
6429:Defences
6315:Mens rea
6159:Firewall
6064:Defenses
5990:Spamming
5975:Rootkits
5948:Phishing
5908:Exploits
5408:Boston:
5277:Oxford:
5159:Archived
5098:Archived
5057:Archived
5024:Archived
5020:Symantec
5000:23 March
4994:Archived
4852:Archived
4791:Archived
4735:Archived
4711:29 April
4641:Archived
4602:Archived
4542:Archived
4540:. 2024.
4509:Archived
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