36:
372:
241:
1173:
533:
888:), a transcription activator protein. The protein assumes its active shape and binds to a specific site upstream of the lac promoter, making it easier for RNA polymerase to bind to the adjacent promoter to start transcription of the lac operon, increasing the rate of lac operon transcription. With a high glucose concentration, the cAMP concentration decreases, and the CRP disengages from the lac operon.
492:
27:
525:
1472:
Fucosylated
Molecules Competitively Interfere with Cholera Toxin Binding to Host Cells; Amberlyn M. Wands, Jakob Cervin, He Huang, Ye Zhang, Gyusaang Youn, Chad A. Brautigam, Maria Matson Dzebo, Per Björklund, Ville Wallenius, Danielle K. Bright, Clay S. Bennett, Pernilla Wittung-Stafshede, Nicole S.
848:
aggregation of cells is organized by periodic waves of cAMP that propagate between cells over distances as large as several centimetres. The waves are the result of a regulated production and secretion of extracellular cAMP and a spontaneous biological oscillator that initiates the waves at centers
778:
residues of protein substrates. The phosphorylated proteins may act directly on the cell's ion channels, or may become activated or inhibited enzymes. Protein kinase A can also phosphorylate specific proteins that bind to promoter regions of DNA, causing increases in transcription. Not all protein
820:. The mechanism of activation is similar to that of PKA: the GEF domain is usually masked by the N-terminal region containing the cAMP binding domain. When cAMP binds, the domain dissociates and exposes the now-active GEF domain, allowing Epac to activate small Ras-like GTPase proteins, such as
2423:
138:
763:
Cyclic AMP binds to specific locations on the regulatory units of the protein kinase, and causes dissociation between the regulatory and catalytic subunits, thus enabling those catalytic units to
2286:
1527:
861:, the level of cAMP varies depending on the medium used for growth. In particular, cAMP is low when glucose is the carbon source. This occurs through inhibition of the cAMP-producing enzyme,
2554:
920:(HCN). When cAMP stimulates the HCN, the channels open, This research, especially the cognitive deficits in age-related illnesses and ADHD, is of interest to researchers studying the brain.
2586:
2910:
2842:
3134:
978:
on the surface of target cells. If a cell lacks GM1 the toxin most likely binds to other types of glycans, such as Lewis Y and Lewis X, attached to proteins instead of lipids.
1460:
Cervin J, Wands AM, Casselbrant A, Wu H, Krishnamurthy S, Cvjetkovic A, et al. (2018) GM1 ganglioside-independent intoxication by
Cholera toxin. PLoS Pathog 14(2): e1006862.
2987:
1199:
Abramovitch, Rinat; Tavor, Einat; Jacob-Hirsch, Jasmine; Zeira, Evelyne; Amariglio, Ninette; Pappo, Orit; Rechavi, Gideon; Galun, Eithan; Honigman, Alik (15 February 2004).
917:
3129:
3119:
1520:
896:
Since cyclic AMP is a second messenger and plays vital role in cell signalling, it has been implicated in various disorders but not restricted to the roles given below:
1246:
Dumaz, Nicolas; Hayward, Robert; Martin, Jan; Ogilvie, Lesley; Hedley, Douglas; Curtin, John A.; Bastian, Boris C.; Springer, Caroline; Marais, Richard (October 2006).
3030:
2953:
3002:
2579:
1513:
904:
Some research has suggested that a deregulation of cAMP pathways and an aberrant activation of cAMP-controlled genes is linked to the growth of some cancers.
641:)-protein-coupled receptors. Liver adenylate cyclase responds more strongly to glucagon, and muscle adenylate cyclase responds more strongly to adrenaline.
2572:
2428:
505:
873:
forms a complex with cAMP and thereby is activated to bind to DNA. CRP-cAMP increases expression of a large number of genes, including some encoding
808:
However, the view that the majority of the effects of cAMP are controlled by PKA is an outdated one. In 1998 a family of cAMP-sensitive proteins with
395:
InChI=1S/C10H12N5O6P/c11-8-5-9(13-2-12-8)15(3-14-5)10-6(16)7-4(20-10)1-19-22(17,18)21-7/h2-4,6-7,10,16H,1H2,(H,17,18)(H2,11,12,13)/t4-,6-,7-,10-/m1/s1
2799:
1009:
405:
InChI=1/C10H12N5O6P/c11-8-5-9(13-2-12-8)15(3-14-5)10-6(16)7-4(20-10)1-19-22(17,18)21-7/h2-4,6-7,10,16H,1H2,(H,17,18)(H2,11,12,13)/t4-,6-,7-,10-/m1/s1
971:
that has five B subunints and one A subunit. The toxin acts by the following mechanism: First, the B subunit ring of the cholera toxin binds to
2794:
1788:
1536:
421:
500:
2024:
1579:
787:
717:
619:
located on the inner side of the plasma membrane and anchored at various locations in the interior of the cell. Adenylate cyclase is
2531:
2167:
2075:
1972:
1686:
1642:
2489:
2344:
1885:
2367:
2123:
2118:
1880:
1569:
1183:
592:
259:
2468:
2391:
1098:"The glucagon-like peptide-1 analogue exendin-4 reverses impaired intracellular Ca2+ signalling in steatotic hepatocytes"
2511:
1287:
Simpson, B. J.; Ramage, A. D.; Hulme, M. J.; Burns, D. J.; Katsaros, D.; Langdon, S. P.; Miller, W. R. (January 1996).
809:
564:, or cellular signal occurring within cells, that is important in many biological processes. cAMP is a derivative of
1920:
923:
cAMP is involved in activation of trigeminocervical system leading to neurogenic inflammation and causing migraine.
386:
812:(GEF) activity was discovered. These are termed Exchange proteins activated by cAMP (Epac) and the family comprises
2050:
798:
697:
1473:
Sampson, Ulf Yrlid, and
Jennifer J. Kohler; ACS Infectious Diseases Article ASAP, DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.7b00085
512:
1311:"ScienceDaily ::Brain Networks Strengthened By Closing Ion Channels, Research Could Lead To ADHD Treatment"
884:. In an environment with a low glucose concentration, cAMP accumulates and binds to the allosteric site on CRP (
2933:
2479:
1681:
1657:
1003:
595:
in 1971 "for his discoveries concerning the mechanisms of the action of hormones", especially epinephrine, via
2238:
1691:
1483:
Alasbahi, RH; Melzig, MF (January 2012). "Forskolin and derivatives as tools for studying the role of cAMP".
741:
58:
3164:
3071:
2885:
2880:
2444:
2419:
2410:
2272:
1925:
870:
329:
236:
3174:
3109:
3104:
2900:
2303:
1552:
350:
296:
178:
1326:"Neurogenic Inflammation: The Participant in Migraine and Recent Advancements in Translational Research"
3124:
3020:
3015:
2905:
2895:
931:
Disrupted functioning of cAMP has been noted as one of the mechanisms of several bacterial exotoxins.
722:
cAMP is associated with kinases function in several biochemical processes, including the regulation of
3035:
1288:
1247:
35:
2862:
2526:
2113:
1616:
1598:
367:
290:
3169:
3091:
3049:
2890:
2837:
2832:
2319:
2029:
1999:
1984:
1947:
1310:
945:
665:
661:
645:
608:
556:
1505:
990:
is commonly used as a tool in biochemistry to raise levels of cAMP in the study and research of
3114:
3066:
3061:
2852:
2671:
1607:
1200:
612:
573:
565:
536:
3081:
3025:
2982:
2977:
2847:
2400:
2211:
1979:
885:
866:
685:
623:
by a range of signaling molecules through the activation of adenylate cyclase stimulatory G (
588:
48:
3159:
3086:
3076:
2997:
1803:
338:
680:, which cannot pass through the plasma membrane. It is also involved in the activation of
198:
8:
2992:
2872:
2761:
2664:
2382:
2255:
1025:
569:
104:
1201:"American Association for Cancer Research (cAMP-responsive Genes and Tumor Progression)"
912:
Recent research suggests that cAMP affects the function of higher-order thinking in the
371:
240:
158:
114:
2738:
1753:
1407:
1352:
1325:
1228:
1073:
1046:
1434:"Fucosylation and protein glycosylation create functional receptors for cholera toxin"
1289:"American Association for Cancer Research (cAMP-binding Proteins' Presence in Tumors)"
2948:
2920:
1676:
1632:
1492:
1399:
1357:
1269:
1220:
1179:
1154:
1119:
1078:
913:
862:
649:
616:
1411:
1232:
760:), with the regulatory units blocking the catalytic centers of the catalytic units.
2718:
1647:
1625:
1621:
1441:
1391:
1380:"cAMP-System und bakterielle Toxine [The cAMP system and bacterial toxins]"
1347:
1337:
1259:
1212:
1146:
1109:
1068:
1058:
939:
793:
Still, there are some minor PKA-independent functions of cAMP, e.g., activation of
635:
624:
596:
561:
444:
1264:
1216:
2708:
2637:
2362:
2094:
2089:
2055:
1952:
1704:
1342:
1114:
1097:
865:, as a side-effect of glucose transport into the cell. The transcription factor
833:
794:
584:
318:
2824:
2774:
2769:
2690:
2066:
1461:
1150:
1137:
Bos, Johannes L. (December 2006). "Epac proteins: multi-purpose cAMP targets".
991:
802:
780:
681:
483:
3153:
2943:
2938:
2857:
2789:
2728:
2084:
1957:
1433:
1096:
Ali ES, Hua J, Wilson CH, Tallis GA, Zhou FH, Rychkov GY, Barritt GJ (2016).
1063:
964:
958:
764:
229:
2564:
2145:
1248:"American Association for Cancer Research (cAMP Dysregulation and Melonoma)"
770:
The active subunits catalyze the transfer of phosphate from ATP to specific
2784:
2627:
2595:
2101:
1939:
1496:
1379:
1361:
1273:
1224:
1158:
1123:
1082:
840:
689:
1403:
2004:
1574:
975:
693:
532:
1446:
1047:"pH sensing via bicarbonate-regulated "soluble" adenylate cyclase (sAC)"
740:
In eukaryotes, cyclic AMP works by activating protein kinase A (PKA, or
218:
2813:
2751:
2746:
2681:
2644:
2604:
2194:
1989:
1666:
1395:
881:
845:
745:
734:
677:
471:
249:
189:
2779:
2703:
2698:
2516:
2458:
1671:
1589:
987:
827:
775:
749:
482:
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
2723:
2659:
2632:
968:
858:
723:
673:
279:
209:
926:
137:
2733:
2713:
2654:
2622:
2617:
2536:
2260:
2106:
1535:
1198:
1015:
880:
cAMP, for example, is involved in the positive regulation of the
817:
813:
705:
701:
669:
305:
2649:
2612:
2541:
2329:
2324:
2034:
874:
771:
169:
2555:
deficiencies of intracellular signaling peptides and proteins
2339:
2334:
2296:
2281:
2248:
2243:
2204:
2199:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2160:
2138:
2133:
2128:
1905:
1900:
1895:
1890:
1850:
1845:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1102:
Biochimica et
Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research
731:
727:
149:
127:
1431:
918:
hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channels
355:
2521:
2506:
2291:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2155:
2150:
1994:
1967:
1962:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1763:
1758:
1748:
821:
270:
952:
1245:
972:
844:, cAMP acts outside the cell as a secreted signal. The
1286:
524:
26:
907:
783:, including protein kinase C, are not cAMP-dependent.
664:, used for intracellular signal transduction, such as
599:(such as cyclic adenosine monophosphate, cyclic AMP).
934:
They can be subgrouped into two distinct categories:
258:
2429:Sh2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase
1373:
1371:
1095:
828:Additional role of secreted cAMP in social amoebae
630:)-protein-coupled receptors. Adenylate cyclase is
3151:
317:
1432:Amberlyn M Wands; Akiko Fujita (October 2015).
1368:
1044:
927:Role in infectious disease agents' pathogenesis
877:that can supply energy independent of glucose.
634:by agonists of adenylate cyclase inhibitory G (
113:
1482:
1377:
916:through its regulation of ion channels called
2594:
2580:
1537:Intracellular signaling peptides and proteins
1521:
1462:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1006862
1378:Kather, H; Aktories, K (November 15, 1983).
1045:Rahman N, Buck J, Levin LR (November 2013).
779:kinases respond to cAMP. Several classes of
744:). PKA is normally inactive as a tetrameric
1010:8-Bromoadenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate
711:
572:in many different organisms, conveying the
2587:
2573:
2424:Receptor-like protein tyrosine phosphatase
1528:
1514:
899:
370:
239:
197:
2025:Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor protein
1445:
1351:
1341:
1263:
1178:. Springer Science & Business Media.
1113:
1072:
1062:
718:function of cAMP-dependent protein kinase
429:c1nc(c2c(n1)n(cn2)3(4(O3)COP(=O)(O4)O)O)N
337:
2532:Phosphatidylethanolamine binding protein
2168:Interleukin-1 receptor associated kinase
1580:Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase
1171:
790:, which vary based on the type of cell.
531:
523:
1323:
953:ADP-ribosyl-transferases related toxins
871:CAP (catabolite gene activator protein)
366:
295:
217:
3152:
2287:Focal adhesion protein-tyrosine kinase
1570:Intracellular calcium-sensing proteins
1175:Evolution of the First Nervous Systems
230:
83:-purin-9-yl)-2,7-dihydroxytetrahydro-2
2568:
1509:
797:, providing a minor pathway by which
593:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
398:Key: IVOMOUWHDPKRLL-KQYNXXCUSA-N
177:
157:
1172:Anderson, Peter A. V. (2013-11-11).
52:Adenosine 3′,5′-(hydrogen phosphate)
1136:
938:Toxins that interfere with enzymes
908:Role in prefrontal cortex disorders
852:
408:Key: IVOMOUWHDPKRLL-KQYNXXCUBU
308:
278:
13:
2512:Signal transducing adaptor protein
1687:3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase
1643:3',5'-cyclic-AMP phosphodiesterase
810:guanine nucleotide exchange factor
698:cyclic nucleotide-binding proteins
14:
3186:
2507:Activating transcription factor 6
1921:G protein-coupled receptor kinase
786:Further effects mainly depend on
568:(ATP) and used for intracellular
2051:Phosphoinositide phospholipase C
799:growth hormone-releasing hormone
490:
34:
25:
1476:
1466:
1454:
1425:
1018:specific to chemotactic use in
486:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
20:Cyclic adenosine monophosphate
2490:GTP-binding protein regulators
2480:GTP-binding protein regulators
1317:
1303:
1280:
1239:
1192:
1165:
1139:Trends in Biochemical Sciences
1130:
1089:
1038:
1004:Cyclic guanosine monophosphate
688:and regulates the function of
543:Cyclic adenosine monophosphate
528:cAMP represented in three ways
1:
2239:Rho-associated protein kinase
1265:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-05-4227
1217:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-03-2089
1032:
788:cAMP-dependent protein kinase
742:cAMP-dependent protein kinase
91:-2λ-furodioxaphosphinin-2-one
2445:Dual-specificity phosphatase
2420:protein tyrosine phosphatase
1926:AMP-activated protein kinase
1343:10.3390/biomedicines10010076
1115:10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.05.006
891:
655:
602:
7:
2469:apoptosis signaling pathway
1028:(PDE 4) which degrades cAMP
997:
946:invasive adenylate cyclases
752:and two regulatory units (C
648:is catalyzed by the enzyme
476:329.206 g/mol
10:
3191:
2817:(Nucleoside monophosphate)
1151:10.1016/j.tibs.2006.10.002
956:
831:
715:
668:into cells the effects of
579:
3100:
3057:
3048:
3011:
2973:
2966:
2919:
2871:
2823:
2812:
2760:
2689:
2680:
2672:Unnatural base pair (UBP)
2603:
2550:
2499:
2478:
2457:
2437:
2409:
2390:
2380:
2355:
2313:Serine/threonine/tyrosine
2312:
2271:
2074:
2064:
2043:
2017:
1938:
1916:
1799:
1700:
1656:
1606:
1597:
1588:
1562:
1543:
480:
437:
417:
382:
97:
57:
47:
42:
33:
24:
16:Cellular second messenger
2527:Olfactory marker protein
2114:Glycogen synthase kinase
1617:Heterotrimeric G protein
1293:Clinical Cancer Research
1064:10.3389/fphys.2013.00343
1020:Dictyostelium discoideum
940:ADP-ribosyl-transferases
841:Dictyostelium discoideum
712:Role in eukaryotic cells
644:cAMP decomposition into
3050:Nucleoside triphosphate
2320:Dual-specificity kinase
2030:Cyclin-dependent kinase
1324:Segatto, Marco (2021).
982:
900:Role in human carcinoma
557:adenosine monophosphate
3003:Xanthosine diphosphate
2967:Nucleoside diphosphate
574:cAMP-dependent pathway
566:adenosine triphosphate
539:
537:Adenosine triphosphate
529:
2401:Protein phosphatase 2
2212:p21-activated kinases
886:cAMP receptor protein
867:cAMP receptor protein
684:. In addition, cAMP
589:Vanderbilt University
535:
527:
59:Systematic IUPAC name
1804:G beta-gamma complex
801:causes a release of
767:substrate proteins.
748:, consisting of two
611:is synthesized from
3165:Signal transduction
2873:Deoxyribonucleotide
2762:Deoxyribonucleoside
2665:Pyrimidine analogue
2383:protein phosphatase
2256:Ribosomal s6 kinase
1447:10.7554/eLife.09545
1026:phosphodiesterase 4
570:signal transduction
21:
3175:Cyclic nucleotides
1553:MAP kinase pathway
1396:10.1007/BF01530837
869:(CRP) also called
540:
530:
513:Infobox references
19:
3147:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3044:
3043:
2962:
2961:
2921:Cyclic nucleotide
2808:
2807:
2562:
2561:
2517:I-kappa B protein
2453:
2452:
2376:
2375:
2013:
2012:
1934:
1933:
1677:Guanylate cyclase
1633:Adenylate cyclase
1390:(22): 1109–1114.
1258:(19): 9483–9491.
1185:978-1-4899-0921-3
914:prefrontal cortex
863:adenylate cyclase
650:phosphodiesterase
617:adenylate cyclase
597:second messengers
521:Chemical compound
519:
518:
351:CompTox Dashboard
139:Interactive image
3182:
3055:
3054:
2971:
2970:
2821:
2820:
2742:-Methyladenosine
2719:5-Methylcytidine
2687:
2686:
2589:
2582:
2575:
2566:
2565:
2392:Serine/threonine
2388:
2387:
2076:Serine/threonine
2072:
2071:
1692:Protein kinase G
1648:Protein kinase A
1604:
1603:
1595:
1594:
1530:
1523:
1516:
1507:
1506:
1501:
1500:
1480:
1474:
1470:
1464:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1429:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1375:
1366:
1365:
1355:
1345:
1321:
1315:
1314:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1284:
1278:
1277:
1267:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1211:(4): 1338–1346.
1196:
1190:
1189:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1134:
1128:
1127:
1117:
1093:
1087:
1086:
1076:
1066:
1042:
853:Role in bacteria
849:of territories.
795:calcium channels
696:and a few other
662:second messenger
562:second messenger
503:
497:
494:
493:
445:Chemical formula
375:
374:
359:
357:
341:
321:
310:
299:
282:
262:
243:
232:
221:
201:
181:
161:
141:
117:
38:
29:
22:
18:
3190:
3189:
3185:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3180:
3179:
3150:
3149:
3148:
3139:
3096:
3040:
3007:
2958:
2915:
2867:
2816:
2804:
2800:Deoxyxanthosine
2756:
2709:5-Methyluridine
2676:
2638:Purine analogue
2599:
2593:
2563:
2558:
2546:
2495:
2474:
2449:
2433:
2405:
2372:
2363:Arginine kinase
2351:
2308:
2267:
2060:
2056:Phospholipase C
2039:
2009:
1930:
1912:
1842:
1809:
1795:
1710:
1705:G alpha subunit
1696:
1652:
1584:
1558:
1539:
1534:
1504:
1481:
1477:
1471:
1467:
1459:
1455:
1440:. Vol. 4.
1430:
1426:
1416:
1414:
1384:Klin Wochenschr
1376:
1369:
1322:
1318:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1285:
1281:
1252:Cancer Research
1244:
1240:
1205:Cancer Research
1197:
1193:
1186:
1170:
1166:
1145:(12): 680–686.
1135:
1131:
1094:
1090:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1000:
985:
961:
955:
929:
910:
902:
894:
855:
838:In the species
836:
834:Fungal behavior
830:
781:protein kinases
759:
755:
720:
714:
682:protein kinases
658:
639:
628:
605:
585:Earl Sutherland
582:
522:
515:
510:
509:
508: ?)
499:
495:
491:
487:
465:
461:
457:
453:
447:
433:
430:
425:
424:
413:
410:
409:
406:
400:
399:
396:
390:
389:
378:
360:
353:
344:
324:
311:
285:
265:
252:
224:
204:
184:
164:
144:
131:
120:
107:
93:
92:
53:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3188:
3178:
3177:
3172:
3170:Cell signaling
3167:
3162:
3145:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3058:
3052:
3046:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2974:
2968:
2964:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2925:
2923:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2877:
2875:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2829:
2827:
2825:Ribonucleotide
2818:
2810:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2775:Deoxyguanosine
2772:
2770:Deoxyadenosine
2766:
2764:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2695:
2693:
2691:Ribonucleoside
2684:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2674:
2669:
2668:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2642:
2641:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2609:
2607:
2601:
2600:
2592:
2591:
2584:
2577:
2569:
2560:
2559:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2503:
2501:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2493:
2484:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2472:
2463:
2461:
2455:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2448:
2447:
2441:
2439:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2431:
2426:
2416:
2414:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2403:
2397:
2395:
2385:
2378:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2370:
2365:
2359:
2357:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2349:
2348:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2316:
2314:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2306:
2301:
2300:
2299:
2294:
2284:
2278:
2276:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2265:
2264:
2263:
2253:
2252:
2251:
2246:
2236:
2235:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2209:
2208:
2207:
2202:
2192:
2191:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2165:
2164:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2143:
2142:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2111:
2110:
2109:
2099:
2098:
2097:
2092:
2081:
2079:
2069:
2067:protein kinase
2062:
2061:
2059:
2058:
2053:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2021:
2019:
2015:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2008:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1976:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1955:
1950:
1944:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1923:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1910:
1909:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1840:
1837:
1836:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1807:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1793:
1792:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1708:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1695:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1663:
1661:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1650:
1645:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1629:
1628:
1613:
1611:
1601:
1599:Heterotrimeric
1592:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1566:
1564:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1556:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1540:
1533:
1532:
1525:
1518:
1510:
1503:
1502:
1475:
1465:
1453:
1424:
1367:
1316:
1302:
1279:
1238:
1191:
1184:
1164:
1129:
1108:(9): 2135–46.
1088:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1030:
1029:
1023:
1013:
1007:
999:
996:
984:
981:
980:
979:
957:Main article:
954:
951:
950:
949:
943:
928:
925:
909:
906:
901:
898:
893:
890:
854:
851:
829:
826:
803:growth hormone
757:
753:
716:Main article:
713:
710:
657:
654:
637:
626:
604:
601:
581:
578:
520:
517:
516:
511:
489:
488:
484:standard state
481:
478:
477:
474:
468:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
448:
443:
440:
439:
435:
434:
432:
431:
428:
420:
419:
418:
415:
414:
412:
411:
407:
404:
403:
401:
397:
394:
393:
385:
384:
383:
380:
379:
377:
376:
363:
361:
349:
346:
345:
343:
342:
334:
332:
326:
325:
323:
322:
314:
312:
304:
301:
300:
293:
287:
286:
284:
283:
275:
273:
267:
266:
264:
263:
255:
253:
248:
245:
244:
234:
226:
225:
223:
222:
214:
212:
206:
205:
203:
202:
194:
192:
186:
185:
183:
182:
174:
172:
166:
165:
163:
162:
154:
152:
146:
145:
143:
142:
134:
132:
125:
122:
121:
119:
118:
110:
108:
103:
100:
99:
95:
94:
79:)-6-(6-Amino-9
62:
61:
55:
54:
51:
45:
44:
40:
39:
31:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3187:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3157:
3155:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3099:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3047:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3010:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2972:
2969:
2965:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2918:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2870:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2822:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2790:Deoxycytidine
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2759:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2729:Pseudouridine
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2679:
2673:
2670:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2646:
2643:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2614:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2602:
2597:
2590:
2585:
2583:
2578:
2576:
2571:
2570:
2567:
2557:
2556:
2549:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2504:
2502:
2498:
2492:
2491:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2456:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2440:
2436:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2421:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2408:
2402:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2379:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2354:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2311:
2305:
2302:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2289:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2270:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2257:
2254:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2240:
2237:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2214:
2213:
2210:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2196:
2193:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2170:
2169:
2166:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2147:
2144:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2116:
2115:
2112:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2103:
2100:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2086:
2085:Casein kinase
2083:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2063:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2048:
2046:
2042:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2016:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1937:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1915:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1838:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1810:
1805:
1802:
1801:
1798:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1699:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1655:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1620:
1619:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1587:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1549:
1548:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1531:
1526:
1524:
1519:
1517:
1512:
1511:
1508:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1485:Die Pharmazie
1479:
1469:
1463:
1457:
1448:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1428:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1374:
1372:
1363:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1320:
1312:
1306:
1299:(1): 201–206.
1298:
1294:
1290:
1283:
1275:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1242:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1195:
1187:
1181:
1177:
1176:
1168:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1133:
1125:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1092:
1084:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1051:Front Physiol
1048:
1041:
1037:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1002:
1001:
995:
993:
989:
977:
974:
970:
966:
965:Cholera toxin
963:
962:
960:
959:Cholera toxin
947:
944:
941:
937:
936:
935:
932:
924:
921:
919:
915:
905:
897:
889:
887:
883:
878:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
850:
847:
843:
842:
835:
825:
823:
819:
815:
811:
806:
804:
800:
796:
791:
789:
784:
782:
777:
773:
768:
766:
765:phosphorylate
761:
751:
747:
743:
738:
736:
733:
729:
725:
719:
709:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
653:
651:
647:
642:
640:
633:
629:
622:
618:
614:
610:
600:
598:
594:
590:
586:
577:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
558:
555:3',5'-cyclic
552:
548:
544:
538:
534:
526:
514:
507:
502:
485:
479:
475:
473:
470:
469:
449:
446:
442:
441:
436:
427:
426:
423:
416:
402:
392:
391:
388:
381:
373:
369:
368:DTXSID8040436
365:
364:
362:
352:
348:
347:
340:
336:
335:
333:
331:
328:
327:
320:
316:
315:
313:
307:
303:
302:
298:
294:
292:
289:
288:
281:
277:
276:
274:
272:
269:
268:
261:
257:
256:
254:
251:
247:
246:
242:
238:
235:
233:
231:ECHA InfoCard
228:
227:
220:
216:
215:
213:
211:
208:
207:
200:
196:
195:
193:
191:
188:
187:
180:
176:
175:
173:
171:
168:
167:
160:
156:
155:
153:
151:
148:
147:
140:
136:
135:
133:
129:
124:
123:
116:
112:
111:
109:
106:
102:
101:
96:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
60:
56:
50:
46:
41:
37:
32:
28:
23:
2928:
2795:Deoxyinosine
2785:Deoxyuridine
2739:
2628:Hypoxanthine
2598:constituents
2596:Nucleic acid
2552:
2487:
2466:
2102:eIF-2 kinase
1637:
1550:
1488:
1484:
1478:
1468:
1456:
1437:
1427:
1417:February 26,
1415:. Retrieved
1387:
1383:
1333:
1330:Biomedicines
1329:
1319:
1305:
1296:
1292:
1282:
1255:
1251:
1241:
1208:
1204:
1194:
1174:
1167:
1142:
1138:
1132:
1105:
1101:
1091:
1054:
1050:
1040:
1019:
994:physiology.
986:
976:gangliosides
933:
930:
922:
911:
903:
895:
879:
856:
839:
837:
807:
792:
785:
769:
762:
739:
721:
694:HCN channels
692:such as the
690:ion channels
666:transferring
659:
643:
631:
620:
606:
583:
554:
550:
546:
542:
541:
179:ChEMBL316966
98:Identifiers
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
3160:Nucleotides
1789:GNA15/GNA16
1575:Calcineurin
1491:(1): 5–13.
1012:(8-Br-cAMP)
846:chemotactic
438:Properties
237:100.000.448
159:CHEBI:17489
3154:Categories
2814:Nucleotide
2752:Wybutosine
2747:Xanthosine
2682:Nucleoside
2645:Pyrimidine
2605:Nucleobase
2195:Lim kinase
2146:IκB kinase
1667:Transducin
1033:References
882:lac operon
832:See also:
746:holoenzyme
735:metabolism
678:adrenaline
660:cAMP is a
551:cyclic AMP
472:Molar mass
339:E0399OZS9N
297:Cyclic+AMP
250:IUPHAR/BPS
190:ChemSpider
126:3D model (
105:CAS Number
49:IUPAC name
2780:Thymidine
2704:Guanosine
2699:Adenosine
2553:see also
2459:Apoptosis
1940:Monomeric
1672:Gustducin
1590:G protein
1336:(1): 76.
988:Forskolin
892:Pathology
776:threonine
750:catalytic
656:Functions
632:inhibited
621:activated
603:Synthesis
2944:c-di-AMP
2939:c-di-GMP
2724:Cytidine
2660:Cytosine
2633:Xanthine
2411:Tyrosine
2356:Arginine
2273:Tyrosine
1497:22393824
1412:33162709
1362:35052756
1274:17018604
1233:14047485
1225:14973073
1159:17084085
1124:27178543
1083:24324443
998:See also
969:AB toxin
859:bacteria
724:glycogen
700:such as
686:binds to
674:glucagon
670:hormones
466:P
210:DrugBank
2734:Inosine
2714:Uridine
2655:Thymine
2623:Guanine
2618:Adenine
2537:EDARADD
2522:Mucin-4
2261:RPS6KA1
2107:EIF2AK3
1563:Calcium
1404:6317939
1353:8773152
1074:3838963
1057:: 343.
1016:Acrasin
875:enzymes
706:RAPGEF2
607:Cyclic
580:History
560:) is a
506:what is
504: (
306:PubChem
219:DB02527
115:60-92-4
2650:Uracil
2613:Purine
2542:PRKCSH
2381:Other
2330:DYRK1B
2325:DYRK1A
2065:Other
2035:Cyclin
2018:Cyclin
1495:
1410:
1402:
1360:
1350:
1272:
1231:
1223:
1182:
1157:
1122:
1081:
1071:
1006:(cGMP)
967:is an
772:serine
730:, and
591:won a
501:verify
498:
422:SMILES
280:C00575
170:ChEMBL
43:Names
2954:cGAMP
2949:cADPR
2500:Other
2438:both:
2345:DYRK4
2340:DYRK3
2335:DYRK2
2297:PTK2B
2282:ZAP70
2249:ROCK2
2244:ROCK1
2205:LIMK2
2200:LIMK1
2188:IRAK4
2183:IRAK3
2178:IRAK2
2173:IRAK1
2161:IKBKG
2139:GSK3B
2134:GSK3A
2129:GSK-3
2044:Lipid
1995:Rhebs
1906:BSCL2
1901:GNG13
1896:GNG12
1891:GNG11
1886:GNG10
1851:GNGT2
1846:GNGT1
1784:GNA14
1779:GNA13
1774:GNA12
1769:GNA11
1744:GNAT3
1739:GNAT2
1734:GNAT1
1729:GNAI3
1724:GNAI2
1719:GNAI1
1714:GNAO1
1438:eLife
1408:S2CID
1229:S2CID
942:, and
818:Epac2
814:Epac1
732:lipid
728:sugar
702:Epac1
672:like
553:, or
387:InChI
150:ChEBI
128:JSmol
3135:dXTP
3130:dITP
3125:dCTP
3120:dUTP
3115:dTTP
3110:dGTP
3105:dATP
3072:mUTP
3036:dCDP
3031:dUDP
3026:dTDP
3021:dGDP
3016:dADP
2988:mUDP
2934:cGMP
2929:cAMP
2911:dXMP
2906:dIMP
2901:dCMP
2896:dUMP
2891:dTMP
2886:dGMP
2881:dAMP
2843:mUMP
2488:see
2467:see
2368:McsB
2292:PTK2
2232:PAK4
2227:PAK3
2222:PAK2
2217:PAK1
2156:IKK2
2151:CHUK
2124:GSK2
2119:GSK1
2005:RGKs
2000:Raps
1985:Arfs
1980:Rhos
1973:NRAS
1968:KRAS
1963:HRAS
1953:Rabs
1948:ARFs
1881:GNG8
1876:GNG7
1871:GNG5
1866:GNG4
1861:GNG3
1856:GNG2
1833:GNB5
1828:GNB4
1823:GNB3
1818:GNB2
1813:GNB1
1764:GNAQ
1759:GNAL
1754:GNAS
1749:GNAZ
1682:cGMP
1658:cGMP
1638:cAMP
1608:cAMP
1551:see
1493:PMID
1419:2022
1400:PMID
1358:PMID
1270:PMID
1221:PMID
1180:ISBN
1155:PMID
1120:PMID
1106:1863
1079:PMID
992:cell
983:Uses
822:Rap1
816:and
704:and
676:and
547:cAMP
330:UNII
319:6076
291:MeSH
271:KEGG
260:2352
199:5851
3092:XTP
3087:ITP
3082:CTP
3077:UTP
3067:GTP
3062:ATP
2998:CDP
2993:UDP
2983:GDP
2978:ADP
2863:XMP
2858:IMP
2853:CMP
2848:UMP
2838:GMP
2833:AMP
2304:BTK
1990:Ran
1958:Ras
1544:MAP
1442:doi
1392:doi
1348:PMC
1338:doi
1260:doi
1213:doi
1147:doi
1110:doi
1069:PMC
1059:doi
973:GM1
857:In
774:or
646:AMP
615:by
613:ATP
609:AMP
587:of
356:EPA
309:CID
75:,7a
63:(4a
3156::
2422::
1626:Gi
1622:Gs
1489:67
1487:.
1436:.
1406:.
1398:.
1388:61
1386:.
1382:.
1370:^
1356:.
1346:.
1334:10
1332:.
1328:.
1295:.
1291:.
1268:.
1256:66
1254:.
1250:.
1227:.
1219:.
1209:64
1207:.
1203:.
1153:.
1143:31
1141:.
1118:.
1104:.
1100:.
1077:.
1067:.
1053:.
1049:.
824:.
805:.
737:.
726:,
708:.
652:.
576:.
549:,
456:11
452:10
87:,4
71:,7
67:,6
2740:N
2588:e
2581:t
2574:v
2413::
2394::
2275::
2095:2
2090:1
2078::
1841:γ
1839:G
1808:β
1806:G
1709:α
1707:G
1660::
1624:/
1610::
1529:e
1522:t
1515:v
1499:.
1450:.
1444::
1421:.
1394::
1364:.
1340::
1313:.
1297:2
1276:.
1262::
1235:.
1215::
1188:.
1161:.
1149::
1126:.
1112::
1085:.
1061::
1055:4
1022:.
948:.
758:2
756:R
754:2
638:i
636:G
627:s
625:G
545:(
496:Y
464:6
462:O
460:5
458:N
454:H
450:C
358:)
354:(
130:)
89:H
85:H
81:H
77:S
73:R
69:R
65:R
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