622:
other wind sensors. Comparisons at low to moderate wind speeds (below 20 m/s, 45 mph, 72 km/h) are made to the NOAA Global Data
Assimilation System numerical reanalysis wind product and indicate an uncertainty in CYGNSS winds of 1.4 m/s (3 mph; 5 km/h), with higher uncertainty at high wind speeds. Above 45 mph, and in particular for measurements made within tropical cyclones, comparisons are made to nearly coincident observations by wind sensing instruments on NOAA P-3 hurricane hunter aircraft which were flown into hurricanes in coordination with satellite overpasses by CYGNSS. The comparisons indicate an uncertainty in CYGNSS winds of 11%. As was the case at lower wind speeds, the uncertainty increases with wind speed. CYGNSS ocean wind speed measurements are currently being incorporated into hurricane numerical forecast models and storm surge models to assess the improvement in their performance. Images of recent and archival ocean wind measurements, both globally and centered on individual storms, are available at
613:
result, the difference in atmospheric drag between satellites. This technique is referred to as differential drag. An increase in drag lowers a satellite's altitude and increases its orbital velocity. The distance between spacecraft changes as a result of their relative velocities. This is an alternate way of managing the spacing between a constellation of satellites, as opposed to using traditional active propulsion, and is significantly lower cost. It allows for more satellites to be built for the same net cost, resulting in more frequent sampling of short lived, extreme weather events like tropical cyclones. Differential drag maneuvers were conducted throughout the first year-and-a-half of on-orbit operations, and have resulted in a well-dispersed constellation that is able to make measurements with the desired sampling properties.
558:
592:. A launch attempt on December 12 was aborted due to problems with the hydraulic system that separates the Pegasus rocket from the carrier aircraft. After launch, the eight microsats were released into orbit beginning at 13:50 UTC and ending at 13:52 UTC by a deployment module attached to the Pegasus third stage. Successful radio contact with the first microsat was made at 16:42 UTC. The eighth microsat was successfully contacted at 20:30 UTC. By the end of the day on December 15, all eight microsats had their solar arrays deployed and were sun-pointed with batteries charging in safe condition, ready to begin engineering commissioning.
499:. Each satellite receives both direct GPS signals and signals reflected from the Earth's surface; the direct signals pinpoint the microsatellite position and provide a timing reference, while the reflected or "scattered" signals provide information about the condition of the sea's surface. Sea surface roughness corresponds to wind speed. Using a network of eight small satellites enables frequent observations: the mean revisit time is predicted to be 7 hours. The eight microsatellites orbit at an inclination of 35°, and are each capable of measuring 4 simultaneous reflections, resulting in 32 wind measurements per second across the globe.
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467:, at 500 km altitude. The program was scheduled to launch December 12, 2016, and then observe two hurricane seasons. Problems with a pump on the launching aircraft prevented this first launch, but a second launch attempt took place successfully on December 15, 2016. In 2022, one of the satellites, FM06, abruptly ceased operations.
519:. The mission will also measure ocean surface wind speed in the storm's inner core with sufficient frequency to resolve genesis and rapid intensification. As secondary goal, the project will support the operational hurricane forecast community by producing and providing ocean surface wind speed data products.
651:
CYGNSS operates continuously, over both ocean and land, and the land measurements also contain useful information. The measurements are sensitive to surface soil moisture and to the presence and extent of inland water bodies. Soil moisture has been estimated using CYGNSS data at numerous sites in the
612:
Early mission operations focused on engineering commissioning of the satellites and adjustments to the spacing between them. Their relative spacing is important for achieving the desired spatial and temporal sampling. Inter-satellite spacing is controlled by adjusting spacecraft orientation and, as a
514:
The CYGNSS science goal is to understand the coupling between ocean surface properties, moist atmospheric thermodynamics, radiation, and convective dynamics in the inner core of a tropical cyclone. To achieve this goal, the system will measure ocean surface wind speed in all precipitating conditions,
483:
of these storms. A better understanding of the inner core of tropical storms could lead to better forecasts; however, current sensors are unable to gather a sufficient quality of data on the inner core due to obscuration from rain bands surrounding it and to infrequent sampling. In order to improve
621:
Wind speed measurements are made by CYGNSS in a manner analogous to that of previous spaceborne ocean wind sensing radars, by detecting changes in surface roughness caused by near surface wind stress. The quality of the measurements is determined by comparisons to nearly coincident observations by
655:. The ability of CYGNSS land data to detect and map the extent of flood inundation under dense forest canopies has also been demonstrated and this capability has been used to produce time lapse images of flooding in and around Houston and Havana after landfalls by Hurricanes
1583:
Jones, W. Linwood; Schroeder, Lyle C.; Boggs, Dale H.; Bracalente, Emedio M.; Brown, Robert A.; Dome, George J.; Pierson, Willard J.; Wentz, Frank J. (1982). "The SEASAT-A satellite scatterometer: The geophysical evaluation of remotely sensed wind vectors over the ocean".
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1901:
Cui, Z., Z. Pu, C. Ruf, V. Tallapragada, 2019a: Impact of CYGNSS Data on
Tropical Cyclone Analysis and Forecasts Using the Operational HWRF. 23rd IOAS-ALOS Conference, AMS Annual Mtg, Jan 6-10, 2019, Phoenix,
652:
continental U.S. and is found to be in close agreement with independent measurements made by ground sensors and by another satellite. Numerical data files of soil moisture measurements are available at
502:
CYGNSS is the first of NASA's Earth
Venture-class spaceborne missions, part of NASA's Earth Science System Pathfinder program; the previous EV selections were divided among five airborne
1146:
Ruf, Christopher S.; Atlas, Robert; Chang, Paul S.; Clarizia, Maria Paola; Garrison, James L.; Gleason, Scott; Katzberg, Stephen J.; Jelenak, Zorana; Johnson, Joel T. (June 26, 2015).
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2319:
1540:
Bussy-Virat, C. D.; Ridley, A. J.; Masher, A.; Nave, K.; Intelisano, M. (2018). "Assessment of the
Differential Drag Maneuver Operations on the CYGNSS Constellation".
729:
2341:
647:
CYGNSS measurements of land surface scattering for the month of
December 2017. Changes in soil moisture and the extent of inland waterways affect the measurements.
1060:
1234:
1822:"A Study of the HWRF Analysis and Forecast Impact of Realistically Simulated CYGNSS Observations Assimilated as Scalar Wind Speeds and as VAM Wind Vectors"
4427:
2760:
1863:"Variational Analysis of Simulated Ocean Surface Winds from the Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System (CYGNSS) and Evaluation using a Regional OSSE"
3633:
1404:
Bussy-Virat, C. D.; Ruf, C. S.; Ridley, A. J. (2018). "Relationship
Between Temporal and Spatial Resolution for a Constellation of GNSS-R Satellites".
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1385:
Killough, Ronnie; Scherrer, John; Rose, Randall; Brody, Antonina; Redfern, Jillian; Smith, Keith; Ruf, Christopher; Yee, Terrance (August 9, 2017).
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since 1990 has improved by approximately 50%; however, in the same time period there has not been a corresponding improvement in forecasting the
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Astrodynamics 2013: Proceedings of the AAS/AIAA Astrodynamics
Specialist Conference held 11-15 August 2013, Hilton Head, South Carolina, U.S.A
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Ruf, Christopher; Ridley, Aaron; Nave, Kyle; Morris, Mary G.; Lang, Timothy; Chew, Clara; Balasubramaniam, Rajeswari (June 8, 2018).
794:
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2073:"Assessing L-Band GNSS-Reflectometry and Imaging Radar for Detecting Sub-Canopy Inundation Dynamics in a Tropical Wetlands Complex"
1363:
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are underlined. Launch failures are marked with the † sign. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in parentheses).
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3553:
3286:
1727:
3626:
2430:
2425:
1781:"Impact of CYGNSS ocean surface wind speeds on numerical simulations of a hurricane in observing system simulation experiments"
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missions. The two-year mission launched on
December 15, 2016, after postponements from November 2016, and December 12, 2016.
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Launches are separated by dots ( • ), payloads by commas ( , ), multiple names for the same satellite by slashes ( / ).
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2012:"Soil Moisture Sensing Using Spaceborne GNSS Reflections: Comparison of CYGNSS Reflectivity to SMAP Soil Moisture"
859:
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1955:"Use of Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System (CyGNSS) Observations for Estimation of Soil Moisture"
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2579:
2540:
2499:
2400:
707:
589:
573:
1477:"A New Paradigm in Earth Environmental Monitoring with the CYGNSS Small Satellite Constellation"
600:
196:
163.5 × 52.1 × 22.9 cm (64.4 × 20.5 × 9.0 in)
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by better understanding the interactions between the sea and the air near the core of a storm.
422:
170:
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on
September 17, 2017. The calm eye is visible inside the ring of strong winds in the eyewall.
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2435:
1912:
Warnock, April; Ruf, Chris; Morris, Mary (2017). "Storm surge prediction with cygnss winds".
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1451:. Vol. 150. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. pp. 1397–1411.
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The CYGNSS mission was launched on
December 15, 2016, at 13:37:21 UTC from a single
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Each CYGNSS satellite carries a Delay Doppler Mapping Instrument (DDMI), consisting of:
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2071:; Rodriguez-Alvarez, Nereida; Horna, Viviana; Steiner, Nicholas (September 7, 2018).
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1265:"NASA Hurricane Science Satellites sent into Orbit by Air-Launched Pegasus Rocket"
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1016:
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IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing
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IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing
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1406:
IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing
951:
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2679:
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2515:
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2368:
2145:
1629:"Scattering of GPS signals from the ocean with wind remote sensing application"
1500:
1148:"New Ocean Winds Satellite Mission to Probe Hurricanes and Tropical Convection"
660:
503:
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leading its development. Other participants in CYGNSS' development include the
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1508:
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546:
516:
488:
2122:"CYGNSS data map flood inundation during the 2017 Atlantic hurricane season"
1846:
1821:
1605:
1211:
4387:
EGG, TuPOD, UBAKUSAT, AOBA-VELOX, STARS, FREEDOM, ITF, Waseda-SAT, OSNSAT,
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3729:
2395:
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2036:
2011:
1979:
1954:
1087:"Notes from the Field - Happy Sixth Birthday to the CYGNSS Constellation"
632:. Numerical data files of ocean wind speed measurements are available at
577:
276:
1914:
2017 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS)
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4290:
4190:
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3126:
2828:
2821:
2336:
2097:
2072:
791:"NASA's CYGNSS Satellite Constellation Enters Science Operations Phase"
595:
562:
1655:
1061:"University of Michigan, NASA team up for hurricane satellite project"
25:
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signals scattered by the ocean surface for the purposes of bi-static
4438:
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3916:
3900:
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3786:
3683:
766:"Pegasus launches CYGNSS constellation following Stargazer release"
487:
CYGNSS will measure the ocean surface wind field using a bi-static
3955:
821:"Flock of 'microsats' launched to measure winds inside hurricanes"
484:
the models used in intensity forecasts, better data are required.
4400:
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4247:
4185:
4051:
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3828:
3721:
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3678:
3058:
3048:
2951:
2390:
1291:"'Valiant Troubleshooting in the Air' - CYGNSS Hurricane Mission"
1754:"Notes from the Field - Two year anniversary of CYGNSS on orbit"
918:"NASA Selects Low Cost, High Science Earth Venture Space System"
588:, from a position 201 kilometers (125 mi) off the coast of
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4035:
4008:
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3921:
3842:
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air-launched rocket. The rocket was deployed from a customized
463:
to be launched simultaneously in a single launch vehicle into
131:
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3116:
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2853:
2848:
2639:
1582:
354:
344:
2120:
Chew, Clara; Reager, John T.; Small, Erica (June 19, 2018).
4088:
2211:
1539:
1207:
437:
51:
1384:
890:"NASA funds satellite mission to measure hurricane winds"
238:
3641:
1364:"A Message From CYGNSS Principal Investigator Chris Ruf"
2180:
1679:"Assessment of CYGNSS Wind Speed Retrieval Uncertainty"
4310:
CELTEE 1, Prometheus-2 × 2, AeroCube 8 × 2, U2U, RAVAN
944:"U-M to Lead $ 150M NASA Hurricane Prediction Project"
122:
41884, 41885, 41886, 41887, 41888, 41889, 41890, 41891
1728:"Notes from the Field - Flying into Hurricane Harvey"
1235:"NASA To Fund Wind-monitoring Smallsat Constellation"
1145:
975:"NASA taps SwRI on research effort to map hurricanes"
1403:
670:
596:
Use of Differential Drag to Adjust Satellite Spacing
552:
1626:
1474:
616:
1636:IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing
1387:"CYGNSS Launch and Early Ops: Parenting Octuplets"
1005:
1003:
1001:
999:
997:
995:
724:
722:
1676:
1030:
1028:
440:sponsored the project for $ 152 million with the
146:Elapsed: 7 years, 9 months, 6 days
4475:
4047:Chinese next-generation crew capsule scale model
1911:
1677:Ruf, C. S.; Gleason, S.; McKague, D. S. (2018).
883:
881:
759:
757:
2119:
1152:Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society
992:
814:
812:
719:
459:The plan was to build a constellation of eight
1257:
1025:
3627:
2196:
1867:Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology
1785:Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology
878:
754:
1341:"Eight for Eight! All Satellites Contacted!"
838:
809:
421:) is a space-based system developed by the
966:
860:"U-M To Lead $ 152M NASA Satellite Project"
3634:
3620:
2575:Commercial Orbital Transportation Services
2203:
2189:
1952:
1627:Zavorotny, V.U.; Voronovich, A.G. (2000).
1446:
1318:"First CYGNSS micro-satellite is healthy!"
415:Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System
3469:Hubble Space Telescope anniversary images
2161:
2096:
2035:
2010:Chew, C. C.; Small, E. E. (May 5, 2018).
2009:
1978:
1886:
1845:
1804:
1516:
1226:
1171:
936:
912:
910:
735:. NASA. December 16, 2016. Archived from
638:
1338:
1112:
1110:
1108:
972:
642:
599:
556:
4499:Weather satellites of the United States
3554:NASA International Space Apps Challenge
1953:Kim, Hyunglok; Lakshmi, Venkat (2018).
1860:
1778:
1586:Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans
1391:AIAA/USU Conference on Small Satellites
852:
30:Concept art of CYGNSS above a hurricane
4514:Spacecraft launched by Pegasus rockets
4476:
2342:Administrator and Deputy Administrator
1819:
1339:Atkinson, Joseph (December 15, 2016).
907:
793:. NASA. March 31, 2017. Archived from
763:
3615:
3132:Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite
2184:
1470:
1468:
1315:
1232:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1105:
887:
818:
764:Graham, William (December 15, 2016).
3594:
819:Clark, Stephen (December 15, 2016).
2067:Jensen, Katherine; McDonald, Kyle;
1361:
515:including those experienced in the
493:Global Navigation Satellite Systems
13:
2248:National Aeronautics and Space Act
1465:
1132:
14:
4525:
3202:Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope
2756:Commercial Lunar Payload Services
973:Aldridge, James (June 21, 2012).
553:Launch and early orbit operations
389:April 15, 2017, 22:21:25 UTC
3593:
3582:
3581:
3497:Apollo 15 postal covers incident
3255:Space Flight Operations Facility
2441:Operations and Checkout Building
1362:Ruf, Chris (December 15, 2016).
1316:Allen, Bob (December 15, 2016).
1210:. April 30, 2013. Archived from
1010:"CYGNSS Factsheet October 2014".
888:Clark, Stephen (June 21, 2012).
848:. Heavens-Above. April 15, 2017.
687:
673:
617:Wind Observations over the Ocean
403:Delay Doppler Mapping Instrument
24:
2716:Lunar Precursor Robotic Program
2113:
2060:
2003:
1946:
1905:
1895:
1854:
1813:
1772:
1746:
1720:
1670:
1620:
1576:
1533:
1440:
1397:
1378:
1355:
1332:
1309:
1283:
1196:
1079:
1053:
950:. June 19, 2012. Archived from
509:
4494:NASA satellites orbiting Earth
1022:Retrieved: September 27, 2015.
783:
531:a Delay Mapping Receiver (DMR)
522:
188:28.9 kg (64 lb) each
116:
1:
1447:Finley, T.; Rose, D. (2014).
713:
329:6,903 km (4,289 mi)
4489:Tropical cyclone meteorology
3534:Space program on U.S. stamps
3459:Gemini and Apollo medallions
3409:Solar System Family Portrait
3185:Joint Polar Satellite System
3054:Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter
2308:Vision for Space Exploration
2278:Space Exploration Initiative
2016:Geophysical Research Letters
1959:Geophysical Research Letters
1233:Leone, Dan (June 19, 2012).
979:San Antonio Business Journal
703:Tropical cyclone forecasting
446:Southwest Research Institute
427:Southwest Research Institute
176:Southwest Research Institute
7:
4504:Spacecraft launched in 2016
3529:U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame
3486:We choose to go to the Moon
3449:Apollo 11 goodwill messages
3007:International Space Station
2987:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
2726:Great Observatories program
2570:International Space Station
2548:Roscosmos State Corporation
2465:Science Mission Directorate
2411:Manned Space Flight Network
1922:10.1109/IGARSS.2017.8127624
1698:10.1109/JSTARS.2018.2825948
1554:10.1109/JSTARS.2018.2878158
1418:10.1109/JSTARS.2018.2833426
666:
537:one zenith-pointing antenna
534:two nadir-pointing antennas
470:
454:Surrey Satellite Technology
229:December 15, 2016, 13:37:21
10:
4530:
3346:NASA cameras on spacecraft
3157:James Webb Space Telescope
3069:Solar Dynamics Observatory
2290:U.S. National Space Policy
2146:10.1038/s41598-018-27673-x
1779:Zhang, S.; Pu, Z. (2017).
1501:10.1038/s41598-018-27127-4
1129:Retrieved: August 15, 2015
495:(GNSS) signals, primarily
475:Forecasting the tracks of
429:with the aim of improving
4509:2016 in the United States
4459:
4349:
4283:
4236:
4162:
4098:
4060:
3965:
3909:
3859:
3797:ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter
3769:
3702:
3666:
3577:
3477:
3354:
3269:
3214:
3177:
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2786:
2773:
2703:
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2607:
2562:
2488:
2477:
2421:Vehicle Assembly Building
2329:
2228:
2218:
1888:10.1175/jtech-d-17-0136.1
1806:10.1175/jtech-d-16-0144.1
1758:earthobservatory.nasa.gov
1732:earthobservatory.nasa.gov
1173:10.1175/BAMS-D-14-00218.1
628:January 21, 2019, at the
450:Sierra Nevada Corporation
407:
402:
397:
393:
383:
373:
363:
359:536 km (333 mi)
353:
349:514 km (319 mi)
343:
333:
323:
313:
303:
298:
294:
290:
282:
272:
255:
244:
225:
220:
216:
212:
204:
192:
184:
163:
158:
154:
150:
140:
126:
113:
57:
47:
39:
35:
23:
3492:Apollo 8 Genesis reading
3416:The Day the Earth Smiled
2751:Solar Terrestrial Probes
2210:
695:Tropical cyclones portal
541:The instrument receives
3549:Other primates in space
3261:Deep Space Atomic Clock
3081:Mars Science Laboratory
2869:Spitzer Space Telescope
2458:Lunar Sample Laboratory
2401:Launch Services Program
1847:10.1175/mwr-d-17-0240.1
1820:Annane, Bachir (2018).
1606:10.1029/JC087iC05p03297
1127:University of Michigan.
1122:March 15, 2013, at the
1020:University of Michigan.
1015:August 4, 2016, at the
708:Tropical cyclone scales
604:CYGNSS measurements of
590:Cape Canaveral, Florida
3564:National Astronaut Day
3507:The Astronaut Monument
3329:Space Shuttle missions
3029:Mars Exploration Rover
3012:Hubble Space Telescope
2921:Kepler space telescope
2721:Earth Observing System
2695:Mars Exploration Rover
2406:Mercury Control Center
1916:. pp. 2975–2978.
1826:Monthly Weather Review
1091:NASA Earth Observatory
1040:University of Michigan
948:University of Michigan
648:
639:Observations over Land
609:
565:
561:Launch of CYGNSS on a
442:University of Michigan
423:University of Michigan
171:University of Michigan
4214:BlackSky Pathfinder-1
4122:QUESS / Mozi / Micius
3512:Lunar sample displays
3502:Space Mirror Memorial
3444:Voyager Golden Record
3336:United States rockets
2528: (with the
2436:Launch Control Center
646:
603:
560:
431:hurricane forecasting
304:Reference system
233:2016-12-15UTC13:37:21
159:Spacecraft properties
4446:/ Gaojing-1 01, 02,
3650:Orbital launches in
2530:Soviet space program
2448:Johnson Space Center
2416:Kennedy Space Center
2379:spinoff technologies
2037:10.1029/2018gl077905
1980:10.1029/2018GL078923
1861:Leidner, S. (2018).
4484:Weather forecasting
4005:Eutelsat 117 West B
3539:Apollo 17 Moon mice
3395:Pillars of Creation
3302:Space Shuttle crews
2780:(human and robotic)
2774:Individual featured
2357:Ranks and positions
2138:2018NatSR...8.9336C
2089:2018RemS...10.1431J
2028:2018GeoRL..45.4049C
1971:2018GeoRL..45.8272K
1879:2018JAtOT..35.1571L
1838:2018MWRv..146.2221A
1797:2017JAtOT..34..375Z
1648:2000ITGRS..38..951Z
1598:1982JGR....87.3297J
1493:2018NatSR...8.8782R
1297:. December 12, 2016
1271:. December 15, 2016
1245:on February 3, 2013
1204:"Missions - CYGNSS"
1164:2016BAMS...97..385R
1093:. December 15, 2022
491:technique based on
20:
3896:Mikhailo Lomonosov
3782:Eutelsat 65 West A
3341:NASA cancellations
3236:Deep Space Network
3226:Near Earth Network
2711:Living With a Star
2685:Project Prometheus
2665:Planetary Observer
2126:Scientific Reports
2098:10.3390/rs10091431
1760:. January 20, 2019
1734:. January 20, 2019
1481:Scientific Reports
730:"CYGNSS Press Kit"
681:Spaceflight portal
649:
610:
566:
299:Orbital parameters
18:
4471:
4470:
4452:
4431:
4396:
4323:FOC 7, 12, 13, 14
4311:
4268:
4229:
3609:
3608:
3522:stolen or missing
3319:uncrewed missions
3297:Apollo astronauts
3292:Gemini astronauts
3210:
3209:
2994:2001 Mars Odyssey
2769:
2768:
2645:Mars Surveyor '98
2603:
2602:
2546: (with
2479:Human spaceflight
2473:
2472:
2431:Launch Complex 48
2426:Launch Complex 39
1965:(16): 8272–8282.
1931:978-1-5090-4951-6
1656:10.1109/36.841977
1592:(C5): 3297–3317.
477:tropical cyclones
411:
410:
200:
144:Planned: 2 years
4521:
4447:
4426:
4386:
4309:
4263:
4221:
4038:
4032:
4026:
3892:
3832:
3825:
3801:Schiaparelli EDM
3761:ASTRO-H / Hitomi
3742:Kwangmyŏngsŏng-4
3655:
3654:
3653:
3636:
3629:
3622:
3613:
3612:
3597:
3596:
3585:
3584:
3423:Fallen Astronaut
3064:Van Allen Probes
2784:
2783:
2690:Mars Exploration
2615:
2614:
2486:
2485:
2254:Space Task Group
2226:
2225:
2205:
2198:
2191:
2182:
2181:
2176:
2175:
2165:
2117:
2111:
2110:
2100:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2039:
2022:(9): 4049–4057.
2007:
2001:
2000:
1982:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1909:
1903:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1873:(8): 1571–1584.
1858:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1832:(7): 2221–2236.
1817:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1750:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1724:
1718:
1717:
1683:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1633:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1580:
1574:
1573:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1520:
1472:
1463:
1462:
1444:
1438:
1437:
1401:
1395:
1394:
1382:
1376:
1375:
1373:
1371:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1336:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1287:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1261:
1255:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1241:. Archived from
1230:
1224:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1214:on April 7, 2014
1200:
1194:
1193:
1175:
1143:
1130:
1114:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1083:
1077:
1076:
1074:
1072:
1057:
1051:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1036:"CYGNSS Mission"
1032:
1023:
1007:
990:
989:
987:
985:
970:
964:
963:
961:
959:
954:on June 23, 2012
940:
934:
933:
931:
929:
914:
905:
904:
902:
900:
885:
876:
875:
873:
871:
864:Associated Press
856:
850:
849:
846:"CYGNSS - Orbit"
842:
836:
835:
833:
831:
816:
807:
806:
804:
802:
797:on June 29, 2017
787:
781:
780:
778:
776:
770:NASA Spaceflight
761:
752:
751:
749:
747:
741:
734:
726:
697:
692:
691:
690:
683:
678:
677:
676:
663:, respectively.
582:
461:micro-satellites
345:Perigee altitude
236:
234:
221:Start of mission
198:
141:Mission duration
136:
133:
118:
109:
103:
97:
91:
85:
79:
73:
67:
43:Weather research
28:
21:
17:
4529:
4528:
4524:
4523:
4522:
4520:
4519:
4518:
4474:
4473:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4455:
4345:
4279:
4260:Cygnus CRS OA-5
4232:
4158:
4094:
4056:
4034:
4028:
4021:
3961:
3905:
3888:
3855:
3827:
3820:
3813:Cygnus CRS OA-6
3765:
3698:
3662:
3661:
3651:
3649:
3648:
3646:
3640:
3610:
3605:
3573:
3473:
3464:Mission patches
3439:Pioneer plaques
3402:Mystic Mountain
3379:Family Portrait
3372:The Blue Marble
3356:
3350:
3324:Apollo missions
3265:
3217:
3206:
3173:
2978:
2972:
2809:Mercury-Atlas 6
2779:
2775:
2765:
2699:
2635:Mariner Mark II
2599:
2580:Commercial Crew
2558:
2481:
2469:
2453:Mission Control
2352:Astronaut Corps
2347:Chief Scientist
2325:
2230:
2214:
2209:
2179:
2118:
2114:
2065:
2061:
2008:
2004:
1951:
1947:
1932:
1910:
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1900:
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1681:
1675:
1671:
1631:
1625:
1621:
1581:
1577:
1538:
1534:
1473:
1466:
1459:
1458:978-087703605-0
1445:
1441:
1402:
1398:
1383:
1379:
1369:
1367:
1360:
1356:
1346:
1344:
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1323:
1321:
1314:
1310:
1300:
1298:
1289:
1288:
1284:
1274:
1272:
1269:Spaceflight 101
1263:
1262:
1258:
1248:
1246:
1231:
1227:
1217:
1215:
1202:
1201:
1197:
1144:
1133:
1124:Wayback Machine
1115:
1106:
1096:
1094:
1085:
1084:
1080:
1070:
1068:
1067:. June 19, 2012
1059:
1058:
1054:
1044:
1042:
1034:
1033:
1026:
1017:Wayback Machine
1008:
993:
983:
981:
971:
967:
957:
955:
942:
941:
937:
927:
925:
924:. June 18, 2012
916:
915:
908:
898:
896:
886:
879:
869:
867:
866:. June 19, 2012
858:
857:
853:
844:
843:
839:
829:
827:
825:Spaceflight Now
817:
810:
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798:
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745:
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739:
732:
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672:
669:
641:
630:Wayback Machine
619:
598:
580:
574:Lockheed L-1011
555:
525:
512:
473:
465:low Earth orbit
355:Apogee altitude
325:Semi-major axis
283:Entered service
232:
230:
197:
180:
145:
132:cygnss-michigan
130:
105:
99:
93:
87:
81:
75:
69:
63:
31:
12:
11:
5:
4527:
4517:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4469:
4468:
4464:Crewed flights
4460:
4457:
4456:
4454:
4453:
4441:
4432:
4420:
4414:
4409:
4403:
4398:
4376:
4371:
4369:Resourcesat-2A
4366:
4361:
4358:Progress MS-04
4353:
4351:
4347:
4346:
4344:
4343:
4337:
4332:
4325:
4317:
4312:
4303:
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4287:
4285:
4281:
4280:
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4277:
4270:
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4231:
4230:
4199:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4166:
4164:
4160:
4159:
4157:
4156:
4150:
4141:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4102:
4100:
4096:
4095:
4093:
4092:
4082:
4077:
4075:Progress MS-03
4072:
4064:
4062:
4058:
4057:
4055:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4011:
4002:
3994:
3985:
3979:
3969:
3967:
3963:
3962:
3960:
3959:
3949:
3937:
3932:
3930:FOC-10, FOC-11
3924:
3919:
3913:
3911:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3878:
3869:
3863:
3861:
3857:
3856:
3854:
3853:
3851:Progress MS-02
3848:
3840:
3834:
3810:
3803:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3773:
3771:
3767:
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3606:
3604:
3603:
3591:
3578:
3575:
3574:
3572:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3559:Astronauts Day
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3525:
3524:
3519:
3509:
3504:
3499:
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3489:
3481:
3479:
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3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
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3412:
3405:
3398:
3391:
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3375:
3368:
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3338:
3333:
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3331:
3326:
3321:
3311:
3306:
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3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3273:
3271:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3263:
3258:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3233:
3228:
3222:
3220:
3218:and navigation
3216:Communications
3212:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3204:
3199:
3196:Europa Clipper
3192:
3187:
3181:
3179:
3175:
3174:
3172:
3171:
3166:
3165:
3164:
3154:
3153:
3152:
3147:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3102:
3095:
3090:
3089:
3088:
3078:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3045:
3044:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2997:
2990:
2982:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2971:
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2861:
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2801:
2796:
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2771:
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2766:
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2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2707:
2705:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2650:New Millennium
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2621:
2619:
2612:
2605:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2598:
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2238:
2236:
2223:
2216:
2215:
2208:
2207:
2200:
2193:
2185:
2178:
2177:
2112:
2077:Remote Sensing
2059:
2002:
1945:
1930:
1904:
1894:
1853:
1812:
1791:(2): 375–383.
1771:
1745:
1719:
1669:
1642:(2): 951–964.
1619:
1575:
1532:
1464:
1457:
1439:
1396:
1377:
1354:
1331:
1308:
1295:blogs.nasa.gov
1282:
1256:
1225:
1195:
1158:(3): 385–395.
1131:
1104:
1078:
1065:Michigan Radio
1052:
1024:
991:
965:
935:
906:
894:SpaceflightNow
877:
851:
837:
808:
782:
753:
742:on May 8, 2018
717:
715:
712:
711:
710:
705:
699:
698:
684:
668:
665:
640:
637:
618:
615:
606:Hurricane Jose
597:
594:
554:
551:
539:
538:
535:
532:
524:
521:
511:
508:
504:remote sensing
472:
469:
436:In June 2012,
409:
408:
405:
404:
400:
399:
395:
394:
391:
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387:
381:
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377:
371:
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321:
320:
315:
311:
310:
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301:
300:
296:
295:
292:
291:
288:
287:
286:March 23, 2017
284:
280:
279:
274:
270:
269:
260:Cape Canaveral
257:
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61:
55:
54:
49:
45:
44:
41:
37:
36:
33:
32:
29:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4526:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
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4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4481:
4479:
4465:
4458:
4450:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4436:
4433:
4429:
4424:
4421:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4394:
4391:, TechEDSat,
4390:
4384:
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4377:
4375:
4372:
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4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4359:
4355:
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4331:
4330:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4288:
4286:
4282:
4276:
4275:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4255:
4251:
4249:
4245:
4244:Sky Muster II
4242:
4241:
4239:
4235:
4228:
4224:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4200:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4171:
4168:
4167:
4165:
4161:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4107:
4104:
4103:
4101:
4097:
4090:
4086:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4076:
4073:
4071:
4070:
4066:
4065:
4063:
4059:
4053:
4052:Shijian 16-02
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4037:
4031:
4030:SathyabamaSat
4024:
4019:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3989:
3986:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3974:
3971:
3970:
3968:
3964:
3957:
3953:
3952:Ziyuan III-02
3950:
3948:
3945:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3914:
3912:
3908:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3891:
3886:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3864:
3862:
3858:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3841:
3838:
3835:
3830:
3823:
3818:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3808:
3807:Soyuz TMA-20M
3804:
3802:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3774:
3772:
3768:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3708:
3707:
3705:
3701:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3674:Belintersat-1
3672:
3671:
3669:
3665:
3660:
3656:
3645:
3637:
3632:
3630:
3625:
3623:
3618:
3617:
3614:
3602:
3601:
3592:
3590:
3589:
3580:
3579:
3576:
3570:
3569:Nikon NASA F4
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3514:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3487:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3476:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3454:NASA insignia
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3434:Lunar plaques
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3424:
3420:
3418:
3417:
3413:
3411:
3410:
3406:
3404:
3403:
3399:
3397:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3387:
3386:Pale Blue Dot
3383:
3382:
3381:
3380:
3376:
3374:
3373:
3369:
3367:
3366:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3353:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3316:
3315:
3314:NASA missions
3312:
3310:
3309:NASA aircraft
3307:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3278:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3268:
3262:
3259:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3231:Space Network
3229:
3227:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3219:
3213:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3197:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3180:
3176:
3170:
3167:
3163:
3160:
3159:
3158:
3155:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3140:
3139:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3107:
3103:
3101:
3100:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3076:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3019:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3002:
2998:
2996:
2995:
2991:
2989:
2988:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2975:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2956:
2954:
2953:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2916:
2912:
2910:
2909:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2897:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2864:Space Shuttle
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2838:
2837:
2833:
2831:
2830:
2826:
2824:
2823:
2819:
2817:
2816:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2785:
2782:
2778:
2772:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2746:New Frontiers
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2702:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2655:Lunar Orbiter
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2616:
2613:
2610:
2606:
2596:
2595:Lunar Gateway
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2561:
2555:
2554:Constellation
2552:
2549:
2545:
2544:
2539:
2537:
2536:Space Shuttle
2534:
2531:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2501:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2487:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2466:
2463:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2450:
2449:
2446:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2380:
2377:
2376:
2375:
2374:NASA research
2372:
2370:
2367:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2354:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2328:
2321:
2318:
2315:
2312:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2300:
2297:
2294:
2291:
2288:
2285:
2282:
2279:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2206:
2201:
2199:
2194:
2192:
2187:
2186:
2183:
2173:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2116:
2108:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2069:Podest, Erika
2063:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2006:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1949:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1908:
1898:
1889:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1857:
1848:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1816:
1807:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1775:
1759:
1755:
1749:
1733:
1729:
1723:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1680:
1673:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1630:
1623:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1579:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1536:
1528:
1524:
1519:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1471:
1469:
1460:
1454:
1450:
1443:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1400:
1392:
1388:
1381:
1365:
1358:
1342:
1335:
1319:
1312:
1296:
1292:
1286:
1270:
1266:
1260:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1229:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1199:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1128:
1125:
1121:
1118:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1092:
1088:
1082:
1066:
1062:
1056:
1041:
1037:
1031:
1029:
1021:
1018:
1014:
1011:
1006:
1004:
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
980:
976:
969:
953:
949:
945:
939:
923:
919:
913:
911:
895:
891:
884:
882:
865:
861:
855:
847:
841:
826:
822:
815:
813:
796:
792:
786:
771:
767:
760:
758:
738:
731:
725:
723:
718:
709:
706:
704:
701:
700:
696:
685:
682:
671:
664:
662:
658:
654:
645:
636:
634:
631:
627:
624:
614:
607:
602:
593:
591:
587:
586:
579:
575:
571:
564:
559:
550:
548:
547:scatterometry
544:
536:
533:
530:
529:
528:
520:
518:
507:
505:
500:
498:
494:
490:
489:scatterometry
485:
482:
478:
468:
466:
462:
457:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
434:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
406:
401:
396:
392:
388:
386:
382:
378:
376:
372:
368:
366:
362:
358:
356:
352:
348:
346:
342:
338:
336:
332:
328:
326:
322:
319:
316:
312:
309:
306:
302:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
278:
275:
271:
267:
266:
261:
258:
254:
250:
247:
243:
240:
228:
224:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
195:
191:
187:
183:
177:
174:
172:
169:
168:
166:
162:
157:
153:
149:
143:
139:
135:
129:
125:
121:
119:
112:
108:
102:
96:
90:
84:
78:
72:
66:
62:
60:
56:
53:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
27:
22:
16:
4463:
4405:
4356:
4327:
4272:
4252:
4144:Intelsat 33e
4080:Dragon CRS-9
4067:
3977:Geo-IK-2 №12
3872:Dragon CRS-8
3805:
3689:Intelsat 29e
3599:
3587:
3421:
3414:
3408:
3400:
3393:
3384:
3377:
3370:
3363:
3194:
3143:Perseverance
3142:
3104:
3097:
3074:
3034:
3017:
3001:New Horizons
2999:
2992:
2985:
2958:
2950:
2926:
2914:
2907:
2894:
2882:
2874:
2835:
2827:
2820:
2813:
2542:
2526:Apollo–Soyuz
2129:
2125:
2115:
2080:
2076:
2062:
2019:
2015:
2005:
1962:
1958:
1948:
1913:
1907:
1897:
1870:
1866:
1856:
1829:
1825:
1815:
1788:
1784:
1774:
1762:. Retrieved
1757:
1748:
1736:. Retrieved
1731:
1722:
1689:
1685:
1672:
1639:
1635:
1622:
1589:
1585:
1578:
1545:
1541:
1535:
1484:
1480:
1448:
1442:
1409:
1405:
1399:
1390:
1380:
1368:. Retrieved
1357:
1345:. Retrieved
1334:
1322:. Retrieved
1311:
1301:December 12,
1299:. Retrieved
1294:
1285:
1273:. Retrieved
1268:
1259:
1247:. Retrieved
1243:the original
1238:
1228:
1218:September 8,
1216:. Retrieved
1212:the original
1198:
1155:
1151:
1126:
1095:. Retrieved
1090:
1081:
1069:. Retrieved
1064:
1055:
1045:February 11,
1043:. Retrieved
1019:
982:. Retrieved
978:
968:
958:November 14,
956:. Retrieved
952:the original
947:
938:
926:. Retrieved
921:
897:. Retrieved
893:
868:. Retrieved
863:
854:
840:
828:. Retrieved
824:
799:. Retrieved
795:the original
785:
773:. Retrieved
769:
744:. Retrieved
737:the original
650:
620:
611:
583:
567:
540:
526:
513:
510:Science goal
501:
486:
474:
458:
435:
418:
414:
412:
379:95.1 minutes
335:Eccentricity
263:
164:Manufacturer
40:Mission type
15:
4435:Star One D1
4412:EchoStar 19
4383:Kounotori 6
4329:Soyuz MS-03
4306:WorldView-4
4274:Soyuz MS-02
4254:Shenzhou 11
4148:Intelsat 36
4069:Soyuz MS-01
4014:Cartosat-2C
3982:Intelsat 31
3973:Kosmos 2517
3940:Kosmos 2516
3881:Sentinel-1B
3839:/ Bars-M 2L
3837:Kosmos 2515
3792:Resurs-P №3
3756:Sentinel-3A
3730:Kosmos 2514
3694:Eutelsat 9B
3429:Deep fields
3357:and artwork
3355:NASA images
2927:Opportunity
2396:NASA Social
2222:and history
2132:(1): 9336.
2083:(9): 1431.
1764:January 20,
1738:January 20,
1487:(1): 8782.
578:Orbital ATK
523:Instruments
398:Instruments
365:Inclination
277:Orbital ATK
256:Launch site
226:Launch date
199:(L x W x D)
185:Launch mass
4478:Categories
4401:Fengyun 4A
4389:Tancredo-1
4340:Tianlian I
4296:Shijian-17
4291:Himawari 9
4191:Tiangong-2
4181:OSIRIS-REx
4106:Tiantong-1
3885:MICROSCOPE
3867:Shijian-10
3517:Moon rocks
3277:Astronauts
3270:NASA lists
3127:OSIRIS-REx
2961:helicopter
2829:Pioneer 11
2822:Pioneer 10
2625:Hitchhiker
2500:suborbital
2337:Space Race
1239:Space News
1097:October 3,
714:References
576:aircraft,
570:Pegasus XL
563:Pegasus-XL
369:35 degrees
308:Geocentric
273:Contractor
249:Pegasus XL
208:34.7 watts
193:Dimensions
4449:Bayi Kepu
4444:SuperView
4364:Göktürk-1
4202:ScatSat-1
4176:INSAT-3DR
4163:September
4153:Gaofen-10
3944:GLONASS-M
3935:Thaicom 8
3922:Yaogan 30
3890:e-st@r-II
3822:Flock-2e'
3734:GLONASS-M
3544:Moon tree
3365:Earthrise
3240:Goldstone
3137:Mars 2020
3106:Voyager 2
3099:Voyager 1
3035:Curiosity
2979:operating
2977:Currently
2959:Ingenuity
2896:MESSENGER
2875:Sojourner
2804:Mercury 3
2794:Apollo 11
2741:Discovery
2731:Explorers
2320:Augustine
2284:Augustine
2154:2045-2322
2107:2072-4292
2054:134962064
2046:0094-8276
1989:1944-8007
1706:1939-1404
1692:: 87–97.
1664:0196-2892
1614:2156-2202
1562:1939-1404
1509:2045-2322
1426:1939-1404
1412:: 16–25.
1370:April 16,
1347:April 16,
1324:April 16,
1275:April 16,
1182:0003-0007
1117:"CYGNSS."
1071:April 11,
830:April 16,
801:April 16,
775:April 17,
746:April 17,
585:Stargazer
481:intensity
318:Low Earth
265:Stargazer
107:2016-078H
101:2016-078G
95:2016-078F
89:2016-078E
83:2016-078D
77:2016-078C
71:2016-078B
65:2016-078A
59:COSPAR ID
4439:JCSAT-15
4350:December
4315:Yunhai-1
4284:November
4210:Alsat-2B
4206:Alsat-1B
4117:JCSAT-16
4112:Gaofen-3
4023:Flock-2p
3917:JCSAT-14
3901:IRNSS-1G
3817:Diwata-1
3787:IRNSS-1F
3703:February
3684:IRNSS-1E
3588:Category
3250:Canberra
3162:timeline
3150:timeline
3086:timeline
3042:timeline
2939:observed
2934:timeline
2902:Aquarius
2842:timeline
2815:Magellan
2777:missions
2675:Surveyor
2611:programs
2541:Shuttle–
2482:programs
2314:Aldridge
2233:creation
2172:29921941
1997:53379291
1940:25898619
1714:13966928
1570:59234996
1548:: 7–15.
1527:29884899
1434:19175653
1249:June 22,
1190:10991111
1120:Archived
1013:Archived
984:June 22,
928:June 24,
899:June 22,
870:June 22,
667:See also
626:Archived
471:Overview
48:Operator
4393:Lemur-2
4320:Galileo
4301:XPNAV 1
4265:Lemur-2
4248:GSAT-18
4237:October
4218:Pratham
4186:Ofek-11
4139:GSSAP-4
4135:USA-271
4131:GSSAP-3
4127:USA-270
4085:USA-269
3992:Orion 9
3988:USA-268
3984:/ DLA-2
3927:Galileo
3829:Lemur-2
3751:Topaz-4
3747:USA-267
3722:GPS IIF
3718:USA-266
3679:Jason-3
3667:January
3600:Commons
3478:Related
3287:by year
3282:by name
3059:GOES 15
3049:GOES 14
2966:flights
2952:InSight
2908:Cassini
2836:Galileo
2761:SIMPLEx
2736:Voyager
2704:Current
2660:Pioneer
2630:Mariner
2609:Robotic
2590:Artemis
2563:Current
2506:Mercury
2498: (
2391:NASA TV
2330:General
2229:History
2163:6008409
2134:Bibcode
2085:Bibcode
2024:Bibcode
1967:Bibcode
1875:Bibcode
1834:Bibcode
1793:Bibcode
1644:Bibcode
1594:Bibcode
1518:5993737
1489:Bibcode
1160:Bibcode
517:eyewall
339:0.00162
231: (
127:Website
115:SATCAT
4423:TanSat
4406:CYGNSS
4335:GOES-R
4223:CanX-7
4196:SkySat
4170:AMOS-6
4099:August
4042:MUOS-5
4036:Swayam
4018:M3MSat
4009:ABS-2A
3997:BeiDou
3846:IGSO-6
3843:BeiDou
3710:BeiDou
3659:2017 →
3644:← 2015
3245:Madrid
3178:Future
3093:NuSTAR
3024:THEMIS
2946:RHESSI
2883:Spirit
2680:Viking
2670:Ranger
2521:Skylab
2516:Apollo
2511:Gemini
2369:Budget
2322:(2009)
2316:(2004)
2310:(2004)
2304:(2003)
2298:(2002)
2296:CFUSAI
2292:(1996)
2286:(1990)
2280:(1989)
2274:(1987)
2268:(1986)
2266:Rogers
2262:(1986)
2256:(1958)
2250:(1958)
2244:(1915)
2220:Policy
2170:
2160:
2152:
2105:
2052:
2044:
1995:
1987:
1938:
1928:
1712:
1704:
1662:
1612:
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1560:
1525:
1515:
1507:
1455:
1432:
1424:
1366:. NASA
1343:. NASA
1320:. NASA
1188:
1180:
657:Harvey
581:'s
452:, and
419:CYGNSS
375:Period
314:Regime
245:Rocket
237:
19:CYGNSS
4428:Spark
4419:/ ERG
4417:Arase
4379:HTV-6
4374:WGS-8
4227:PISat
3956:ÑuSat
3860:April
3777:SES-9
3770:March
3190:NISAR
3145:rover
3117:MAVEN
3037:rover
3018:Swift
2929:rover
2890:LADEE
2885:rover
2877:rover
2854:GRAIL
2849:GALEX
2640:MESUR
2585:Orion
2386:NASA+
2362:Chief
2260:Paine
2050:S2CID
1993:S2CID
1936:S2CID
1710:S2CID
1682:(PDF)
1632:(PDF)
1566:S2CID
1430:S2CID
1186:S2CID
740:(PDF)
733:(PDF)
385:Epoch
205:Power
4089:NROL
4061:July
4025:× 12
3966:June
3958:1, 2
3876:BEAM
3824:× 20
3713:M3-S
3652:2016
3169:PACE
3112:WISE
3075:Juno
2915:Dawn
2859:WMAP
2799:COBE
2787:Past
2618:Past
2496:X-15
2489:Past
2302:CAIB
2272:Ride
2242:NACA
2212:NASA
2168:PMID
2150:ISSN
2103:ISSN
2042:ISSN
1985:ISSN
1926:ISBN
1766:2019
1740:2019
1702:ISSN
1660:ISSN
1610:ISSN
1558:ISSN
1523:PMID
1505:ISSN
1453:ISBN
1422:ISSN
1372:2017
1349:2017
1326:2017
1303:2016
1277:2017
1251:2012
1220:2013
1208:NASA
1178:ISSN
1099:2023
1073:2023
1047:2016
986:2012
960:2016
930:2012
922:NASA
901:2012
872:2012
832:2017
803:2017
777:2017
748:2017
661:Irma
659:and
438:NASA
425:and
413:The
134:.org
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2158:PMC
2142:doi
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2032:doi
1975:doi
1918:doi
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1801:doi
1694:doi
1652:doi
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1550:doi
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