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170:") leave brain tissue appearing largely homogeneous and do not reveal the level of organization apparent in a Nissl stain. Nissl staining reveals details ranging from the macroscopic, such as the laminar pattern of the cerebral cortex or the interlocking nuclear patterns of the diencephalon and brainstem, to the microscopic, such as the distinctions between individual neurons and
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worked on the brains of diverse mammalian species and developed a division of the cerebral cortex into 52 discrete areas (of which 44 in the human, and the remaining 8 in the non-human primate brain). Brodmann used numbers to categorize the different architectural areas, now referred to as a
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expressed in any group of cells in the brain. However, Nissl cytoarchitecture remains a reliable, inexpensive, and familiar starting or reference point for neuroscientists wishing to examine or communicate their findings in a widely recognized anatomical framework and/or in reference to
130:, two neurologists in Vienna, produced a landmark work in brain research by defining 107 cortical areas on the basis of cytoarchitectonic criteria. They used letters to categorize the architecture, e.g., "F" for areas of the
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Elliot Smith, G. (1907) A new topographical survey of the human cerebral cortex, being an account of the distribution of the anatomically distinct cortical areas and their relationship to the cerebral sulci.
166:), which are abundant in neurons and reveal specific patterns of cytoarchitecture in the brain. Other common staining techniques used by histologists in other tissues (such as the hematoxylin and eosin or "
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361:
Yosef
Grodzinsky Professor and Canadian Research Chair in Neurolinguistics McGill University; Katrin Amunts Professor of Structural-Functional Brain Mapping Aachen University (24 March 2006).
19:
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the neuroscientist and histologist who originated the technique) is commonly used for determining the cytoarchitectonics of neuroanatomical structures, using common agents such as
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composition of the central nervous system's tissues under the microscope. Cytoarchitectonics is one of the ways to parse the brain, by obtaining sections of the brain using a
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in any subregion of the central nervous system. Many other neuroanatomic and cytoarchitectonic techniques are available to supplement Nissl cytoarchitectonics, including
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94:(1833–1892), who in 1867 noticed regional variations in the histological structure of different parts of the gray matter in the cerebral hemispheres.
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Der Bau der Gross-Hirnrinde und seine örtlichen
Verschiedenheiten, nebst einem pathologisch–anatomischen Corollarium
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78:(from Greek μυελός 'marrow' and ἀρχιτεκτονική 'architecture'), an approach complementary to cytoarchitectonics.
90:—the science of slicing and staining brain slices for examination. It is credited to the Viennese psychiatrist
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Vergleichende
Lokalisationslehre der Grosshirnrinde in ihren Prinzipien dargestellt auf Grund des Zellenbaues
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288:"Neue Untersuchungen über die Markbildung in den menschlichen Grosshirnlappen".
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was the first to present the cytoarchitecture of the human brain into 40 areas.
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111:(1871–1937), a New South Wales native working in Cairo, identified 50 areas.
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Campbell, A.W. (1903). "Histological studies on cerebral localisation".
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and staining them with chemical agents which reveal where different
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404:(translated, revised and edited by L.C. Triarhou). Karger, Basel.
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279:. J.H. Heuser’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Neuwied & Leipzig.
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Language and
Literacy Development: What Educators Need to Know
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Defining cerebral cytoarchitecture began with the advent of
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Microscopic study of the anatomy of human nervous tissue
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neuroanatomical atlases which use the same technique.
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Neuroanatomy of
Language Regions of the Human Brain
219:James P. Byrnes; Barbara A. Wasik (23 March 2012).
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349:Brodmann’s Localisation in the Cerebral Cortex
323:Journal of Anatomy and Physiology (London) 41:
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306:Proceedings of the Royal Society of London
142:The Nissl staining technique (named for
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400:Economo, C. von, Koskinas, G.N. (2008)
387:Economo, C. von, Koskinas, G.N. (1925)
367:. Oxford University Press. p. 18.
23:The human cerebral cortex divided into
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249:Michael Petrides (3 December 2013).
72:) into layers forms the subject of
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338:. Johann Ambrosius Barth, Leipzig.
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64:The study of the parcellation of
27:on the basis of cytoarchitecture.
225:. Guilford Press. pp. 38–.
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182:, which allow one to label any
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45:'architecture'), also known as
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158:. These dyes intensely stain "
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351:. Springer Science, New York.
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138:The Nissl staining technique
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290:Neurologisches Centralblatt
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164:rough endoplasmic reticulum
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391:. Julius Springer, Vienna.
124:Constantin von Economo
102:Alfred Walter Campbell
49:, is the study of the
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180:in situ hybridization
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334:Brodmann, K. (1909)
176:immunohistochemistry
109:Grafton Elliot Smith
347:Garey, L.J. (2006)
275:Meynert, T. (1872)
75:myeloarchitectonics
113:Korbinian Brodmann
47:cytoarchitectonics
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374:978-0-19-803952-5
262:978-0-12-405931-3
232:978-1-4625-0666-8
128:Georg N. Koskinas
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156:neutral red
144:Franz Nissl
68:(primarily
41:'cell' and
414:Categories
207:References
430:Histology
311::488-492.
88:histology
55:microtome
325:237-254.
195:See also
148:thionine
51:cellular
188:protein
59:neurons
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34:(from
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70:axons
39:κύτος
36:Greek
369:ISBN
257:ISBN
227:ISBN
184:gene
178:and
172:glia
126:and
107:Sir
186:or
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