181:
2274:
222:
617:
151:
2108:
166:
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1851:
2131:
54:
2979:"Kayser vnnd Herscher aller Rewssen und Groszfürste zu Wolodimer" in the German text of Maximilian's letter; "Imperator et Dominator universorum Rhutenorum et Magnus Princeps Valadomerorum" in the Latin copy. Vasily III responded by referring to Maximilian as "Maximiliano Dei gratia Electo Romanorum Caesare", i.e., "Roman Caesar". Maximilian's letter was of great importance to
2181:
to revoke this major diplomatic concession and a decade of intensive warfare, the imperial title of the
Bulgarian ruler was recognized by the Byzantine government in 924 and again at the formal conclusion of peace in 927. Since in Byzantine political theory there was place for only two emperors,
3000:("king"), if they would only ally themselves with the Pope. Such a proposal was made for the last time in 1550, i.e., three years after Ivan IV had crowned himself tsar. As early as 1489, Ivan III declined the papal offer, declaring that his regal authority did not require anyone's confirmation.
2244:
adopted the traditional title "tsar" in 1908 and it was used until the abolition of the monarchy in 1946. However, these titles were not generally perceived as equivalents of "emperor" any longer. In the
Bulgarian as in the Greek vernacular, the meaning of the title had shifted (although
2477:("the Terrible"), in 1547. Some foreign ambassadors—namely, Herberstein (in 1516 and 1525), Daniel Printz a Buchau (in 1576 and 1578) and Just Juel (in 1709)—indicated that the word "tsar" should not be translated as "emperor", because it is applied by Russians to
3388:"Den Titel aines Khaisers, wiewol Er alle seine Brief nur Reissisch schreibt, darinn Er sich Czar nent, so schickht Er gemaincklich Lateinische Copeyen darmit oder darinn, und an stat des Czar setzen sy Imperator, den wir Teutsch Khaiser nennen".
2504:), argues that the title of "tsar" is more honorable for Muscovites than "kaiser" or "king" exactly because it was God and not some earthly potentate who ordained to apply it to David, Solomon, and other kings of Israel.
3535:
White Tsar . This title was widely used in
Russian communication with Asian or Muslim peoples during the nineteenth century and derived its attraction from its 'Asian' appeal. n late Tsarist times the expression
3128:
was thus an independent ruler, with no overlord, who could be either a king of one particular nation or people, as in the Bible, or an 'emperor' ruling over several antions, such as the East Roman
Emperor.
2987:, when they wished to back up their titles of "tsar" and "emperor", respectively. Both monarchs demonstrated the letter to foreign ambassadors; Peter even referred to it when he proclaimed himself Emperor.
2126:
during the reigns of Tsar Simeon and Tsar Peter. At the age of eighty he forsook the rank of ichirgu boila and all of his possessions and became a monk. And so ended his life." (Museum of
Preslav)
3423:"Et ainsi retiennent le nom de Zar comme plus autentique, duquel nom il pleut iadis à Dieu d'honorer David, Salomon et autres regnans sur la maison de Iuda et Israel, disent-ils, et que ces mots
3086:
did equate the terms "tsar" and "king"... Russian writers often compared the grand prince or tsar with any kings of the Old
Testament. Several writers that it was a mistake to translate
584:
2899:. More specifically, a czar in the US government typically refers to a sub-cabinet-level advisor within the executive branch. One of the earliest known usages of the term was for Judge
2197:
It has been hypothesized that Simeon's title was also recognized by a papal mission to
Bulgaria in or shortly after 925, as a concession in exchange for a settlement in the Bulgarian-
2229:(kings) of Bulgaria in his replies, and eventually grants only that lesser title to Kaloyan, who nevertheless proceeds to thank the pope for the "imperial title" conferred upon him.
2574:", rather than "tsaritsa of the Crimea". By 1815, when Russia annexed a large part of Poland, the title had clearly come to be interpreted in Russia as the equivalent of Polish
2849:), with a connotation of dictatorial powers and style, fitting since "autocrat" was an official title of the Russian Emperor (informally referred to as 'the tsar'). Similarly,
2093:
was another term for the same position, but it was used differently depending on whether it was in a contemporary political context or in a historical or
Biblical context.
2554:
remained in common usage, and also officially as part of various titles signifying rule over various states absorbed by the
Russian monarchy (such as the former Tatar
2201:
conflict or a possible attempt to return
Bulgaria to union with Rome. Thus, in the later diplomatic correspondence conducted in 1199–1204 between the Bulgarian ruler
1102:
577:
2026:, holding it by the approval of another emperor or a supreme ecclesiastical official—but was usually considered by Western Europeans to be equivalent to "king".
3410:
Lehtovirta, J. "The Use of Titles in Herberstein's "Commentarii". Was the Muscovite Tsar a King or an Emperor?" in Kӓmpfer, F. and Frӧtschner, R. (eds.) (2002)
3441:
The Present State of Russia, in a Letter to a Friend at London. Written by an Eminent Person residing at Great Tzars Court at Mosco for the space of nine years
2331:(Siniša) contested the succession and claimed the same titles as a dynast in Thessaly. After his death around 1370, he was succeeded in his claims by his son
2850:
3090:
as "emperor". This was important because of a widely held view in Europe that the tsar wished to claim the imperial legacy of the defunct Byzantine Empire.
2319:(April 16) 1346 by the newly elevated Serbian patriarch, alongside the Bulgarian patriarch and archbishop of Ohrid. On the same occasion, he had his wife
2373:. However, other princes during the period of Kievan Rus' never styled themselves as tsars. The first Russian ruler to openly break with the khan of the
570:
3323:(edict) of the Mongol Khan in 1304 as grand prince of Vladimir and Moscow sent an embassy to the Emperor Andronicos II in which he described himself as
3695:
2414:, and he later also started to use the title of tsar regularly in diplomatic relations with the West. From about 1480, he is designated as
2863:
In the United States and in the United Kingdom, the title "czar" is a colloquial term for certain high-level civil servants, such as the "
2520:... that it may well be granted to signifie Emperor. The Russians would have it to be a higher title than King, and yet they call David
3477:
3025:
Ivan Biliarsky, Word and Power in Mediaeval Bulgaria, East Central and Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 450–1450, Brill, 2011,
1743:
2868:
2857:
1709:
3510:. Monarchy and Russian Nationalism in Tsarist Turkestan". In Banerjee, Milinda; Backerra, Charlotte; Sarti, Cathleen (eds.).
3151:
2896:
1336:
1310:
1879:
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1295:
895:
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into German and Latin, respectively. The title-inflation related to Russia's growing ambitions to become an Orthodox "
1018:
3596:
3521:
3464:
3363:
3305:
3117:
3075:
137:
2209:, Kaloyan—whose self-assumed Latin title was "Imperator Bulgarorum et Blachorum"—claims that the imperial crowns of
2688:
2463:
118:
3700:
2876:
2875:), "terrorism czar" for a presidential advisor on terrorism policy, "cybersecurity czar" for the highest-ranking
2562:
was increasingly viewed as inferior to "emperor" or as highlighting the oriental side of the rank. Upon annexing
1750:
1341:
211:
90:
1137:
3219:
3030:
2920:
1465:
1058:
75:
3705:
2582:
686:
616:
97:
2250:
2158:
1177:
3540:
was perceived as a specific 'oriental' title for the Russian Tsar that was rooted in Mongolian traditions.
2624:"By the grace of God Almighty, the Emperor and Supreme Autocrat of all the Russias, Tsar of Moscow, Kiev,
2369:). This may have related to Yaroslav's war against Byzantium and to his efforts to distance himself from
2174:
1527:
2149:"caesar", the first foreigner to receive this title, but his descendants continued to use Bulgar title "
2996:
Based on these accounts, the Popes repeatedly suggested to confer on the Russian monarchs the title of
2925:
2505:
2102:
1699:
1522:
1331:
1211:
3655:
880:
104:
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2751:
2439:
2246:
1955:
1704:
1559:
1305:
965:
910:
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3680:
2935:
2904:
2661:
2657:
2629:
2344:
2268:
2134:
2058:
1872:
1048:
998:
805:
3141:
1147:
180:
3675:
3670:
3275:
Remarques sur la valeur du terme "czar" appliqué aux princes russes avant le milieu du 15e siècle
2900:
2411:
2241:
2034:
1975:
1421:
1028:
696:
86:
64:
3685:
2930:
2673:
2459:
2030:
1792:
1539:
1300:
1107:
763:
3065:
3109:
3103:
2832:
2543:
2539:
2323:
crowned as empress and his son associated in power as king. When Dušan died in 1355, his son
2273:
1625:
1569:
1201:
644:
71:
42:
38:
31:
3297:
Royal and Republican Sovereignty in Early Modern Europe: Essays in Memory of Ragnhild Hatton
3290:(1997). "Tsar into Emperor: the title of Peter the Great". In Oresko, Robert; Gibbs, G. C.;
1132:
920:
3481:
3377:
Ivan III had occasionally, not regularly, used the title 'tsar' in letters to other rulers.
2940:
2884:
2853:
2435:
2264:
2210:
2170:
2054:
1652:
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1271:
1221:
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17:
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8:
3287:
3197:"Simeon I." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 12 July 2009,
2811:
2571:
2567:
2293:) was used officially by two monarchs, the previous monarchial title being that of king (
2214:
2038:
1865:
1797:
1255:
1242:
1229:
753:
3431:
n'est que invention humaine, lequel nom quelqu'un s'est acquis par beaux faits d'armes".
955:
905:
221:
2807:
2799:
2775:
2649:
2470:
2455:
2400:
2320:
2218:
2146:
1946:
1817:
1694:
1635:
1564:
1362:
1349:
1323:
980:
825:
691:
2232:
After Bulgaria's liberation from the Ottomans in 1878, its new monarchs were at first
150:
3710:
3592:
3517:
3460:
3359:
3301:
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2908:
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2819:
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2529:
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2046:
1822:
1807:
1726:
1416:
1287:
1234:
1216:
1162:
1142:
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1117:
950:
935:
885:
865:
733:
681:
676:
654:
649:
601:
558:
203:
3399:
Muscovy and the Mongols: Cross-Cultural Influences on the Steppe Frontier, 1304–1589
193:
2755:
2606:
2490:
2431:
2427:
2178:
2062:
1986:
1966:
1898:
1834:
1733:
1682:
1167:
1082:
778:
748:
701:
470:
334:
3277:, in "Oxford Slavonic Series", new series, vol. XI. Oxford University Press, 1978.
2462:
in 1453. The monarch in Moscow was recognized as an emperor by Holy Roman Emperor
2324:
111:
3516:. Palgrave Studies in Modern Monarchy. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. p. 137.
3511:
3353:
3295:
3175:
2727:
2641:
2625:
2586:
2378:
2301:
began to style himself "Emperor of Serbs and Greeks" (the Greek renderings read "
2162:
1855:
1426:
1354:
1318:
1250:
1157:
1152:
1097:
970:
945:
890:
527:
236:
3355:
Succession to the Throne in Early Modern Russia: The Transfer of Power 1450–1725
3046:
2512:
in 1659–66, styled the latter "Great Emperor", commenting that "as for the word
2298:
185:
3452:
3412:
450 Jahre Sigismund von Herbersteins Rerum Moscoviticarum Commentarii 1549–1999
3083:
2846:
2723:
2602:
2370:
2355:
2042:
2012:
1664:
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2743:
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985:
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870:
711:
553:
289:
284:
279:
3257:
3214:, Volume 1, with Lynda Lee Kaid, Christina Holtz-Bacha as ed., Sage, 2008,
2907:, with broad powers to clean up the sport after it had been sullied by the
2815:
2715:
2594:
2590:
2374:
2183:
2142:
2123:
2022:
in the European medieval sense of the term—a ruler with the same rank as a
1642:
1517:
1482:
1266:
1087:
960:
925:
783:
382:
346:
294:
269:
264:
174:
3591:, Rosemary & Donald Crawford, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London 1997.
3198:
2699:
2332:
1576:
165:
3291:
3256:Найден Геров. 1895–1904. Речник на блъгарский язик. (the entry on цар in
2955:
2719:
2617:
2535:
2509:
1812:
1777:
1549:
1507:
1453:
1411:
1381:
1206:
940:
820:
721:
2845:
for positions of high authority since 1866 (referring to U.S. President
2137:
is the only living person who (as Simeon II) has borne the title "tsar".
2130:
1850:
2872:
2691:
2633:
2307:
2150:
2083:
2073:
The title tsar is derived from the Latin title for the Roman emperors,
1669:
1620:
1544:
1038:
860:
788:
639:
301:
78: in this article. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2578:("king"), and the Russian emperor assumed the title "tsar of Poland".
2157:
is sometimes retrospectively referred to as tsar, because at his time
1475:
2950:
2864:
2795:
2759:
2747:
2731:
2695:
1802:
1787:
1738:
1689:
1598:
1554:
1534:
1502:
1446:
1436:
1391:
1386:
1008:
815:
798:
768:
548:
444:
439:
429:
413:
248:
53:
2892:
2888:
2842:
2787:
2685:
2665:
2598:
2089:
1772:
1716:
1581:
1441:
810:
743:
608:
532:
475:
454:
434:
424:
377:
372:
329:
306:
158:
3358:(1st ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 73.
3589:
Michael and Natasha, The Life and love of the Last Tsar of Russia
2945:
2838:
2791:
2767:
2739:
2703:
2681:
2677:
2669:
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2555:
2482:
2202:
2198:
2154:
2115:
2111:
2018:
2003:
1829:
1721:
1630:
1512:
1470:
1431:
900:
758:
738:
706:
634:
543:
506:
501:
392:
231:
3457:Царь и император: помазание на трон и семантика монарших титулов
2803:
2763:
2735:
2563:
2399:
Following his assertion of independence from the khan in 1476,
2316:
2312:
2255:(1760–1762) had still distinguished between the two concepts).
2222:
1760:
793:
522:
496:
480:
449:
351:
317:
3401:. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, p. 178.
3245:
Innocentii pp. III epistolae ad Bulgariae historiam spectantes
2620:
ascended the throne, the full title of the Russian rulers was
2169:) was actually adopted and used for the first time by his son
2960:
2711:
2653:
2478:
2237:
2173:, following a makeshift imperial coronation performed by the
2007:
2000:
1765:
1755:
855:
716:
485:
465:
403:
2605:
often became identified with the image of the "White Tsar" (
1919:
1904:
2707:
2469:
However, the first Russian ruler to be formally crowned as
1593:
408:
356:
341:
259:
2856:
was called "Czar Reed" for his dictatorial control of the
2558:
and the Georgian Orthodox kingdom). In the 18th century,
3174:... This explains much of the difficulty encountered by
1960:
3300:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 355.
3186:
had been glossed over and the title had been devalued.
2422:
in his correspondence with the Swedish regent, and as
2029:
Tsar and its variants were the official titles in the
1980:
1916:
1901:
3478:"The Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedia entry on Tsar"
1910:
161:
tsar and the first person who bore the title "tsar"
3247:. Recensuit et explicavit Iv. Dujcev. Sofia, 1942.
2311:of Serbs and Romans"), and was crowned as such in
3564:
2327:became the next emperor. The new emperor's uncle
3662:
3143:Politics and Culture in Eighteenth-Century Russi
2726:, and other territories; Lord and Grand Duke of
2049:(1547–1721). The first ruler to adopt the title
2240:). With the declaration of full independence,
2068:
3513:Transnational Histories of the 'Royal Nation'
3067:The Russian Empire and Grand Duchy of Muscovy
2841:, tsar or czar has been used in English as a
1994:
1873:
578:
3342:, in "Byzantion", t. XXXVI. Bruxelles, 1966.
3286:
3101:
2570:adopted the hellenicized title "tsaritsa of
2426:in his correspondence with the Danish king,
2335:, who retired to a monastery in about 1373.
3351:
30:For the US and British political term, see
3553:First Blood The Russian Revolution of 1905
3501:
1880:
1866:
585:
571:
3139:
3070:. University of Pittsburgh. p. 111.
2485:and other Biblical kings, who are simple
2450:were attempts to render the Russian term
2077:. The Greek equivalent of the Latin word
2065:, is the last person to hold this title.
138:Learn how and when to remove this message
27:Monarchial title in some Slavic countries
3459:. Moscow: Языки русской культуры, 2000.
3414:, Harrassowitz Verlag, pp. 196–198.
3340:"Reges" et "Regnum Russiae" au moyen âge
3063:
3041:
3039:
2534:
2442:(1486–1566) observed that the titles of
2272:
2129:
2106:
179:
164:
149:
3696:Titles of national or ethnic leadership
3565:James K. Glassman (December 18, 2000).
3212:Encyclopedia of Political Communication
2532:, whose history they have among them".
2122:(outlined): "Here lies Mostich who was
169:Reception of the Tsar of Russia in the
14:
3663:
3609:CLXIV, Drugi razdred 84 (1935), 95–187
3319:Michael of Tver', after receiving the
3182:. The etymological origin of the word
2869:Office of National Drug Control Policy
2190:as "a spiritual son" of the Byzantine
2161:. However, the title "tsar" (and its
2159:Bulgaria was converted to Christianity
1311:Proclamation of the Republic in Brazil
3502:Hofmeister, Ulrich (2017). "From the
3036:
2354:was used once by church officials of
3262:Dictionary of the Bulgarian Language
2826:
2225:. The pope, however, only speaks of
2182:Eastern and Western (as in the Late
214:gentry and chivalric ranks in Europe
76:adding citations to reliable sources
47:
3470:
2794:; hereditary Ruler and Lord of the
2343:For a more comprehensive list, see
2186:), the Bulgarian ruler was crowned
1243:Establishment of the Dutch monarchy
24:
3628:The Formation of Muscovy 1304–1613
3443:. 2nd ed. London, 1671. pp. 54–55.
1999:) is a title historically used by
25:
3722:
3649:
2177:in 913. After an attempt by the
3607:Glas Srpske kraljevske akadamije
2837:Like many lofty titles, such as
2418:in his Latin correspondence, as
1897:
1849:
1212:Foundation of the Ottoman Empire
615:
362:Prince-elector, Princess-elector
220:
52:
3642:The Chronicle – $ 10 Very Cheap
3558:
3545:
3495:
3446:
3434:
3417:
3404:
3391:
3382:
3345:
3332:
3280:
3267:
3250:
2990:
2973:
2877:Department of Homeland Security
2499:
2405:
2383:
2364:
2006:. The term is derived from the
1342:Spanish transition to democracy
1019:Les Six livres de la République
63:needs additional citations for
3635:Chronicle of the Russian Tsars
3238:
3225:
3204:
3191:
3133:
3095:
3057:
3019:
2921:Succession of the Roman Empire
2438:continued using these titles.
2403:, the grand prince of Moscow (
2221:were somehow derived from the
1059:Democracy: The God That Failed
13:
1:
3555:Macmillan: London, 1964 p. 12
3146:. Routledge. pp. 40–42.
3140:Madariaga, Isabel De (2014).
3102:de Madariaga, Isabel (2006).
3047:"Online Etymology Dictionary"
3007:
2796:Cherkess and Mountain Princes
2583:indigenous peoples of Siberia
2516:, it has so near relation to
2016:, which was intended to mean
1337:Birth of the Italian Republic
3605:, "Avtokrator i samodržac",
3162:had once been recognized as
3012:
2362:, the grand prince of Kiev (
347:Crown prince, Crown princess
7:
2914:
2871:(not to be confused with a
2175:Patriarch of Constantinople
2096:
2069:Meaning in Slavic languages
1981:
1961:
1296:Austro-Hungarian Compromise
1222:Birth of the Dutch Republic
10:
3727:
3614:The Early Medieval Balkans
3581:
3352:Bushkovitch, Paul (2021).
3178:when he adopted the title
2926:List of Bulgarian monarchs
2867:" for the director of the
2830:
2342:
2262:
2252:Slavonic-Bulgarian History
2103:List of Bulgarian monarchs
2100:
1332:Siamese revolution of 1932
36:
29:
3621:The Late Medieval Balkans
2891:" to oversee the wars in
2648:, Tauric Chersonese, and
2610:
2440:Sigismund von Herberstein
2338:
2258:
1990:
1970:
1950:
1306:5 October 1910 Revolution
1202:Birth of the Roman Empire
302:Grand duke, Grand duchess
3567:"Close, But No Big Czar"
2966:
2936:List of Serbian monarchs
2905:commissioner of baseball
2860:in the 1880s and 1890s.
2858:House of Representatives
2410:), adopted the title of
2345:List of Russian monarchs
2269:List of Serbian monarchs
2135:Simeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha
1049:Considerations on France
3640:Matthew Lang (Editor),
3210:Christina Holtz-Bacha,
3124:The primary meaning of
2901:Kenesaw Mountain Landis
2601:, the autocracy of the
2508:, a court physician to
2412:sovereign of all Russia
2242:Ferdinand I of Bulgaria
2035:Second Bulgarian Empire
1665:Emperor system of Japan
212:Imperial, royal, noble,
3701:Bulgarian noble titles
3397:Ostrowski, D. (2002).
2931:List of Russian rulers
2824:
2547:
2495:False Demetrius I
2460:fall of Constantinople
2282:
2138:
2127:
2031:First Bulgarian Empire
1995:
1540:Enlightened absolutism
549:Gentleman, Gentlewoman
196:
177:
162:
3110:Yale University Press
3064:Margeret, J. (1983).
2833:Czar (political term)
2622:
2538:
2489:. On the other hand,
2388:), assumed the title
2276:
2263:Further information:
2133:
2110:
2101:Further information:
2045:(1346–1371), and the
645:Divine right of kings
425:Viscount, Viscountess
373:Marquess, Marchioness
307:Archduke, Archduchess
249:High king, High queen
183:
168:
153:
43:Csar (disambiguation)
39:Tsar (disambiguation)
32:Czar (political term)
3706:Serbian noble titles
3619:John V.A. Fine Jr.,
3612:John V.A. Fine Jr.,
3288:de Madariaga, Isabel
2941:Tsarevets (fortress)
2885:information security
2854:Thomas Brackett Reed
2851:Speaker of the House
2798:and others; Lord of
2792:Armenian territories
2776:northern territories
2265:Emperor of the Serbs
2055:Simeon I of Bulgaria
1283:Unification of Italy
1272:Second French Empire
435:Burgrave, Burgravine
378:Margrave, Margravine
190:Emperor of the Serbs
155:Simeon I of Bulgaria
72:improve this article
37:For other uses, see
3626:Robert O. Crummey,
3158:Other powers that
2568:Catherine the Great
2039:Kingdom of Bulgaria
1856:Politics portal
1256:First French Empire
1230:Glorious Revolution
502:Baronet, Baronetess
3603:George Ostrogorsky
3231:Срђан Пириватрић.
2808:Schleswig-Holstein
2572:Tauric Chersonesos
2548:
2471:tsar of all Russia
2321:Helena of Bulgaria
2283:
2147:Tervel of Bulgaria
2139:
2128:
1695:List of monarchies
1496:Related ideologies
1363:Nepalese Civil War
1350:Iranian Revolution
1324:Russian Revolution
1319:Chinese Revolution
1301:German unification
197:
178:
163:
3644:, Sydney, 2009/10
3623:, Ann Arbor, 1987
3616:, Ann Arbor, 1983
3273:Wladimir Vodoff.
3153:978-1-317-88190-2
3105:Ivan the Terrible
2981:Ivan the Terrible
2909:Black Sox scandal
2881:computer security
2827:Metaphorical uses
2788:Kabardinian lands
2544:Emperor of Russia
2524:, and our kings,
2493:, a bodyguard of
2464:Maximilian I
2360:Yaroslav the Wise
2358:in the naming of
2234:autonomous prince
2207:Pope Innocent III
2047:Tsardom of Russia
2041:(1908–1946), the
2037:(1185–1396), the
1979:
1959:
1890:
1889:
1288:Meiji Restoration
1235:French Revolution
1217:Tsarist autocracy
1178:Popescu-Tăriceanu
677:Abdication system
655:Royal prerogative
650:Mandate of Heaven
595:
594:
559:Lord of the Manor
523:Knight, Chevalier
148:
147:
140:
122:
16:(Redirected from
3718:
3630:, New York, 1987
3575:
3574:
3562:
3556:
3551:Harcave, Sidney
3549:
3543:
3542:
3532:
3530:
3499:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3489:
3480:. Archived from
3474:
3468:
3450:
3444:
3438:
3432:
3421:
3415:
3408:
3402:
3395:
3389:
3386:
3380:
3379:
3374:
3372:
3349:
3343:
3336:
3330:
3329:
3325:basileus ton Ros
3316:
3314:
3284:
3278:
3271:
3265:
3254:
3248:
3242:
3236:
3235:. Београд, 1997.
3233:Самуилова држава
3229:
3223:
3208:
3202:
3195:
3189:
3188:
3137:
3131:
3130:
3099:
3093:
3092:
3061:
3055:
3054:
3043:
3034:
3023:
3001:
2994:
2988:
2977:
2903:, who was named
2656:, Grand Duke of
2612:
2528:, probably from
2503:
2502: 1605–1606
2501:
2491:Jacques Margeret
2432:Hanseatic League
2428:Teutonic Knights
2409:
2408: 1462–1505
2407:
2390:basileus ton Ros
2387:
2386: 1285–1318
2385:
2368:
2367: 1019–1054
2366:
2179:Byzantine Empire
2063:tsar of Bulgaria
1998:
1992:
1984:
1974:
1972:
1964:
1954:
1952:
1926:
1925:
1922:
1921:
1918:
1913:
1912:
1907:
1906:
1903:
1882:
1875:
1868:
1854:
1853:
1734:Philosopher king
1064:
1054:
1044:
1034:
1024:
1014:
1004:
966:Kuehnelt-Leddihn
702:Crowned republic
687:Chinese Legalist
626:Central concepts
619:
597:
596:
587:
580:
573:
232:Emperor, Empress
224:
199:
198:
143:
136:
132:
129:
123:
121:
80:
56:
48:
21:
3726:
3725:
3721:
3720:
3719:
3717:
3716:
3715:
3691:Tsars of Russia
3681:Imperial titles
3661:
3660:
3652:
3647:
3584:
3579:
3578:
3571:Reason magazine
3563:
3559:
3550:
3546:
3528:
3526:
3524:
3500:
3496:
3487:
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3476:
3475:
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3418:
3409:
3405:
3396:
3392:
3387:
3383:
3370:
3368:
3366:
3350:
3346:
3338:A.V. Soloviev.
3337:
3333:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3285:
3281:
3272:
3268:
3255:
3251:
3243:
3239:
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3209:
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3196:
3192:
3154:
3138:
3134:
3120:
3100:
3096:
3078:
3062:
3058:
3045:
3044:
3037:
3024:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3004:
2995:
2991:
2985:Peter the Great
2978:
2974:
2969:
2917:
2835:
2829:
2728:Nizhny Novgorod
2530:Carolus Quintus
2498:
2404:
2382:
2379:Mikhail of Tver
2363:
2348:
2341:
2271:
2261:
2163:Byzantine Greek
2153:". The sainted
2141:In 705 Emperor
2118:uses the title
2105:
2099:
2071:
1927:; also spelled
1915:
1909:
1900:
1896:
1886:
1848:
1843:
1842:
1841:
1615:
1607:
1606:
1605:
1497:
1489:
1488:
1487:
1406:
1398:
1397:
1396:
1376:
1368:
1367:
1359:
1355:Modern Cambodia
1328:
1292:
1276:
1260:
1251:Trienio Liberal
1239:
1197:
1189:
1188:
1187:
1077:
1069:
1068:
1067:
1062:
1052:
1042:
1032:
1022:
1012:
1002:
840:
832:
831:
830:
806:Self-proclaimed
671:
663:
662:
659:
627:
602:Politics series
591:
528:Imperial Knight
466:Baron, Baroness
404:Count, Countess
213:
144:
133:
127:
124:
81:
79:
69:
57:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3724:
3714:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3676:Russian Empire
3673:
3671:Heads of state
3659:
3658:
3651:
3650:External links
3648:
3646:
3645:
3638:
3637:, London, 1999
3633:David Warnes,
3631:
3624:
3617:
3610:
3600:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3577:
3576:
3557:
3544:
3522:
3494:
3469:
3453:Boris Uspensky
3445:
3433:
3416:
3403:
3390:
3381:
3364:
3344:
3331:
3306:
3279:
3266:
3249:
3237:
3224:
3203:
3190:
3152:
3132:
3118:
3112:. p. 78.
3094:
3084:Slavonic Bible
3076:
3056:
3051:etymonline.com
3035:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3003:
3002:
2989:
2971:
2970:
2968:
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2964:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2916:
2913:
2847:Andrew Johnson
2828:
2825:
2616:By 1894, when
2603:Russian Empire
2506:Samuel Collins
2371:Constantinople
2340:
2337:
2260:
2257:
2098:
2095:
2081:was the title
2070:
2067:
2043:Serbian Empire
1888:
1887:
1885:
1884:
1877:
1870:
1862:
1859:
1858:
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1623:
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1614:Related topics
1613:
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1608:
1604:
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1602:
1601:
1591:
1590:
1589:
1579:
1574:
1573:
1572:
1567:
1557:
1552:
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1542:
1537:
1532:
1531:
1530:
1528:Traditionalist
1525:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1486:
1485:
1480:
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1473:
1468:
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1451:
1450:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1429:
1424:
1422:Great Officers
1419:
1408:
1407:
1405:Administration
1404:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1395:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1378:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1370:
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1360:
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1352:
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1339:
1334:
1329:
1327:
1326:
1321:
1315:
1313:
1308:
1303:
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1269:
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1259:
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1253:
1247:
1245:
1240:
1238:
1237:
1232:
1226:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1186:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1079:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1066:
1065:
1055:
1045:
1035:
1025:
1015:
1005:
989:
988:
983:
978:
973:
968:
963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
938:
933:
928:
923:
918:
913:
911:Crétineau-Joly
908:
903:
898:
893:
888:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
842:
841:
838:
837:
834:
833:
829:
828:
823:
818:
813:
808:
803:
802:
801:
791:
786:
781:
776:
774:Personal union
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
731:
729:Dynastic union
726:
725:
724:
714:
709:
704:
699:
697:Constitutional
694:
689:
684:
679:
673:
672:
669:
668:
665:
664:
661:
660:
658:
657:
652:
647:
642:
637:
631:
628:
625:
624:
621:
620:
612:
611:
605:
604:
593:
592:
590:
589:
582:
575:
567:
564:
563:
562:
561:
556:
551:
546:
538:
537:
536:
535:
530:
525:
517:
516:
515:
514:
509:
504:
499:
491:
490:
489:
488:
483:
478:
473:
468:
460:
459:
458:
457:
452:
447:
442:
437:
432:
427:
419:
418:
417:
416:
411:
406:
398:
397:
396:
395:
390:
388:Count palatine
385:
380:
375:
367:
366:
365:
364:
359:
354:
349:
344:
339:
338:
337:
327:
326:
325:
312:
311:
310:
309:
304:
299:
298:
297:
292:
287:
282:
274:
273:
272:
267:
254:
253:
252:
251:
246:
241:
240:
239:
226:
225:
217:
216:
208:
207:
194:Paja Jovanović
192:, as tsar, by
171:Moscow Kremlin
146:
145:
60:
58:
51:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3723:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3686:Slavic titles
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3668:
3666:
3657:
3654:
3653:
3643:
3639:
3636:
3632:
3629:
3625:
3622:
3618:
3615:
3611:
3608:
3604:
3601:
3598:
3597:0-297-81836-8
3594:
3590:
3587:
3586:
3572:
3568:
3561:
3554:
3548:
3541:
3539:
3525:
3523:9783319505237
3519:
3515:
3514:
3509:
3505:
3498:
3484:on 2020-09-08
3483:
3479:
3473:
3466:
3465:5-7859-0145-5
3462:
3458:
3454:
3449:
3442:
3437:
3430:
3426:
3420:
3413:
3407:
3400:
3394:
3385:
3378:
3367:
3365:9781108479349
3361:
3357:
3356:
3348:
3341:
3335:
3328:
3326:
3322:
3309:
3307:9780521419109
3303:
3299:
3298:
3293:
3289:
3283:
3276:
3270:
3263:
3259:
3253:
3246:
3241:
3234:
3228:
3221:
3217:
3213:
3207:
3200:
3194:
3187:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3170:, or even as
3169:
3165:
3161:
3155:
3149:
3145:
3144:
3136:
3129:
3127:
3121:
3119:9780300143768
3115:
3111:
3107:
3106:
3098:
3091:
3089:
3085:
3079:
3077:9780822977018
3073:
3069:
3068:
3060:
3052:
3048:
3042:
3040:
3032:
3028:
3022:
3018:
2999:
2993:
2986:
2982:
2976:
2972:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2912:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2887:policy, and "
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2861:
2859:
2855:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2834:
2823:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2690:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2621:
2619:
2614:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2579:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2467:
2465:
2461:
2458:", after the
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2434:. Ivan's son
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2402:
2397:
2395:
2392:, as well as
2391:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2346:
2336:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2325:Stefan Uroš V
2322:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2309:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2285:The title of
2280:
2275:
2270:
2266:
2256:
2254:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2230:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2195:
2193:
2189:
2185:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2136:
2132:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2109:
2104:
2094:
2092:
2091:
2086:
2085:
2080:
2076:
2066:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2027:
2025:
2024:Roman emperor
2021:
2020:
2015:
2014:
2009:
2005:
2002:
1997:
1988:
1983:
1977:
1968:
1963:
1957:
1948:
1944:
1943:
1938:
1937:
1932:
1931:
1924:
1894:
1883:
1878:
1876:
1871:
1869:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1860:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1846:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1831:
1828:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1800:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1784:
1783:Regnal number
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1718:
1715:
1711:
1710:Non-sovereign
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1697:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1644:
1641:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1611:
1610:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1595:
1592:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1562:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1523:Authoritarian
1521:
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89: –
88:
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83:Find sources:
77:
73:
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66:
61:This article
59:
55:
50:
49:
44:
40:
33:
19:
3641:
3634:
3627:
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3613:
3606:
3588:
3570:
3560:
3552:
3547:
3537:
3534:
3527:. Retrieved
3512:
3508:Russian Tsar
3507:
3503:
3497:
3486:. Retrieved
3482:the original
3472:
3467:. pp. 48–52.
3456:
3448:
3440:
3436:
3428:
3424:
3419:
3411:
3406:
3398:
3393:
3384:
3376:
3369:. Retrieved
3354:
3347:
3339:
3334:
3324:
3320:
3318:
3311:. Retrieved
3296:
3292:Scott, H. M.
3282:
3274:
3269:
3261:
3258:Naiden Gerov
3252:
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2997:
2992:
2975:
2879:official on
2862:
2836:
2816:Dithmarschen
2676:, Prince of
2623:
2615:
2595:Central Asia
2591:Volga region
2580:
2575:
2559:
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2525:
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2415:
2398:
2393:
2389:
2375:Golden Horde
2351:
2349:
2306:
2302:
2299:Stefan Dušan
2297:). In 1345,
2294:
2290:
2286:
2284:
2251:
2233:
2231:
2226:
2196:
2191:
2187:
2184:Roman Empire
2166:
2143:Justinian II
2140:
2124:ichirgu-boil
2119:
2088:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2072:
2050:
2033:(681–1018),
2028:
2017:
2011:
1941:
1940:
1935:
1934:
1929:
1928:
1892:
1891:
1658:Illegitimate
1653:Family trees
1518:Conservatism
1483:Royal assent
1267:Liberal Wars
1057:
1047:
1037:
1027:
1017:
1007:
997:
991:
990:
845:Philosophers
844:
843:
784:Principality
600:Part of the
383:Marcher lord
243:
186:Stefan Dušan
184:Crowning of
175:Ivan Makarov
157:, the first
134:
125:
115:
108:
101:
94:
82:
70:Please help
65:verification
62:
2956:Tsesarevich
2897:Afghanistan
2778:; Ruler of
2734:; Ruler of
2618:Nicholas II
2542:, the last
2540:Nicholas II
2510:Tsar Alexis
2356:Kievan Rus'
2329:Simeon Uroš
2165:equivalent
2087:. The term
2061:, the last
1813:Interregnum
1778:Regnal list
1683:presumptive
1508:Bonapartism
1454:Royal guard
1417:Appointment
1382:Aristocracy
1207:Magna Carta
1173:Zhirinovsky
1076:Politicians
1003:(1265-1266)
931:Kierkegaard
3665:Categories
3656:EtymOnline
3538:White Tsar
3504:White Tsar
3488:2006-07-27
3220:1412917999
3031:9004181873
3008:References
2873:drug baron
2831:See also:
2806:, Duke of
2802:, Heir of
2786:, and the
2784:Kartalinia
2774:, and all
2652:, Lord of
2611:Белый царь
2581:Among the
2550:The title
2456:third Rome
2436:Vasily III
2430:, and the
2350:The title
2308:autokrator
2213:, his son
2151:Kanasubigi
2084:autokrator
1798:Succession
1670:Figurehead
1621:Coronation
1570:Luxembourg
1550:Legitimism
1545:Jacobitism
1108:Metternich
1039:Patriarcha
936:Dostoevsky
866:Bellarmine
839:Philosophy
789:Real union
754:Hereditary
640:Monarchism
533:Druzhinnik
128:April 2021
98:newspapers
3529:2 October
3371:2 October
3313:2 October
3222:. p. 115.
3180:Imperator
3168:imperator
3033:, p. 211.
3013:Citations
2951:Tsarevich
2911:of 1919.
2865:drug czar
2820:Oldenburg
2800:Turkestan
2752:Beloozero
2748:Yaroslavl
2732:Chernigov
2700:Białystok
2696:Samogitia
2692:Semigalia
2662:Lithuania
2638:Astrakhan
2566:in 1783,
2466:in 1514.
2448:imperator
2416:imperator
2333:John Uroš
2289:(Serbian
2281:of Serbia
2079:imperator
2059:Simeon II
1976:romanized
1956:romanized
1947:Bulgarian
1818:Rebellion
1803:Anti-king
1788:Sovereign
1739:Pretender
1690:Kingmaker
1626:Criticism
1577:Orléanism
1555:Miguelism
1535:Despotism
1503:Alfonsism
1447:Favourite
1437:Camarilla
1427:Household
1392:Oligarchy
1387:Autocracy
1163:Churchill
1029:Leviathan
1009:Monarchia
951:Bainville
826:Universal
799:Coregency
769:Pentarchy
692:Composite
445:Advocatus
440:Landgrave
430:Castellan
414:Ealdorman
159:Bulgarian
3711:Emperors
3294:(eds.).
3164:Empereur
2915:See also
2889:war czar
2843:metaphor
2812:Stormarn
2772:Mstislav
2724:Bulgaria
2686:Courland
2666:Volhynia
2658:Smolensk
2630:Novgorod
2626:Vladimir
2599:Caucasus
2597:and the
2585:and the
2556:khanates
2401:Ivan III
2303:basileus
2211:Simeon I
2199:Croatian
2192:basileus
2188:basileus
2171:Simeon I
2167:basileus
2097:Bulgaria
2090:basileus
2004:monarchs
1773:Regicide
1717:Nobility
1678:apparent
1582:Royalism
1560:Orangism
1442:Courtier
1168:Renouvin
1143:Bismarck
1138:Castillo
1128:Disraeli
1118:Polignac
1098:Consalvi
999:De Regno
971:Bogdanor
821:Triarchy
816:Tetrarch
811:Signoria
744:Ethnarch
734:Elective
682:Absolute
609:Monarchy
476:Lendmann
455:Starosta
330:Princess
204:a series
202:Part of
3582:Sources
3506:to the
3176:Peter I
2983:and to
2946:Tsarina
2768:Vitebsk
2760:Obdoria
2740:Polotsk
2704:Karelia
2682:Livonia
2678:Estonia
2674:Finland
2670:Podolia
2650:Georgia
2646:Siberia
2607:Russian
2589:of the
2587:Muslims
2526:Kirrols
2483:Solomon
2475:Ivan IV
2247:Paisius
2215:Peter I
2203:Kaloyan
2155:Boris I
2116:epitaph
2112:Mostich
2019:emperor
1987:Serbian
1978::
1967:Russian
1958::
1830:Usurper
1722:Peerage
1700:Current
1648:Descent
1631:Dynasty
1594:Toryism
1565:Belgium
1513:Carlism
1476:Riksråd
1471:Makhzen
1432:Retinue
1196:History
1158:Metaxas
1153:Maurras
1123:Decazes
1113:Villèle
1103:Plessis
1088:Pius VI
1083:Mazarin
976:Scruton
946:Maurras
901:Novalis
886:Maistre
881:Bossuet
851:Aquinas
794:Regency
779:Popular
759:Khanate
749:Federal
739:Emirate
707:Diarchy
635:Monarch
544:Esquire
507:Fidalgo
393:Voivode
335:consort
323:consort
290:dowager
285:consort
280:regnant
270:dowager
265:consort
237:dowager
112:scholar
3595:
3520:
3463:
3425:Tsisar
3362:
3321:yarlyk
3304:
3218:
3199:EB.com
3172:kayzer
3150:
3116:
3074:
3029:
2804:Norway
2780:Iveria
2764:Kondia
2756:Udoria
2744:Rostov
2736:Ryazan
2720:Vyatka
2642:Poland
2564:Crimea
2444:kaiser
2424:kejser
2420:keyser
2339:Russia
2317:Easter
2313:Skopje
2259:Serbia
2223:papacy
2219:Samuel
2217:, and
2145:named
2075:caesar
2013:caesar
2001:Slavic
1808:Crisis
1761:Empire
1705:Former
1643:Family
1375:Polity
1133:Cortés
1063:(2001)
1053:(1796)
1043:(1680)
1033:(1651)
1023:(1576)
1013:(1313)
986:Yarvin
941:Youwei
926:Balmes
921:Cortés
906:Balzac
891:Bonald
876:Hobbes
871:Filmer
512:Nobile
497:Ritter
481:Primor
450:Vidame
352:Herzog
318:Prince
295:mother
276:Queen
114:
107:
100:
93:
87:"Tsar"
85:
3166:, as
2967:Notes
2961:Vozhd
2839:mogul
2712:Yugra
2654:Pskov
2634:Kazan
2518:Cesar
2487:reges
2479:David
2295:kralj
2279:Dušan
2277:Tsar
2238:knyaz
2227:reges
2010:word
2008:Latin
1982:tsar'
1939:, or
1793:Style
1766:Reich
1756:Realm
1727:Realm
1674:Heir
1636:Lists
1587:Ultra
1412:Court
1148:Mella
1093:Ruffo
992:Works
981:Hoppe
961:Evola
916:Gogol
861:Bodin
856:Dante
722:Grand
717:Duchy
670:Types
486:Boyar
471:Thane
173:, by
119:JSTOR
105:books
3593:ISBN
3531:2023
3518:ISBN
3461:ISBN
3429:Krol
3373:2023
3360:ISBN
3315:2023
3302:ISBN
3216:ISBN
3184:tsar
3160:tsar
3148:ISBN
3126:tsar
3114:ISBN
3088:tsar
3082:The
3072:ISBN
3027:ISBN
2895:and
2893:Iraq
2883:and
2790:and
2716:Perm
2708:Tver
2672:and
2576:król
2560:tsar
2552:tsar
2522:Czar
2514:Czar
2473:was
2452:tsar
2446:and
2394:tsar
2352:tsar
2305:and
2287:tsar
2267:and
2205:and
2120:tsar
2053:was
2051:tsar
1971:царь
1962:tsar
1942:csar
1936:tzar
1930:czar
1893:Tsar
1835:list
1751:Rank
1744:List
1599:High
956:Seca
712:Dual
409:Earl
357:Jarl
260:King
91:news
41:and
18:Czar
3427:et
3260:'s
2998:rex
2822:".
2689:and
2613:).
2315:on
2291:car
2114:'s
1996:car
1991:цар
1951:цар
1920:ɑːr
1905:ɑːr
1823:War
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3667::
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3533:.
3455:.
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3317:.
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3049:.
3038:^
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