47:
724:
apart. Investigators long believed one person committed both crimes because of their many similarities. However, 2016 DNA testing proved two individuals were separately involved. Snapshot descriptions of the two killers were released to aid the public in generating new leads for the investigations. In 2018 Gary
Charles Hartman and Robert D. Washburn were charged with the murders of the two girls. In 2019 Washington State passed a law called "Jennifer and Michella's law" named after the two murdered girls. This law allowed police to take DNA samples from people convicted of indecent exposure and from dead sex offenders.
746:
Press release: "The crime scene and evidence collected at the scene, including the collection and extraction of one major and two minor DNA profiles, indicates that there was more than one individual involved in the death of Angie Dodge. With current technologies, the major profile collected is the only viable DNA sample that can be used to make an identification." Christopher Tapp was released in 2017 after spending 20 years in jail for taking part in the rape and murder of Angie Dodge although his DNA did not match DNA at the crime scene. In May 2019 Brian Leigh Dripps confessed to the murder of Dodge after
617:. Just as an eye-witness may describe the appearance of a person of interest, the DNA left at a crime scene can be used to discover the physical appearance of the person who left it. This allows DNA phenotyping to be used as an investigative tool to help guide the police when searching for suspects. DNA phenotyping can be particularly helpful in cold cases, where there may not be a current lead. However, it is not a method used to help incarcerate suspects, as more traditional forensic measures are better suited for this.
642:
rs1805008, rs1805005, rs1805006, rs1805007, rs1805009, rs201326893, rs2228479, rs1110400, rs28777, rs12821256, rs4959270, rs1042602, rs2402130, rs2378249 and rs683). Another assay was developed using 17 SNPs involved in skin pigmentation to create the current HIris-SPlex System (s3114908, rs1800414, rs10756819, rs2238289, rs17128291, rs6497292, rs1129038, rs1667394, rs1126809, rs1470608, rs1426654, rs6119471, rs1545397, rs6059655, rs12441727, rs3212355 and rs8051733).
2600:
699:
crimes, possibly as many as 40. In a Miami Beach attack on 18 August 2015, which was first reported to the public on 23 September 2015, the perpetrator spoke in
Spanish and told his victim he was from Cuba. Consistent with this claim, Snapshot had previously determined that the subject is Latino, with European, Native American, and African ancestry, an admixture most similar to that found in Latino individuals from the Caribbean and Northern South America.
695:
previously focused on a group of
Hispanic males with whom Bouzigard was last seen. Snapshot analysis indicates the suspect is predominantly European, with fair skin, green or possibly blue eyes and brown or black hair. Sheriff Mancuso told the media, “This totally redirects our whole investigation and will move this case in a new direction.” Blake A. Russell was charged with the murder in 2017.
671:
investigators need to narrow the pool of possible individuals or identify unknown remains by learning about the person's ancestry and appearance. When the suspected individual is identified, traditional DNA profiling can be used to prove a match, provided there is a reference sample that can be used for comparison.
681:
a DNA sample. The image, produced by
Parabon NanoLabs with the company's Snapshot DNA Phenotyping System, consists of a digital mesh of predicted face morphology overlaid with textures representing predicted eye color, hair color and skin color. Kenneth Canzater Jr. was charged with the murders in 2017.
715:
forensic artist at
Parabon NanoLabs, performed the physical facial reconstruction and the digital adaptation of a Snapshot composite to reflect details gleaned from the victim's facial morphology. In 2019, with the help of Parabon and genetic genealogy, the body was identified as Roger Kelso, born in
680:
On 9 January 2015, the fourth anniversary of the murders of Candra Alston and her three-year-old daughter
Malaysia Boykin, police in Columbia, South Carolina, issued a press release containing what is thought to be the first composite image in forensic history to be published entirely on the basis of
641:
This tool originally started as the IrisPlex System, consisting of six SNPs linked to eye color (rs12913832, rs1800407, rs12896399, rs16891982, rs1393350 and rs12203592). The addition of 18 SNPs linked to both hair and eye color lead to the updated HIrisPlex System (rs312262906, rs11547464, rs885479,
741:
On 16 May 2016, eve of the third anniversary of veteran John “Jack” Fay's murder, the
Warwick Rhode Island Police Department released a Snapshot composite produced using DNA taken from a hammer found near the crime scene. Police hoped the composite would generate fresh leads in a case that may have
734:
On 21 April 2016, police in
Windsor, Canada, released a Snapshot composite of the suspect responsible for the abduction and murder of Ljubica Topic in 1971. It was the first public release of a Snapshot composite outside of the United States and, at the time, the oldest case to which the technology
593:
As early as 2004, evidence was compiled showing that the bulk of phenotypic variation in human iris color could be attributed to polymorphisms in the OCA2 gene. This paper, and the work it cited, laid the foundation for the inference of human iris color from DNA, first carried out on basic level by
745:
On 3 May 2017 Idaho Falls, Idaho Police released a DNA phenotype composite sketch from DNA found at the murder scene of Angie Dodge on 13 June 1996. Police hoped the widespread distribution of the composite sketch would generate new leads into the suspect. Excerpt from Idaho Falls Police
Department
645:
The predictions for eye pigmentation are Blue, Intermediate and Brown. There are two categories for hair pigmentation: color (Blond, Brown, Red and Black) and shade (light and dark). The predictions for skin pigmentation are Very Pale, Pale, Intermediate, Dark and Dark to Black. Unlike eye and hair
723:
Police in Tacoma, Washington, disclosed
Parabon Snapshot reports to the public on 6 April 2016 for two male suspects believed to be individually responsible for the deaths of Michella Welch (age 12) and Jennifer Bastian (age 13), both abducted from Tacoma's North End area in 1986, just four months
706:
Police Department released what is believed to be the first published composite created by combining DNA phenotyping and forensic facial reconstruction from a victim's skull. The victim's body which had suffered severe upper body trauma was found on 23 April 1985 in a metal trash container at the
698:
Florida police chiefs from Miami Beach, Miami, Coral Gables and Miami-Dade jointly released a Snapshot composite of the “Serial Creeper” on 10 September 2015. For more than a year, the perpetrator has been spying on and sexually terrorizing women, and police believe he is connected to at least 15
561:
Human phenotypes are predicted from DNA using direct or indirect methods. With direct methods, genetic variants mechanistically linked with variable expression of the relevant phenotypes are measured and used with appropriate statistical methodologies to infer trait value. With indirect methods,
1268:
Walsh, Susan; Chaitanya, Lakshmi; Clarisse, Lindy; Wirken, Laura; Draus-Barini, Jolanta; Kovatsi, Leda; Maeda, Hitoshi; Ishikawa, Takaki; Sijen, Titia; de Knijff, Peter; Branicki, Wojciech; Liu, Fan; Kayser, Manfred (2014). "Developmental validation of the HIrisPlex system: DNA-based eye and hair
690:
near Fort Wayne, Indiana. The television segment also included a composite of national news correspondent Kate Snow, which was produced using DNA extracted from the rim of a water bottle that the network submitted to Parabon for a blinded test of the company's Snapshot™ DNA Phenotyping Service.
1383:
Claes, Peter; Roosenboom, Jasmien; White, Julie D.; Swigut, Tomek; Sero, Dzemila; Li, Jiarui; Lee, Myoung Keun; Zaidi, Arslan; Mattern, Brooke C.; Liebowitz, Corey; Pearson, Laurel; González, Tomás; Leslie, Elizabeth J.; Carlson, Jenna C.; Orlova, Ekaterina; Suetens, Paul; Vandermeulen, Dirk;
694:
Sheriff Tony Mancuso of the Calcasieu Parish Sheriff's Office in Lake Charles, Louisiana, held a press conference on 1 September 2015 to announce the release of a Parabon Snapshot composite for a suspect in the 2009 murder of Sierra Bouzigard in Moss Bluff, Louisiana. The investigation had
670:
identifier. Like an iris scan or fingerprint, a DNA profile can uniquely identify an individual with very high accuracy. For forensic purposes, this means that investigators must have already identified and obtained DNA from a potentially matching individual. DNA phenotyping is used when
609:
has been criticized as it has not been subjected to scrutiny in peer-reviewed scientific publications. It has been suggested that it is not known "whether their ability to estimate a face’s appearance is better than chance, or if it’s an approximation based on what we know about ancestry”.
1016:
Chaitanya, Lakshmi; Breslin, Krystal; Zuñiga, Sofia; Wirken, Laura; Pośpiech, Ewelina; Kukla-Bartoszek, Magdalena; Sijen, Titia; Knijff, Peter de; Liu, Fan; Branicki, Wojciech; Kayser, Manfred; Walsh, Susan (2018). "The HIrisPlex-S system for eye, hair and skin colour prediction from DNA:
730:
On 15 April 2016, the Hallandale Beach Florida Police Department released a Snapshot composite of a suspect believed to be responsible for the murders of Toronto residents David “Donny” Pichosky and Rochelle Wise. It was the first time a Snapshot composite of a female was released to the
637:
for 41 different SNPs can be generated, which are linked to hair, eye and skin color in humans. The genotype can then be entered into the HIrisPlex-S Webtool to generate the most probable phenotype of an individual based on their genetic information.no
967:
Walsh, Susan; Liu, Fan; Ballantyne, Kaye N.; van Oven, Mannis; Lao, Oscar; Kayser, Manfred (2011). "IrisPlex: A sensitive DNA tool for accurate prediction of blue and brown eye colour in the absence of ancestry information".
573:
Biogeographic ancestry determination methods have been highly developed within the genetics community, as it is a key GWAS quality control step. These approaches typically use genome-wide human genetic clustering and/or
727:
Also on 6 April 2016, police in Athens Ohio released a Snapshot composite of an active sexual predator linked to at least three attacks, the most recent in December 2015 near Ohio University.
1195:
Kayser, Manfred; Schneider, Peter M. (2009). "DNA-based prediction of human externally visible characteristics in forensics: Motivations, scientific challenges, and ethical considerations".
646:
predictions where only the highest probability is used to make a prediction, the top two highest probabilities for skin color are used to account for tanning ability and other variations.
1823:
530:. This term, also known as molecular photofitting, is primarily used to refer to the prediction of a person's physical appearance and/or biogeographic ancestry for forensic purposes.
738:
On 11 May, the Loudoun County Sheriff's Office in Virginia released a Snapshot composite of a suspect responsible for abducting and sexually assaulting a 9-year-old girl in 1987.
711:. Police initially estimated the homicide occurred approximately five months before the body was discovered. Later the date of death was changed to about 1963. Thom Shaw, an
605:
and Identitas have begun offering forensic DNA phenotyping services for U.S. and international law enforcement. However, the science behind the commercial services offered by
566:, are measured and used with appropriate statistical methodologies to infer trait value. The direct method is always preferable, for obvious reasons, but depending on the
1442:
598:
Beginning in 2009, academic groups developed and reported on more accurate predictive models for eye color and, more recently, hair color in the European population.
541:) and medical outcomes are predicted from a patient's genetic information. Significant genetic variants associated with a particular trait are discovered using a
2438:
1880:
1773:
691:
Snow's identity and her use of the bottle were revealed only after the composite had been produced. In 2018 John D. Miller was charged with the murder.
1561:
1861:
1842:
1968:
1918:
1614:
1100:
1671:
712:
2052:
1588:
2463:
1079:
502:
1152:
Kayser, Manfred (2015). "Forensic DNA Phenotyping: Predicting human appearance from crime scene material for investigative purposes".
686:
On 30 June 2015, NBC Nightly News featured a DNA phenotyping composite, also produced by Parabon, of a suspect in the 1988 murder of
1944:
2585:
1994:
1798:
1517:
1361:
1899:
1450:
826:
563:
2443:
1652:
1473:
46:
2287:
2458:
2252:
2634:
1384:
Feingold, Eleanor; Marazita, Mary L.; Shaffer, John R.; Wysocka, Joanna; Shriver, Mark D.; Weinberg, Seth M. (2018).
454:
403:
2116:
2045:
788:
562:
variants associated with genetic component(s) of ancestry that correlate with the phenotype of interest, such as
546:
358:
256:
94:
2219:
495:
388:
216:
1715:
1536:
2178:
783:
703:
542:
373:
2544:
2209:
587:
579:
575:
393:
226:
654:
In 2018, researchers found 15 loci in which genes are found that are responsible for our facial features.
625:
One online tool available to the public and law enforcement is the HIrisPlex-S Webtool. This system uses
471:
74:
1748:
2629:
2292:
2038:
891:
Shriver, M. D.; Smith, M. W.; Jin, L.; Marcini, A.; Akey, J. M.; Deka, R. & Ferrell, R. E. (1997).
231:
1696:
533:
DNA phenotyping uses many of the same scientific methods as those being used for genetically informed
2448:
2433:
488:
476:
30:
2453:
2272:
1749:"Another decades-old Tacoma murder solved? Suspected killer of 12-year-old Michella Welch arrested"
1633:
1492:
932:
Sturm, R. A.; Frudakis, T. N. (2004). "Eye colour: portals into pigmentation genes and ancestry".
2173:
2106:
687:
333:
318:
276:
1774:"The murder of two girls terrified her as a child. So she grew up and tried to find the answers"
2245:
303:
167:
2580:
2414:
2379:
2142:
708:
534:
116:
106:
64:
553:
is then used to build a mathematical model for making trait predictions about new subjects.
2479:
2297:
2214:
2204:
2152:
583:
567:
433:
383:
363:
328:
206:
172:
8:
2559:
2549:
2509:
2409:
2389:
2282:
2277:
2147:
2121:
2096:
2080:
793:
717:
550:
398:
266:
196:
191:
162:
157:
136:
121:
101:
2519:
2404:
2399:
2374:
1418:
1385:
1338:
1313:
1060:
909:
892:
868:
843:
747:
368:
308:
298:
241:
211:
201:
126:
111:
79:
1824:"Police sharpen image of uptown Athens serial rapist, ask public for help identifying"
844:"Accounting for ancestry: population substructure and genome-wide association studies"
2603:
2534:
2524:
2514:
2348:
2238:
2101:
2061:
1723:
1423:
1405:
1343:
1294:
1286:
1220:
1212:
1177:
1169:
1126:
1052:
1044:
993:
985:
949:
914:
873:
822:
595:
323:
290:
131:
1064:
2564:
2539:
2157:
2126:
1413:
1397:
1333:
1325:
1278:
1204:
1161:
1034:
1026:
977:
941:
904:
863:
855:
751:
606:
602:
538:
313:
271:
69:
38:
1716:"Genealogists Turn to Cousins' DNA and Family Trees to Crack Five More Cold Cases"
2424:
2188:
2111:
1282:
1208:
1165:
1030:
981:
613:
DNA phenotyping is often referred to as a "biologic witness," a play on the term
438:
338:
578:
to compare new subjects to curated individuals with known ancestry, such as the
2554:
2494:
2394:
527:
448:
150:
1862:"Windsor police hope DNA composite profile will help solve 45-year-old murder"
1401:
1386:"Genome-wide mapping of global-to-local genetic effects on human facial shape"
1329:
945:
2618:
1727:
1409:
1290:
1216:
1173:
1048:
989:
663:
261:
236:
89:
20:
1589:"Tip from DNA Phenotype 'Snapshot' Leads to Arrest in 2009 Murder Cold Case"
890:
2624:
2504:
2384:
1672:"'People still care': Man murdered in 1960s ID'd through genetic genealogy"
1427:
1347:
1298:
1224:
1181:
1084:
1056:
997:
953:
877:
378:
246:
918:
2484:
1881:"Loudoun County Turns to Composite Image Based on DNA to Crack Cold Case"
1101:"DNA facial prediction could make protecting your privacy more difficult"
893:"Ethnic-affiliation estimation by use of population-specific DNA markers"
859:
590:(AIMs), SNPs that vary in frequency between the major human populations.
423:
221:
1995:"Police arrest Idaho man in 23-year-old cold-case murder of Angie Dodge"
750:
Police charged Dripps. Dripps DNA matched DNA left at the crime scene.
2489:
2358:
2338:
2313:
2020:
1443:"First DNA-Phenotyped Image of 'Person of Interest' in Double Homicide"
778:
523:
428:
251:
56:
1240:
1127:"The controversial company using DNA to sketch the faces of criminals"
1039:
2183:
1697:"Tacoma police release composite images of suspects in 1986 slayings"
773:
667:
630:
549:(SNPs) are tested for their association with each trait of interest.
519:
443:
2030:
1969:"Idaho Falls Police release DNA phenotype of Angie Dodge's murderer"
1919:"Idaho Falls Police release DNA phenotype of Angie Dodge's murderer"
841:
633:. Using the multiplex assay described in three separate papers, the
2529:
2499:
2343:
2333:
2261:
819:
Molecular Photofitting: Predicting Ancestry and Phenotype using DNA
755:
634:
1493:"Calif. man held in 2011 slayings of Columbia mother and daughter"
1242:
2075:
1922:
1843:"New DNA technique could lead to a break in snowbird murder case"
1537:"Decades After Killing of April Tinsley, 8, DNA Leads to Suspect"
754:
had helped investigate this case using DNA genetic genealogy and
629:
that are linked to human pigmentation to predict an individual's
614:
1900:"Police release composite of suspect in unsolved Warwick murder"
1578:
Full article on this in National Geographic, July 2016, page 34.
1562:"CPSO releases sketch based on DNA sample from cold-case murder"
2353:
2328:
2025:
1615:"Revolutionary DNA Tech Used to Create 'Serial Creeper' Sketch"
1243:"HIrisPlex-S Eye, Hair and Skin Colour DNA Phenotyping Webtool"
545:(GWAS) approach, in which hundreds of thousands or millions of
1518:"Putting a Face to DNA: How New Tech Gives Hope in Cold Cases"
666:, sometimes referred to as DNA fingerprinting, uses DNA as a
1945:"Idaho man who didn't match murder DNA freed after 20 years"
1799:"Washington's New DNA Law Named for 2 Murdered Tacoma Girls"
1267:
1015:
2230:
1269:
colour prediction for forensic and anthropological usage".
931:
626:
1382:
966:
2323:
2318:
812:
810:
808:
768:
649:
674:
1653:"Police hope composite image can help close cold case"
1634:"DNA links 'The Creeper' to sex attack on Miami Beach"
1011:
1009:
1007:
805:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1017:
Introduction and forensic developmental validation".
1080:"The Genomic Revolution Reaches the City Crime Lab"
1004:
1362:"Fifteen new genes identified that shape our face"
1256:
842:Tian, C.; Gregersen, P. K.; Seldin, M. F. (208).
657:
2616:
1099:Curtis, Caitlin; Hereward, James (May 2, 2018).
707:construction site of the Marley Station Mall in
1194:
1465:
1098:
816:
522:using only genetic information collected from
2246:
2046:
496:
1916:
1241:Dept. of Genetic Information at Erasmus MC.
1236:
1234:
1434:
518:is the process of predicting an organism's
2253:
2239:
2053:
2039:
1834:
1145:
620:
570:of the phenotype, is not always possible.
503:
489:
1796:
1553:
1417:
1337:
1231:
1038:
908:
867:
720:in 1943. The murderer was not identified.
1840:
1625:
1606:
1314:"Global skin colour prediction from DNA"
1271:Forensic Science International: Genetics
1197:Forensic Science International: Genetics
1154:Forensic Science International: Genetics
1019:Forensic Science International: Genetics
970:Forensic Science International: Genetics
2586:List of genetics research organizations
1949:The Spokesman-Review / Associated Press
1891:
1872:
1859:
1853:
1771:
1688:
1669:
1560:Manning, Johnathan (1 September 2015).
1559:
1509:
1490:
1471:
1440:
556:
2617:
1992:
1878:
1821:
1815:
1713:
1612:
1151:
1124:
2234:
2060:
2034:
1942:
1897:
1746:
1694:
1650:
1644:
1631:
1474:"DNA: the next frontier in forensics"
1311:
1077:
650:Genes responsible for facial features
1632:Rabin, Charles (23 September 2015).
1534:
1515:
1125:Arnold, Carrie (10 September 2020).
675:Published DNA phenotyping composites
1860:Bezaire, Christie (21 April 2016).
1841:Robinson, Michael (15 April 2016).
1078:Zhang, Sarah (September 22, 2017).
13:
1472:Cookson, Clive (30 January 2015).
897:American Journal of Human Genetics
14:
2646:
2014:
1613:DeFede, Jim (10 September 2015).
1441:Allocca, Sean (15 January 2015).
601:More recently, companies such as
2599:
2598:
1772:Madigan, Michelle (2019-04-05).
586:. Another approach is to assay
537:, in which drug responsiveness (
404:Traffic collision reconstruction
45:
2117:Single-nucleotide polymorphisms
1986:
1961:
1936:
1910:
1790:
1765:
1740:
1707:
1663:
1581:
1572:
1528:
1484:
1376:
1354:
1305:
1188:
789:Single-nucleotide polymorphisms
547:single-nucleotide polymorphisms
257:Questioned document examination
2220:Human Genome Diversity Project
1822:DeWitt, David (6 April 2016).
1797:Mikkelsen, Drew (2019-05-23).
1714:Murphy, Heather (2018-06-27).
1695:Glenn, Stacia (6 April 2016).
1651:Dacey, Kim (3 February 2016).
1118:
1092:
1071:
960:
925:
884:
835:
658:Differences from DNA profiling
1:
2179:Genome-wide association study
1943:Boone, Rebecca (2017-03-22).
1879:Culver, David (11 May 2016).
1670:Shapiro, Emily (2019-07-19).
1491:Kulmala, Teddy (2017-03-30).
1364:. KU Leuven. 19 February 2018
799:
784:Genome-wide association study
742:involved multiple assailants.
543:genome-wide association study
2545:Missing heritability problem
2260:
2210:International HapMap Project
1993:Bishop, Shane (2019-05-16).
1917:Staff Writer (May 3, 2017).
1898:Towne, Shaun (16 May 2016).
1747:Glenn, Stacia (2018-06-10).
1535:Haag, Matthew (2018-07-16).
1283:10.1016/j.fsigen.2013.12.006
1209:10.1016/j.fsigen.2009.01.012
1166:10.1016/j.fsigen.2015.02.003
1031:10.1016/j.fsigen.2018.04.004
982:10.1016/j.fsigen.2010.02.004
704:Anne Arundel County Maryland
588:ancestry informative markers
580:International HapMap Project
576:principal component analysis
564:Ancestry Informative Markers
7:
1516:Snow, Kate (30 June 2015).
821:. Elsiever Academic Press.
762:
75:Bloodstain pattern analysis
10:
2651:
18:
2594:
2573:
2472:
2423:
2367:
2306:
2268:
2197:
2166:
2135:
2089:
2068:
1402:10.1038/s41588-018-0057-4
1330:10.1007/s00439-017-1808-5
946:10.1016/j.tig.2004.06.010
374:Fire accelerant detection
2635:DNA profiling techniques
848:Human Molecular Genetics
702:On 2 February 2016, the
19:Not to be confused with
2174:Whole genome sequencing
2107:Human genetic variation
817:Frudakis, T.N. (2009).
621:Pigmentation Prediction
277:Social network analysis
16:DNA profiling technique
934:Translational Genetics
359:Electrical engineering
2581:List of genetic codes
2143:Personalized medicine
1312:Walsh, Susan (2017).
535:personalized medicine
389:Materials engineering
217:Facial reconstruction
2480:Behavioural genetics
2215:1000 Genomes Project
2205:Human Genome Project
2153:Genetic epidemiology
1885:NBC4 News Washington
584:1000 Genomes Project
568:genetic architecture
557:Predicted phenotypes
434:Perry Mason syndrome
222:Fingerprint analysis
2560:Population genomics
2550:Molecular evolution
2510:Genetic engineering
2167:Analysis techniques
2148:Predictive medicine
2122:Identity by descent
2097:Biological specimen
2081:Biological database
1701:Tacoma News Tribune
794:Predictive modeling
718:Fort Wayne, Indiana
551:Predictive modeling
457:forensic entomology
394:Polymer engineering
352:Related disciplines
267:Forensic geophysics
247:Gloveprint analysis
227:Firearm examination
197:Body identification
2520:Genetic monitoring
1720:The New York Times
1541:The New York Times
860:10.1093/hmg/ddn268
748:Idaho Falls, Idaho
369:Fire investigation
252:Palmprint analysis
212:Election forensics
95:Forensic genealogy
2630:Forensic genetics
2612:
2611:
2535:He Jiankui affair
2525:Genetic genealogy
2515:Genetic diversity
2444:the British Isles
2349:Genetic variation
2228:
2227:
2102:De-identification
2062:Personal genomics
1803:Forensic Magazine
1593:Forensic Magazine
1447:Forensic Magazine
828:978-0-12-088492-6
735:had been applied.
596:DNAPrint Genomics
513:
512:
291:Digital forensics
232:Footwear evidence
2642:
2602:
2601:
2565:Reverse genetics
2540:Medical genetics
2255:
2248:
2241:
2232:
2231:
2158:Pharmacogenomics
2127:Genetic disorder
2055:
2048:
2041:
2032:
2031:
2021:Parabon NanoLabs
2009:
2008:
2006:
2005:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1980:
1965:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1955:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1876:
1870:
1869:
1866:CTV News Windsor
1857:
1851:
1850:
1838:
1832:
1831:
1819:
1813:
1812:
1810:
1809:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1784:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1760:
1759:
1753:The News Tribune
1744:
1738:
1737:
1735:
1734:
1711:
1705:
1704:
1692:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1682:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1648:
1642:
1641:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1601:
1600:
1585:
1579:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1557:
1551:
1550:
1548:
1547:
1532:
1526:
1525:
1522:NBC Nightly News
1513:
1507:
1506:
1504:
1503:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1449:. Archived from
1438:
1432:
1431:
1421:
1380:
1374:
1373:
1371:
1369:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1341:
1309:
1303:
1302:
1265:
1254:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1238:
1229:
1228:
1192:
1186:
1185:
1149:
1143:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1122:
1116:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1105:The Conversation
1096:
1090:
1089:
1075:
1069:
1068:
1042:
1013:
1002:
1001:
964:
958:
957:
929:
923:
922:
912:
888:
882:
881:
871:
839:
833:
832:
814:
752:Parabon Nanolabs
607:Parabon NanoLabs
603:Parabon NanoLabs
539:pharmacogenomics
505:
498:
491:
417:Related articles
324:Network analysis
314:Malware analysis
272:Forensic geology
49:
39:Forensic science
26:
25:
2650:
2649:
2645:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2640:
2639:
2615:
2614:
2613:
2608:
2590:
2569:
2468:
2459:the Middle East
2425:Archaeogenetics
2419:
2363:
2302:
2264:
2259:
2229:
2224:
2193:
2189:Genetic testing
2162:
2131:
2112:Genetic linkage
2085:
2069:Data collection
2064:
2059:
2017:
2012:
2003:
2001:
1991:
1987:
1978:
1976:
1967:
1966:
1962:
1953:
1951:
1941:
1937:
1927:
1925:
1915:
1911:
1896:
1892:
1877:
1873:
1858:
1854:
1839:
1835:
1828:The Athens News
1820:
1816:
1807:
1805:
1795:
1791:
1782:
1780:
1770:
1766:
1757:
1755:
1745:
1741:
1732:
1730:
1712:
1708:
1693:
1689:
1680:
1678:
1668:
1664:
1649:
1645:
1630:
1626:
1611:
1607:
1598:
1596:
1587:
1586:
1582:
1577:
1573:
1558:
1554:
1545:
1543:
1533:
1529:
1514:
1510:
1501:
1499:
1489:
1485:
1478:Financial Times
1470:
1466:
1456:
1454:
1453:on 3 April 2015
1439:
1435:
1390:Nature Genetics
1381:
1377:
1367:
1365:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1310:
1306:
1266:
1257:
1247:
1245:
1239:
1232:
1193:
1189:
1150:
1146:
1136:
1134:
1123:
1119:
1109:
1107:
1097:
1093:
1076:
1072:
1014:
1005:
965:
961:
930:
926:
889:
885:
854:(R2): R143-50.
840:
836:
829:
815:
806:
802:
765:
709:Glen Burnie, MD
677:
660:
652:
623:
559:
516:DNA phenotyping
509:
464:
463:
462:
459:
456:
439:Pollen calendar
418:
410:
409:
408:
353:
345:
344:
343:
293:
283:
282:
281:
186:
178:
177:
153:
143:
142:
141:
85:DNA phenotyping
59:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2648:
2638:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2606:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2588:
2583:
2577:
2575:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2555:Plant genetics
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2495:Genome editing
2492:
2487:
2482:
2476:
2474:
2473:Related topics
2470:
2469:
2467:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2430:
2428:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2395:Immunogenetics
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2371:
2369:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2310:
2308:
2307:Key components
2304:
2303:
2301:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2258:
2257:
2250:
2243:
2235:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2201:
2199:
2198:Major projects
2195:
2194:
2192:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2170:
2168:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2093:
2091:
2090:Field concepts
2087:
2086:
2084:
2083:
2078:
2072:
2070:
2066:
2065:
2058:
2057:
2050:
2043:
2035:
2029:
2028:
2023:
2016:
2015:External links
2013:
2011:
2010:
1985:
1960:
1935:
1909:
1890:
1871:
1852:
1833:
1814:
1789:
1764:
1739:
1706:
1687:
1662:
1643:
1624:
1605:
1580:
1571:
1552:
1527:
1508:
1483:
1464:
1433:
1396:(3): 414–423.
1375:
1353:
1324:(7): 847–863.
1318:Human Genetics
1304:
1255:
1230:
1203:(3): 154–161.
1187:
1144:
1133:. No. 585
1117:
1091:
1070:
1003:
976:(3): 170–180.
959:
940:(8): 327–332.
924:
903:(4): 957–964.
883:
834:
827:
803:
801:
798:
797:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
764:
761:
760:
759:
743:
739:
736:
732:
728:
725:
721:
700:
696:
692:
683:
682:
676:
673:
659:
656:
651:
648:
622:
619:
558:
555:
528:DNA sequencing
511:
510:
508:
507:
500:
493:
485:
482:
481:
480:
479:
474:
466:
465:
461:
460:
453:
451:
449:Trace evidence
446:
441:
436:
431:
426:
420:
419:
416:
415:
412:
411:
407:
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
381:
376:
371:
366:
361:
355:
354:
351:
350:
347:
346:
342:
341:
339:Audio analysis
336:
334:Video analysis
331:
326:
321:
319:Mobile devices
316:
311:
309:Database study
306:
301:
299:Computer exams
295:
294:
289:
288:
285:
284:
280:
279:
274:
269:
264:
259:
254:
249:
244:
239:
234:
229:
224:
219:
214:
209:
204:
199:
194:
188:
187:
185:Criminalistics
184:
183:
180:
179:
176:
175:
170:
165:
160:
154:
149:
148:
145:
144:
140:
139:
134:
129:
124:
119:
114:
109:
104:
99:
98:
97:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
61:
60:
55:
54:
51:
50:
42:
41:
35:
34:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2647:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2605:
2597:
2596:
2593:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2572:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2471:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2422:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2366:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2305:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2267:
2263:
2256:
2251:
2249:
2244:
2242:
2237:
2236:
2233:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2196:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2171:
2169:
2165:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2134:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2088:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2056:
2051:
2049:
2044:
2042:
2037:
2036:
2033:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2000:
1996:
1989:
1974:
1970:
1964:
1950:
1946:
1939:
1924:
1920:
1913:
1905:
1901:
1894:
1886:
1882:
1875:
1867:
1863:
1856:
1848:
1844:
1837:
1829:
1825:
1818:
1804:
1800:
1793:
1779:
1775:
1768:
1754:
1750:
1743:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1710:
1702:
1698:
1691:
1677:
1673:
1666:
1658:
1654:
1647:
1639:
1635:
1628:
1620:
1616:
1609:
1594:
1590:
1584:
1575:
1567:
1563:
1556:
1542:
1538:
1531:
1523:
1519:
1512:
1498:
1494:
1487:
1479:
1475:
1468:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1437:
1429:
1425:
1420:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1379:
1363:
1357:
1349:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1308:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1244:
1237:
1235:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1191:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1148:
1132:
1128:
1121:
1106:
1102:
1095:
1087:
1086:
1081:
1074:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1012:
1010:
1008:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
963:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
928:
920:
916:
911:
906:
902:
898:
894:
887:
879:
875:
870:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
838:
830:
824:
820:
813:
811:
809:
804:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
766:
757:
753:
749:
744:
740:
737:
733:
729:
726:
722:
719:
714:
713:IAI-certified
710:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
688:April Tinsley
685:
684:
679:
678:
672:
669:
665:
664:DNA profiling
655:
647:
643:
639:
636:
632:
628:
618:
616:
611:
608:
604:
599:
597:
591:
589:
585:
581:
577:
571:
569:
565:
554:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
531:
529:
525:
521:
517:
506:
501:
499:
494:
492:
487:
486:
484:
483:
478:
475:
473:
470:
469:
468:
467:
458:
455:Use of DNA in
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
421:
414:
413:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
356:
349:
348:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
304:Data analysis
302:
300:
297:
296:
292:
287:
286:
278:
275:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
262:Vein matching
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
237:Forensic arts
235:
233:
230:
228:
225:
223:
220:
218:
215:
213:
210:
208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
189:
182:
181:
174:
171:
169:
168:Psychotherapy
166:
164:
161:
159:
156:
155:
152:
147:
146:
138:
135:
133:
130:
128:
125:
123:
120:
118:
115:
113:
110:
108:
105:
103:
100:
96:
93:
92:
91:
90:DNA profiling
88:
86:
83:
81:
78:
76:
73:
71:
68:
66:
63:
62:
58:
57:Physiological
53:
52:
48:
44:
43:
40:
37:
36:
32:
28:
27:
22:
21:DNA profiling
2505:Genetic code
2439:the Americas
2415:Quantitative
2385:Cytogenetics
2380:Conservation
2273:Introduction
2136:Applications
2002:. Retrieved
1998:
1988:
1977:. Retrieved
1975:. 2017-05-03
1972:
1963:
1952:. Retrieved
1948:
1938:
1926:. Retrieved
1912:
1904:WPRI 12 News
1903:
1893:
1884:
1874:
1865:
1855:
1846:
1836:
1827:
1817:
1806:. Retrieved
1802:
1792:
1781:. Retrieved
1777:
1767:
1756:. Retrieved
1752:
1742:
1731:. Retrieved
1719:
1709:
1700:
1690:
1679:. Retrieved
1675:
1665:
1656:
1646:
1638:Miami Herald
1637:
1627:
1618:
1608:
1597:. Retrieved
1595:. 2017-07-25
1592:
1583:
1574:
1565:
1555:
1544:. Retrieved
1540:
1530:
1521:
1511:
1500:. Retrieved
1496:
1486:
1477:
1467:
1455:. Retrieved
1451:the original
1446:
1436:
1393:
1389:
1378:
1366:. Retrieved
1356:
1321:
1317:
1307:
1274:
1270:
1246:. Retrieved
1200:
1196:
1190:
1157:
1153:
1147:
1135:. Retrieved
1130:
1120:
1108:. Retrieved
1104:
1094:
1085:The Atlantic
1083:
1073:
1022:
1018:
973:
969:
962:
937:
933:
927:
900:
896:
886:
851:
847:
837:
818:
662:Traditional
661:
653:
644:
640:
624:
612:
600:
592:
572:
560:
532:
515:
514:
379:Fractography
107:Epidemiology
84:
65:Anthropology
2485:Epigenetics
1277:: 150–161.
1131:Nature News
1110:November 1,
1025:: 123–135.
615:eye-witness
424:Crime scene
384:Linguistics
364:Engineering
329:Photography
207:Colorimetry
173:Social work
2619:Categories
2490:Geneticist
2464:South Asia
2410:Population
2390:Ecological
2359:Amino acid
2339:Nucleotide
2314:Chromosome
2004:2019-05-17
1979:2017-05-03
1954:2018-10-08
1808:2019-07-28
1783:2019-06-25
1758:2018-10-04
1733:2019-06-25
1681:2019-06-25
1599:2018-10-08
1546:2018-10-04
1502:2018-10-08
1040:1805/15921
800:References
779:Genotyping
524:genotyping
429:CSI effect
399:Statistics
192:Accounting
163:Psychology
158:Psychiatry
137:Toxicology
122:Palynology
102:Entomology
2405:Molecular
2400:Microbial
2375:Classical
2184:SNP array
2026:Identitas
1728:0362-4331
1619:CBS Miami
1566:KPLC News
1497:The State
1410:1061-4036
1291:1872-4973
1217:1872-4973
1174:1872-4973
1160:: 33–48.
1049:1872-4973
990:1872-4973
774:Phenotype
668:biometric
631:phenotype
520:phenotype
444:Skid mark
242:Profiling
202:Chemistry
127:Pathology
112:Limnology
80:Dentistry
2604:Category
2530:Heredity
2500:Genomics
2344:Mutation
2334:Heredity
2298:Glossary
2288:Timeline
2262:Genetics
1999:NBC News
1847:The Star
1778:NBC News
1676:ABC News
1428:29459680
1348:28500464
1299:24528593
1225:19414162
1182:25716572
1065:21673970
1057:29753263
998:20457092
954:15262401
878:18852203
763:See also
756:GEDmatch
635:genotype
477:Category
132:Podiatry
117:Medicine
31:a series
29:Part of
2283:History
2278:Outline
2076:Biobank
1923:KIFI-TV
1457:9 March
1419:5937280
1368:5 April
1339:5487854
1248:5 April
1137:5 April
919:9106543
910:1712479
869:2782357
731:public.
582:or the
472:Outline
70:Biology
2449:Europe
2434:Africa
2368:Fields
2354:Allele
2329:Genome
1928:May 4,
1726:
1426:
1416:
1408:
1346:
1336:
1297:
1289:
1223:
1215:
1180:
1172:
1063:
1055:
1047:
996:
988:
952:
917:
907:
876:
866:
825:
151:Social
2574:Lists
2454:Italy
2293:Index
1061:S2CID
1973:KIFI
1930:2017
1724:ISSN
1657:WBAL
1459:2015
1424:PMID
1406:ISSN
1370:2021
1344:PMID
1295:PMID
1287:ISSN
1250:2021
1221:PMID
1213:ISSN
1178:PMID
1170:ISSN
1139:2021
1112:2018
1053:PMID
1045:ISSN
994:PMID
986:ISSN
950:PMID
915:PMID
874:PMID
823:ISBN
627:SNPs
2625:DNA
2324:RNA
2319:DNA
1414:PMC
1398:doi
1334:PMC
1326:doi
1322:136
1279:doi
1205:doi
1162:doi
1035:hdl
1027:doi
978:doi
942:doi
905:PMC
864:PMC
856:doi
769:DNA
526:or
2621::
2427:of
1997:.
1971:.
1947:.
1921:.
1902:.
1883:.
1864:.
1845:.
1826:.
1801:.
1776:.
1751:.
1722:.
1718:.
1699:.
1674:.
1655:.
1636:.
1617:.
1591:.
1564:.
1539:.
1520:.
1495:.
1476:.
1445:.
1422:.
1412:.
1404:.
1394:50
1392:.
1388:.
1342:.
1332:.
1320:.
1316:.
1293:.
1285:.
1273:.
1258:^
1233:^
1219:.
1211:.
1199:.
1176:.
1168:.
1158:18
1156:.
1129:.
1103:.
1082:.
1059:.
1051:.
1043:.
1033:.
1023:35
1021:.
1006:^
992:.
984:.
972:.
948:.
938:20
936:.
913:.
901:60
899:.
895:.
872:.
862:.
852:17
850:.
846:.
807:^
33:on
2254:e
2247:t
2240:v
2054:e
2047:t
2040:v
2007:.
1982:.
1957:.
1932:.
1906:.
1887:.
1868:.
1849:.
1830:.
1811:.
1786:.
1761:.
1736:.
1703:.
1684:.
1659:.
1640:.
1621:.
1602:.
1568:.
1549:.
1524:.
1505:.
1480:.
1461:.
1430:.
1400::
1372:.
1350:.
1328::
1301:.
1281::
1275:9
1252:.
1227:.
1207::
1201:3
1184:.
1164::
1141:.
1114:.
1088:.
1067:.
1037::
1029::
1000:.
980::
974:5
956:.
944::
921:.
880:.
858::
831:.
758:.
504:e
497:t
490:v
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.png)