31:
405:
In response to a report of precancerous changes in the pancreases of rats and organ donors treated with the DPP-4 inhibitor sitagliptin, the United States FDA and the
European Medicines Agency each undertook independent reviews of all clinical and preclinical data related to the possible association
363:
may cause joint pain that can be severe and disabling. FDA has added a new
Warning and Precaution about this risk to the labels of all medicines in this drug class, called dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors. However, studies assessing risk of rheumatoid arthritis among DPP-4 inhibitor users
1168:"Association Between Use of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors, Glucagon-like Peptide 1 Agonists, and Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitors With All-Cause Mortality in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis"
612:"Association Between Use of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors, Glucagon-like Peptide 1 Agonists, and Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitors With All-Cause Mortality in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis"
377:
A 2018 observational study suggested an elevated risk of developing inflammatory bowel disease (specifically, ulcerative colitis), reaching a peak after three to four years of use and decreasing after more than four years of use.
406:
of DPP-4 inhibitors with pancreatic cancer. In a joint letter to the New
England Journal of Medicine, the agencies stated that they had not yet reached a final conclusion regarding a possible causative relationship.
898:
1364:"Marked expansion of exocrine and endocrine pancreas with incretin therapy in humans with increased exocrine pancreas dysplasia and the potential for glucagon-producing neuroendocrine tumors"
884:
1148:
1512:
1315:"Beneficial endocrine but adverse exocrine effects of sitagliptin in the human islet amyloid polypeptide transgenic rat model of type 2 diabetes: interactions with metformin"
374:
A 2018 meta analysis showed that use of DPP-4 inhibitors was associated with a 58% increased risk of developing acute pancreatitis compared with placebo or no treatment.
2592:
2507:
575:
Dupre J, Behme MT, Hramiak IM, McFarlane P, Williamson MP, Zabel P, McDonald TJ (June 1995). "Glucagon-like peptide I reduces postprandial glycemic excursions in IDDM".
2572:
2552:
2497:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
381:
A 2020 Cochrane systematic review did not find enough evidence of reduction of all-cause mortality, serious adverse events, cardiovascular mortality, non-fatal
2527:
256:
1452:
Monami M, Dicembrini I, Mannucci E (January 2014). "Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and pancreatitis risk: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials".
2517:
1505:
821:
926:"Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Neogliptin, a Novel 2-Azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-Based Inhibitor of Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 (DPP-4)"
924:
Maslov IO, Zinevich TV, Kirichenko OG, Trukhan MV, Shorshnev SV, Tuaeva NO, Gureev MA, Dahlén AD, Porozov YB, Schiöth HB, Trukhan VM (February 2022).
481:
McIntosh CH, Demuth HU, Pospisilik JA, Pederson R (June 2005). "Dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitors: how do they work as new antidiabetic agents?".
441:
1217:"Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and incidence of inflammatory bowel disease among patients with type 2 diabetes: population based cohort study"
413:
risk in people treated with DPP-4 inhibitors, but owing to the modest amount of data available, was not able to completely exclude possible risk.
1498:
1490:
237:; research showed that omarigliptin can be used as once-weekly treatment and generally well tolerated throughout the base and extension studies)
2209:
1979:
737:
2229:
273:
252:
262:
1073:
2685:
3108:
845:"Safety and Efficacy of Omarigliptin (MK-3102), a Novel Once-Weekly DPP-4 Inhibitor for the Treatment of Patients With Type 2 Diabetes"
1264:
Gnesin F, Thuesen AC, Kähler LK, Madsbad S, Hemmingsen B, et al. (Cochrane
Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders Group) (June 2020).
2088:
1026:"Addition of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors to sulphonylureas and risk of hypoglycaemia: systematic review and meta-analysis"
899:"SatRx LLC Announces First Registration in Russia of SatRx (gosogliptin), an Innovative Drug for Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes"
2625:
1715:
2482:
977:"Inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV) is one of the mechanisms explaining the hypoglycemic effect of berberine"
89:
levels, and DPP-4 inhibitors reduce glucagon and blood glucose levels. The mechanism of DPP-4 inhibitors is to increase
3019:
2863:
2822:
2971:
2788:
785:
76:
2642:
1732:
17:
1520:
2894:
2678:
1940:
1931:
1665:
712:
425:
concomitantly with additive effect to increase the level of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) which also decreases
2940:
2847:
1767:
98:
3034:
2868:
1627:
218:
3067:
3059:
1669:
691:
2963:
2953:
2935:
2876:
2780:
2318:
371:
with saxagliptin and alogliptin, prompting the FDA in 2016 to add warnings to the relevant drug labels.
2817:
2759:
2722:
2671:
2280:
2146:
1679:
3083:
2906:
2587:
2487:
2477:
2772:
807:
744:
312:, inhibits dipeptidyl peptidase-4 which may at least partly explains its antihyperglycemic activity.
3039:
2901:
2562:
2467:
65:
3014:
2992:
2958:
2717:
2630:
2602:
2577:
2557:
2522:
2502:
2492:
2472:
2462:
2385:
1720:
1166:
Zheng SL, Roddick AJ, Aghar-Jaffar R, Shun-Shin MJ, Francis D, Oliver N, Meeran K (April 2018).
610:
Zheng SL, Roddick AJ, Aghar-Jaffar R, Shun-Shin MJ, Francis D, Oliver N, Meeran K (April 2018).
120:
found no favorable effect of DPP-4 inhibitors on all-cause mortality, cardiovascular mortality,
2975:
2945:
2911:
2884:
2796:
2712:
2607:
2567:
2390:
1411:
Egan AG, Blind E, Dunder K, de Graeff PA, Hummer BT, Bourcier T, Rosebraugh C (February 2014).
1074:"DPP-4 Inhibitors for Type 2 Diabetes: Drug Safety Communication - May Cause Severe Joint Pain"
912:
390:
347:
The U.S. Food and Drug
Administration (FDA) is warning that the type 2 diabetes medicines like
61:
1867:
3024:
2597:
2582:
2512:
843:
Sheu WH, Gantz I, Chen M, Suryawanshi S, Mirza A, Goldstein BJ, et al. (November 2015).
674:
658:
382:
178:
121:
2457:
1101:"DPP-4 Inhibitor-Induced Rheumatoid Arthritis Among Diabetics: A Nested Case-Control Study"
182:
1313:
Matveyenko AV, Dry S, Cox HI, Moshtaghian A, Gurlo T, Galasso R, et al. (July 2009).
8:
2889:
2804:
1522:
460:
2727:
1643:
1477:
1388:
1363:
1362:
Butler AE, Campbell-Thompson M, Gurlo T, Dawson DW, Atkinson M, Butler PC (July 2013).
1339:
1314:
1290:
1265:
1241:
1216:
1192:
1167:
1125:
1100:
1050:
1025:
1006:
952:
925:
795:
777:
636:
611:
506:
397:
monotherapy to dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
1024:
Salvo F, Moore N, Arnaud M, Robinson P, Raschi E, De Ponti F, et al. (May 2016).
552:
525:
201:(approved in Japan as Suiny in 2012, marketed by Sanwa Kagaku Kenkyusho Co., Ltd. and
2997:
2158:
1804:
1691:
1577:
1469:
1434:
1393:
1344:
1295:
1246:
1197:
1130:
1055:
998:
957:
866:
781:
641:
592:
557:
498:
410:
54:
50:
1010:
2732:
2698:
2445:
1661:
1623:
1481:
1461:
1424:
1383:
1375:
1334:
1326:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1236:
1228:
1187:
1179:
1120:
1112:
1045:
1037:
988:
947:
937:
911:"Forest Splits With Phenomix", San Diego Business Journal, Tuesday, April 20, 2010
856:
773:
631:
623:
584:
547:
537:
510:
490:
2663:
3002:
2809:
1618:
1600:
494:
429:
30:
1215:
Abrahami D, Douros A, Yin H, Yu OH, Renoux C, Bitton A, Azoulay L (March 2018).
885:"Dong-A ST's DPP4 inhibitor, SUGANON, got approved for type 2 diabetes in Korea"
822:"Merck MARIZEV Once-Weekly DPP-4 Inhibitor For Type2 Diabetes Approved In Japan"
2855:
2842:
2749:
2636:
2380:
2045:
1974:
1726:
1675:
1582:
1572:
1552:
1530:
421:
Some DPP-4 inhibitor drugs have received approval from the FDA to be used with
234:
202:
144:
1116:
993:
976:
588:
3102:
2985:
2426:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2249:
2005:
1964:
1852:
1847:
1837:
1832:
1638:
368:
341:
322:
208:
117:
110:
86:
1149:"Diabetes Meds Containing Saxagliptin and Alogliptin Linked to Increased HF"
678:
2694:
2259:
2254:
2234:
2136:
2126:
2121:
2010:
1984:
1952:
1912:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1857:
1842:
1822:
1808:
1534:
1473:
1438:
1397:
1348:
1299:
1250:
1201:
1183:
1134:
1059:
1002:
961:
870:
662:
645:
627:
561:
502:
326:
289:
278:
230:
224:
154:
596:
542:
2832:
2244:
2239:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2170:
2164:
2131:
2116:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2055:
2040:
2025:
2015:
1994:
1969:
1917:
1875:
1827:
1817:
1633:
1429:
1412:
356:
352:
348:
284:
267:
246:
188:
174:
164:
140:
72:
2421:
2308:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2035:
2020:
1989:
1794:
942:
360:
240:
214:
198:
1465:
1379:
1330:
1041:
861:
844:
716:
526:"Glucagon-like peptide 1 improved glycemic control in type 1 diabetes"
2925:
2431:
2346:
2336:
2303:
2154:
2111:
2030:
1789:
1776:
1232:
422:
394:
299:
463:(Press release). U.S. Food and Drug Administration. October 17, 2006
2331:
2326:
1784:
1413:"Pancreatic safety of incretin-based drugs--FDA and EMA assessment"
333:
308:
303:
158:
102:
90:
82:
1361:
1548:
1526:
1165:
609:
426:
192:
168:
148:
106:
1266:"Metformin monotherapy for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus"
480:
2764:
1900:
923:
386:
337:
125:
58:
768:
Bronson J, Black A, Dhar TM, Ellsworth BA, Merritt JR (2012).
233:(MK-3102) (approved as Marizev in Japan in 2015, developed by
3049:
1904:
94:
913:
http://www.sdbj.com/news/2010/apr/20/forest-splits-phenomix/
1312:
1263:
574:
2145:
767:
1451:
1410:
1023:
842:
227:(approved for use in Japan as Zafatek/ Wedica in 2015)
1099:
Kathe N, Shah A, Said Q, Painter JT (February 2018).
974:
836:
409:
A 2014 meta-analysis found no evidence for increased
243:(approved as Suganon/ Evodine for use in South Korea)
109:
secretion, decreases gastric emptying, and decreases
1098:
981:
Journal of Enzyme
Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry
2693:
1214:
975:Al-masri IM, Mohammad MK, Tahaa MO (October 2009).
217:(FDA approved 2013 as Nesina/ Vipidia, marketed by
770:Teneligliptin (Antidiabetic). To Market, To Market
523:
295:Other chemicals which may inhibit DPP-4 include:
3100:
692:"FDA approves new treatment for Type 2 diabetes"
442:Development of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors
329:when taking a medicine in the DPP-4 drug class.
177:(FDA approved in 2011, marketed as Tradjenta by
2679:
1506:
524:Behme MT, Dupré J, McDonald TJ (April 2003).
1547:
1270:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
517:
474:
2686:
2672:
1513:
1499:
568:
453:
27:Enzyme blocker and diabetes treatment drug
1428:
1387:
1338:
1289:
1240:
1191:
1124:
1049:
992:
951:
941:
860:
635:
551:
541:
461:"FDA Approves New Treatment for Diabetes"
332:Adverse effects include nasopharyngitis,
255:(PHX- 1149 free base, being developed by
157:(EU approved 2007, marketed in the EU by
191:(approved in Korea in 2012, marketed by
29:
344:, hypersensitivity and skin reactions.
249:(approved as Saterex for use in Russia)
14:
3101:
887:. pipelinereview.com. October 2, 2015.
675:Banting and Best Diabetes Centre at UT
659:Banting and Best Diabetes Centre at UT
367:A 2014 review found increased risk of
211:(approved in Japan as Tenelia in 2012)
2667:
1755:
1546:
1494:
1533:, and other drugs used in diabetes (
416:
39:Inhibitors of dipeptidyl peptidase 4
2503:Glibenclamide (glyburide)/metformin
2483:Dapagliflozin/saxagliptin/metformin
1417:The New England Journal of Medicine
167:(FDA approved in 2009, marketed as
136:Drugs belonging to this class are:
64:(DPP-4). They can be used to treat
24:
1454:Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism
778:10.1016/b978-0-12-417150-3.00028-4
772:. Vol. 48. pp. 523–524.
316:
128:in patients with type 2 diabetes.
25:
3120:
3109:Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors
105:release, which in turn increases
1756:
325:, there is an increased risk of
143:(FDA approved 2006, marketed by
1445:
1404:
1355:
1306:
1257:
1208:
1159:
1141:
1092:
1066:
1017:
968:
917:
905:
891:
877:
814:
761:
738:"New Drugs Approved in FY 2012"
730:
71:The first agent of the class –
1282:10.1002/14651858.CD012906.pub2
705:
684:
668:
652:
603:
13:
1:
447:
306:found in plants of the genus
270:(SP-2086), approved in China.
219:Takeda Pharmaceutical Company
2319:Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors
495:10.1016/j.regpep.2004.06.001
7:
2281:Aldose reductase inhibitors
901:(Press release). SatRx LLC.
824:. NASDAQ. 28 September 2015
435:
131:
10:
3125:
2864:Dihydropteroate synthetase
2723:Non-competitive inhibition
2147:GLP1 poly-agonist peptides
715:. Lgls.com. Archived from
34:DPP-4 inhibitors and GLP-1
3084:Steroidogenesis inhibitor
3076:
3048:
2924:
2831:
2748:
2741:
2705:
2593:Sitagliptin/ertugliflozin
2588:Sitagliptin/dapagliflozin
2508:Glimepiride/rosiglitazone
2488:Empagliflozin/linagliptin
2478:Dapagliflozin/saxagliptin
2453:
2444:
2414:
2345:
2317:
2279:
2272:
2184:
2087:
2054:
2006:Glibenclamide (glyburide)
1951:
1939:
1930:
1899:
1866:
1803:
1775:
1766:
1762:
1751:
1689:
1652:
1609:
1591:
1563:
1559:
1542:
1117:10.1007/s13300-017-0353-5
994:10.1080/14756360802610761
589:10.2337/diabetes.44.6.626
400:
3020:Matrix metalloproteinase
2823:Ribonucleotide reductase
2718:Uncompetitive inhibition
2573:Pioglitazone/sitagliptin
2563:Pioglitazone/glimepiride
2553:Phenformin/sulfonylureas
2498:Gemigliptin/rosuvastatin
2468:Cagrilintide/semaglutide
364:have been inconclusive.
321:In those already taking
66:diabetes mellitus type 2
2789:Dihydrofolate reductase
2603:Sitagliptin/simvastatin
2578:Rosiglitazone/metformin
2558:Pioglitazone/alogliptin
2548:Metformin/teneligliptin
2543:Metformin/sulfonylureas
2523:Metformin/ertugliflozin
2493:Empagliflozin/metformin
2473:Dapagliflozin/metformin
2463:Canagliflozin/metformin
2089:GLP-1 receptor agonists
530:BMC Endocrine Disorders
391:end-stage renal disease
281:(HSK- 7653, compound 2)
2885:Nucleotidyltransferase
2713:Competitive inhibition
2608:Vildagliptin/metformin
2568:Pioglitazone/metformin
1184:10.1001/jama.2018.3024
1153:Pharmacy Practice News
628:10.1001/jama.2018.3024
75:– was approved by the
62:dipeptidyl peptidase-4
35:
2895:Reverse transcriptase
2598:Sitagliptin/metformin
2583:Saxagliptin/metformin
2538:Metformin/repaglinide
2533:Metformin/gemigliptin
2513:Linagliptin/metformin
694:. Fda.gov. 2011-05-02
543:10.1186/1472-6823-3-3
383:myocardial infarction
195:) Marketed as Zemiglo
179:Eli Lilly and Company
122:myocardial infarction
33:
2941:Acetylcholinesterase
2848:Thymidylate synthase
2528:Metformin/evogliptin
2458:Alogliptin/metformin
1430:10.1056/NEJMp1314078
257:Phenomix Corporation
183:Boehringer Ingelheim
3035:Histone deacetylase
2869:Farnesyltransferase
1768:Insulin sensitizers
1523:diabetes medication
483:Regulatory Peptides
3068:Carbonic anhydrase
3060:Dopa decarboxylase
2728:Suicide inhibition
2647:Never to phase III
2518:Metformin/acarbose
1868:Dual PPAR agonists
1737:Never to phase III
1644:Ultralente insulin
943:10.3390/ph15030273
430:glucose production
203:Kowa Company, Ltd.
51:oral hypoglycemics
36:
3096:
3095:
3092:
3091:
2964:Alpha-glucosidase
2954:Polygalacturonase
2936:Phosphodiesterase
2877:GABA transaminase
2781:Monoamine oxidase
2765:HMG-CoA reductase
2699:enzyme inhibition
2661:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2620:
2619:
2616:
2615:
2440:
2439:
2268:
2267:
2180:
2179:
2083:
2082:
1926:
1925:
1747:
1746:
1710:
1709:
1654:ultra-long-acting
1578:Insulin glulisine
1466:10.1111/dom.12176
1380:10.2337/db12-1686
1331:10.2337/db09-0058
1178:(15): 1580–1591.
1042:10.1136/bmj.i2231
862:10.2337/dc15-0109
713:"LG Life Science"
622:(15): 1580–1591.
417:Combination drugs
411:pancreatic cancer
101:), which inhibit
49:) are a class of
16:(Redirected from
3116:
2818:Xanthine oxidase
2760:Aldose reductase
2746:
2745:
2733:Mixed inhibition
2688:
2681:
2674:
2665:
2664:
2451:
2450:
2347:SGLT2 inhibitors
2277:
2276:
2186:DPP-4 inhibitors
2167:(GLP-1/GIP/GCGR)
2143:
2142:
1949:
1948:
1937:
1936:
1773:
1772:
1764:
1763:
1753:
1752:
1662:Insulin degludec
1624:Insulin glargine
1561:
1560:
1544:
1543:
1515:
1508:
1501:
1492:
1491:
1486:
1485:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1432:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1391:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1342:
1310:
1304:
1303:
1293:
1261:
1255:
1254:
1244:
1233:10.1136/bmj.k872
1212:
1206:
1205:
1195:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1128:
1105:Diabetes Therapy
1096:
1090:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1070:
1064:
1063:
1053:
1021:
1015:
1014:
996:
972:
966:
965:
955:
945:
921:
915:
909:
903:
902:
895:
889:
888:
881:
875:
874:
864:
840:
834:
833:
831:
829:
818:
812:
811:
805:
801:
799:
791:
765:
759:
758:
756:
755:
749:
743:. Archived from
742:
734:
728:
727:
725:
724:
709:
703:
702:
700:
699:
688:
682:
672:
666:
656:
650:
649:
639:
607:
601:
600:
572:
566:
565:
555:
545:
521:
515:
514:
478:
472:
471:
469:
468:
457:
193:LG Life Sciences
43:DPP-4 inhibitors
21:
18:DPP-4 inhibitors
3124:
3123:
3119:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3114:
3113:
3099:
3098:
3097:
3088:
3072:
3044:
2920:
2907:Tyrosine kinase
2827:
2737:
2701:
2692:
2662:
2653:
2652:
2637:Clinical trials
2612:
2436:
2410:
2341:
2313:
2264:
2176:
2141:
2079:
2050:
1944:
1922:
1895:
1862:
1807:/"glitazones" (
1799:
1758:
1743:
1742:
1727:Clinical trials
1706:
1685:
1666:+insulin aspart
1648:
1619:Insulin detemir
1605:
1601:Regular insulin
1587:
1555:
1553:insulin analogs
1538:
1531:insulin analogs
1519:
1489:
1450:
1446:
1409:
1405:
1374:(7): 2595–604.
1360:
1356:
1311:
1307:
1276:(6): CD012906.
1262:
1258:
1213:
1209:
1164:
1160:
1147:
1146:
1142:
1097:
1093:
1083:
1081:
1072:
1071:
1067:
1022:
1018:
973:
969:
930:Pharmaceuticals
922:
918:
910:
906:
897:
896:
892:
883:
882:
878:
855:(11): 2106–14.
841:
837:
827:
825:
820:
819:
815:
803:
802:
793:
792:
788:
766:
762:
753:
751:
747:
740:
736:
735:
731:
722:
720:
711:
710:
706:
697:
695:
690:
689:
685:
673:
669:
657:
653:
608:
604:
573:
569:
522:
518:
479:
475:
466:
464:
459:
458:
454:
450:
438:
419:
403:
393:when comparing
327:low blood sugar
319:
317:Adverse effects
235:Merck & Co.
145:Merck & Co.
134:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3122:
3112:
3111:
3094:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3086:
3080:
3078:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3070:
3063:
3062:
3055:
3053:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3042:
3040:Beta-lactamase
3037:
3030:
3029:
3028:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3007:
3006:
3005:
3000:
2990:
2989:
2988:
2983:
2967:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2949:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2931:
2929:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2918:
2917:
2916:
2915:
2914:
2902:Protein kinase
2899:
2898:
2897:
2892:
2880:
2879:
2872:
2871:
2866:
2859:
2858:
2851:
2850:
2845:
2838:
2836:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2825:
2820:
2813:
2812:
2807:
2800:
2799:
2792:
2791:
2784:
2783:
2776:
2775:
2768:
2767:
2762:
2755:
2753:
2750:Oxidoreductase
2743:
2739:
2738:
2736:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2709:
2707:
2703:
2702:
2691:
2690:
2683:
2676:
2668:
2659:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2649:
2648:
2645:
2634:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2454:
2448:
2442:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2418:
2416:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2381:Luseogliflozin
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2352:
2350:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2323:
2321:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2285:
2283:
2274:
2270:
2269:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2191:
2189:
2182:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2174:
2168:
2162:
2151:
2149:
2140:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2093:
2091:
2085:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2061:
2059:
2052:
2051:
2049:
2048:
2046:Glyclopyramide
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2002:2nd generation
1998:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1975:Chlorpropamide
1972:
1967:
1961:1st generation
1957:
1955:
1946:
1942:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1920:
1915:
1909:
1907:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1872:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1814:
1812:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1781:
1779:
1770:
1760:
1759:
1749:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1739:
1738:
1735:
1724:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1704:
1701:
1697:
1695:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1683:
1676:Insulin icodec
1673:
1658:
1656:
1650:
1649:
1647:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1621:
1615:
1613:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1603:
1597:
1595:
1589:
1588:
1586:
1585:
1583:Insulin lispro
1580:
1575:
1573:Insulin aspart
1569:
1567:
1557:
1556:
1540:
1539:
1518:
1517:
1510:
1503:
1495:
1488:
1487:
1444:
1403:
1354:
1325:(7): 1604–15.
1305:
1256:
1207:
1158:
1140:
1111:(1): 141–151.
1091:
1065:
1016:
967:
916:
904:
890:
876:
835:
813:
804:|journal=
786:
760:
729:
704:
683:
667:
651:
602:
567:
516:
473:
451:
449:
446:
445:
444:
437:
434:
418:
415:
402:
399:
323:sulphonylureas
318:
315:
314:
313:
293:
292:
287:
282:
276:
271:
265:
260:
250:
244:
238:
228:
222:
212:
206:
196:
186:
172:
162:
152:
133:
130:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3121:
3110:
3107:
3106:
3104:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3077:Miscellaneous
3075:
3069:
3065:
3064:
3061:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3047:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3032:
3031:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3015:Enkephalinase
3013:
3012:
3011:
3008:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2995:
2994:
2993:Endopeptidase
2991:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2978:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2968:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2959:Neuraminidase
2957:
2955:
2951:
2950:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2923:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2903:
2900:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2887:
2886:
2882:
2881:
2878:
2874:
2873:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2861:
2860:
2857:
2853:
2852:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2840:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2830:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2815:
2814:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2802:
2801:
2798:
2794:
2793:
2790:
2786:
2785:
2782:
2778:
2777:
2774:
2770:
2769:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2747:
2744:
2740:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2710:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2689:
2684:
2682:
2677:
2675:
2670:
2669:
2666:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2443:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2427:Bromocriptine
2425:
2423:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2413:
2407:
2406:Velagliflozin
2404:
2402:
2401:Tofogliflozin
2399:
2397:
2396:Sotagliflozin
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2386:Remogliflozin
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2376:Ipragliflozin
2374:
2372:
2371:Ertugliflozin
2369:
2367:
2366:Empagliflozin
2364:
2362:
2361:Dapagliflozin
2359:
2357:
2356:Canagliflozin
2354:
2353:
2351:
2349:/"gliflozins"
2348:
2344:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2316:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2278:
2275:
2271:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2250:Teneligliptin
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2183:
2172:
2169:
2166:
2163:
2160:
2156:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2086:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2053:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1965:Acetohexamide
1962:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1953:Sulfonylureas
1950:
1947:
1945:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1932:Secretagogues
1929:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1865:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1853:Rosiglitazone
1851:
1849:
1848:Rivoglitazone
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1838:Netoglitazone
1836:
1834:
1833:Lobeglitazone
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1754:
1750:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1693:
1688:
1681:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1639:Lente insulin
1637:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1628:+lixisenatide
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1590:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1545:
1541:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1516:
1511:
1509:
1504:
1502:
1497:
1496:
1493:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1448:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1407:
1399:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1358:
1350:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1309:
1301:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1260:
1252:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1211:
1203:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1162:
1155:. April 2016.
1154:
1150:
1144:
1136:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1095:
1079:
1075:
1069:
1061:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1020:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
995:
990:
987:(5): 1061–6.
986:
982:
978:
971:
963:
959:
954:
949:
944:
939:
935:
931:
927:
920:
914:
908:
900:
894:
886:
880:
872:
868:
863:
858:
854:
850:
849:Diabetes Care
846:
839:
823:
817:
809:
797:
789:
787:9780124171503
783:
779:
775:
771:
764:
750:on 2013-07-18
746:
739:
733:
719:on 2013-09-06
718:
714:
708:
693:
687:
681:
680:
676:
671:
665:
664:
660:
655:
647:
643:
638:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
606:
598:
594:
590:
586:
583:(6): 626–30.
582:
578:
571:
563:
559:
554:
549:
544:
539:
535:
531:
527:
520:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
489:(2): 159–65.
488:
484:
477:
462:
456:
452:
443:
440:
439:
433:
431:
428:
424:
414:
412:
407:
398:
396:
392:
388:
384:
379:
375:
372:
370:
369:heart failure
365:
362:
358:
354:
350:
345:
343:
342:heart failure
339:
335:
330:
328:
324:
311:
310:
305:
301:
298:
297:
296:
291:
288:
286:
283:
280:
277:
275:
272:
269:
266:
264:
261:
258:
254:
251:
248:
245:
242:
239:
236:
232:
229:
226:
223:
220:
216:
213:
210:
209:Teneligliptin
207:
204:
200:
197:
194:
190:
187:
184:
180:
176:
173:
170:
166:
163:
160:
156:
153:
150:
146:
142:
139:
138:
137:
129:
127:
123:
119:
118:meta-analysis
114:
112:
111:blood glucose
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
87:blood glucose
84:
80:
78:
74:
69:
67:
63:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
32:
19:
3009:
2980:
2976:Exopeptidase
2946:Ribonuclease
2912:Janus kinase
2797:Lipoxygenase
2773:5α-Reductase
2695:Pharmacology
2446:Combinations
2391:Sergliflozin
2260:Vildagliptin
2255:Trelagliptin
2235:Omarigliptin
2210:Garvagliptin
2185:
2137:Taspoglutide
2127:Orforglipron
2122:Lixisenatide
2056:Meglitinides
2011:Glibornuride
2001:
1985:Metahexamide
1980:Glycyclamide
1960:
1913:Cagrilintide
1903:analogs and
1891:Tesaglitazar
1886:Saroglitazar
1881:Muraglitazar
1858:Troglitazone
1843:Pioglitazone
1823:Darglitazone
1757:Non-insulins
1690:
1680:+semaglutide
1670:+liraglutide
1653:
1610:
1593:short-acting
1592:
1564:
1460:(1): 48–56.
1457:
1453:
1447:
1423:(9): 794–7.
1420:
1416:
1406:
1371:
1367:
1357:
1322:
1318:
1308:
1273:
1269:
1259:
1224:
1220:
1210:
1175:
1171:
1161:
1152:
1143:
1108:
1104:
1094:
1082:. Retrieved
1080:. 2015-08-28
1077:
1068:
1033:
1029:
1019:
984:
980:
970:
933:
929:
919:
907:
893:
879:
852:
848:
838:
828:29 September
826:. Retrieved
816:
769:
763:
752:. Retrieved
745:the original
732:
721:. Retrieved
717:the original
707:
696:. Retrieved
686:
679:vildagliptin
677:
670:
661:
654:
619:
615:
605:
580:
576:
570:
533:
529:
519:
486:
482:
476:
465:. Retrieved
455:
420:
408:
404:
385:, non-fatal
380:
376:
373:
366:
346:
331:
320:
307:
294:
290:Prusogliptin
279:Cofrogliptin
259:), Phase III
231:Omarigliptin
225:Trelagliptin
155:Vildagliptin
135:
115:
81:
70:
46:
42:
38:
37:
3025:Oxytocinase
2833:Transferase
2633:from market
2245:Sitagliptin
2240:Saxagliptin
2230:Melogliptin
2225:Linagliptin
2220:Gosogliptin
2215:Gemigliptin
2188:/"gliptins"
2173:(GLP-1/GIP)
2171:Tirzepatide
2165:Retatrutide
2132:Semaglutide
2117:Liraglutide
2107:Dulaglutide
2102:Danuglipron
2097:Albiglutide
2075:Repaglinide
2070:Nateglinide
2065:Mitiglinide
2058:/"glinides"
2041:Glisoxepide
2026:Glimepiride
2016:Glicaramide
1995:Tolbutamide
1970:Carbutamide
1918:Pramlintide
1876:Aleglitazar
1828:Englitazone
1818:Ciglitazone
1723:from market
1634:NPH insulin
1611:long-acting
1565:fast-acting
1084:1 September
663:sitagliptin
357:linagliptin
353:saxagliptin
349:sitagliptin
285:Fotagliptin
274:Denagliptin
268:Retagliptin
253:Dutogliptin
247:Gosogliptin
189:Gemigliptin
175:Linagliptin
165:Saxagliptin
141:Sitagliptin
73:sitagliptin
2422:Benfluorex
2309:Zenarestat
2299:Ranirestat
2294:Fidarestat
2289:Epalrestat
2205:Evogliptin
2200:Anagliptin
2195:Alogliptin
2036:Gliquidone
2021:Gliclazide
1990:Tolazamide
1795:Phenformin
1777:Biguanides
936:(3): 273.
754:2013-08-07
723:2013-04-15
698:2013-04-15
467:2006-10-17
448:References
361:alogliptin
263:Neogliptin
241:Evogliptin
215:Alogliptin
199:Anagliptin
161:as Galvus)
85:increases
2926:Hydrolase
2890:Integrase
2805:Aromatase
2742:Substrate
2643:Phase III
2631:Withdrawn
2432:Imeglimin
2337:Voglibose
2304:Tolrestat
2155:Mazdutide
2112:Exenatide
2031:Glipizide
1790:Metformin
1733:Phase III
1721:Withdrawn
1692:inhalable
1036:: i2231.
806:ignored (
796:cite book
423:metformin
395:metformin
300:Berberine
79:in 2006.
3103:Category
2972:Protease
2332:Miglitol
2327:Acarbose
1785:Buformin
1549:Insulins
1527:insulins
1474:23837679
1439:24571751
1398:23524641
1368:Diabetes
1349:19403868
1319:Diabetes
1300:32501595
1251:29563098
1227:: k872.
1202:29677303
1135:29236221
1060:27142267
1011:25517996
1003:19640223
962:35337071
871:26310692
646:29677303
577:Diabetes
562:12697069
536:(1): 3.
503:15780435
436:See also
334:headache
309:Berberis
304:alkaloid
159:Novartis
132:Examples
113:levels.
103:glucagon
93:levels (
91:incretin
83:Glucagon
47:gliptins
2998:Trypsin
2157:(GLP-1/
1703:Afrezza
1700:Exubera
1482:7642027
1389:3712065
1340:2699878
1291:7386876
1242:5861502
1193:5933330
1126:5801239
1051:4854021
953:8949241
637:5933330
597:7789625
511:9151210
427:hepatic
169:Onglyza
149:Januvia
116:A 2018
107:insulin
3052:(EC 4)
2928:(EC 3)
2835:(EC 2)
2795:1.13
2752:(EC 1)
2626:WHO-EM
1905:DACRAs
1901:Amylin
1716:WHO-EM
1480:
1472:
1437:
1396:
1386:
1347:
1337:
1298:
1288:
1249:
1239:
1200:
1190:
1133:
1123:
1058:
1048:
1009:
1001:
960:
950:
869:
784:
644:
634:
595:
560:
553:154101
550:
509:
501:
401:Cancer
387:stroke
359:, and
338:nausea
126:stroke
59:enzyme
3050:Lyase
3010:Mixed
3003:Renin
2981:DPP-4
2816:1.17
2810:COX-2
2803:1.14
2706:Class
2415:Other
2273:Other
1521:Oral
1478:S2CID
1007:S2CID
748:(PDF)
741:(PDF)
507:S2CID
302:, an
95:GLP-1
55:block
53:that
3066:4.2
3058:4.1
3033:3.5
2970:3.4
2952:3.2
2934:3.1
2883:2.7
2875:2.6
2862:2.5
2856:PARP
2854:2.4
2843:COMT
2841:2.1
2787:1.5
2779:1.4
2771:1.3
2758:1.1
2159:GCGR
1809:PPAR
1805:TZDs
1529:and
1470:PMID
1435:PMID
1394:PMID
1345:PMID
1296:PMID
1274:2020
1247:PMID
1198:PMID
1172:JAMA
1131:PMID
1086:2015
1056:PMID
999:PMID
958:PMID
867:PMID
830:2015
808:help
782:ISBN
642:PMID
616:JAMA
593:PMID
558:PMID
499:PMID
181:and
97:and
57:the
2986:ACE
1943:ATP
1535:A10
1462:doi
1425:doi
1421:370
1384:PMC
1376:doi
1335:PMC
1327:doi
1286:PMC
1278:doi
1237:PMC
1229:doi
1225:360
1221:BMJ
1188:PMC
1180:doi
1176:319
1121:PMC
1113:doi
1078:FDA
1046:PMC
1038:doi
1034:353
1030:BMJ
989:doi
948:PMC
938:doi
857:doi
774:doi
632:PMC
624:doi
620:319
585:doi
548:PMC
538:doi
491:doi
487:128
389:or
147:as
124:or
99:GIP
77:FDA
45:or
3105::
2974::
2697::
2639::
2004::
1963::
1729::
1668:,
1525:,
1476:.
1468:.
1458:16
1456:.
1433:.
1419:.
1415:.
1392:.
1382:.
1372:62
1370:.
1366:.
1343:.
1333:.
1323:58
1321:.
1317:.
1294:.
1284:.
1272:.
1268:.
1245:.
1235:.
1223:.
1219:.
1196:.
1186:.
1174:.
1170:.
1151:.
1129:.
1119:.
1107:.
1103:.
1076:.
1054:.
1044:.
1032:.
1028:.
1005:.
997:.
985:24
983:.
979:.
956:.
946:.
934:15
932:.
928:.
865:.
853:38
851:.
847:.
800::
798:}}
794:{{
780:.
640:.
630:.
618:.
614:.
591:.
581:44
579:.
556:.
546:.
532:.
528:.
505:.
497:.
485:.
432:.
355:,
351:,
340:,
336:,
68:.
2687:e
2680:t
2673:v
2161:)
1941:K
1811:)
1682:)
1678:(
1672:)
1664:(
1630:)
1626:(
1551:/
1537:)
1514:e
1507:t
1500:v
1484:.
1464::
1441:.
1427::
1400:.
1378::
1351:.
1329::
1302:.
1280::
1253:.
1231::
1204:.
1182::
1137:.
1115::
1109:9
1088:.
1062:.
1040::
1013:.
991::
964:.
940::
873:.
859::
832:.
810:)
790:.
776::
757:.
726:.
701:.
648:.
626::
599:.
587::
564:.
540::
534:3
513:.
493::
470:.
221:)
205:)
185:)
171:)
151:)
41:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
