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flights, an individual from each riot will perch on branches bordering the others' territory and fly back and forth between trees within their established home range and trees bordering neighbouring kookaburras territory. These displays have been observed to last up to a half an hour and are usually accompanied by calls from the sender and members of that individual's riot. Circle flights are initiated when an individual circumnavigates a neighbouring territory by flying over the area and then quickly invading neighbouring territory. Once inside the neighbouring territory, the individual will fly in circles around the other kookaburras inhabiting the area, which results in a typical laughing call or squawking depending on whether the neighbours' dominance status. Flight displays are useful for communicating over long distances, but other forms of visual signals can be effective for short-range communication.
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tubes. While the structure for producing calls is present from an early age, the kookaburra's song is a learned behavior. The breeding pair within a riot of kookaburra teach the fledglings to produce the signature laughing call after the young have left the nest. The adult male will sing a short portion of the call while the offspring mimics this call, usually unsuccessfully. The singing lessons tend to last two weeks before the fledgling can properly sing and take part in crepuscular choral songs. Once mastered, the young can join in crepuscular chorus songs that aid in establishing territory.
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940:, fledging by day 32–40. If the food supply is not adequate, the third egg will be smaller and the third chick will also be smaller and at a disadvantage relative to its larger siblings. Chicks have a hook on the upper mandible, which disappears by the time of fledging. If the food supply to the chicks is not adequate, the chicks will quarrel, with the hook being used as a weapon. The smallest chick may even be killed by its larger siblings. If food is plentiful, the parent birds spend more time brooding the chicks, so the chicks are not able to fight.
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632:(6.9–15.9 oz), mean 307 g (10.8 oz) and the female 190–465 g (6.7–16.4 oz), mean 352 g (12.4 oz). They have a white or cream-coloured body and head with a dark brown stripe across each eye and more faintly over the top of the head. The wings and back are brown with sky blue spots on the shoulders. The tail is rusty reddish-orange with dark brown bars and white tips on the feathers. The heavy bill is black on top and bone-coloured on the bottom. The subspecies
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916:. The female adopts a begging posture and vocalises like a young bird. The male then offers her his current catch accompanied with an "oo oo oo" sound. However, some observers maintain that the opposite happens – the female approaches the male with her current catch and offers it to him. Nest-building may start in August with a peak of egg-laying from September to November. If the first clutch fails, they will continue breeding into the summer months.
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the laughing kookaburra seems to be undergoing a marked decline with
Birdata showing a 50% drop in sightings from 2000 to 2019, and a drop in the reporting rate from 25% to 15% over the same period. The population in New Zealand is relatively small and is probably less than 500 individuals. Given the extended range and the large stable population, the species is evaluated as of "
672:"Cackle"; 3. "Rolling", a rapidly repeated "oo-oo-oo"; 4. Loud "Ha-ha"; followed by 5. Male's call of "Go-go" or female's call of "Gurgle". Hearing kookaburras in full voice is one of the more extraordinary experiences of the Australian bush, something even locals cannot ignore; some visitors, unless forewarned, may find their calls startling.
753:(Western Australia), "An Act to provide for the preservation of imported birds and animals, and of native game," provided that proclaimed Australian native birds and animals listed in the First Schedule of the Act could be declared protected from taking. Laughing Jackass was one of 23 Australian native bird species named in the schedule.
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their wings and propel their head forward while shaking their tail feathers to exhibit dominance and ward off intruders. The aggressive posturing is followed up by chasing off the unwanted individual before attacking. Visual displays are also used to communicate vigilance and the presence of threats via alert postures.
346:, retaining the same partner for life. A breeding pair can be accompanied by up to five fully grown non-breeding offspring from previous years that help the parents defend their territory and raise their young. The laughing kookaburra generally breeds in unlined tree holes or in excavated holes in arboreal
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The population density of the laughing kookaburra in
Australia varies between 0.04 and 0.8 birds/ha depending on the habitat. Assuming an average of 0.3 birds/ha the total population may be as large as 65 million individuals. However, this may represent a severe over-estimate since the population of
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is open and sparse or where the ground is covered with grass. Tree-holes are needed for nesting. It also occurs near wetlands and in partly cleared areas or farmland with trees along roads and fences. In urban areas it is found in parks and gardens. The range of the laughing kookaburra overlaps with
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One bird starts with a low, hiccuping chuckle, then throws its head back in raucous laughter: often several others join in. If a rival tribe is within earshot and replies, the whole family soon gathers to fill the bush with ringing laughter. The laughing chorus has 5 variable elements: 1. "Kooa"; 2.
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Kookaburras occupy woodland territories (including forests) in loose family groups, and their laughter serves the same purpose as a great many other bird calls—to mark territorial borders. Most species of kookaburras tend to live in family units, with offspring helping the parents hunt and care for
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that is used in a slew of different contexts. Laughing kookaburras have been noted to squawk when nesting, exhibiting submissive behavior, and when fledglings are waiting to be fed. Laughing kookaburras have a greater repertoire of calls than other kookaburra species like the Blue-winged kookaburra
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A predator of a wide variety of small animals, the laughing kookaburra typically waits perched on a branch until it sees an animal on the ground and then flies down and pounces on its prey. Its diet includes lizards, insects, worms, snakes, mice and it is known to take goldfish out of garden ponds.
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Laughing kookaburras are a common sight in suburban gardens and urban settings, even in built-up areas, and are so tame that they will often eat out of a person's hands, and allow them to rub their bellies. It is not uncommon for kookaburras to snatch food out of people's hands without warning, by
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Close range visual signals can be used to convey aggression or indicate incoming threats to the flock. Aggressive posturing is used as a warning before attacking, a signal that is commonly received by foreign kookaburras encroaching on another groups' territory. Laughing kookaburras will splay out
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The duetting call requires higher levels of cooperation within the group. The coordination of calls amongst kookaburras has been hypothesized to strengthen the main long-term pair bond and may have evolved as a mechanism to solidify the group's bonds since it is energetically costly to learn a new
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To further enhance territorial behavior, kookaburras will partake in two types of aerial displays: trapeze and circular flights. Trapeze flights are aptly named after the swooping motion that neighbouring kookaburras will make towards one another in midair when defending territory. During trapeze
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Those calls are produced to attract/guard mates, establish and maintain the social hierarchy, and declare and defend a territory, as their calls are more often correlated with aggressiveness. Calls are utilized as neighbour/kin recognition to exhibit that groups are still inhabiting a territory.
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This species possesses a tracheo-bronchial syrinx, which creates two sources of vibrations so it can produce two frequencies at the same time with multiple harmonics. The laughing kookaburras call is made through a complex sound production system, by forcing air from the lungs into the bronchial
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in body mass. It is a stout, stocky bird 41–47 cm (16–19 in) in length, with a large head, prominent brown eyes, and a long and robust bill. The sexes are very similar, although the female is usually larger and has less blue to the rump than the male. The male weighs 196–450 g
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showed that a description by
Hermann had been published earlier in the same year, 1783, and thus had precedence. The inaccurate impression of geographic distribution given by the name in current usage had not by 1977 been considered an important enough matter to force a change in favor of
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The laughing kookaburra can be distinguished from the similarly sized blue-winged kookaburra by its dark eye, dark eye-stripe, shorter bill and the smaller and duller blue areas on the wing and rump. Male blue-winged kookaburras also differ in having a barred blue and black tail.
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These calls also demonstrate to receivers that highly coordinated groups are of better quality and health. Acoustic communication between laughing kookaburras increases 2–3 months before the breeding season, September to
January, because male aggression also increases.
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It has been introduced into many other areas probably because of its reputation for killing snakes. In
December 1891, the Western Australian parliament included 'Laughing Jackass' in the schedule of strictly preserved Australian native birds in the Game Bill, moved by
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311:. The underparts are cream-white and the tail is barred with rufous and black. The plumage of the male and female birds is similar. The territorial call is a distinctive laugh that is often delivered by several birds at the same time, and is widely used as a
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who was
Secretary of the Acclimatization Society and Director of Perth Zoological Gardens, an enthusiastic supporter of the Kookaburra who admitted to releasing hundreds from the Zoo, including 50 in 1900 at the Royal request of the visiting Duke of York.
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will open its beak, ruffle up the feathers surrounding its cap, and angle their heads towards the direction of the threat. Depending on the urgency of the threat, alarm postures may be followed by loud laugh-like calls to warn other members of the flock.
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of New
Zealand. It was thought that the introduction had been unsuccessful but in 1916 some birds were discovered on the adjacent mainland. It now breeds in a small region on the western side of the Hauraki Gulf between
697:) that produces two simple types of calls: “barks” and “hiccups”. This large range of calls is highlighted through cadencing, intonation, and frequency modulations that allow more detailed information to be conveyed.
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The female generally lays a clutch of three semi-glossy, white, rounded eggs, measuring 36 mm Ă— 45 mm (1.4 in Ă— 1.8 in), at about two-day intervals. Both parents and auxiliaries
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snakes, much longer than their bodies. When feeding their young, adult laughing kookaburras will make “Chuck calls”, which are deep, guttural calls that differ significantly from their daily chorus songs.
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for new with Guinea, based on the erroneous belief that the specimen had originated from New Guinea. For many years it was believed that the earliest description was by the Dutch naturalist
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is three white eggs. The parents and the helpers incubate the eggs and feed the chicks. The youngest of the three nestlings or chicks is often killed by the older siblings. When the chicks
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in 1834. In the early years of the 20th century "kookaburra" was included as an alternative name in ornithological publications, but it was not until 1926 in the second edition of the
51:
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Recordings of this bird have been edited into
Hollywood movies for decades, usually in jungle settings, beginning with the Tarzan series in the 1930s, and more recently in the film
409:. In fact Sonnerat never visited New Guinea and the laughing kookaburra does not occur there. He probably obtained a preserved specimen from one of the naturalists who accompanied
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Tabula affinitatum animalium olim academico specimine edita : nunc uberiore commentario illustrata cum annotationibus ad historiam naturalem animalium augendam facientibus
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around 1896. The
Acclimatization Society (or Animal and Bird Acclimatization committee of WA) imported and released hundreds of birds between 1897 and 1912. Mainly via
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song. Neighbouring groups exhibit degrees of cooperation as well since chorus songs between neighbours are delivered without any overlap, alternating between groups.
307:. It is a large robust kingfisher with a whitish head and a brown eye-stripe. The upperparts are mostly dark brown but there is a mottled light-blue patch on the
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Laughing kookaburras from
Eastern States were released to the South West as early as 1883, with birds being noted between Perth and Fremantle, as well as up in
741:, member for North District. He described it as native of the North West. His nomination is, therefore, certainly a reference to the blue-winged kookaburra (
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Wandering in New South Wales, Batavia, Pedir Coast, Singapore, and China: being the journal of a naturalist in those countries during 1832, 1833, and 1834
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By 1912 breeding populations had been established in a number of areas. The present range in Western Australia is southwest of a line joining
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664:", which it uses to establish territory among family groups. It can be heard at any time of day, but most frequently at dawn and dusk.
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856:. Around Cooktown the laughing kookaburra tends to favour areas near water while the blue-winged kookaburra keeps to drier habitats.
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the laughing kookaburra was introduced at several locations beginning in 1906. It now mainly occurs northeast of a line joining
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1923:(J. del Hoyo, A. Elliott, J. Sargatal, D. A. Christie, and E. de Juana, Editors). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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In the 19th century this species was commonly called the "laughing jackass", a name first recorded (as Laughing Jack-Ass) in
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The laughing kookaburra was first described and illustrated (in black and white) by the French naturalist and explorer
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969:) do, by perching on a convenient branch or wire and waiting patiently for prey to pass by. Common prey include
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swooping in from a distance. People often feed them pieces of raw meat. Laughing kookaburras are often kept in
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2112:"21. Using Interactive Playback to Study How Songs and Singing Contribute to Communication about Behavior"
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908:: Juveniles have shorter bills with a dark underside, and a strong white on the wing and mantle feathers
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they continue to be fed by the group for six to ten weeks until they are able to forage independently.
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of the species based on the coloured plate by Daubenton and Martinet. He gave it the scientific name
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During mating season, the laughing kookaburra reputedly indulges in behaviour similar to that of a
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1986:"Helpers Have Little to Laugh About: Group Structure and Vocalisation in the Laughing Kookaburra
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1951:"The Chorus Song of Cooperatively Breeding Laughing Kookaburras (Coraciiformes, Halcyonidae:
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The laughing kookaburra is native to eastern Australia and has a range that extends from the
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included a coloured plate of the laughing kookaburra based on Sonnerat's specimen in their
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forest, woodland, city parks and gardens. This species is sedentary and occupies the same
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2417:"The Auxiliary Social System in Kookaburras: A Reappraisal of Its Adaptive Significance"
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2367:"Handbook of Australian, New Zealand & Antarctic Birds. Volume 3: Snipe to Pigeons"
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989:. Small prey are preferred, but kookaburras sometimes take large creatures, including
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1718:
Manuel d'ornithologie, ou description des genres et des principales espèces d'oiseaux
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Woodall, P. F. (2020). "Laughing Kookaburra (Dacelo novaeguineae), version 1.0." In
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1793:. In del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D.A.; de Juana, E. (eds.).
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2327:"Kookaburras spotted in wilds of Scotland by excited adventurer: 'They're wicked'"
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The kookaburra is also the subject of a popular Australian children's song, the "
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The laughing kookaburra is the largest species of kingfisher, outsizing even the
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Smith, W. John (31 December 2020), Kroodsma, Donald E; Miller, Edward H (eds.),
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was used in the scientific literature, but in 1926 the Australian ornithologist
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1501:. Vol. 5. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 189.
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1461:. Vol. 5. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 190.
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A laughing kookaburra seen eating a sausage which it snatched from a barbeque.
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in 1782. Another popular name was "laughing kingfisher". The names in several
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in the south. It is present on both the eastern and the western sides of the
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A laughing kookaburra making a hollow for a nest in an arboreal termite nest.
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The Zoological Miscellany; being descriptions of new, or interesting Animals
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1481:(in Latin). Argentorati: Impensis Joh. Georgii Treuttel. p. 192 Note.
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1521:. Vol. 2. London: B. McMillan for E. Nodder & Son. p. 125.
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officially adopted the name "laughing kookaburra". The name comes from
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as it has a large range and population, with no widespread threats.
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1569:
Table des planches enluminéez d'histoire naturelle de M. D'Aubenton
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793:
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405:, which was published in 1776. He claimed to have seen the bird in
335:
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134:
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Jenkins, C.F .H. (1959). "Introduced Birds in Western Australia".
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A single individual Laughing Kookaburra, has been living wild, in
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In the 1860s, during his second term as governor of New Zealand,
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2240:. Agriculture Protection Board of Western Australia. p. 3.
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981:(such as insects, earthworms and snails), yabbies, small fish,
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Coloured plate with the incorrect legend that was used by both
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1778:(2nd ed.). Melbourne: Whitcombe & Tombs. p. 105.
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Squawking is another common form of acoustic communication in
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and the laughing kookaburra are both widespread in Australia.
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used "great brown kingfisher", a name that had been coined by
242:
Distribution within Australia (Western Australia: introduced)
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1397:
Lysaght, A. (1956). "Why did Sonnerat record the kookaburra,
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970:
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661:
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First impressions : Albany 1791-1901 :travellers' tales
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2032:"A review of hypotheses for the functions of avian duetting"
1701:. Vol. 1. London: Printed for Benj. White. p. 609.
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2680:
1629:. London: T. Cadell Jr and W. Davies. Appendix 12 Language.
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1030:
144:
2278:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 137–138.
2118:, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, pp. 377–397,
1268:. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. pp. 1121–1138.
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that of the blue-winged kookaburra in an area of eastern
2116:
Ecology and Evolution of Acoustic Communication in Birds
852:
that extends from the Cape York Peninsula south to near
683:
461:, the Latin word for a kingfisher. The specific epithet
2605:
Xeno-canto: audio recordings of the laughing kookaburra
2282:
2275:
The Naturalisation of Animals and Plants in New Zealand
2180:, Perth, 22 December 1891, page 3, Legislative Assembly
1984:
Reyer, Heinz-Ulrich; Schmidl, Dieter (September 1988).
1651:. Collingwood VIC, Australia: CSIRO. pp. 156–158.
1264:
Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds
985:, frogs, small birds and nestlings, and most famously,
497:
which was published in 1798. In 1858 the ornithologist
1427:
1086:
965:
Kookaburras hunt much as other kingfishers (or indeed
660:
The name "laughing kookaburra" refers to the bird's "
1775:
An Australian bird book: a pocket book for field use
1741:. Vol. 1. London: Richard Bentley. p. 222.
811:
arranged for the release of laughing kookaburras on
2081:. Clayton South, VIC, Australia: CSIRO Publishing.
1626:
An Account of the English Colony in New South Wales
800:in around 1940, where it is now widespread, and on
491:
An Account of the English Colony in New South Wales
2511:
2365:ICTN; Higgins, P. J.; Davies, S. J. J. F. (1997).
2302:"Kookaburra spotted living in Suffolk countryside"
1861:"Contributions to the zoology of north Queensland"
961:Catching a worm, Bruny Island, Tasmania, Australia
2364:
2237:Introduced birds and mammals in Western Australia
1360:"The scientific name of the Laughing Kookaburra:
1112:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22683189A92977835.en
4132:
2564:. Collingwood Vic, Australia: CSIRO Publishing.
1955:): Characterization and Comparison Among Groups"
1758:. London: Whitcombe and Tombs. pp. 236–237.
1681:. Vol. 2. London: Self-published. Plate 18.
1040:" which was written by Marion Sinclair in 1934.
717:. In the south the range extends westwards from
564:are restricted to New Guinea and islands in the
453:was introduced in 1815 by the English zoologist
369:(IUCN) has classed the laughing kookaburra as a
2610:Photos, audio and video of laughing kookaburra
1310:. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 133–136.
1306:Fry, C. H.; Fry, Kathie; Harris, Alan (1999).
1064:International Union for Conservation of Nature
556:contains four kookaburra species of which the
367:International Union for Conservation of Nature
2641:
1752:Lucas, A.H.S.; Le Souef, W.H. Dunley (1911).
1751:
315:in situations that involve a jungle setting.
1983:
1535:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
1340:(in French). Chez Ruault. p. 170, Plate 106.
1305:
2414:
1831:"Rollers, ground rollers & kingfishers"
1825:
1172:Pascal Press, Glebe, NSW. Revised edition.
1015:
700:
322:, but has also been introduced to parts of
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2634:
2534:Michaux, B. (2013). Miskelly, C.M. (ed.).
2514:"Explore Birdata map: Laughing kookaburra"
2464:. Canberra: National Centre of Biography,
1915:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1646:
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1498:Check-list of Birds of the World. Volume 5
1458:Check-list of Birds of the World. Volume 5
1245:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1187:
1185:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1158:
843:and woodland. It is more common where the
509:were listed by European authors including
233:
76:
49:
40:
2415:Morton, S. R.; Parry, G. D. (July 1974).
1782:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1110:
819:, about 40 km (25 mi) north of
393:Laughing kookaburra, Audley, Sydney, 2023
1855:
1795:Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive
1562:
1438:Planches enluminées d'histoire naturelle
1330:
1191:
1143:A Field Guide to the Birds of Australia.
1137:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1019:
947:
924:the eggs for 24–26 days. Hatchlings are
899:
878:
646:
618:
535:Official Checklist of Birds of Australia
423:Planches enluminées d'histoire naturelle
380:
280:
265:
2533:
2288:
2268:
2214:
2165:
1900:
1881:
1788:
1731:
1649:Australian Bird Names: A Complete Guide
1642:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1619:
1610:
1582:
1531:
1471:
1396:
1249:
1182:
1155:
594:and introduced into southwest Australia
539:Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union
27:Species of kingfisher bird in Australia
14:
4133:
2453:
1925:https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.laukoo1.01
1721:(in French). Paris: Roret. p. 93.
1711:
1691:
1491:
1451:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1200:
1141:Pizzey, Graham and Doyle, Roy. (1980)
1052:
425:. The plate has the legend in French "
3681:
3680:
2629:
2578:
2559:
2410:
2408:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2348:
2109:
2076:
2025:
2023:
1948:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1837:. International Ornithologists' Union
1768:
1671:
1538:. London: Christopher Helm. pp.
1511:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1126:
684:Other forms of acoustic communication
427:Martin-pecheur, de la Nouvelle Guinée
318:The laughing kookaburra is native to
3973:9366b56c-b882-4e9a-98c6-ab1970cb7ed8
3669:56 to 61 living species in 12 genera
2655:
2233:
2029:
1633:
1357:
4141:IUCN Red List least concern species
2622:from Graeme Chapman's sound library
2189:
2036:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology
1819:
1647:Gray, Jeannie; Fraser, Ian (2013).
1344:
1308:Kingfishers, Bee-eaters and Rollers
1098:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
61:Recorded in southwestern Australia
24:
2553:
2461:Australian Dictionary of Biography
2405:
2345:
2030:Hall, Michelle L. (1 March 2004).
2020:
1929:
1882:Dunning, John B. Jr., ed. (2008).
1282:
997:
892:the next generation of offspring.
25:
4197:
3640:Buff-breasted paradise kingfisher
2620:Recordings of laughing kookaburra
2598:
1884:CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses
1865:Bulletin of the Liverpool Museums
1572:(in French). Utrecht. p. 40.
1266:. Volume 4: Parrots to dollarbird
1192:Kaercher, Melissa (30 May 2013).
3652:Black-capped paradise kingfisher
3628:Brown-headed paradise kingfisher
3616:Red-breasted paradise kingfisher
1971:10.1046/j.1439-0310.2003.00941.x
1949:Baker, Myron C. (January 2004).
1441:. Vol. 7. Paris. Plate 663.
1170:Field Guide to Australian Birds.
745:), not the laughing kookaburra (
429:" (Kingfisher from New Guinea).
413:to the east coast of Australia.
101:
2527:
2505:
2447:
2319:
2294:
2262:
2227:
2208:
2183:
2171:
2103:
2070:
1977:
1875:
1849:
1829:; Donsker, David, eds. (2016).
1762:
1745:
1725:
1705:
1685:
1665:
1576:
1556:
1525:
1505:
1485:
1465:
1445:
1421:
1250:Higgins, Peter J., ed. (1999).
1087:BirdLife International (2016).
507:Australian indigenous languages
432:In 1783, the French naturalist
2583:. Melbourne: Lansdowne Press.
2466:Australian National University
2456:"Sinclair, Marion (1896–1988)"
1401:(Boddaert) from New Guinea?".
1390:
1324:
614:
13:
1:
1857:Robinson, Herbert Christopher
1069:
1046:The Lost World: Jurassic Park
636:has a similar plumage to the
4186:Taxa named by Johann Hermann
3748:Dacelo_(Dacelo)_novaeguineae
2562:Kookaburra: King of the Bush
2079:Kookaburra: King of the Bush
1145:Collins Publishers, Sydney.
874:
7:
2926:Chocolate-backed kingfisher
2579:Parry, Veronica A. (1970).
2512:BirdLife Australia (2020).
1886:(2nd ed.). CRC Press.
1835:World Bird List Version 6.3
1791:"Kingfishers (Alcedinidae)"
1698:A General Synopsis of Birds
1337:Voyage à la Nouvelle Guinée
895:
883:Kookaburra with a captured
651:In Royal National Park, NSW
403:Voyage à la nouvelle Guinée
376:
342:throughout the year. It is
10:
4202:
4151:Endemic birds of Australia
3604:Numfor paradise kingfisher
3580:Kofiau paradise kingfisher
3568:Common paradise kingfisher
3556:Little paradise kingfisher
3442:Rufous-collared kingfisher
3281:Cinnamon-banded kingfisher
2614:Cornell Lab of Ornithology
2538:. New Zealand Birds Online
2077:Legge, Sarah, ed. (2004).
1532:Jobling, James A. (2010).
1433:Martinet, François-Nicolas
943:
839:The usual habitat is open
623:Large bill and head detail
320:eastern mainland Australia
4171:Birds of Victoria (state)
4061:
3689:
3667:
3544:
3505:
3490:Scaly-breasted kingfisher
3418:
3391:
3364:
3081:Blue-and-white kingfisher
3049:
2938:White-throated kingfisher
2902:
2851:
2824:
2797:
2782:Rufous-bellied kookaburra
2734:
2707:
2663:
2421:Emu – Austral Ornithology
2124:10.7591/9781501736957-030
2048:10.1007/s00265-003-0741-x
1994:Emu – Austral Ornithology
1196:. Tin Lizard Productions.
1194:"The Sound and the Foley"
1168:Morcombe, Michael (2012)
815:. The island lies in the
558:rufous-bellied kookaburra
419:François-Nicolas Martinet
253:
246:
241:
232:
213:
206:
98:Scientific classification
96:
74:
65:
60:
48:
39:
34:
4166:Birds of New South Wales
4161:Birds of South Australia
3592:Biak paradise kingfisher
3517:Yellow-billed kingfisher
3111:White-mantled kingfisher
3010:Blue-breasted kingfisher
2809:Shovel-billed kookaburra
1105:: e.T22683189A92977835.
1016:Relationship with humans
973:and similar-sized small
701:Distribution and habitat
640:but is smaller in size.
473:and his scientific name
371:species of least concern
4181:Birds described in 1783
3478:Green-backed kingfisher
3454:Spotted wood kingfisher
3376:White-rumped kingfisher
3181:Rusty-capped kingfisher
3022:Brown-hooded kingfisher
2962:Black-capped kingfisher
2887:Great-billed kingfisher
2875:Stork-billed kingfisher
2863:Brown-winged kingfisher
1815:(subscription required)
1713:Lesson, René Primeverre
796:. It was introduced on
776:on the south coast. In
655:
457:, and is an anagram of
3403:Hook-billed kingfisher
3151:Flat-billed kingfisher
3121:Ultramarine kingfisher
2950:Grey-headed kingfisher
2758:Blue-winged kookaburra
2454:Howell, P. A. (2012).
1803:10.2173/bow.alcedi1.01
1789:Woodall, P.F. (2020).
1755:The Birds of Australia
1678:The Birds of Australia
1025:
962:
909:
888:
772:on the west coast and
652:
624:
586:(Hermann, 1783) – the
570:blue-winged kookaburra
394:
286:
278:
4007:Paleobiology Database
3430:Moustached kingfisher
3321:Chattering kingfisher
3211:Melanesian kingfisher
3141:Red-backed kingfisher
3071:Winchell's kingfisher
3061:Blue-black kingfisher
2560:Legge, Sarah (2004).
2536:"Laughing kookaburra"
2168:, pp. 1124–1125.
2087:10.1071/9780643091375
1513:Leach, William Elford
1429:Daubenton, Edme-Louis
1023:
977:, a large variety of
960:
903:
882:
650:
622:
392:
284:
269:
3466:Hombron's kingfisher
3341:Mangareva kingfisher
3331:Marquesan kingfisher
3241:Torresian kingfisher
2234:Long, J. L. (1974).
1256:Laughing Kookaburra"
933:
925:
715:Great Dividing Range
513:by Collins in 1798,
455:William Elford Leach
415:Edme-Louis Daubenton
199:D. novaeguineae
35:Laughing kookaburra
4156:Birds of Queensland
4063:Alcedo novaeguineae
4051:Dacelo-novaeguineae
3963:laughing-kookaburra
3800:laughing-kookaburra
3761:dacelo-novaeguineae
3735:Dacelo_novaeguineae
3721:Dacelo novaeguineae
3691:Dacelo novaeguineae
3529:Mountain kingfisher
3191:Collared kingfisher
3155:(T. recurvirostris)
2998:Mangrove kingfisher
2986:Woodland kingfisher
2770:Spangled kookaburra
2746:Laughing kookaburra
2616:'s Macaulay Library
2371:Colonial Waterbirds
1988:Dacelo novaeguineae
1953:Dacelo novaeguineae
1588:"An important date"
1584:Mathews, Gregory M.
1366:Dacelo novaeguineae
1358:Mees, G.F. (1977).
1254:Dacelo novaeguineae
1091:Dacelo novaeguineae
1053:Conservation status
967:Australasian robins
747:Dacelo novaeguineae
707:Cape York Peninsula
605:Cape York Peninsula
588:nominate subspecies
562:spangled kookaburra
547:Aboriginal language
465:combines the Latin
299:) is a bird in the
296:Dacelo novaeguineae
291:laughing kookaburra
217:Dacelo novaeguineae
68:Conservation status
18:Dacelo novaeguineae
3795:BirdLife-Australia
3301:Society kingfisher
3231:Mariana kingfisher
3201:Pacific kingfisher
3175:(T. reichenbachii)
3171:Pohnpei kingfisher
3131:Vanuatu kingfisher
3034:Striped kingfisher
2194:. pp. 151–2.
2190:Sellick, Douglas.
1921:Birds of the World
1770:Leach, John Albert
1026:
963:
910:
889:
841:sclerophyll forest
751:The Game Act, 1892
653:
625:
590:, east Australia,
584:D. n. novaeguineae
442:Alcedo novæ Guineæ
438:formal description
411:Captain James Cook
395:
334:. It occupies dry
313:stock sound effect
287:
279:
4176:Birds of Tasmania
4128:
4127:
3994:Open Tree of Life
3683:Taxon identifiers
3674:
3673:
3315:(T. ruficollaris)
3311:Mewing kingfisher
3291:Sacred kingfisher
3261:Talaud kingfisher
3251:Sombre kingfisher
3165:(T. cinnamominus)
3101:Forest kingfisher
3091:Lazuli kingfisher
3065:(T. nigrocyaneus)
2719:Banded kingfisher
2590:978-0-7018-0290-5
2571:978-0-643-09063-7
2475:978-0-522-84459-7
2433:10.1071/mu974195b
2133:978-1-5017-3695-7
2096:978-0-643-09137-5
2006:10.1071/mu9880150
1893:978-1-4200-6444-5
1797:. Lynx Edicions.
1549:978-1-4081-2501-4
1493:Peters, James Lee
1453:Peters, James Lee
1384:10.1071/mu9770035
1317:978-0-7136-5206-2
1275:978-0-19-553071-1
958:
390:
350:nests. The usual
332:Western Australia
264:
263:
91:
54:
16:(Redirected from
4193:
4121:
4120:
4108:
4107:
4095:
4094:
4082:
4081:
4080:
4054:
4053:
4041:
4040:
4028:
4027:
4015:
4014:
4002:
4001:
3989:
3988:
3976:
3975:
3966:
3965:
3956:
3955:
3943:
3942:
3940:NHMSYS0020789043
3930:
3929:
3917:
3916:
3904:
3903:
3891:
3890:
3878:
3877:
3865:
3864:
3852:
3851:
3839:
3838:
3826:
3825:
3816:
3815:
3803:
3802:
3790:
3789:
3777:
3776:
3774:94AF4A470D4C6319
3764:
3763:
3751:
3750:
3738:
3737:
3725:
3724:
3723:
3710:
3709:
3708:
3678:
3677:
3660:
3648:
3636:
3624:
3612:
3600:
3588:
3576:
3564:
3537:
3525:
3498:
3486:
3474:
3462:
3450:
3438:
3435:A. bougainvillei
3411:
3384:
3357:
3347:
3337:
3327:
3317:
3307:
3297:
3287:
3285:(T. australasia)
3277:
3271:Beach kingfisher
3267:
3257:
3247:
3237:
3227:
3221:Islet kingfisher
3217:
3207:
3197:
3187:
3177:
3167:
3157:
3147:
3145:(T. pyrrhopygia)
3137:
3127:
3125:(T. leucopygius)
3117:
3115:(T. albonotatus)
3107:
3097:
3087:
3077:
3067:
3042:
3030:
3018:
3006:
2994:
2982:
2974:Javan kingfisher
2970:
2958:
2946:
2934:
2922:
2914:Ruddy kingfisher
2895:
2892:P. melanorhyncha
2883:
2871:
2844:
2836:Lilac kingfisher
2817:
2790:
2778:
2766:
2754:
2727:
2657:Tree kingfishers
2650:
2643:
2636:
2627:
2626:
2594:
2575:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2531:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2412:
2403:
2402:
2362:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2298:
2292:
2286:
2280:
2279:
2266:
2260:
2259:
2231:
2225:
2224:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2187:
2181:
2175:
2169:
2163:
2152:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2027:
2018:
2017:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1946:
1927:
1917:
1898:
1897:
1879:
1873:
1872:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1749:
1743:
1742:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1669:
1663:
1662:
1658:978-0-64310469-3
1644:
1631:
1630:
1617:
1608:
1607:
1604:10.1071/mu926148
1580:
1574:
1573:
1564:Boddaert, Pieter
1560:
1554:
1553:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1489:
1483:
1482:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1425:
1419:
1418:
1415:10.1071/MU956224
1394:
1388:
1387:
1355:
1342:
1341:
1332:Sonnerat, Pierre
1328:
1322:
1321:
1303:
1280:
1279:
1260:
1247:
1198:
1197:
1189:
1180:
1166:
1153:
1139:
1124:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1114:
1084:
959:
937:
929:
709:in the north to
629:giant kingfisher
579:are recognised:
545:, an endangered
391:
237:
219:
106:
105:
85:
80:
79:
56:
55:
44:
32:
31:
21:
4201:
4200:
4196:
4195:
4194:
4192:
4191:
4190:
4131:
4130:
4129:
4124:
4116:
4111:
4103:
4098:
4090:
4085:
4076:
4075:
4070:
4057:
4049:
4044:
4036:
4031:
4023:
4018:
4010:
4005:
3997:
3992:
3984:
3981:Observation.org
3979:
3971:
3969:
3961:
3959:
3951:
3946:
3938:
3933:
3925:
3920:
3912:
3907:
3899:
3894:
3886:
3881:
3873:
3868:
3860:
3855:
3847:
3842:
3834:
3829:
3821:
3819:
3811:
3806:
3798:
3793:
3785:
3780:
3772:
3767:
3759:
3754:
3746:
3741:
3733:
3728:
3719:
3718:
3713:
3704:
3703:
3698:
3685:
3675:
3670:
3663:
3654:
3642:
3630:
3618:
3606:
3594:
3582:
3570:
3558:
3540:
3531:
3519:
3501:
3492:
3480:
3468:
3456:
3444:
3432:
3414:
3405:
3387:
3378:
3360:
3353:
3351:Niau kingfisher
3343:
3335:(T. godeffroyi)
3333:
3323:
3313:
3303:
3293:
3283:
3275:(T. saurophaga)
3273:
3263:
3253:
3243:
3233:
3223:
3213:
3203:
3193:
3185:(T. pelewensis)
3183:
3173:
3163:
3161:Guam kingfisher
3153:
3143:
3133:
3123:
3113:
3103:
3093:
3083:
3073:
3063:
3045:
3036:
3024:
3012:
3003:H. senegaloides
3000:
2991:H. senegalensis
2988:
2979:H. cyanoventris
2976:
2964:
2955:H. leucocephala
2952:
2940:
2928:
2916:
2898:
2889:
2877:
2865:
2847:
2838:
2820:
2811:
2793:
2784:
2772:
2760:
2751:D. novaeguineae
2748:
2730:
2721:
2703:
2659:
2654:
2601:
2591:
2572:
2556:
2554:Further reading
2551:
2541:
2539:
2532:
2528:
2518:
2516:
2510:
2506:
2496:
2494:
2476:
2452:
2448:
2413:
2406:
2383:10.2307/1521625
2363:
2346:
2336:
2334:
2333:. 12 April 2024
2325:
2324:
2320:
2310:
2308:
2300:
2299:
2295:
2291:, p. 1123.
2287:
2283:
2267:
2263:
2248:
2232:
2228:
2213:
2209:
2202:
2188:
2184:
2176:
2172:
2164:
2155:
2146:
2144:
2134:
2108:
2104:
2097:
2075:
2071:
2028:
2021:
1982:
1978:
1947:
1930:
1918:
1901:
1894:
1880:
1876:
1871:(3&4): 116.
1854:
1850:
1840:
1838:
1824:
1820:
1814:
1807:
1805:
1787:
1783:
1767:
1763:
1750:
1746:
1733:Bennett, George
1730:
1726:
1710:
1706:
1690:
1686:
1670:
1666:
1659:
1645:
1634:
1618:
1611:
1581:
1577:
1561:
1557:
1550:
1530:
1526:
1510:
1506:
1490:
1486:
1473:Hermann, Johann
1470:
1466:
1450:
1446:
1426:
1422:
1395:
1391:
1356:
1345:
1329:
1325:
1318:
1304:
1283:
1276:
1258:
1248:
1201:
1190:
1183:
1167:
1156:
1140:
1127:
1117:
1115:
1085:
1076:
1072:
1055:
1018:
1009:D. novaeguineae
1000:
998:Visual displays
948:
946:
939:
931:
898:
877:
802:Kangaroo Island
798:Flinders Island
762:Ernest Le Souef
731:South Australia
727:Flinders Ranges
723:Yorke Peninsula
703:
690:D. novaeguineae
686:
658:
617:
479:Gregory Mathews
471:Pieter Boddaert
399:Pierre Sonnerat
381:
379:
276:Pieter Boddaert
228:
221:
215:
202:
100:
92:
81:
77:
70:
50:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4199:
4189:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4126:
4125:
4123:
4122:
4109:
4096:
4083:
4067:
4065:
4059:
4058:
4056:
4055:
4042:
4029:
4016:
4003:
3990:
3977:
3967:
3957:
3944:
3931:
3918:
3905:
3892:
3879:
3866:
3853:
3840:
3827:
3817:
3804:
3791:
3778:
3765:
3752:
3739:
3726:
3711:
3695:
3693:
3687:
3686:
3672:
3671:
3668:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3661:
3649:
3637:
3625:
3613:
3601:
3589:
3577:
3565:
3561:T. hydrocharis
3552:
3550:
3542:
3541:
3539:
3538:
3534:S. megarhyncha
3526:
3513:
3511:
3503:
3502:
3500:
3499:
3487:
3475:
3463:
3451:
3439:
3426:
3424:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3412:
3408:M. macrorrhina
3399:
3397:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3385:
3372:
3370:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3358:
3355:(T. gertrudae)
3348:
3338:
3328:
3318:
3308:
3305:(T. veneratus)
3298:
3288:
3278:
3268:
3258:
3248:
3238:
3235:(T. albicilla)
3228:
3218:
3215:(T. tristrami)
3208:
3198:
3188:
3178:
3168:
3158:
3148:
3138:
3135:(T. farquhari)
3128:
3118:
3108:
3105:(T. macleayii)
3098:
3088:
3078:
3075:(T. winchelli)
3068:
3057:
3055:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3043:
3031:
3027:H. albiventris
3019:
3007:
2995:
2983:
2971:
2959:
2947:
2935:
2923:
2910:
2908:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2896:
2884:
2872:
2868:P. amauroptera
2859:
2857:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2845:
2832:
2830:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2818:
2805:
2803:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2791:
2779:
2767:
2755:
2742:
2740:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2728:
2715:
2713:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2701:
2695:
2689:
2683:
2677:
2671:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2653:
2652:
2645:
2638:
2630:
2624:
2623:
2617:
2607:
2600:
2599:External links
2597:
2596:
2595:
2589:
2576:
2570:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2549:
2526:
2504:
2474:
2446:
2427:(3): 196–198.
2404:
2344:
2318:
2293:
2281:
2261:
2246:
2226:
2207:
2200:
2182:
2178:The Daily News
2170:
2153:
2132:
2102:
2095:
2069:
2042:(5): 415–430.
2019:
2000:(3): 150–160.
1976:
1928:
1899:
1892:
1874:
1848:
1818:
1781:
1761:
1744:
1724:
1704:
1684:
1664:
1657:
1632:
1621:Collins, David
1609:
1575:
1555:
1548:
1524:
1504:
1495:, ed. (1945).
1484:
1464:
1455:, ed. (1945).
1444:
1420:
1409:(3): 224–225.
1389:
1364:(Boddaert) v.
1343:
1323:
1316:
1281:
1274:
1199:
1181:
1178:978174021417-9
1154:
1125:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1054:
1051:
1017:
1014:
999:
996:
945:
942:
897:
894:
876:
873:
743:Dacelo leachii
702:
699:
695:Dacelo leachii
685:
682:
657:
654:
616:
613:
612:
611:
595:
566:Torres Straits
531:George Bennett
511:Go-gan-ne-gine
444:. The current
434:Johann Hermann
378:
375:
272:Johann Hermann
262:
261:
260:
259:
251:
250:
244:
243:
239:
238:
230:
229:
222:
211:
210:
204:
203:
196:
194:
190:
189:
182:
178:
177:
172:
168:
167:
162:
158:
157:
152:
148:
147:
142:
138:
137:
132:
128:
127:
122:
118:
117:
112:
108:
107:
94:
93:
75:
72:
71:
66:
63:
62:
58:
57:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4198:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4138:
4136:
4119:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4088:
4084:
4079:
4073:
4069:
4068:
4066:
4064:
4060:
4052:
4047:
4043:
4039:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3968:
3964:
3958:
3954:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3858:
3854:
3850:
3845:
3841:
3837:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3818:
3814:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3783:
3779:
3775:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3731:
3727:
3722:
3716:
3712:
3707:
3701:
3697:
3696:
3694:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3679:
3666:
3658:
3653:
3650:
3646:
3641:
3638:
3634:
3629:
3626:
3622:
3617:
3614:
3610:
3605:
3602:
3598:
3593:
3590:
3586:
3581:
3578:
3574:
3569:
3566:
3562:
3557:
3554:
3553:
3551:
3549:
3548:
3543:
3535:
3530:
3527:
3523:
3518:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3510:
3509:
3504:
3496:
3491:
3488:
3484:
3479:
3476:
3472:
3467:
3464:
3460:
3455:
3452:
3448:
3443:
3440:
3436:
3431:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3423:
3422:
3417:
3409:
3404:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3396:
3395:
3390:
3382:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3369:
3368:
3363:
3356:
3352:
3349:
3346:
3345:(T. gambieri)
3342:
3339:
3336:
3332:
3329:
3326:
3322:
3319:
3316:
3312:
3309:
3306:
3302:
3299:
3296:
3292:
3289:
3286:
3282:
3279:
3276:
3272:
3269:
3266:
3262:
3259:
3256:
3255:(T. funebris)
3252:
3249:
3246:
3245:(T. sordidus)
3242:
3239:
3236:
3232:
3229:
3226:
3222:
3219:
3216:
3212:
3209:
3206:
3202:
3199:
3196:
3192:
3189:
3186:
3182:
3179:
3176:
3172:
3169:
3166:
3162:
3159:
3156:
3152:
3149:
3146:
3142:
3139:
3136:
3132:
3129:
3126:
3122:
3119:
3116:
3112:
3109:
3106:
3102:
3099:
3096:
3092:
3089:
3086:
3082:
3079:
3076:
3072:
3069:
3066:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3053:
3048:
3040:
3035:
3032:
3028:
3023:
3020:
3016:
3011:
3008:
3004:
2999:
2996:
2992:
2987:
2984:
2980:
2975:
2972:
2968:
2963:
2960:
2956:
2951:
2948:
2944:
2943:H. smyrnensis
2939:
2936:
2932:
2927:
2924:
2920:
2915:
2912:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2906:
2901:
2893:
2888:
2885:
2881:
2876:
2873:
2869:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2855:
2850:
2842:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2828:
2823:
2815:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2801:
2796:
2788:
2787:D. gaudichaud
2783:
2780:
2776:
2771:
2768:
2764:
2759:
2756:
2752:
2747:
2744:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2738:
2733:
2725:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2712:
2711:
2706:
2700:
2696:
2694:
2690:
2688:
2687:Coraciiformes
2684:
2682:
2678:
2676:
2672:
2670:
2666:
2665:
2662:
2658:
2651:
2646:
2644:
2639:
2637:
2632:
2631:
2628:
2621:
2618:
2615:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2602:
2592:
2586:
2582:
2577:
2573:
2567:
2563:
2558:
2557:
2537:
2530:
2515:
2508:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2462:
2457:
2450:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2411:
2409:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2332:
2328:
2322:
2307:
2303:
2297:
2290:
2285:
2277:
2276:
2271:
2270:Thomson, G.M.
2265:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2247:0-7244-5758-5
2243:
2239:
2238:
2230:
2222:
2218:
2211:
2203:
2197:
2193:
2186:
2179:
2174:
2167:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2106:
2098:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2073:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2026:
2024:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1989:
1980:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1954:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1933:
1926:
1922:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1895:
1889:
1885:
1878:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1852:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1822:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1785:
1777:
1776:
1771:
1765:
1757:
1756:
1748:
1740:
1739:
1734:
1728:
1720:
1719:
1714:
1708:
1700:
1699:
1694:
1688:
1680:
1679:
1674:
1668:
1660:
1654:
1650:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1628:
1627:
1622:
1616:
1614:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1579:
1571:
1570:
1565:
1559:
1551:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1536:
1528:
1520:
1519:
1514:
1508:
1500:
1499:
1494:
1488:
1480:
1479:
1474:
1468:
1460:
1459:
1454:
1448:
1440:
1439:
1435:(1765–1783).
1434:
1430:
1424:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1393:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1367:
1363:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1348:
1339:
1338:
1333:
1327:
1319:
1313:
1309:
1302:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1277:
1271:
1267:
1265:
1257:
1255:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1195:
1188:
1186:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1113:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1099:
1094:
1092:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1074:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1060:least concern
1050:
1048:
1047:
1041:
1039:
1034:
1032:
1022:
1013:
1010:
1004:
995:
992:
988:
984:
980:
979:invertebrates
976:
972:
968:
941:
938:
930:
923:
917:
915:
907:
902:
893:
886:
881:
872:
870:
866:
862:
857:
855:
851:
846:
842:
837:
835:
831:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
805:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
786:Lake Rowallan
783:
779:
775:
771:
766:
763:
759:
754:
752:
748:
744:
740:
734:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
698:
696:
691:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
663:
649:
645:
641:
639:
635:
630:
621:
610:
606:
602:
599:
596:
593:
589:
585:
582:
581:
580:
578:
573:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
550:
548:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
495:David Collins
492:
487:
485:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
430:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
374:
372:
368:
363:
359:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
316:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
297:
292:
283:
277:
273:
268:
258:
255:
254:
252:
249:
245:
240:
236:
231:
226:
220:
218:
212:
209:
208:Binomial name
205:
201:
200:
195:
192:
191:
188:
187:
183:
180:
179:
176:
173:
170:
169:
166:
163:
160:
159:
156:
155:Coraciiformes
153:
150:
149:
146:
143:
140:
139:
136:
133:
130:
129:
126:
123:
120:
119:
116:
113:
110:
109:
104:
99:
95:
89:
84:
83:Least Concern
73:
69:
64:
59:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
4062:
3690:
3657:T. nigriceps
3656:
3644:
3632:
3620:
3609:T. carolinae
3608:
3596:
3584:
3572:
3560:
3545:
3533:
3521:
3506:
3494:
3482:
3470:
3458:
3447:A. concretus
3446:
3434:
3419:
3407:
3392:
3380:
3365:
3354:
3344:
3334:
3324:
3314:
3304:
3295:(T. sanctus)
3294:
3284:
3274:
3264:
3254:
3244:
3234:
3225:(T. colonus)
3224:
3214:
3204:
3195:(T. chloris)
3194:
3184:
3174:
3164:
3154:
3144:
3134:
3124:
3114:
3104:
3094:
3084:
3074:
3064:
3050:
3039:H. chelicuti
3038:
3026:
3015:H. malimbica
3014:
3002:
2990:
2978:
2966:
2954:
2942:
2930:
2919:H. coromanda
2918:
2903:
2891:
2879:
2867:
2852:
2840:
2825:
2813:
2798:
2786:
2774:
2762:
2750:
2745:
2735:
2724:L. pulchella
2723:
2708:
2580:
2561:
2540:. Retrieved
2529:
2517:. Retrieved
2507:
2495:. Retrieved
2459:
2449:
2424:
2420:
2374:
2370:
2335:. Retrieved
2330:
2321:
2309:. Retrieved
2305:
2296:
2289:Higgins 1999
2284:
2274:
2264:
2236:
2229:
2220:
2216:
2210:
2191:
2185:
2177:
2173:
2166:Higgins 1999
2145:, retrieved
2115:
2105:
2078:
2072:
2039:
2035:
1997:
1993:
1987:
1979:
1965:(1): 21–35.
1962:
1958:
1952:
1920:
1883:
1877:
1868:
1864:
1851:
1839:. Retrieved
1834:
1821:
1806:. Retrieved
1794:
1784:
1774:
1764:
1754:
1747:
1737:
1727:
1717:
1707:
1697:
1693:Latham, John
1687:
1677:
1667:
1648:
1625:
1595:
1591:
1578:
1568:
1558:
1534:
1527:
1517:
1507:
1497:
1487:
1477:
1467:
1457:
1447:
1437:
1423:
1406:
1402:
1399:Dacelo gigas
1398:
1392:
1378:(1): 35–36.
1375:
1371:
1365:
1362:Dacelo gigas
1361:
1336:
1326:
1307:
1262:
1253:
1169:
1142:
1116:. Retrieved
1102:
1096:
1090:
1056:
1044:
1042:
1035:
1027:
1008:
1005:
1001:
964:
918:
911:
904:Juvenile in
890:
858:
838:
825:North Island
817:Hauraki Gulf
813:Kawau Island
806:
767:
755:
750:
746:
742:
739:Horace Sholl
735:
704:
694:
689:
687:
678:
674:
670:
666:
659:
642:
633:
626:
597:
583:
574:
553:
551:
534:
526:
522:
521:in 1828 and
514:
510:
490:
488:
483:
475:Dacelo gigas
474:
466:
463:novaeguineae
462:
458:
448:
441:
431:
426:
422:
402:
396:
364:
360:
317:
309:wing coverts
295:
294:
290:
288:
257:Dacelo gigas
256:
216:
214:
198:
197:
185:
29:
3883:iNaturalist
3715:Wikispecies
3597:T. riedelii
3547:Tanysiptera
3522:S. torotoro
3495:A. princeps
3483:A. monachus
3471:A. hombroni
3459:A. lindsayi
3381:C. fulgidus
3265:(T. enigma)
3095:(T. lazuli)
3052:Todiramphus
2880:P. capensis
2854:Pelargopsis
2841:C. cyanotis
2699:Halcyoninae
2697:Subfamily:
2693:Alcedinidae
2581:Kookaburras
2311:23 February
1827:Gill, Frank
1673:Gould, John
1151:073222436-5
1118:19 November
887:in its beak
809:George Grey
634:D. n. minor
615:Description
598:D. n. minor
519:René Lesson
503:John Latham
436:provided a
324:New Zealand
305:Halcyoninae
175:Halcyoninae
171:Subfamily:
165:Alcedinidae
4135:Categories
4078:Q107055596
4046:Xeno-canto
3585:T. ellioti
3573:T. galatea
3421:Actenoides
3205:(T. sacer)
3085:(T. diops)
2967:H. pileata
2763:D. leachii
2377:(3): 631.
2331:Yahoo News
2223:: 201–207.
2201:0730983668
1841:10 October
1808:2 February
1368:(Hermann)"
1070:References
1038:Kookaburra
936:nidicolous
914:wattlebird
850:Queensland
845:understory
711:Cape Otway
577:subspecies
552:The genus
499:John Gould
407:New Guinea
344:monogamous
303:subfamily
301:kingfisher
3645:T. sylvia
3621:T. nympha
3367:Caridonax
3325:(T. tuta)
2800:Clytoceyx
2667:Kingdom:
2542:4 October
2497:8 October
2484:1833-7538
2441:0158-4197
2391:0738-6028
2147:3 January
2142:225018688
2056:0340-5443
2014:0158-4197
1062:" by the
928:altricial
875:Behaviour
863:, in the
804:in 1926.
782:Huonville
770:Geraldton
607:south to
603:, 1900 –
543:Wiradjuri
537:that the
515:Cuck'anda
340:territory
193:Species:
121:Kingdom:
115:Eukaryota
4105:10582407
4072:Wikidata
3927:22683189
3901:11304904
3787:22683189
3782:BirdLife
3700:Wikidata
3633:T. danae
3394:Melidora
2931:H. badia
2691:Family:
2675:Chordata
2673:Phylum:
2669:Animalia
2492:70677943
2306:BBC News
2272:(1922).
2256:27566719
2064:33751268
1959:Ethology
1859:(1900).
1772:(1912).
1735:(1834).
1715:(1828).
1695:(1782).
1675:(1848).
1623:(1798).
1586:(1926).
1566:(1783).
1515:(1815).
1475:(1783).
1334:(1776).
1049:(1997).
991:venomous
922:incubate
896:Breeding
869:Scotland
854:Brisbane
821:Auckland
794:Marrawah
778:Tasmania
774:Hopetoun
725:and the
719:Victoria
638:nominate
609:Cooktown
601:Robinson
592:Tasmania
560:and the
527:Gogobera
484:D. gigas
377:Taxonomy
336:eucalypt
328:Tasmania
248:Synonyms
161:Family:
135:Chordata
131:Phylum:
125:Animalia
111:Domain:
88:IUCN 3.1
4118:1450848
4038:1450847
3875:2475648
3862:1049992
3849:laukoo1
3823:laukoo1
3769:Avibase
3706:Q824974
2905:Halcyon
2827:Cittura
2775:D. tyro
2685:Order:
2679:Class:
2519:17 June
2399:1521625
1598:: 148.
1542:, 275.
983:lizards
975:mammals
944:Feeding
861:Suffolk
823:on the
790:Waratah
758:Mullewa
721:to the
401:in his
348:termite
227:, 1783)
225:Hermann
181:Genus:
151:Order:
141:Class:
86: (
4146:Dacelo
4012:373425
3999:938422
3970:NZOR:
3960:NZBO:
3914:554574
3756:ARKive
2814:C. rex
2737:Dacelo
2710:Lacedo
2587:
2568:
2490:
2482:
2472:
2439:
2397:
2389:
2337:1 July
2254:
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2130:
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2054:
2012:
1890:
1655:
1546:
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1272:
1176:
1149:
987:snakes
906:Sydney
568:. The
554:Dacelo
523:Gogera
459:Alcedo
450:Dacelo
356:fledge
352:clutch
330:, and
186:Dacelo
4113:WoRMS
4092:8VLWT
4033:WoRMS
3986:71091
3896:IRMNG
3844:eBird
3836:33SX2
3820:BOW:
3813:91283
2612:from
2395:JSTOR
2138:S2CID
2060:S2CID
1259:(PDF)
885:gecko
834:Kumeū
830:Leigh
662:laugh
467:novus
446:genus
4100:GBIF
4025:5677
3953:8939
3948:NCBI
3922:IUCN
3909:ITIS
3888:2413
3870:GBIF
3808:BOLD
3508:Syma
2681:Aves
2585:ISBN
2566:ISBN
2544:2016
2521:2020
2499:2016
2488:OCLC
2480:ISSN
2470:ISBN
2437:ISSN
2387:ISSN
2339:2024
2313:2024
2252:OCLC
2242:ISBN
2196:ISBN
2149:2021
2128:ISBN
2091:ISBN
2052:ISSN
2010:ISSN
1888:ISBN
1843:2016
1810:2017
1653:ISBN
1544:ISBN
1312:ISBN
1270:ISBN
1174:ISBN
1147:ISBN
1120:2021
1103:2016
1031:zoos
971:mice
932:and
832:and
792:and
656:Call
575:Two
417:and
365:The
289:The
274:and
145:Aves
4087:CoL
4020:TSA
3935:NBN
3857:EoL
3831:CoL
3743:AFD
3730:ADW
2429:doi
2379:doi
2217:Emu
2120:doi
2083:doi
2044:doi
2002:doi
1967:doi
1963:110
1799:doi
1600:doi
1592:Emu
1540:130
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