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82:
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97:, and the rate at which damage to any physical thing occurs is therefore largely dependent on the elasticity of such bonds in the material being subjected to stress. Damage can occur where atomic bonds are not completely broken, but are shifted to create unstable pockets of concentration and diffusion of the material, which are more susceptible to later breakage. The effect of outside forces on a material depends on the relative
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of the material; if a material tends towards elasticity, then changes to its consistency are reversible, and it can bounce back from potential damage. However, if the material tends towards plasticity, then such changes are permanent, and each such change increases the possibility of a crack or fault
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in a thing, often a physical object, that degrades it away from its initial state. It can broadly be defined as "changes introduced into a system that adversely affect its current or future performance". Damage "does not necessarily imply total loss of system functionality, but rather that the system
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Damage can be intentional or accidental. When an object or building is deliberately damaged, the act can be socially significant as a way to degrade the meaning of the object. Though things can have multiple meanings, in circumstances where they are deliberately damaged one meaning—which prompts the
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is accompanied by a loss of ability to recover quickly from various kinds of biological damage. Damage is one of two factors proposed to influence biological ageing (the other being programmed factors follow a biological timetable). Damage-related factors include internal and environmental assaults
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in the 1940s, damage was said to occur in both directions, i.e., not only the lives, families and professional activities of a number of individuals were wrecked by the public exposure, but also the political institutions of individual rights and freedom in the United States were also similarly
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codices have many provisions to protect individuals against injuries caused by institutions to which they are unwillingly committed. The extent and the respect to these laws vary widely among countries and communities. These controversies relate to the old
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The propensity for damage to occur to physical objects and systems, as well as to intangible characteristics, is built into the prices of goods and services that depend on the supply of these things, particularly as a component of
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Although all damage at the atomic level manifests as broken atomic bonds, the manifestation of damage at the macroscopic level depends on the material, and can include
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It is not a widely used term, however, but it is a legal concept of considerable importance, because it is extremely common, particularly in countries where
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The same expression is also used in the opposite sense, i.e., as damage caused to institutions, as opposed to damage caused to individuals. For example,
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The two concepts, damage caused by institutions and damage caused to institutions, are related in many situations. In widespread political trials ("
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is no longer operating in its optimal manner". Damage to physical objects is "the progressive physical process by which they break", and includes
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to an individual resulting from interaction with an institution which has responsibility for his or her care. The individual might be a
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the object, thereby restoring it to its original condition, or to a new condition that allows it to function despite the damage.
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are significantly harder to measure. There is controversy as to whether such damage can be measured and if it actually occurs.
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Sovereign
Natural Disaster Insurance for Developing Countries: A Paradigm Shift in Catastrophe Risk Financing
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381:; and even (paradoxically), external aid to countries which are rich in natural resources but have a poor
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226:. By extension, damage is also used to describe a degradation in the value of intangible things such as
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267:, to be paid to a person as compensation for loss or injury (i.e., economic or physical damage).
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of an effort to cause intentional damage elsewhere, such as with a military operation, is called
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of prisoners and other people under institutional care are not respected or guaranteed by
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are relatively easily measured; others, such as long-term damage to development and
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623:"USAF Intelligence Targeting Guide — AIR FORCE PAMPHLET 14- 210 Intelligence"
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that disrupt normal functioning of society's institutions, such as in the case of
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Damage to structures and other objects can take a number of forms, such as
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Converting Large Sensor Array Data into
Structural Health Information
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to living organisms that induce cumulative damage at various levels.
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caused by the presence of any foreign substance, debris, or article;
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debate which has permeated philosophy and political science since
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493:"Creativity and controversy in a new anthropology of buildings"
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197:. Damage to the body on a larger scale is often referred to as
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Change in a thing that degrades it away from its initial state
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373:; external military intervention, such as in the invasion of
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in a biological cell, to damage to larger systems such as
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560:"Mitochondrial Theory of Aging and Other Aging Theories"
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that weakens a structure, even if this is not visible.
775:. World Bank article on the damage to institutions of
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Damage to a gas station in Texas caused by a hurricane
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Damage to a living organism may be referred to as an
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due to interactions between metals and hydrogen; and
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400:") in democratic countries, such as in the famous
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85:Damage caused by military action in the Gulf War
137:to materials not resistant to its effects, and
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287:. Some forms of institutional damage, such as
19:"Damaged" redirects here. For other uses, see
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275:Institutional damage is broadly defined as
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349:situations, such as the suspension of
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583:"Modern Biological Theories of Aging"
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361:of public buildings, extremely large
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54:Damage to an electric locomotive in
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663:Confronting Relationship Challenges
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451:Farrar, C.R., Sohn, H., Park, G., "
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674:David Read Johnson, Renee Emunah,
539:"Wounds and Injuries: MedlinePlus"
129:caused by the effects of burning,
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357:institutions. Other examples are
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263:are the award, typically of
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293:hospital-acquired infection
106:appearing in the material.
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195:articular cartilage damage
169:Damage to living organisms
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739:International principle:
214:Damage that occurs as an
509:10.1177/1466138115621318
491:Verkaaik, Oskar (2016).
210:Other concepts of damage
21:Damaged (disambiguation)
779:caused by external aid.
420:Deformation (mechanics)
277:unintended consequences
25:Damage (disambiguation)
700:Edward Sidney Rogers,
341:Damage to institutions
318:civil law (common law)
216:unintended consequence
165:act—takes precedence.
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271:Institutional damage
645:"collateral damage"
347:political exception
246:Economics of damage
314:Constitutional law
143:ionizing radiation
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58:caused by a
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497:Ethnography
425:Degradation
183:cell damage
127:fire damage
115:deformation
545:2015-07-20
436:References
355:democratic
331:individual
327:government
255:costs. In
236:reputation
232:self-image
103:plasticity
99:elasticity
629:6 October
587:Aging Dis
566:4 October
525:148026260
363:epidemics
359:vandalism
253:insurance
60:car crash
787:Category
609:21132086
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517:26359121
409:See also
281:hospital
240:goodwill
133:done by
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481:(2013).
387:corrupt
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329:versus
261:damages
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371:Africa
285:inmate
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203:Ageing
199:trauma
193:, and
175:injury
159:repair
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35:change
31:Damage
521:S2CID
513:JSTOR
430:Virus
415:Death
265:money
135:water
631:2007
605:PMID
568:2013
375:Iraq
367:AIDS
320:and
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