2293:
541:(SAPPRFT). The following week, the China Television Drama Production Industry Association publicized guidelines dated December 31, 2015 that banned television portrayals of "abnormal sexual relationships and behaviors", including same-sex relationships. These new guidelines impacted web dramas, which have historically had fewer restrictions than broadcast television. The SAPPRFT went on to issue even stricter regulations regarding online shows in June 2017.
2282:
497:
literature with explicit sex scenes is unambiguously classified as pornography. Homosexuality itself has been decriminalized in China since 1997, but due to vague legal definitions of "obscenity" and "abnormal sexual behavior", even non-explicit queer literature may be subject to censorship.
562:
was pulled from streaming platforms for "content adjustments" following a directive from the SAPPRFT to "clean up TV programmes of harmful and vulgar content". It was later re-released with scenes edited or deleted, but none of which had to do with homoerotic subtext.
367:
fandom, straight women have been reported as predominant. A survey of
Chinese danmei audiences collected during 2015–2018 found that around 88% of that group identify as female, 66.5% identify as heterosexual, 15.7% as bisexual, and 2.7% identify as homosexual. Among
376:, the qualitative researcher Anna Madill wrote that "there is a sizable proportion of women with very heterogeneous sexual identifications (and uncertainties) and a relatively small, but not negligible, group of gay male fans." Due to
182:
communities were largely run by amateur fans of the genre, those websites were gradually supplanted by a slew of commercial online fiction websites founded in the early 2000s. The largest of these,
2052:
2062:
2057:
2067:
1885:
1847:
709:
Yang, Ling; Xu, Yanrui (2017). "'The love that dare not speak its name': The fate of
Chinese danmei communities in the 2014 anti-porn campaign". In McLelland, Mark (ed.).
1875:
1870:
1860:
1855:
464:
have achieved major commercial success via both producers and audiences' negotiation with the demands of the
Chinese government censorship and broader consumer culture.
201:
427:, which are published serially on websites like Jinjiang Literature City, Liancheng Read, and Danmei Chinese Web. Readers pay for new chapters as they are released.
570:
deep friendship instead, possibly leaving the possibility of more intentionally vague. Adaptations featuring such non-romantic relationships are sometimes called
1118:
2092:
2032:
2074:
2027:
424:
2262:
548:
novels have been adapted as live action web dramas since 2017, skirting the regulations by removing explicit queer romance elements while retaining queer
245:(2019, Tencent Video) receiving billions of views and broad international distribution. In 2020, film and television producers purchased the rights to 59
200:'Jinjiang Literature City'), was founded in 2003 and has since amassed 7 million registered users and over 500,000 titles. The works published on
1305:
1258:
524:
communities to self-police, with sites such as
Jinjiang Literature City asking its readers to report explicit works for deletion. Some mainland Chinese
1827:
1842:
537:(based on a Chinese boys' love novel) was abruptly removed from all mainland Chinese streaming platforms before it finished airing on orders from the
517:
novel featuring rape and teacher-student romance sold over 7,000 copies, violating laws regarding excessive commercial profit for unregistered books.
2115:
2087:
351:" gender roles within same-sex relationships, but in recent years the genre has grown to contain a wide variety of different relationship dynamics.
2037:
742:
489:
media is constantly at risk of legal action by the
Chinese government as it "breaks two social taboos in one shot: pornography and homosexuality."
1919:
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2042:
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2152:
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2147:
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538:
2195:
1832:
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1178:
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1909:
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authors circumvent the restrictions on pornography by hosting the explicit portions of their work on
Taiwanese literature websites.
2100:
1952:
2183:
2142:
1988:
1981:
1787:
1402:
64:
works and their adaptations have achieved widespread popularity in China and globally, their legal status remains unclear due to
480:
219:, and heterosexual, gay and lesbian romance as well as stories in other genres, but it is best known as a platform for original
2296:
1993:
1942:
1904:
1899:
1710:
923:
456:(animation), audio dramas, and live action television series, which may or may not retain textual queer elements. Live action
1971:
1947:
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1101:
2327:
2105:
1976:
1937:
2157:
1964:
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To comply with censorship policies, large budget adaptations will often replace an explicitly homosexual romance with a
2188:
1998:
1782:
1126:
509:
website hosting 1,200 works and its founder, Wang Ming, was fined and jailed for 18 months. In
October 2018, a female
430:
Complete novels may also be published as physical editions in China (either self-published or via Taiwan) and abroad.
2216:
898:
784:
726:
388:
cite equality between partners as part of the appeal of the genre, especially in comparison to heterosexual romance.
156:
forums had been founded. These venues started as communities for
Chinese fans of Japanese BL, but soon began hosting
2247:
1959:
1705:
828:"Problematizing heteronormativity: Performativity, resignification and A/B/O fiction in Chinese danmei literature"
2242:
2120:
1799:
1746:
1380:
642:
2252:
1772:
1632:
1532:
969:
881:
Audience". In Ross, Karen; Bachmann, Ingrid; Cardo, Valentina; Moorti, Sujata; Scarcelli, Cosimo Marco (eds.).
2237:
260:
works always feature a central romance between men, but otherwise vary widely. Many draw on
Chinese literary
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1517:
1486:
1455:
1232:
206:
2173:
1794:
1686:
1522:
1395:
513:
author who wrote under the pen name Tianyi was sentenced to 10 years in prison after her self-published
2347:
1537:
1527:
769:
Boys' Love, Cosplay, and
Androgynous Idols: Queer Fan Cultures in Mainland China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan
2337:
2257:
1736:
1542:
1465:
1306:"Gay-themed drama is latest victim of China's drive to purge 'harmful and obscene' content from web"
1148:
1045:"A queer 'socialist brotherhood': the Guardian web series, boys' love fandom, and the Chinese state"
1777:
1552:
240:
112:
1715:
1666:
1289:
1208:
2317:
1696:
1440:
1388:
827:
175:, which was published continuously until 2013 despite not having an official permit to do so.
1767:
1421:
1359:): A Danmei Genre Pop Cultural Phenomenon". In Gibson, Rebecca; VanderVeen, James M. (eds.).
557:
533:
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tropes and settings, or incorporate elements of other genres like sports or science fiction.
234:
2322:
2352:
2200:
1741:
1671:
1450:
1445:
490:
711:
The End of Cool Japan: Ethical, Legal, and Cultural Challenges to Japanese Popular Culture
167:
by young Chinese women. 1999 also saw the founding of the first print magazine devoted to
8:
1804:
1731:
1460:
1435:
618:
1642:
1072:
1025:
950:
904:
855:
736:
65:
49:
1331:
928:: Integrating female Chinese fan interviews with Sinophone and Anglophone survey data"
2047:
1651:
1583:
1491:
1364:
1097:
1076:
1064:
1029:
1017:
954:
908:
894:
859:
847:
780:
722:
678:"Women in Transition: Analyzing Female-Oriented Danmei Fiction in Contemporary China"
452:
348:
493:, although the exact laws regarding its possession and distribution are blurry, and
2342:
1610:
1593:
1336:['Guardian' is back on the shelves after 3 months, the plot has been cut].
1056:
1007:
942:
890:
886:
839:
772:
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77:
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is typically created by and targeted towards a heterosexual female audience. While
25:
1060:
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1676:
1656:
1627:
1501:
1410:
1091:
431:
268:
1351:
Qin, Lucy Yuan; Cheong, Kong F. (2022). "Gender, Death, and the Supernatural in
1044:
619:"Click bait: Homoerotic fiction is doing surprisingly well among straight women"
384:
is considered to have a female perspective and "heteronormative frame". Fans of
229:
reached wider audiences in China and elsewhere in the late 2010s, with censored
1569:
1361:
Global Perspectives on the Liminality of the Supernatural: From Animus to Zombi
124:
116:
1012:
995:
2311:
1762:
1615:
1598:
1068:
1021:
851:
718:
588:
567:
90:'lilies'), which is an orthographic reborrowing of the Japanese word
1203:
501:
Anti-porn crackdowns in 2004, 2010 and 2014 resulted in the closure of many
2286:
1681:
1578:
1149:"Ten years' jail term for Chinese author of homoerotic novel sparks outcry"
325:
Some works do not use these roles and instead refer to the protagonists as
315:'receiver') or "bottom" roles, which are analogous to the Japanese
92:
843:
776:
643:"Boys Keep Flirting With Each Other on Chinese TV But Never Fall in Love"
583:
407:
373:
216:
212:
164:
132:
53:
801:
316:
1603:
1481:
514:
457:
539:
State Administration of Press, Publication, Radio, Film and Television
157:
802:"Everything You Need to Know About Boys' Love Drama 'Word of Honor'"
275:
It is common, but not universal, for the two male protagonists of a
1661:
1179:"How 'Boys' Love' Authors Are Using Love to Make War on Ignorance"
1093:
People's Pornography: Sex and Surveillance on the Chinese Internet
883:
The International Encyclopedia of Gender, Media, and Communication
552:. In 2018, shortly after releasing its final episode, live action
363:
audiences vary somewhat in their demographics. Within the Chinese
549:
481:
LGBT rights in China § Freedom of expression and censorship
405:; lit. 'rotten woman') which is borrowed from the Japanese term
446:
120:
33:
505:
websites and forums. In 2011, Chinese authorities shut down a
1411:
1285:"China's Censors Pull More Web Dramas, Including Hit Rom-Com"
471:
relative to Japanese BL, where manga is the dominant medium.
262:
380:
being primarily created and consumed by heterosexual women,
1204:"China's Censors Take Another Gay-Themed Web Drama Offline"
593:
108:
996:"Dual ambivalence: The Untamed Girls as a counterpublic"
1259:"China bans depictions of gay people on television"
968:Myers, Steven Lee; Cheng, Amy (24 September 2017).
2309:
68:policies. The female same-gender counterpart to
1256:
970:"68 Things You Cannot Say on China's Internet"
145:, "aestheticism"), and Chinese fans often use
140:
1412:Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer
1396:
1233:"China bans same-sex romance from TV screens"
766:
400:
767:Lavin, Maud; Yang, Ling; Zhao, Jing (2017).
741:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2024 (
96:, but it is not as well known or popular as
1119:"Chinese erotic gay fiction site shut down"
613:
611:
609:
338:
310:
292:
195:
85:
43:
16:Romantic/erotic genre between boys in China
1403:
1389:
967:
921:
520:The strict censorship policies cause some
347:has been criticized for its adherence to "
115:in the early 1970s, and was introduced to
2222:History of homosexuality in American film
1350:
1011:
606:
252:
52:and other fictional media that features
2020:
1257:Ellis-Petersen, Hannah (4 March 2016).
866:
671:
669:
667:
665:
663:
640:
2310:
1231:Lu, Shen; Hunt, Katie (3 March 2016).
1230:
1089:
924:"The heteronormative frame in Chinese
872:
708:
704:
702:
700:
698:
696:
694:
641:Zhou, Viola; Ewe, Koh (5 April 2021).
636:
634:
632:
1384:
1329:
1303:
1172:
1170:
1116:
832:East Asian Journal of Popular Culture
685:Two Cases of Chinese Internet Studies
675:
1363:. Lexington Books. pp. 19–34 .
1297:
1043:Ng, Eve; Li, Xiaomeng (2020-05-18).
1042:
935:Journal of Graphic Novels and Comics
799:
762:
760:
758:
756:
754:
752:
660:
107:The male same-sex romance genre of "
1282:
1196:
691:
629:
467:Original comics remain uncommon in
13:
1176:
1167:
993:
825:
434:of Chinese web novels, especially
14:
2369:
2358:LGBTQ-related mass media in China
749:
531:In early 2016, the gay web drama
297:'attacker') or "top" and
48:'indulging beauty') is a
2292:
2291:
2280:
2248:Non-binary characters in fiction
1706:List of transgender publications
922:Zhao, Yao; Madill, Anna (2018).
2243:Media portrayal of pansexuality
1747:Media portrayals of bisexuality
1344:
1323:
1304:Zhang, Phoebe (4 August 2018).
1283:Lin, Lilian (21 January 2016).
1276:
1250:
1224:
1141:
1110:
1083:
1036:
987:
961:
713:. Routledge. pp. 163–183.
491:Pornography is illegal in China
343:'mutually attacking').
2253:Intersex characters in fiction
1330:Zhang, He (11 November 2018).
915:
891:10.1002/9781119429128.iegmc051
819:
793:
771:. Hong Kong University Press.
38:
1:
2238:Media portrayal of asexuality
1117:Leach, Anna (10 April 2012).
1061:10.1080/14680777.2020.1754627
947:10.1080/21504857.2018.1512508
599:
474:
395:often refer to themselves as
127:in the early 1990s. The term
1456:Blue Metropolis Violet Prize
1177:Xi, Lin (26 February 2019).
1000:Media, Culture & Society
800:Yang, Lola (13 March 2021).
444:novels are often adapted as
7:
2328:Anime and manga terminology
687:(M.A.). Cornell University.
577:
354:
50:Chinese genre of literature
10:
2374:
1725:Other literature and media
873:Madill, Anna (2020). "The
478:
102:
2275:
2263:cross-dressing characters
2258:Gay characters in fiction
2230:
2209:
2166:
2135:
2083:
2038:Children's TV programming
2011:
1930:
1820:
1813:
1755:
1724:
1695:
1641:
1568:
1561:
1510:
1474:
1466:Gaylactic Spectrum Awards
1428:
1419:
1013:10.1177/01634437221104713
401:
334:
306:
288:
191:
141:
81:
56:between male characters.
29:
1482:Gaylaxicon SF convention
1332:
1310:South China Morning Post
1090:Jacobs, Katrien (2012).
826:Ge, Liang (2021-10-01).
719:10.4324/9781315637884-16
485:Despite its popularity,
423:properties originate as
414:
279:work to be divided into
202:Jinjiang Literature City
149:and BL interchangeably.
111:", or BL, originated in
1667:List of lesbian fiction
1290:The Wall Street Journal
1209:The Wall Street Journal
885:. Wiley. pp. 1–5.
721:(inactive 2024-07-25).
152:By 1999 several online
135:from the Japanese word
1828:Modern written fiction
1697:Transgender literature
1441:Lambda Literary Awards
1049:Feminist Media Studies
54:romantic relationships
253:Genre characteristics
1742:Bisexual pornography
1451:Bisexual Book Awards
1446:Stonewall Book Award
844:10.1386/eapc_00051_1
777:10.2307/j.ctt1rfzz65
676:Liang, Yuan (2019).
184:Jìnjiāng Wénxuéchéng
2333:Gay male mass media
1805:Single-gender world
1783:Speculative fiction
1548:Dutch-language area
1461:Dayne Ogilvie Prize
1333:《镇魂》时隔3个月重新上架，剧情有删减
1096:. Intellect Books.
625:. 14 November 2015.
178:While early online
1643:Lesbian literature
1497:Saints and Sinners
1212:. 24 February 2016
1155:. 19 November 2018
1129:on 10 October 2021
994:Ge, Liang (2022).
974:The New York Times
239:(2018, Youku) and
66:Chinese censorship
2348:LGBTQ terminology
2305:
2304:
2271:
2270:
2217:Western animation
2179:directed by women
2131:
2130:
2043:Radio and podcast
2007:
2006:
1502:Violet Metropolis
1370:978-1-66690-742-1
1103:978-1-84150-493-3
341:
313:
295:
233:adaptations like
198:
88:
46:
2365:
2338:Gay male erotica
2295:
2294:
2287:LGBTQ portal
2285:
2284:
2283:
2018:
2017:
1818:
1817:
1814:LGBTQ characters
1711:Media portrayals
1687:Media portrayals
1633:Media portrayals
1589:Early gay novels
1566:
1565:
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1125:. Archived from
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1080:
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1006:(5): 1021–1033.
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123:translations of
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40:
31:
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2196:LGBT characters
2162:
2143:Cartoon Network
2127:
2079:
2013:
2003:
1926:
1809:
1800:Anime and manga
1751:
1720:
1691:
1637:
1557:
1506:
1470:
1436:Triangle Awards
1424:
1415:
1414:(LGBTQ) fiction
1409:
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580:
483:
477:
460:adaptations of
438:is widespread.
432:Fan translation
417:
391:Female fans of
357:
349:heteronormative
255:
204:
125:Japanese comics
105:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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1570:Gay literature
1563:
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1487:Film festivals
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1357:Chen Qing Ling
1343:
1322:
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1195:
1166:
1140:
1109:
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1082:
1055:(4): 479–495.
1035:
986:
960:
941:(5): 435–457.
914:
899:
865:
838:(2): 241–254.
818:
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1953:in animation
1886:2020–present
1756:LGBTQ themes
1672:Pulp fiction
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1611:Teen fiction
1594:Pulp fiction
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1338:Beijing News
1337:
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1263:The Guardian
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2174:LGBTQ films
2158:Nickelodeon
2116:transgender
2097:Characters
2053:1960s–2000s
1999:Transgender
1931:By identity
1910:Video games
1900:Soap operas
1895:Graphic art
1843:1960s–1980s
1795:Video games
1716:Pornography
1677:Pornography
1628:Pornography
1533:El Salvador
1492:Naked Heart
1353:The Untamed
806:Radii China
584:Gay romance
556:adaptation
374:Anglosphere
242:The Untamed
217:fan fiction
205: [
2318:Boys' love
2312:Categories
2012:Television
1989:Non-binary
1604:Omegaverse
1511:By country
1183:Sixth Tone
600:References
568:homosocial
515:homoerotic
479:See also:
475:Censorship
458:web series
450:(comics),
425:web novels
359:Globally,
133:reborrowed
109:boys' love
2323:Shōnen-ai
2063:2016–2019
2058:2010–2015
2014:and radio
1994:Pansexual
1943:Aromantic
1905:Webcomics
1838:Animation
1821:By medium
1778:Mythology
1699:and media
1645:and media
1584:BL dramas
1572:and media
1518:Argentina
1475:Festivals
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1188:23 August
1159:23 August
1133:23 August
1077:221057991
1069:1468-0777
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1022:0163-4437
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955:191635597
909:225787311
860:240172620
852:2051-7084
811:23 August
737:cite book
574:instead.
121:Taiwanese
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2121:intersex
2111:bisexual
2093:Episodes
2021:By genre
1972:Intersex
1948:Bisexual
1737:Intersex
1732:Bisexual
1662:Femslash
1562:By media
1523:Colombia
652:8 August
578:See also
559:Guardian
544:Several
534:Addicted
355:Audience
249:titles.
236:Guardian
223:novels.
158:fanworks
2343:Gay art
2210:History
2189:by year
2153:Netflix
2101:lesbian
2033:TV film
1977:Lesbian
1938:Asexual
1876:2015–19
1871:2010–14
1861:2005–09
1856:2000–04
1657:Erotica
1652:Class S
1538:Iceland
1528:Ecuador
1315:24 June
1268:6 March
1242:6 March
1153:Reuters
550:subtext
453:donghua
436:danmei,
408:fujoshi
331:Chinese
303:Chinese
285:Chinese
269:xianxia
188:Chinese
165:stories
103:History
98:danmei.
78:Chinese
26:Chinese
2148:Disney
2075:Horror
2028:Comedy
1882:2020s
1867:2010s
1852:2000s
1773:Horror
1768:Comics
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2231:Other
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1920:2020s
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1026:S2CID
951:S2CID
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681:(PDF)
415:Media
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192:晋江文学城
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2167:Film
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