War in Darfur - Knowledge

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police forces; it was 80% higher when the Janjaweed and the Sudanese Government attacked together; 2) the risk of displacement was nearly 110% higher during a joint attack compared to when the police or Janjaweed acted alone, and 85% higher when Janjaweed forces attacked alone compared to when the attack was only perpetrated by government forces; 3) attacks on food and water supplies made it 129% more likely for inhabitants to be displaced compared to attacks that involved house burnings or killings; 4) perpetrators knew and took "special advantage" of the susceptibility of Darfur residents to attacks focused on basic resources. This vulnerability came against the backdrop of increased regional desertification.

2641:) and Ahmed Ibrahim Ali Diraige. Closed-door meetings between the AU-UN and rebel leaders, as well as among rebel leaders took place. Eight more participants arrived on 4 August (including Jar el-Neby, Salah Adam Isaac and Suleiman Marajan), while the SLM Unity faction boycotted the talks because the Sudanese government had threatened to arrest Suleiman Jamous if he left the hospital. The rebel leaders aimed to unify their positions and demands, which included compensation for the victims and autonomy for Darfur. They eventually reached agreement on joint demands, including power and wealth sharing, security, land and humanitarian issues. 2789: 3425: 2044: 477: 379: 598: 579: 568: 231: 3973: 3797:

origin remains unclear. The report also lists seven Soviet- or Russian-made Mi-24 Hind gunships that had been deployed to Darfur, though without specifying which country sold them to Sudan, or when. While noting that Russia sold arms worth tens of millions of dollars to Sudan in 2005 alone, the report does not specifically identify any weapons sold to Sudan by Russia after the outbreak of the Darfur conflict or after the imposition of the UNSC ban on arms transfers to Darfur, and it does not provide any evidence that any such weapons were deployed to Darfur.

2123: 774: 755: 547: 3622: 3486: 121: 2999:(HRW) released in February said 221 people were raped by government soldiers in "a mass rape that could constitute crimes against humanity". Witnesses reported three separate operations were carried out in one and a half days. Property was looted, men arrested, residents beaten and women and girls raped. Most of the town's population are Fur people. It had been controlled by rebel forces previously but HRW found no evidence that the rebel fighters were in or close to the village when it was attacked. 2815: 3462: 2917: 767: 748: 540: 286: 259: 2849:

involvement of rebel groups might be possible. Later in February, the Sudanese government agreed to return to Doha with a view to complete a new peace agreement by the end of that month. On 25 February, both the LJM and the JEM announced that they had rejected the peace document proposed by the mediators in Doha. The main sticking points were the issues of a Darfuri vice-president and compensation for victims. The Sudanese government did not comment on the peace document.

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supplied African chieftains with the military means to maintain control as they extracted natural resources. According to China's critics, China threatened to use its veto on the U.N. Security Council to protect Khartoum from sanctions and was able to water down every resolution on Darfur in order to protect its interests. Accusations of the supply of weapons from China, which were then transferred to Darfur by the Sudanese government in violation of the UN

1476:. Although the Sudanese government publicly denies that it supported the Janjaweed, evidence supports claims that it provided financial assistance and weapons and coordinated joint attacks, many against civilians. Estimates of the number of human casualties range up to several hundred thousand dead, from either combat or starvation and disease. Mass displacements and coercive migrations forced millions into refugee camps or across the border, creating a 1234: 820: 326: 246: 272: 2845:

conduct trials of persons accused of human rights violations. Proposals for a new Darfur Regional Authority were included. This authority would have an executive council of 18 ministers and would remain in place for five years. The current three Darfur states and state governments would continue to exist during this period. In February, the Sudanese government rejected the idea of a single region headed by a vice-president from the region.

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attacked and reportedly destroyed a Maaliya compound. In the battle, 77 Maaliya and 36 Rezeigat were killed, and another 200 people were injured. Both sides said Land Cruisers were used in the battle. The Maaliya accused the Rezeigat of attacking and burning villages while employing "heavy weaponry". On 11 August, the fighting spread to several other areas in southeastern Darfur. The violence reportedly arose over a land dispute.

3507:. An updated estimate published the following month put the number of deaths for the 6-month period from March to October 2004 due to starvation and disease at 70,000; These figures were criticized because they only considered short periods and did not include deaths from violence. A more recent British Parliamentary Report estimated that over 300,000 people had died and others have published even higher death toll estimates. 408: 526: 464: 447: 3842:(8 per cent)." The report found that Chinese weapons were pervasive among most parties to the Sudanese conflicts, including the war in Darfur, but identified few if any weapons of Russian origin. (The section "Chinese weapons and ammunition" receives 20 pages in the report, whereas the only mention of Russian arms is to be found in the sentence "the majority of...mines have been of Chinese and Soviet/Russian origin."). 735: 489: 438: 353: 64: 3575: 502: 12614: 2318:, stated that he did not object to the UN peacekeeping force, rejecting the Sudanese government's view that such a deployment would be an act of Western invasion. Minnawi claimed that AMIS "can do nothing because the AU mandate is very limited". Khartoum remained opposed to UN involvement, with al-Bashir depicting it as a colonial plan and stating that "we do not want Sudan to turn into 2667: 3409:. As a result of the shooting, one person was said to have been killed, leaving five others seriously wounded. Protests erupted following the attack, with protesters setting many shops on fire and blocking all main roads leading to the town. According to Al Jazeera, some people threatened the doctors at the hospital to attend to their wounded patients and leave other patients. 3780:

influence upon some countries is strong. We believe that the Chinese expansion was natural because it filled the space left by Western governments, the United States, and international funding agencies. The success of the Sudanese experiment in dealing with China without political conditions or pressures encouraged other African countries to look toward China."

1808:.) to work together to defend against government-sponsored attacks on their villages. The rebels' first military action was a successful attack on an army garrison on 25 February 2002. The government had been aware of a unified rebel movement since an attack on the Golo police station in June, 2002. Flint and de Waal place the start of the 3895:. MRG's executive director, Mark Lattimer, stated that: "this level of crisis, the killings, rape and displacement could have been foreseen and avoided ... Darfur would just not be in this situation had the UN systems got its act together after Rwanda: their action was too little too late." On 20 October 120 genocide survivors of 3477:

such as "abid" and "zurga" were used, which mean slave and black. One victim, Sawelah Suliman, was told by her assailant, "Black girl, you are too dark. You are like a dog. We want to make a light baby." In an 88-page report, victims from Darfur have also accused the Rapid Support Forces of rape and assault as recently as 2015.

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displacing over 1,000. On 5 September, Sudan asked the existing AU force to leave by the end of the month, adding that "they have no right to transfer this assignment to the United Nations or any other party. This right rests with the government of Sudan." On 4 September, in a move not viewed as surprising, Chad's president

3880:, a scholar specializing in African conflicts, argued that the world's most powerful countries have limited themselves to expressing concern and demand for the United Nations to take action. The UN, lacking initiative and will, initially left the African Union to deploy a token force without a mandate to protect civilians. 3416:, South Darfur killed at least 36 people, with 37 others wounded. An aid worker who spoke anonymously revealed that the clash erupted as a result of a land dispute between the two conflicting parties. Subsequently, a certain state of calm was said to have been attained, following the deployment of more troops to Um Dafuk. 2825:, head of the joint African Union-United Nations mission in Darfur, said the war was over in the region, although low-level disputes remained. There was still "anditry, localised issues, people trying to resolve issues over water and land at a local level. But real war as such, I think we are over that," he said. 3826:, "Over the period 2001–12, Khartoum's reports to UN Comtrade reveal significant fluctuation in annual conventional arms imports. The majority of the Sudanese government's total self-reported imports of small arms and light weapons, their ammunition, and 'conventional weapons' over the period originated in 2841:. A new rebel group, the Sudanese Alliance Resistance Forces in Darfur was formed and JEM planned further talks. Talks ended on 19 December with agreement only on basic principles; these included a regional authority and a referendum on autonomy. The possibility of a Darfuri Vice-President was discussed. 3845:

China and Russia denied the accusation by stating that they had not broken any UN sanctions. China has a close relationship with Sudan and increased its military co-operation with the government in early 2007. Because of Sudan's plentiful supply of oil, China considers good relations with Sudan to be

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claimed that over 90% of the light weapons currently being imported by Sudan and used in the conflict are from China. Human rights advocates and opponents of the Sudanese government portray China's role in providing weapons and aircraft as a cynical attempt to obtain oil, just as colonial powers once

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stated that "there should be no talk about a mixed force" and that the UN's role should be restricted to technical support. Also on 18 November, the AU reported that Sudanese military and Sudanese-backed militias had launched a ground and air operation in the region that resulted in about 70 civilian

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cases. On 3 February 2010 the Appeals Chamber of the ICC found that the Pre-Trial Chamber had applied "an erroneous standard of proof when evaluating the evidence submitted by the Prosecutor" and that the Prosecutor's application for a warrant of arrest on the genocide charges should be sent back to

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Non-Arab people were reportedly raped by Janjaweed militiamen as a result of the Sudanese government's goal of completely eliminating the presence of black Africans and non-Arabs from Darfur. The Washington Post Foreign Service interviewed verified victims of the rapes and recorded that Arabic terms

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A 2011 study examined 1,000 interviews with black African participants who fled from 22 village clusters to various refugee camps in 2003 and 2004. The study found: 1) the frequency of hearing racial epithets during an attack was 70% higher when it was led by the Janjaweed alone compared to official

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suggest that low-level violence continued in Darfur through early 2018, with Sudanese government forces attacking communities in the Jebel Marra area. As UNAMID forces began to be drawn down with an eye to exiting Darfur, there were competing views on the levels of unrest in the region: UN officials

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Witnesses said that heavy gunfire could be heard in the west of Sudan's capital. Sudanese troops backed by tanks, artillery, and helicopter gunships were immediately deployed to Omdurman, and fighting raged for several hours. After seizing the strategic military airbase at Wadi-Sayedna, the Sudanese

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In the months through August, Arab tribes that had worked together in the Janjaweed militia began falling out among themselves, and further splintered. Thousands of Terjem and Mahria gunmen traveled hundreds of miles to fight in the strategic Bulbul river valley. Farther south, Habanniya and Salamat

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In May 2009 the Mandate Darfur was canceled because the "Sudanese government is obstructing the safe passage of Darfurian delegates from Sudan." The Mandate was a conference that would have brought together 300 representatives from different regions of Darfur's civil society. The conference planned

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Immediately after the Janjaweed entered the conflict, the rape of women and young girls, often by multiple militiamen and often throughout entire nights, began to be reported at a staggering rate. Children as young as 2 years old were reported victims, while mothers were assaulted in front of their

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The well-armed Janjaweed quickly gained an advantage over rebel factions. By the spring of 2004, several thousand people – mostly from the non-Arab population – had been killed and as many as a million more had been driven from their homes, causing a major humanitarian crisis. The crisis took on an

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into Khartoum. By late afternoon, Sudanese TV claimed that the rebels had been "completely repulsed", while showing live images of burnt vehicles and corpses on the streets. The government imposed a curfew in Khartoum from 5 pm to 6 am, while aid agencies told their workers in the capital

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expressed doubts as to whether "this new deal will lead to any genuine thaw in relations or improvement in the security situation". Chadian rebel Union of Forces for Democracy and Development (UFDD) which had fought a hit-and-run war against Déby's forces in eastern Chad since 2006, stated that the

2383:. The measures were said to strengthen existing sanctions by prohibiting US citizens from engaging in oil-related transactions with Sudan (although US companies had been prohibited from doing business with Sudan since 1997), freezing the assets of complicit parties and denying them entry to the US. 1927:

strategy. Though the government consistently denied supporting them, military resources were poured into Darfur and the Janjaweed were outfitted as a paramilitary force, complete with communication equipment and some artillery. The military planners were aware of the probable consequences of such a

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conducted indiscriminate aerial bombings of villages in Darfur and eastern Chad using ground attack fighters and repurposed Antonov transport planes. However, it does not specify whether the ground attack fighters in question are those purchased from China in the early-mid-2000s, and the Antonovs'

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in Montreal and a former war crimes prosecutor, says although he may not go to trial, "He will effectively be in prison within the Sudan itself...Al-Bashir now is not going to be able to leave the Sudan without facing arrest." The Prosecutor warned that authorities could arrest the President if he

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3,300 villages were destroyed in 2014 in attacks on civilians according to the UN Panel of Experts. Government forces or those aligned with them were behind most attacks. There were more than 400,000 attacks during the first ten months of the year. The report said that it was "highly probable that

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claimed the Rezeigat had killed five members of their tribe in the southeastern region of Adila. They responded by seizing 400 Rizeigat cattle on 6 August. Community leaders intervened to prevent escalation. When the Maalia failed to return the cattle, violence broke out on 10 August. The Rezeigat

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In January 2011, the leader of the LJM, Dr. Tijani Sese, stated that the movement had accepted the core proposals of the Darfur peace document as proposed by the mediators in Doha. The proposals included a $ 300,000,000 compensation package for victims of atrocities in Darfur and special courts to

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Some 93 soldiers and 13 policemen were killed along with 30 civilians in the attack on Khartoum and Omdurman. Sudanese forces confirmed that they found the bodies of 90 rebels and had spotted dozens more strewn outside the city limits. While Sudanese authorities claimed that up to 400 rebels could

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In late 2006, Darfur Arabs started their own rebel group, the Popular Forces Troops, and announced on 6 December that they had repulsed an assault by the Sudanese army at Kas-Zallingi the previous day. They were the latest of numerous Darfur Arab groups to oppose the government since 2003, some of

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On 31 August 2006, the UNSC approved a resolution to send a new peacekeeping force of 17,300 to the region. Sudan expressed strong opposition to the resolution. On 1 September, African Union officials reported that Sudan had launched a major offensive in Darfur, killing more than 20 civilians and

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Some analysts think that the ICC indictment is counterproductive and harms the peace process. Only days after the ICC indictment, al-Bashir expelled 13 international aid organizations from Darfur and disbanded three domestic aid organizations. In the aftermath of the expulsions, conditions in the

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estimated that 10,000 people were dying each month, excluding deaths due to ethnic violence. An estimated 2.7 million people had at that time been displaced from their homes, mostly seeking refuge in camps in Darfur's major towns. Two hundred thousand had fled to neighboring Chad. Reports of

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On 8 April, the governor of the West Darfur, Mohamed Abdallah Douma stated in a news conference that at least 132 people had been killed during the days of unrest in the state. However, the Western Darfur State Doctors Committee has placed the death toll to be at least 125 during the sixth day of

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tribes became tense. Terjem leaders accused the Mahria of kidnapping a Terjem boy, while Mahria leaders said the Terjem had been stealing their animals. Ali Mahamoud Mohammed, the wali, or governor, of South Darfur, said the fighting began in December when the Mahria drove their camels south in a

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The lack of funding and equipment for the AU mission meant that the work of aid workers in Darfur was severely limited by fighting. Some warned that the humanitarian situation could deteriorate to levels seen in 2003 and 2004, when UN officials called Darfur the world's worst humanitarian crisis.

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On 24 January, the UN refugee agency revealed that at least 250 people have died since the initial outbreak of tribal clashes in January. Three humanitarian workers were among those who had been killed. Also, more than 100,000 people are believed to have been displaced, fleeing into neighboring

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On 15 November, nine rebel groups – six SLM factions, the Democratic Popular Front, the Sudanese Revolutionary Front and the Justice and Equality Movement–Field Revolutionary Command – signed a Charter of Unification and agreed to operate under the name of SLM/A henceforth. On 30 November it was

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The Al-Fashir raid was a turning point, both militarily and psychologically. The armed forces had been humiliated by the raid, placing the government in a difficult strategic situation. The incompetent armed forces needed to be retrained and redeployed amid concerns about the loyalty of the many

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Al-Bashir requested assistance from non-western countries after the West, led by America, imposed sanctions on his government . He said, "From the first day, our policy was clear: To look eastward, toward China, Malaysia, India, Pakistan, Indonesia, and even Korea and Japan, even if the Western

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In August 2010, Eric Reeves argued that total mortality from all violent causes, direct and indirect, at that point in the conflict, exceeded 500,000. His analysis took account of all previous mortality data and studies, including that by the Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disaster.

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The 23 Fur villages in the Shattaya Administrative Unit have been completely depopulated, looted and burnt to the ground (the team observed several such sites driving through the area for two days). Meanwhile, dotted alongside these charred locations are unharmed, populated and functioning Arab

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On 20 January, the residence of the provincial Governor of West Darfur Mohammed Abdalla al-Douma, was under an attempted attack by unidentified gunmen. Security forces managed to repel the attack without any reports of casualties or destruction of properties. Meanwhile, reports from local media

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accused the Sudanese government of having committed "a deliberate and unprovoked attack" against civilians in Sirba on 11 November, which claimed the lives of at least 30 people. The Commissioner's statement maintained that "contrary to the government's claim, it appears that the Sudanese Armed

3437:, pursued by militiamen who clashed with Chadian government forces along the border. More than 70 militiamen and 10 Chadian soldiers were killed in one gun battle in April. A United Nations observer team reported that non-Arab villages were singled out, while Arab villages were left untouched: 3391:

On 28 April Sudanese security forces attempted to forcefully disperse a sit-in protest in Bielel, South Darfur. One woman was said to have been killed while at least eight others were wounded. Tear gas was said to have been used to disperse the crowd by a joint force from both the army and the

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campaign, segregating Arabs and non-Arabs. Sudanese Arabs, who controlled the government, were widely referred to as practicing apartheid against Sudan's non-Arab citizens. The government was accused of "deftly manipulat Arab solidarity" to carry out policies of apartheid and ethnic cleansing.

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issued a report accusing China and Russia of supplying arms, ammunition and related equipment to Sudan, some of which the government may have transferred to Darfur in violation of a UN arms embargo. The report claims that Sudan imported 10–20 combat aircraft from China in the early-mid-2000s,

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The UN has called on the authorities to ensure that citizens are protected and that an immediate investigation of the clashes is launched. They also maintained that all the perpetrators of the violence must be held responsible, in order to attain justice for those affected during the clashes,

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who refused to be part of the agreement. On 3 October 2020, the SRF, the SPLM–N led by Malik Agar and the SLM led by Minni Minnawi signed another peace deal with the Sudanese government, with the absence of both al Nur and al-Hilu. However, the deal included terms to integrate rebels into the

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On 29 January, the LJM and JEM leaders issued a joint statement affirming their commitment to the Doha negotiations and intention to attend the Doha forum on 5 February. The Sudanese government postponed decision to attend the forum due to beliefs that an internal peace process without the

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to leave the country within three days. Pronk, the senior UN official in the country, had been heavily criticized by the Sudanese army after he posted a description of several recent military defeats in Darfur to his personal blog. On 1 November, the US announced that it would formulate an

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and al-Bashir agreed to a cease-fire whereby the Sudanese "government and rebel groups will cease hostilities for a period of 60 days while they work towards a lasting peace." In addition, the Save Darfur press release stated that the agreement "included a number of concessions to improve

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reported that "a confidential United Nations report says the government of Sudan is flying arms and heavy military equipment into Darfur in violation of Security Council resolutions and painting Sudanese military planes white to disguise them as United Nations or African Union aircraft."

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On 19 March, peacekeepers said they had received recent reports of villages that were attacked and burned after the UN expressed concern over the increasing number of internally displaced persons. UNAMID said that the attacks were in Hashaba, about 100 kilometers north-west of the city

2785:, over the control of a military headquarters. They also raided a police base from which they stole police vehicles. A Sudanese police spokesperson said that the leader of the assailants, Mohamed Saleh Garbo, and his intelligence chief, Mohamed Nur Al-Deen, were killed in the clash. 3247:

UNAMID ended its mission on 31 December, with a complete withdrawal scheduled for 30 June. At the time the mission ended UNAMID had 4,000 troops, 1,631 police, 480 police advisers, 483 international civilian staff, and 945 national civilian staff in the region as of December 2020.

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On 14 April, a statement released by the UN refugee agency confirmed that the violence in Geneina had stopped, based on reports which suggested that there haven't been any shootings for the past four days. The tribal clashes led to at least 1,860 people to flee into neighboring

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and Britain announced they would push for a UN resolution to dispatch African Union and United Nations peacekeepers to Darfur and would push for an immediate cease-fire in Darfur and are prepared to provide "substantial" economic aid "as soon as a cease-fire makes it possible".

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official reported that food aid had been blocked from reaching at least 355,000 people. Annan said, "the tragedy in Darfur has reached a critical moment. It merits this council's closest attention and urgent action." On 14 September, the leader of the Sudan Liberation Movement,

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declaring that the Sudanese government had not met its commitments and expressing concern at helicopter attacks and assaults by the Janjaweed. It welcomed the intention of the African Union to enhance its monitoring mission and urged all member states to support such efforts.

3372:, capital of West Darfur, where they held separate talks with the Arab Rizeigat and the non-Arab Masalit tribes. After the visit, the Dar Masalit Displaced People expressed their refusal to accept the result of the mediation headed by al-Burhan. They blamed the paramilitary 3717:

After an arrest warrant was issued for the Sudanese president in March 2009, the Prosecutor appealed to add genocide charges. However, the Pre-Trial Chamber found that there was no reasonable ground to support the contention that he had a specific intent to commit genocide

2557:, the largest refugee camp, which had a population of over 130,000. The agency cited inaction by local authorities from the Sudan Liberation Movement (SLM), which controls the region, in addressing security concerns and violence against aid workers. An employee of the 2426:

On 17 November, reports of a potential deal to place a "compromise peacekeeping force" in Darfur were announced, but would later appear to have been rejected by Sudan. The UN claimed on 18 November that Sudan had agreed to the deployment of UN peacekeepers. Sudan's

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On 28 March, Al-Hilu, leader of SPLA-North, signed a peace agreement with the Sudanese government in Juba, South Sudan, which would guarantee freedom of religion in a civil, democratic Sudan that would also have a single unified army to protect national security.

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voiced support for the UN peacekeeping force. The AU, whose mandate expired on 30 September 2006, confirmed that the AMIS would leave. The next day, however, a senior US State Department official told reporters that the AU force might remain past the deadline.

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Renewed fighting began in July and August 2006, and international aid organizations considered leaving due to attacks against their personnel. Annan called for 18,000 international peacekeepers in Darfur to replace the 7,000-man AMIS force. In one incident at

2948:, outside Darfur, and that they were headed for Khartoum to topple the president. The head of an SLA faction, Abdel Wahid Mohammed al-Nur, called it "a significant shift in the war". An estimated 300,000 were displaced by violence from January through May. 2905:(SLM-MM) killed 12 Sudanese soldiers and took control of the Alawna area in North Darfur. The SLM-MM also said they destroyed one vehicle and captured another belonging to the Sudanese forces and said one of their soldiers was wounded in the fighting. 1900:

Darfurian non-commissioned officers and soldiers. Responsibility for prosecuting the war was given to Sudanese military intelligence. Nevertheless, in the middle months of 2003, rebels won 34 of 38 engagements. In May, the SLA destroyed a battalion at

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around the Kalma refugee camp during the previous several weeks and that the Janjaweed were reportedly using rape to cause women to be humiliated and ostracised by their own communities. On 25 August, the head of the U.S. State Department's

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On 31 March, Janjaweed militiamen killed 200 to 400 people in the eastern border region of Chad near Sudan. The border villages of Tiero and Marena were encircled and then fired upon. The women were robbed and the men shot according to the

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international plan which it hoped the Sudanese government would find more palatable. On 9 November, senior Sudanese presidential advisor Nafie Ali Nafie told reporters that his government was prepared to start unconditional talks with the

2219:(UNSC) meeting to explain its plan to send 10,000 Sudanese soldiers to Darfur instead of the proposed 20,000 UN peacekeeping force. The Security Council announced it would hold the meeting despite Sudan's absence. Also on 24 August, the 2732:

Sudan Liberation Movement–Unity, originally led by Abdallah Yehya, includes many other prominent figures (Sherif Harir, Abu Bakr Kadu, Ahmed Kubur); the group with the largest number of rebel fighters; object for the same reason as the

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bombers and helicopter gunships (according to the government; seven according to the rebels) were destroyed on the ground, 75 soldiers, pilots and technicians were killed and 32 were captured, including the commander of the air base, a

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security forces, and to grant them political representation and economic and land rights, in addition to a 10-year plan to invest $ 750 million to develop southern and western regions, and to guarantee the return for displaced people.

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stated that Sudan's efforts remained poor despite the May Agreement. On 19 August, Sudan reiterated its opposition to replacing AMIS with a UN force, resulting in the US issuing a "threat" to Sudan over the "potential consequences".

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A donors conference in Doha pledged US$ 3.6 billion to help rebuild Darfur. The conference was criticised in the region that the Sudan Liberation Army (Minni Minnawi) rebels had taken. According to the group's Hussein Minnawi,

3560:. The article, entitled "Patterns of mortality rates in Darfur conflict", estimated with 95% confidence that the excess number of deaths is between 178,258 and 461,520 (with a mean of 298,271), with 80% of these due to disease. 9002: 3546:

published an op-ed stating that many of the published mortality rates have been misleading because they include a large number of people who had died of disease and malnutrition, as well as those who died from direct violence.

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displaced camps deteriorated. Previous ICC indictments, such as the arrest warrants of the LRA leadership in the ongoing war in northern Uganda, were also accused of harming peace processes by criminalizing one side of a war.

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in Brussels, Belgium published an analysis of mortality in Darfur. Their estimate stated that from September 2003 to January 2005, between 98,000 and 181,000 persons died in Darfur, including 63,000 to 146,000 excess deaths.

1498:. However, talks were disrupted by accusations that the Sudanese army launched raids and air strikes against a village, violating the Tolu agreement. The JEM, the largest rebel group in Darfur, vowed to boycott negotiations. 5035: 4412: 3342:, reports suggest that there has been the destruction of humanitarian facilities, during the violence in the region. Also, the decision to declare a state of emergency in the region was applauded by the UN envoy for Sudan, 2010:(AMIS) force was increased by 600 troops and 80 military observers. In July, the force was increased by about 3,300 (with a budget of 220 million dollars). In April, 2005, AMIS's forces were increased to about 7,000. 2475:

humanitarian aid and media access to Darfur." Despite the formality of a ceasefire there were further media reports of killings and other violence. On 15 April 2007, African Union peacekeepers were targeted and killed.

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District. By this point several rebel attacks had been carried out against police stations, army outposts and military convoys and the government engaged in a massive air and land assault on the rebel stronghold in the

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charged with crimes under the Rome Statute. He rejected the charges and said, "Whoever has visited Darfur, met officials and discovered their ethnicities and tribes ... will know that all of these things are lies."

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The 115-page agreement included agreements on national and state power-sharing, demilitarization of the Janjaweed and other militias, an integration of Sudan Liberation Movement/Army (SLM/A) and JEM troops into the

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against black citizens. According to Ayittey, "In Sudan... the Arabs monopolized power and excluded blacks – Arab apartheid." Many African commentators joined Ayittey in accusing Sudan of practising Arab apartheid.

2192:, seven women, who ventured out of a refugee camp to gather firewood, were gang-raped, beaten and robbed by the Janjaweed. When they had finished, the attackers stripped them naked and jeered at them as they fled. 3511: 2024:, a parallel denied by the Sudanese government. Independent observers noted that the tactics, which included dismemberment and killing of noncombatants, including young children and infants, were more akin to the 6955: 9212: 1493:

The Sudanese government and the JEM signed a ceasefire agreement in February 2010, with a tentative agreement to pursue peace. The JEM has the most to gain from the talks and could see semi-autonomy much like

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Ofcansky, Thomas P. (2015). "Foreign Military Assistance" (PDF). In Berry, LaVerle (ed.). Sudan: a country study (5th ed.). Washington, D.C.: Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. pp. 344–347. ISBN

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On 2 October, the AU announced that it would extend its presence until 31 December 2006. Two hundred UN troops were sent to reinforce the AU force. On 6 October, the UNSC voted to extend the mandate of the

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of 2005 and when signed, would halt preparations for a Darfur status referendum. The proposed document included provisions for a Darfuri Vice-President and an administrative structure that included three

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Sudan Liberation Movement (Abdel Wahed), led by Abdel Wahed Mohamed el-Nur; the group has few forces, but its leader is highly respected; refused to attend until a force was deployed to stem the Darfur

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until he is apprehended in a nation which accepts ICC jurisdiction, as Sudan is not a party to the Rome Statute, which it signed but did not ratify. Payam Akhavan, a professor of international law at

10712: 2505:. Many of those who survived the initial attack, ended up dying due to exhaustion and dehydration, often while fleeing. On 14 April 2007, more attacks were reported by the UNHCR in Tiero and Marena. 11361: 8641: 7239: 4460: 3402:

On 5 May, thousands of displaced people that were affected by the clashes in Geneina, requested to go back to their homes. They made the request due to the poor living conditions in their shelters.

2995:. Sudan denied this and did not permit the UN (who said their first inquiry was inconclusive "in part due to the heavy presence of military and police") to make another inquiry. An investigation by 6583: 10279: 8489: 4650:: Le Secrétaire général et la Présidente de la Commission de l'Union africaine nomment M. Martin Ihoeghian Uhomoibhi, du Nigéria, Représentant spécial conjoint pour le Darfour et Chef de la MINUAD 2059:

was sworn in as Sudan's vice-president. However, on 30 July, Garang died in a helicopter crash. Despite improved security, talks between the various rebels in the Darfur region progressed slowly.

1864: 9574: 9032: 8208: 10574: 8130: 3144:, requires that a peace agreement be made in Darfur and other regions of armed conflict in Sudan within the first six months of the 39-month transition period to democratic civilian government. 2898:

On 1 February 2012, clashes between the JEM and a group of armed Arab citizens in East Darfur left 3 rebels killed, the attacks occurred as a response to repeated violations by JEM in the area.

1004:

Although he was a Chadian rebel leader and he was also the head of an insurgent militia, Mohammed Nour Abdelkerim was so close to the Sudanese Armed Forces that he enlisted as an officer in the

16627: 9486: 318: 11813: 11790: 11767: 11685: 7057: 2539:'s UFDD may have been receiving Saudi as well as Sudanese support could have pushed him to sign the Saudi-mediated pact with Bashir". Colin Thomas-Jensen, an expert on Chad and Darfur at the 2443:

Forces launched a deliberate and unprovoked attack on civilians and their property in Sirba," and that this also involved "extensive and wanton destruction and looting of civilian property".

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and Rwandan genocides, backed by six aid agencies, submitted an open letter to the European Union, calling on them to do more, proposing a UN peacekeeping force as "the only viable option".

3272:, the incident began when a member of an Arab tribe was stabbed by another member of the Masalit tribe. Following the unrest, a high profile delegation authorized by Sudanese Prime Minister 1860:

of hit-and-run raids proved almost impossible for the army – untrained in desert operations – to counter. However, its aerial bombardment of rebel positions on the mountain was devastating.

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leading to a peace agreement be made in Darfur and other regions of armed conflict in Sudan within the first six months of the 39-month transition period to democratic civilian government.

10197: 9994: 8881: 10769: 9968: 8942: 8331: 4572: 9264: 8752: 8160: 6250: 1452:; the majority of other Arab groups in Darfur remained uninvolved. The other side is made up of rebel groups, notably the SLM/A and the JEM, recruited primarily from the non-Arab Muslim 16064: 9152: 8972: 7597: 4202: 3297:

Clashes between the Arabs and non-Arabs in West Darfur began on January 15. By 18 January the death toll was reported to have reached at least 129 people, including women and children.

2257:, circumventing the Sudanese government's official restrictions on foreign journalists. He was later released after direct negotiation with President al-Bashir. This came a month after 8994: 2744:

Faced with a boycott from the most important rebel factions, the talks were rebranded as an "advanced consultation phase", with official talks likely to start in November or December.

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tribes clashed. The fighting did not result in as many deaths as in 2003 and 2004. United Nations officials said the groups might be trying to seize land before peacekeepers arrived.

9604: 10335: 9366: 9296: 5340: 5027: 300: 11912: 8851: 5381: 4404: 3819:, an NGO that campaigns for better natural resource governance, says: "Sudan has purchased about $ 100m in arms from China and has used these weapons against civilians in Darfur." 2066:

near the Sudanese border led to the death of 300 rebels in December. Sudan was blamed for the attack, which was the second in the region in three days. Escalating tensions led the

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civilian communities were targeted as a result of their actual or perceived affiliations with armed opposition groups" and that "such attacks were carried out with impunity".

2908:

Little progress occurred after September 2012 and the situation slowly worsened and violence was escalating. The population of displaced Sudanese in IDP camps also increased.

1053: 2399:(NRF) rebel alliance, but noted he saw little use for a new peace agreement. The NRF, which had rejected the May Agreement and sought a new peace agreement, did not comment. 1904:, killing 500 and taking 300 prisoners; in mid-July, 250 were killed in a second attack on Tine. The SLA began to infiltrate farther east, threatening to extend the war into 5808: 12130: 12948: 5069: 11998: 10085: 15392: 9426: 9182: 9122: 2614:, who headed a rather small splinter group of the SLA/M that he had initially founded in 2003, was considered to be the representatives of a large part of the displaced 2497:

with 51 counts of war crimes and crimes against humanity. Ahmed Haroun said he "did not feel guilty", his conscience was clear, and that he was ready to defend himself.

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emerged and became particularly active in the areas of engaging the United States Congress and President on the issue and pushing for divestment, initially launched by

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have been killed, the rebels stated that they lost 45 fighters dead or wounded. Sudanese authorities also claimed to have destroyed 40 rebel vehicles and captured 17.

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Multiple casualty estimates have been published since the war began, ranging from roughly 10,000 civilians (Sudanese government estimate) to hundreds of thousands.

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controls between 60 and 70 percent of Sudan's total oil production. Additionally, it owns the largest single share (40 percent) of Sudan's national oil company,

3399:, protesters gathered in front of the building to protest against an attack on their village – Gassat Enjemet – which left three people dead and others wounded. 2610:

to unite the rebel groups to streamline the subsequent peace negotiations with the government. Most senior rebel leaders attended, with the notable exception of

1008:, while his troops were temporarily organized as a regular pro-government militia. He and his militia left Sudanese service in 2005 in order to take part in the 11097: 9634: 8578: 8186: 7444: 5779: 3706:. The Prosecutor claimed that Mr. al-Bashir "masterminded and implemented a plan to destroy in substantial part" three tribal groups in Darfur because of their 13112: 11934: 8633: 3054:

attacks on civilian populations in Darfur, killing at least 250 people; the majority of the victims were children. It is believed that the munitions contained

10645: 5091: 4620: 16603: 15400: 15134: 12240: 11483: 12415: 7231: 6992: 6518: 16571: 12931: 12881: 12788: 11353: 10882: 3939: 3643: 3551: 3522: 3331:, which led to the death of at least 40 people. During the three days of clashes, at least 58 people were also said to have been injured, according to the 2963:

and Salamat Arab tribes announced a ceasefire after battles killed over 200 people. The UN security counsel also announced a review of its UNAMID mission.

35: 10145: 8485: 8074: 7948: 2959:

tribe and the Beni Hussein group signed a peace deal during July after an eruption of violence between the two groups killed hundreds. Later in July, the

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troops to protect the ceasefire monitors. However, it soon became apparent that 150 troops would not be enough, and they were subsequently joined by 150

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the Pre-Trial Chamber to review based on the correct legal standard. In July 2010, al-Bashir was charged with three counts of genocide in Darfur by the

3209:

Under the terms of the agreement, the factions that signed will be entitled to three seats on the sovereignty council, a total of five ministers in the

15432: 13376: 11335: 8122: 7291: 3110: 1046: 16147: 10792: 9478: 7571: 6737: 6109: 5588:"How the Multilateral Institutions Compounded Africa's Economic Crisis", George B.N. Ayittey; Law and Policy in International Business, Vol. 30, 1999. 5296: 4438: 3722:), which is an intention to destroy, in whole or in part, a protected group. The definition adopted by the Pre-Trial Chamber is the definition of the 3598:

in December 2003. However, widespread media coverage did not start until the outgoing United Nations Resident and Humanitarian Coordinator for Sudan,

14415: 14101: 13593: 12808: 11810: 11787: 11764: 11674: 6830: 4673:: Le Secrétaire général et l'Union africaine nomment le général de corps d'armée Frank Mushyo Kamanzi, du Rwanda, Commandant de la force de la MINUAD 3822:

According to the report Following the Thread: Arms and Ammunition Tracing in Sudan and South Sudan, released in May 2014 by the Swiss research group

3268:, left 84 dead and 160 wounded. This was two weeks after the United Nations withdrew its peacekeepers from the region. Based on a statement from the 1159: 200: 9694: 7351: 7321: 4228: 3759:

enters international airspace. The Sudanese government has announced that the Presidential plane would be accompanied by jet fighters. However, the

3335:. Later in the evening, Sudan's defense council declared a state of emergency and also deployed troops to the troubled region of West Darfur state. 16460: 15503: 12876: 12828: 11045: 8541: 7545: 7396: 4302: 2748:

announced that Darfur's rebel movements had united into two large groups and were now ready to negotiate in an orderly manner with the government.

2406:

The same period saw an example of a tribe-based split within the Arab forces, when relations between the farming Terjem and nomadic, camel-herding

1516:

A comprehensive peace agreement was signed on 31 August 2020 between the Sudanese authorities and several rebel factions to end armed hostilities.

153: 14822: 11228: 10167: 8515: 8385: 8297: 8048: 6495: 4595:"Sudan: Application for summonses for two war crimes suspects a small but significant step towards justice in Darfur | Amnesty International" 3217:. At a regional level, signatories will be entitled between 30 and 40% of the seats on transitional legislatures of their home states or regions. 16319: 16099: 15527: 14788: 14702: 14058: 14053: 11896: 11170: 11159: 10761: 10739: 10193: 9990: 8873: 8100: 5471: 4878: 4793: 3657: 2585: 2274: 1991: 10486: 9958: 8934: 8744: 8327: 7373: 6932: 6710: 6132: 4562: 3942:. The Brutality of the militias, the violence which was used by the armed forces, the corruption and the human rights abuses were also shown on 16619: 15781: 15198: 14796: 9664: 9274: 8235: 8152: 6247: 3921: 3653: 3338:

As of 6 April, the West Darfur State Doctors' Committee reported that the death toll had reached 50, with 132 others injured. According to the

2762:

On 20 February, rebels and humanitarian workers reported that a fresh government/militia offensive had trapped thousands of refugees along the

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Given that the army was consistently losing, the war effort switched to emphasize three elements: military intelligence, the air force and the

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and he urged the government to ensure the protection of humanitarian organizations, so as to provide services to the victims of the violence.

2535:. It asserted that neither country would harbor, train or fund armed movements opposed to the other. Reuters reported that "Deby's fears that 15685: 15013: 14899: 14065: 13527: 11644: 3569: 2298: 1952:

between the Sudanese government, the JEM, and the SLA. One group that did not participate in the April cease-fire talks or agreement was the

1091: 1039: 15519: 7036: 6871: 6666: 6644: 6202: 2837:(LJM), an umbrella organisation of ten rebel groups formed in February 2010, started a fresh round of talks with the Sudanese government in 2659:

base, killing at least 12 peacekeepers in "the heaviest loss of life and biggest attack on the African Mission" during a raid at the end of

13683: 12921: 11414: 9596: 7822: 7619: 7519: 7496: 6970: 6958: 6600: 6586: 4855: 2697: 1953: 12445: 11920: 11571: 10331: 9358: 9306: 8904: 7152: 6784: 5348: 14226: 13900: 13625: 12686: 12328:"Response to Berkshire Hathaway's statement on its holdings in PetroChina Company Limited, Sudan Divestment Task Force, 23 February 2007" 11309: 8835: 7769: 5373: 3203: 2032:

and warned that the region's remoteness meant that hundreds of thousands of people were effectively cut off from aid. The Brussels-based

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on 9 June 2020, thirteen years after he was charged by the International Criminal Court with 51 crimes against humanity and war crimes.

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against Darfur's non-Arabs. This resulted in the death of hundreds of thousands of civilians and the indictment of Sudan's president,

15773: 15141: 14930: 14668: 14336: 13587: 12305: 12107: 11720: 9388: 8360: 6331: 5116: 3360:

On 12 April, following several days of violence in West Darfur that led to the deaths of at least 144 people, chairman of the ruling

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advocacy group coordinated a large rally in New York in April 2006. Depicted here is a discarded protest sign littering the street.

14851: 13520: 13463: 13197: 11215: 7720: 7690: 7660: 6762: 6309: 5801: 3851: 3691:. The Sudan Government said that the ICC had no jurisdiction to try Sudanese citizens and that it would not surrender the two men. 3603: 3349:

On 7 April, 37 more deaths were recorded by the Sudanese doctors' committee in West Darfur, increasing the total death toll to 87.

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Ethnic clashes were also reported to have erupted in the eastern part of Sudan on 31 December 2020 and 1 January 2021 between the

16692: 14915: 14505: 11838: 11038: 8022: 6355: 6177: 6077: 5959: 5940: 5902: 5883: 5061: 4979: 3114: 2513: 1360: 15836: 14715: 12193: 11751: 11613: 15440: 14213: 13724: 12926: 12901: 12651: 12263: 11991: 11540: 10077: 9754: 9456: 9242: 8611: 7993: 7968: 7926: 7900: 7844: 7103: 7013: 6404: 4737: 3157:

are enabling "green shoots of peace" to appear, helping to end this conflict. This project was conducted with funding from the

2757: 11860: 11453: 9418: 9174: 9114: 4675: 4652: 16182: 15368: 15230: 14433: 12843: 12596: 12563: 12534: 10365: 10309: 10227: 10115: 10055: 10024: 6452: 5747: 5674: 5642: 5615: 5539: 5185: 2362: 2200: 1665: 1201: 52: 11506:"Qatar, Arab League reject ICC cooperation request on Bashir arrest: report – Sudan Tribune: Plural news and views on Sudan" 8463: 7747: 6300: 5680: 5648: 5545: 5155: 4899: 4355: 3294:

On 17 January, a curfew was put in place by the Sudanese authorities, including a state of emergency in West Darfur region.

2725:, led by Khalil Ibrahim; they object to the presence of rebel groups they say had no constituency and no place at the table. 1671:

There are several different explanations for the origins of the conflict that started in 2003. One explanation involves the

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has urged the Sudanese government to see to the de-escalation of the violence in West Darfur and safeguard civilian lives.

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had crossed into Darfur. Most have been relocated by Sudanese government to former villages of displaced non-Arab people.

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settlements. In some locations, the distance between a destroyed Fur village and an Arab village is less than 500 meters.

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arrived in Darfur for a two-day visit. She urged the Sudanese government to accept the UN proposal. Nigerian President

6802: 4533:"Continued Detention of Rebel POWs suggests Sudan's military rulers are not ready to settle with the Armed Opposition" 2883: 1840:

to "unleash" the army, the military had little in reserve. The army was already deployed in both the south, where the

15448: 14867: 14555: 14427: 14119: 14090: 12778: 12728: 9626: 8570: 8433: 8407: 7440: 5771: 5566:

Vukoni Lupa Lasaga, "The slow, violent death of apartheid in Sudan," 19 September 2006, Norwegian Council for Africa.

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reported that a huge underground lake had been found. This find could eliminate the competition for water resources.

2561:

Action by Churches Together was murdered in June in West Darfur. Vehicle hijackings also made them consider leaving.

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signed a peace agreement on 3 May 2007 aimed at reducing tension between their countries. The accord was brokered by

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journalist, appeared in court in Darfur facing charges of espionage; he had crossed into the country illegally from

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border. As of 21 February, the total dead in Darfur stood at 450,000 with an estimated 3,245,000 people displaced.

2014: 1703:

black southerners. Yet another origin is conflict between the Islamist, Khartoum-based national government and two

1649: 1484: 12499: 12244: 11475: 15580: 15555: 14297: 14269: 13570: 13187: 12798: 12758: 12721: 10886: 8995:"Sudan: Statement by the High Representative Josep Borrell on the occasion of the signing of the Peace Agreement" 6515: 6425: 4066: 4001: 3456: 3118:

pointed to a significant reduction in the scale and distribution of violence in Darfur, while other NGOS such as

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Children in the camps are encouraged to confront their psychological scars. The clay figures depict an attack by

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Number does not represent the number of soldiers stationed in Darfur, but the total number of military personnel.

276: 17: 12838: 12813: 12783: 12768: 12753: 12743: 12738: 8663: 1184: 1113: 1108: 1096: 1086: 16508: 16138: 15896: 15304: 15094: 14804: 14381: 14370: 14280: 13406: 10137: 8070: 7952: 4041: 3835: 2670: 2220: 2007: 1723:

In early 1991, non-Arabs of the Zaghawa tribe of Sudan attested that they were victims of an intensifying Arab

1708: 1551: 1390: 1263: 16415: 12407: 16168: 15264: 14859: 14661: 14598: 13731: 13718: 7170: 7126: 5152: 5120: 4111: 4071: 3607: 3542: 3388:(UNHCR) maintained that the refugees arriving revealed that their homes and properties were being destroyed. 3141: 2879: 2722: 2638: 2595:

On 31 July, Mahria gunmen surrounded mourners at the funeral of an important Terjem sheik and killed 60 with

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seasonal migration, trampling through Terjem territory near the Bulbul River. Fighting resumed in July 2007.

1892:. The success of the raid was unprecedented in Sudan; in the twenty years of the war in the south, the rebel 1712: 1546: 1506: 1394: 1300: 824: 250: 79: 16468: 16335: 11339: 7299: 1956:, who had split from the JEM in April. Janjaweed and rebel attacks continued despite the ceasefire, and the 16712: 16687: 16189: 16161: 15344: 15240: 14130: 13177: 12748: 12681: 12152: 10931: 10796: 6827: 6734: 6117: 5802:"Report of the International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur to the United Nations Secretary-General (PDF)" 5324: 5284: 5276: 4434: 3932: 3736: 3672: 2494: 2249: 2070:

to declare its hostility toward Sudan and to call for Chadians to mobilise against the "common enemy" (see

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Sudan: Further clashes possible after unrest in Foro Baranga, West Darfur State, May 28–29 | Crisis24

7343: 2203:, warned that Sudan appeared to be preparing for a major military offensive. The warning came a day after 1879:

arose when the Sudan Liberation Movement and the JEM, which is the largest rebel group in Darfur, entered

1189: 16476: 16351: 16343: 15636: 15222: 14330: 14124: 13742: 13547: 13271: 9686: 7541: 7388: 7313: 4224: 4051: 3957: 3846:

a strategic necessity. China has direct commercial interests in Sudan's oil. China's state-owned company

3537:

The UN disclosed on 22 April 2008 that it might have underestimated the Darfur death toll by nearly 50%.

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On 27 April, following weeks of fighting, a coalition that included SLA and JEM said that they had taken

2629:

The participants were Gamali Galaleiddine, Khalil Abdalla Adam, Salah Abu Surra, Khamis Abdallah Abakar,

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was to take over from AMIS by 31 December at the latest, and had an initial mandate up to 31 July 2008.

1932:

and around the southern oil fields during the 1990s had resulted in massive human rights violations and

16391: 15588: 14577: 14560: 14409: 14365: 14318: 14236: 14219: 13912: 13240: 13142: 12803: 12644: 11886: 11235: 10735: 8511: 8393: 8305: 8279: 8261: 7567: 6814: 6492: 5463: 4903: 4875: 3595: 2540: 2181: 2033: 1154: 759: 11177: 8486:"Batil Refugee Camp, Maban County, Upper Nile State, South Sudan (as of 15 Mar 2013) | ReliefWeb" 8096: 6136: 4789: 3384:, most of whom are believed to be women, children, and the elderly. Babar Baloch, a spokesman for the 2788: 2342:, claimed that the Sudanese government had prior knowledge of attacks by Janjaweed militias in Buram, 16359: 16327: 16209: 16092: 14875: 14397: 14313: 14241: 13838: 13748: 12936: 12763: 11268: 10478: 9567:"World Food Programme Chief congratulates Sudanese government and rebel group on steps towards peace" 8044: 7381: 6942: 6850: 5704: 4081: 3656:, taking into account the report of the International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur, authorized by 3500: 3473:

children. Young women were attacked so violently that they were unable to walk following the attack.

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has also been identified as a major source of the conflict. The Darfur crisis is also related to the

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On 14 July 2008, the Prosecutor filed ten charges of war crimes against Sudan's incumbent President

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of 2004, but without mentioning specific crimes. Two permanent members of the Security Council, the

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warning about the risk of genocide. The scale of the Janjaweed campaign led to comparisons with the

1883:, the capital city of North Darfur and attacked the sleeping garrison. In the next four hours, four 16677: 16667: 16057: 16048: 15749: 15118: 14654: 14500: 14375: 13864: 13833: 13576: 12906: 12733: 10545: 9963: 9301: 9269: 4016: 3178: 2596: 1684: 1174: 1076: 739: 16516: 11938: 11652: 3424: 2991:

In November, local media reported that 200 women and girls had been raped by Sudanese soldiers in

2864:. The rebel groups protested and stated that this was a bid to further divide Darfur's influence. 2043: 16682: 16672: 16078: 16071: 15054: 14495: 14231: 14031: 13882: 13859: 13785: 13648: 13620: 13381: 13312: 13192: 13086: 12956: 12886: 11216:

Security Council Refers Situation in Darfur, Sudan, to Prosecutor of International Criminal Court

10479:"36 killed, 32 injured in tribal clashes in Sudan's South Darfur - Xinhua | English.news.cn" 7542:"UN resolution for Darfur: An important but insufficient first step towards protecting civilians" 7062: 7044: 6868: 6718: 6641: 6284: 6259: 6199: 6101: 5734:

The Case Against Israel's Enemies: Exposing Jimmy Carter and Others Who Stand in the Way of Peace

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Waging Peace in Sudan: The Inside Story of the Negotiations that Ended Africa's Longest Civil War

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violent deaths compiled by the UN indicate between 6,000 and 7,000 fatalities from 2004 to 2007.

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United Nations Inter-Agency Fact-Finding and Rapid Assessment Mission: Kailek Town, South Darfur

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soldiers eventually defeated the rebels. A JEM force headed to the Al-Ingaz bridge to cross the

2618:. His absence was damaging to the peace talks. International officials stated that there is "no 16662: 16587: 16175: 16124: 16014: 15757: 15288: 15174: 14207: 14025: 13814: 13441: 13028: 12911: 12833: 8912: 5739: 4006: 3365: 3308:

suggested that during the assassination attempt, several blasts were heard all over the state.

3269: 3131: 2157: 2134: 2096:. However, the agreement was rejected by the smaller JEM and a rival faction of the SLA led by 2089: 2083: 1510: 1346: 1277: 1212: 1005: 845: 651: 209: 16423: 12691: 12163: 11313: 8745:"Darfur conflict: 'Hundreds of children gassed to death since January by government in Sudan'" 7761: 2372:

spoke against "stand by and see genocide taking place in Darfur." On 13 October, US President

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Technicals: Non-Standard Tactical Vehicles from the Great Toyota War to modern Special Forces

12529:. Translated by Andrew Brown (Revised, Updated, and Translated ed.). London: Zed Books. 12334: 11821: 11798: 11775: 11681: 6327: 4031: 3784: 3626: 3611: 3591: 2689: 2464: 2142: 1845: 1833: 839: 798: 720: 419: 290: 263: 12437: 12019: 10388:"Sudan: Further clashes possible after unrest in Foro Baranga, West Darfur State, May 28–29" 8965:"UNAMID JSR congratulates the Sudanese parties on the formal signing of the peace agreement" 5987: 4594: 3763:

announced solidarity with al-Bashir. Since the warrant, he has visited Qatar and Egypt. The

2236:, warned that the region faced a security crisis unless the UN peacekeeping force deployed. 2122: 16635: 16534: 16117: 15910: 15889: 15248: 15102: 14948: 14907: 14685: 14549: 14489: 14201: 13468: 13416: 13223: 13151: 12961: 12716: 4036: 3858: 3373: 2334:

listed Darfur as the most pressing food emergency out of the forty countries listed on its

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while the hinterlands remained closer to native Sudanese cultures. It was first annexed to

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could have prevented the crisis and that few lessons appeared to have been drawn from the

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A 14 July 2007 article noted that in the past two months up to 75,000 Arabs from Chad and

8: 16707: 16452: 16154: 16021: 15970: 15668: 15564: 15535: 15495: 15479: 15126: 15078: 15044: 15036: 15005: 14780: 14513: 13888: 13688: 13610: 13448: 13161: 13132: 12225: 12156: 11891: 10842: 10673: 6684: 6616: 6565: 5096: 4119: 4115: 3912: 3723: 3649: 3583: 3261: 3184: 2822: 2071: 1933: 1731: 1672: 1638: 1477: 1398: 1179: 451: 73: 15280: 8805:"UN officials urge support as Darfur attempts to 'turn the page' from conflict to peace" 8460:"Sudan: Ambassador Smith – 'Security Situation in Darfur Deteriorated Compared to 2011'" 7712: 7682: 7652: 6759: 5696: 2294: 15977: 15963: 15741: 15716: 15572: 15424: 15110: 14997: 14987: 14739: 13894: 13677: 13654: 13371: 13346: 13324: 13276: 13137: 13081: 12891: 12859: 11864: 11715: 11089: 10971:"sudanreeves.org :: QUANTIFYING GENOCIDE: Darfur Mortality Update, August 6, 2010" 9868:"UN rights office urges protection, investigation, after latest clashes in West Darfur" 7426: 7040: 6997: 6714: 6437: 5732: 5600: 5510: 5432: 5001: 4076: 4046: 3928: 3801: 3711: 3221: 3119: 2996: 2652:

should fail, they would step up their demands from self-determination to independence.

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had reported in May 2004 that over 350,000 people could potentially die as a result of

1924: 613: 84: 48: 11834: 11077: 11035: 9329:"UN chief calls for protection of civilians as violence spikes in Sudan's West Darfur" 8014: 6352: 6174: 6087: 5956: 5937: 5899: 5880: 4971: 3862: 1432:

One side of the conflict is mainly composed of the Sudanese military, police, and the

16279: 15942: 15868: 15789: 15376: 15256: 15214: 15086: 15070: 14748: 14690: 14635: 14479: 14148: 14007: 13942: 13426: 13361: 13356: 13307: 13302: 13157: 13100: 12896: 12592: 12588: 12559: 12530: 12203: 11621: 11254: 11196: 11081: 9747:"UN envoy to Sudan welcomes state of emergency status on West Darfur due to violence" 8843: 6880: 6671: 6653: 6211: 5743: 5670: 5638: 5611: 5535: 5424: 5181: 4021: 3823: 3755: 3225: 2524: 2376:

imposed further sanctions against those deemed complicit in the atrocities under the

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on the future status of Darfur and measures to promote the flow of humanitarian aid.

2101: 1588: 1328: 1137: 1125: 16255: 15272: 14835: 14324: 13512: 12259: 12098: 11868: 11536: 11505: 11093: 9838:"At least 125 dead as rival groups clash in Sudan's West Darfur, medical group says" 9746: 9448: 9234: 8603: 7990: 7965: 7922: 7896: 7840: 7100: 7010: 6828:"Forty countries face food shortages, Darfur crisis is the most pressing: UN agency" 6396: 4729: 3877: 3405:

On 29 May, a group of armed men reportedly opened fire in a market in West Darfur's

1998:

During April, 2005, after the Sudanese government signed a ceasefire agreement with

16399: 16287: 16085: 16041: 15956: 15677: 15660: 15360: 15352: 15336: 15062: 14964: 14956: 14583: 14483: 14275: 13977: 13581: 13492: 13398: 13366: 13290: 13228: 13211: 13117: 13068: 13038: 12988: 12871: 12669: 12624: 11163: 11073: 10513: 10048:"Sudan: Shooting Stops in West Darfur but Thousands Need Help After Ethnic Clashes" 9539: 6527: 6479: 6461: 6364: 6186: 6082: 5502: 5416: 4672: 4649: 4086: 4026: 3892: 3210: 2895:. The agreement was signed by the Government of Sudan and the LJM on 14 July 2011. 2584:

A hybrid UN/AU force was finally approved on 31 July with the unanimously approved

2435:

deaths. The AU stated that this "was a flagrant violation of security agreements".

2025: 2021: 1857: 1826: 1406: 587: 10357: 10301: 10219: 10107: 10047: 10016: 6449: 6102:"In a Darfur town, women recount numbing tale of their hell of rape and suffering" 4347: 2852:

On 9 March, it was announced that two more states would be established in Darfur:

16595: 16311: 16247: 16223: 16032: 15765: 15724: 15644: 15328: 15296: 14723: 14534: 14342: 13965: 13809: 13431: 13421: 13341: 13253: 12993: 12975: 12916: 12574: 12549: 12388: 12365: 12284: 11817: 11794: 11771: 11292: 11272: 11042: 10994: 10578: 8700: 8459: 7997: 7972: 7107: 7082: 7017: 6962: 6918: 6898: 6875: 6834: 6809: 6766: 6741: 6691: 6648: 6623: 6590: 6547: 6522: 6499: 6456: 6359: 6304: 6297: 6279: 6254: 6231: 6206: 6181: 6161: 6156: 6063: 5963: 5944: 5925: 5906: 5887: 5664: 5632: 5529: 5175: 5162: 4907: 4882: 4859: 4679: 4656: 4061: 4011: 3865:, in an effort to stop China's support. Sudan divestment efforts concentrated on 3793: 3621: 3485: 3051: 2888: 2656: 2471: 2349: 1876: 1863: 1809: 1746: 1594: 1414: 1249: 635: 42: 12381: 12170: 12033: 11960: 11384: 11285: 10856: 10811: 7866: 7792: 7466: 7261: 7200: 7075: 6911: 6540: 6056: 6043: 5918: 5243: 5213: 4759: 4696: 3412:

On 5 June, clashes between the Arab Taisha and ethnic African Fallata tribes in

2258: 16375: 15984: 15949: 15628: 15620: 15596: 15181: 15028: 15020: 14462: 14194: 14189: 14001: 13995: 13983: 13927: 13501: 13473: 13458: 13453: 13388: 13258: 13245: 13053: 13023: 13013: 12998: 11587: 10610: 9867: 9716: 9328: 8804: 7292:"Attacks in eastern Chad last month killed up to 400, U.N. refugee agency says" 4929: 4697:"Sudan, two rebel factions discuss ways to hold peace talks on Darfur conflict" 4249: 3996: 3943: 3924: 3816: 3695: 3579: 3461: 3343: 3301: 3273: 3257: 3237: 3158: 2945: 2916: 2853: 2814: 2634: 2509: 2373: 2306: 2302: 2239:

On 26 August, two days before the UNSC meeting and Frazer was due to arrive in

2233: 2224: 2165: 2161: 2130: 1929: 1920: 1837: 1836:, seizing large quantities of supplies and arms. Despite a threat by President 1781: 1735: 1680: 1653: 1645: 1469: 1461: 1457: 1410: 773: 754: 662: 602: 583: 546: 10302:"Sudan: West Darfur Families Displaced By El Geneina Violence Want to Go Home" 4269: 3774: 3675:

issued arrest warrants against the former Minister of State for the Interior,

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population. The government responded to attacks by carrying out a campaign of

16656: 16407: 16271: 16263: 16231: 15797: 15384: 14620: 14421: 14359: 14251: 14013: 13989: 13436: 13063: 13033: 13008: 12711: 12706: 12584: 12089: 10987: 8847: 7977: 7314:"Up to 3,000 villagers flee homes in south-east Chad following fresh attacks" 7112: 7022: 5576: 5428: 4256: 3978: 3917: 3896: 3764: 3743: 3661: 3615: 3599: 3590:

International attention to the Darfur genocide largely began with reports by

3059: 2902: 2536: 2339: 2315: 2126: 2105: 2093: 2029: 1957: 1889: 1630: 1626: 1526: 1481: 1465: 1169: 766: 747: 625: 572: 539: 120: 11992:"Following the Thread: Arms and Ammunition Tracing in Sudan and South Sudan" 11029: 7037:"Sudan "did not" give ok over international force for Darfur – top official" 6200:"Sudan reiterates opposition to replacing AU troop with UN forces in Darfur" 4532: 4110:

The name "Land Cruiser War" for the conflict in Darfur is primarily used by

1852:

were threatening a newly constructed pipeline from the central oilfields to

1613:

tribe in the 11th century AD, the peoples of the Nile valley became heavily

30:"Situation in Darfur" redirects here. For the criminal investigation by the 16383: 15917: 15827: 13555: 13048: 13043: 13018: 12983: 12545: 11085: 10908: 9479:"Over 100,000 displaced by resurgence of violence in Sudan's Darfur region" 9449:"UN: Bloody tribal clashes in Darfur killed 250 and displaced over 100,000" 6855: 6711:"We don't want Sudan to turn into "another Iraq" in the region – al-Bashir" 5967: 5057: 3854:. China consistently opposed economic and non-military sanctions on Sudan. 3806: 3789: 3727: 3676: 3490: 3433:

international dimension when over 100,000 refugees poured into neighboring

3406: 3396: 3233: 3202:(SRF), the SLM/A, the JEM, the Transitional Revolutionary Council, and the 3149: 2992: 2985: 2952: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2626:, who was universally accepted by the various South Sudanese rebel groups. 2600: 2532: 2486: 2343: 2301:, said Darfur faced a "humanitarian catastrophe". On 12 September, Sudan's 2244: 2189: 1945: 1777: 1760: 1622: 1598: 1487: 1081: 708: 14922: 11811:"Sudan: Arms continuing to fuel serious human rights violations in Darfur" 11788:"Sudan: Arms continuing to fuel serious human rights violations in Darfur" 11765:"Sudan: Arms continuing to fuel serious human rights violations in Darfur" 11675:"Sudan: Arms continuing to fuel serious human rights violations in Darfur" 11588:"Left behind: Why aid for Darfur's rape survivors has all but disappeared" 10704: 9899:"UN Criticizes Sudanese Authorities' Failure to Stop West Darfur Violence" 9145:"At Least 48 Dead in Militia Attack on El Geneina, West Darfur, says SUNA" 6377: 16295: 16007: 16000: 15604: 14731: 14630: 14625: 14174: 13948: 13703: 13058: 13003: 11835:"China – Sudan 90% of the weapons for Darfur come from China – Asia News" 10997: 8437: 8411: 7966:

Curfew in capital as Sudanese army clash near Khartoum with Darfur rebels

7377: 6789: 5493:

Straus, Scott (January–February 2005). "Darfur and the Genocide Debate".

5336: 4091: 3888: 3812: 3760: 3680: 3514: 3324: 3265: 3241: 3174: 3055: 2867:

Advising both the LJM and JEM during the Doha peace negotiations was the

2623: 2619: 2490: 2169: 2056: 1821: 1817: 1657: 1634: 1614: 1495: 1441: 697: 686: 346: 12495: 12468: 7389:"UN Secretary-General welcomes signing of agreement between Chad, Sudan" 5514: 5436: 3792:

that have been sighted in Darfur. The report provides evidence that the

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was proposed by the Doha mediators. This agreement was to supersede the

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On 25 March 2003, the rebels seized the garrison town of Tine along the

152:

For a more detailed map of the current military situation in Sudan, see

16303: 15882: 15843: 15416: 15312: 14891: 14246: 12093: 11064: 10276:"West Darfur families displaced by El Geneina violence want to go home" 10220:"Sudan: Injuries As South Darfur Authorities Violently Disperse Sit-in" 8724: 8097:"Sudanese government, LJM rebels to sign a peace accord on 19 December" 5156:

Conflict Encyclopedia, Sudan, one-sided conflict, Janjaweed – civilians

3986: 3866: 3688: 3556: 3504: 3328: 3288: 2798: 2615: 2543: 2468: 2208: 2150: 2146: 2037: 2017: 1923:

uprising from 1986 to 1999. The Janjaweed became the center of the new

1853: 1785: 1696: 1610: 1453: 674: 631: 15612: 12625:

Photographer's Account – "The Cost of Silence: A Traveling Exhibition"

12194:"Bush Announces New Economic Sanctions on Sudan to Halt Darfur Crisis" 10592:"Displaced and Dispossessed of Darfur: Explaining Sources of Genocide" 10017:"Sudan: West Darfur Masalit Reject Outcomes of Mediation By El Burhan" 8123:"Mediators propose Darfur Authority, announce major diplomatic effort" 6516:" Chad's president says he supports U.N. force for neighboring Darfur" 5341:"Sudan: Draft Constitutional Charter for the 2019 Transitional Period" 4876:: (5a) Fatalities by Year, Mission and Incident Type up to 31 Aug 2016 3869:, the national petroleum company with extensive investments in Sudan. 2421: 2013:

The scale of the crisis led to warnings of an imminent disaster, with

1601:", was not a traditional part of the states organized along the upper 15861: 15850: 15320: 14979: 12555: 11645:"Omar al-Bashir Q&A: 'In Any War, Mistakes Happen on the Ground'" 10700: 9055:"Sudan deploys troops in South Darfur after tribal violence – report" 7392: 5506: 5420: 3751: 3707: 3503:

estimated that there had been 50,000 deaths in Darfur, mostly due to

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presidential envoy, was sentenced to two years in prison for spying.

1912: 1880: 1868: 1801: 1789: 1780:

date the beginning of the rebellion to 21 July 2001, when a group of

1750: 1724: 1641: 1433: 1418: 1310: 1233: 1031: 424: 125:

Military situation in Sudan on 6 June 2016. (Darfur on the far left)

5271: 5269: 2736:

Ahmed Abdel Shafi, a notable rebel enjoying strong support from the

2309:

claimed that the Sudanese army was "bombing civilians in Darfur". A

2149:

wealth-sharing for the promotion of Darfurian economic interests, a

1967: 16628:

Defense for Children International – Palestine et al v. Biden et al

15924: 15903: 15875: 15820: 14677: 14071: 13792: 13544: 12527:

Living by the Gun in Chad. Combatants, Impunity and State Formation

12198: 11479: 11354:"Omar al-Bashir charged by Hague for orchestrating Darfur genocide" 10138:"Refugees fleeing Darfur violence face 'disastrous' conditions: UN" 8664:"Sudan says no rapes in Darfur village, U.N. wants further inquiry" 7594:"African Union & United Nations Hold Crunch Darfur Peace Talks" 7087: 6382: 6273:"UN Security Council to meet on Darfur without Khartoum attendance" 5862: 3949:(e.g. episodes 12x19, 12x20), as well as in the 2007 documentaries 3887:(MRG) published a critical report, challenging that the UN and the 3699: 3413: 3368:, along with high-ranking security and military officials, visited 3332: 2956: 2861: 2857: 2782: 2778: 2649: 2564: 2431: 2365: 2319: 2262: 2240: 1905: 1805: 1449: 10419:"'We're not safe': Darfur violence sparks new displacement crisis" 8283: 8265: 4760:"Series of explosions at weapons cache rock town in West Kordofan" 2338:

report. On 10 October, the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights,

12629: 12241:"The 'Genocide Olympics', The Wall Street Journal, 28 March 2007" 9597:"At least 40 killed in tribal clashes in Sudan's West Darfur: UN" 8935:"'Historic agreement' signed by Sudan govt, armed groups in Juba" 8668: 7683:"AU-UN Arusha meeting underway with some armed movements present" 7374:"Saudi Arabia Brokers Agreement Between Sudan and Chad on Darfur" 6974: 6966: 6937: 6771: 6746: 6696: 6628: 6604: 6595: 6570: 6400: 5266: 4567: 4274: 3839: 3574: 3369: 3357:

including immediate deployment of security forces to the region.

3236:"in large numbers", following recent tribal violence between the 2660: 2554: 2456: 1980: 1916: 1884: 1849: 1797: 1700: 1445: 1437: 519: 371: 12473:(Documentary, War), Global Contact Films, Purebred Productions, 11614:"Not to meddle in Sudan's peace process – People's Daily Online" 10168:"Injuries as South Darfur authorities violently disperse sit-in" 10108:"South Sudan: West Darfur Clashes Push 1,860 Refugees Into Chad" 9359:"Gunmen attempt to storm governor's home in violence-hit Darfur" 9205:"Violence in Sudan's West Darfur left 65 dead, peacekeepers say" 8696:"'True hell' of mass rape in Darfur revealed in report on Sudan" 5396: 2694:

Justice and Equality Movement–Azraq, led by Idriss Ibrahim Azraq

2063: 1679:

livestock herders and those who practice sedentary agriculture.

15991: 12613: 12580: 11937:. Power and Interest News Report. 20 March 2007. Archived from 11338:. International Criminal Court. 3 February 2010. Archived from 10981: 10358:"Sudan: Angry Protests Follow Deadly West Darfur Market Attack" 9991:"West Darfur Masalit reject outcomes of mediation by El Burhan" 8328:"Under peace deal, Sudan would halt prep for Darfur Referendum" 7441:"Sudan: Continuing violence in West Darfur claims NGO employee" 6353:"US Warns of Security Crisis in Darfur Unless UN Force Deploys" 6150:"U.N. Official Warns of Major New Sudanese Offensive in Darfur" 4621:"Sudanese authorities arrest members of Bashir's party: Source" 3935: 3703: 3153:

reported that irrigation projects built around community-based

3050:

In September 2016, the Sudanese government reportedly launched

2967: 2774: 2714:

Sudan Federal Democratic Alliance, led by Ahmed Ibrahim Diraige

2622:

in Darfur", referring to the leader of the negotiating team of

2607: 2589: 2570: 2177: 2048: 1976: 1754: 1739: 1606: 1473: 1382: 1267: 551: 507: 397: 179: 12298:"Beijing 2008 Summer Olympics Protests and potential boycotts" 9959:"Sudan's leader visits Darfur after tribal clashes killed 144" 9535:"UN: Violence in Sudan's Darfur killed 250, displaced 100,000" 9509:"UN: Violence in Sudan's Darfur killed 250, displaced 100,000" 9235:"Emergency in Sudan's West Darfur as 129 killed in tribal war" 8874:"Sudan militia leader in custody on Darfur war crimes charges" 8153:"DOHA: Darfur peace proposals accepted by LJM rebel coalition" 7897:"TEXT- Nine Darfur rebel factions reunite under one structure" 5950: 5850: 5062:"Darfur's Deep Grievances Defy All Hopes for An Easy Solution" 4195:"Al Bashir threatens to 'disarm Darfur rebels' in South Sudan" 2705:

Revolutionary Democratic Forces Front, led by Salah Abu Surrah

2666: 2547:

Saudi-backed peace deal would not stop its military campaign.

2346:

the month before, in which hundreds of civilians were killed.

2115:, AU representatives and other foreign officials operating in 15548: 15206: 12660: 12408:"'Watchers of the Sky' and the Full Cruelty of Consciousness" 9297:"Death toll from violence in Sudan's West Darfur rises to 83" 9265:"Sudanese bury victims of Darfur violence, death toll at 129" 9085:"UN-AU mission in Sudan's Darfur ends mandate after 13 years" 8905:"Sudan signs peace deal with key rebel groups, some hold out" 8209:"Office of VP must meet National standards, says El Haj Adam" 8045:"Darfur new rebel group announces formation of its structure" 7744:"Darfur Rebel Factions Begin Talks on Charting Road to Peace" 7520:"Arabs pile into Darfur to take land 'cleansed' by janjaweed" 7317: 5826: 4303:"Uganda Signals Diplomatic Breakthrough With Sudan on Rebels" 3827: 3665: 3140:, signed by military and civilian representatives during the 2875:

and Matthew T. Simpson, PILPG's team provided legal support.

2770: 2678: 2648:

On 18 September, the JEM stated that if the peace talks with

2578: 2550: 2502: 2173: 2116: 1901: 1793: 1692: 1676: 1505:, signed by military and civilian representatives during the 1386: 1064: 961: 941: 727: 715: 703: 692: 681: 669: 657: 646: 531: 482: 469: 413: 183: 170:(16 years, 11 months, 3 weeks and 6 days) 10885:. Gmanews.tv. Associated Press. 12 June 2009. Archived from 10194:"Sudanese forces crush Darfur sit-in protest, killing woman" 9627:"40 People Killed in Ethnic Clashes in West Darfur, UN Says" 8836:"How water is helping to end 'the first climate change war'" 8386:"Sudan and LJM rebels sign a Darfur peace agreement in Doha" 7653:"AU-UN meeting on Darfur put off again due to late arrivals" 7647: 7645: 7344:"Bush Presses Sudan on Darfur, Citing possible US sanctions" 6667:"Annan calls for "urgent" Security Council action on Darfur" 4487:"Top-10 обвинений Беларуси в сомнительных оружейных сделках" 2688:

Justice and Equality Movement–Collective Leadership, led by

1472:

also have a joint peacekeeping mission in the region, named

14646: 10541:"Report: Tribal clashes in Sudan's Darfur kill at least 36" 10509:"Report: Tribal clashes in Sudan's Darfur kill at least 36" 10449:"South Darfur: 36 killed, dozens wounded in tribal clashes" 9717:"Sudan: Fighting in West Darfur triggers rising death toll" 7570:. Australian Broadcasting Corporation News. 4 August 2007. 5986:. Uppsala Conflict Data Program. 5 May 2006. Archived from 4172: 3847: 3831: 3775:

Foreign governments which supported the Sudanese government

3731: 3499:

In September 2004, 18 months after the conflict began, the

3434: 3381: 3313: 3284: 3191: 3154: 2838: 2763: 2553:

announced on 17 June that it would permanently pull out of

2516:

criticizing the Sudanese government and threatened further

2254: 1602: 1490:

described the situation as a genocide or acts of genocide.

1402: 494: 358: 206:

Comprehensive peace agreement signed with most rebel groups

11265: 10830: 9777:"Sudan: Death toll in days of Darfur violence rises to 87" 8434:"SLM-MM 'kills 12 government soldiers' south of El Fasher" 7991:

Photos: Sudan capital after today's attack from Darfur JEM

7101:"Army attack against Darfur civilians was unprovoked – UN" 6642:"Violence in Darfur cuts off 355,000 people from food aid" 5838: 5319: 5317: 4892: 3872: 3714:

for libel, defamation, and igniting hatred and tribalism.

2818:

A UN Peacekeeper in the Abu Shouk IDP Camp, September 2009

2708:

United Revolutionary Force Front, led by Alhadi Agabeldour

16493:

International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia

12393: 11296: 8775:"Latest Sudanese Attacks on Darfur Show Protection Needs" 8604:"More than 100 killed in tribal conflict in South Darfur" 7642: 7620:"Darfur rebel leader is criticised over peace talks snub" 6552: 6493:"Defiant Sudan sets deadline for Darfur peacekeeper exit" 5893: 5244:"Jem Darfur rebels snub Sudan peace talks over 'attacks'" 4250:

Afrol News – Eritrea, Chad accused of aiding Sudan rebels

3395:

Meanwhile, at the secretariat of the state government in

3276:

was sent to the region in order to assess the situation.

2403:

which had signed political accords with rebel movements.

131: Under control of the Sudanese Government and allies 10332:"Angry protests follow deadly West Darfur market attack" 9807:"Death toll in Sudan's West Darfur clashes rises to 132" 9389:"Governor of West Darfur survives assassination attempt" 8720:"UN: 3,300 villages destroyed in Sudan fighting in 2014" 8183:"Alliance of rebel factions agrees to Darfur peace deal" 6298:"Sudan: Sexual Violence Spikes Around South Darfur Camp" 10762:"Rapid Support Forces attacks against civilians report" 6003: 5314: 3710:. Leaders from three Darfur tribes sued ICC prosecutor 3618:

under the auspices of the Sudan Divestment Task Force.

3353:

tribal clashes consecutively, with 208 others wounded.

3339: 2606:

Between 3 August and 5 August a conference was held in

2485:

On 28 February, Sudan's humanitarian affairs minister,

1896:(SPLA) had never before carried out such an operation. 1816:(DLF) publicly claimed responsibility for an attack on 955: 935: 12064:"Amnesty International criticizes arms sales to Sudan" 10883:"GMA News, 5 UN Peacekeepers Killed in Darfur Attacks" 5374:"Sudan signs peace deal with rebel groups from Darfur" 4330: 4328: 3668:, abstained from the vote on the referral resolution. 2711:

Sudan Liberation Movement–G19, led by Khamees Abdullah

16604:

International Criminal Court investigation in Ukraine

15135:

Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction

13542: 11744:"Congress pressures China on Darfur as Olympics near" 11437: 10849: 10594:. Journalist's Resource. 15 June 2011. Archived from 9419:"West Darfur governor survives assassination attempt" 8512:"Rebels inch closer to South Darfur capital – Africa" 8298:"Darfur to be cut into smaller states; rebel protest" 7058:"UN insists Khartoum will allow UN force into Darfur" 6956:"Sudan says ready for talks with Darfur's NRF rebels" 6869:"Nigerian FM arrives in Khartoum for talks on Darfur" 6078:"Disagreements Over Darfur Peace Plan Spark Conflict" 5997: 5092:"Rights Group Says Sudan's Government Aided Militias" 4952: 3750:

It is expected that al-Bashir will not face trial in

3634:

was to be held in Addis Ababa sometime in early May.

3489:

A mother with her sick baby at Abu Shouk IDP camp in

2901:

On 22 February, the Sudan Liberation Movement led by

2390:

On 22 October, the Government of Sudan told UN envoy

1812:

on 26 February 2003, when a group calling itself the

16572:

International Criminal Court investigation in Darfur

12438:"Watchers of the Sky | Film Review | Slant Magazine" 11880: 11878: 11537:"Darfur aid agencies leave after expulsion by Sudan" 10839:"Darfur death toll may be 300,000, say UK lawmakers" 10581:, United Nations Resident Coordinator, 25 April 2004 7713:"More rebel leaders arrive for AU-UN Arusha meeting" 7596:. Christian News on Christian Today. 4 August 2007. 6566:"African Union's Darfur force may stay past Sept 30" 6450:"Sudan Rejects UN Resolution on Darfur Peacekeeping" 5662: 3968: 3644:

International Criminal Court investigation in Darfur

3552:

Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters

3523:

Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters

36:

International Criminal Court investigation in Darfur

12218:"Call for Olympic boycott stirs up pre-poll France" 12016:"China, Russia breach Darfur arms embargo: Amnesty" 11562:Addario, Lyndsey; Polgreen, Lydia (22 March 2009). 10803: 10078:"West Darfur Clashes Trigger Mass Exodus into Chad" 7841:"FACTBOX-Who is attending Darfur talks, who is not" 6894:"Bush signs law setting sanctions on Darfur crimes" 6851:"UN official: Khartoum knew of Darfur militia raid" 6735:"Genocide survivors urges EU sanctions over Darfur" 5630: 4325: 4179:"Three Darfur factions establish new rebel group". 2422:

Proposed compromise UN force and Sudanese offensive

1919:herders whom the government had used to suppress a 1738:accused the Arab government of Sudan of practicing 1609:in the 14th century. Owing to the migration of the 71:It has been suggested that this article should be 12164:"China urges patience on Sudan, opposes sanctions" 12153:"Why China Blocks Sanctions on Iran, Sudan, Burma" 12097: 12088: 9025:"Sudan and main rebel groups formalise peace deal" 7419:"Chad-Sudan pact will not halt war-Chadian rebels" 6475:"Sudan reported to launch new offensive in Darfur" 6175:"UN Envoy Says Sudan Rights Record in Darfur Poor" 5772:"Ex-minister speaks out against Sudan's al-Bashir" 5731: 5599: 4348:"Sudan: Govt Deploys Troops to Borders With Libya" 2100:. The accord was orchestrated by chief negotiator 2088:On 5 May 2006, the Sudanese government signed the 11875: 11711:"Report Accuses China and Russia of Arming Sudan" 11129: 11127: 11057: 11011:"U.N.: 100,000 more dead in Darfur than reported" 10793:"Sudan president charged with genocide in Darfur" 9657:"Violence flares up in Sudan's Darfur, 40 killed" 6993:Chaos in Darfur on rise as Arabs fight with Arabs 6584:"U.N. refugee chief warns of Darfur "catastrophe" 4730:"Three Darfur factions establish new rebel group" 4526: 4524: 4522: 3652:formally referred the situation in Darfur to the 2268: 1160:Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile 201:Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile 16654: 16461:International Military Tribunal for the Far East 16207: 12947: 11446:"Darfur genocide charges for Sudanese president" 11312:. Islamonline. 14 September 2008. Archived from 11137:. Investors.com. BBC. 9 May 2009. Archived from 11060:"Patterns of mortality rates in Darfur conflict" 8598: 8596: 8408:"Clashes kill three JEM soldiers in East Darfur" 7923:"Darfur rebel groups form two movements in Juba" 7171:"The UN and Darfur: Watching, but still waiting" 6378:"U.S. journalist returns home from Sudan prison" 6248:"Khartoum turns down UN meeting on Darfur peace" 5807:. United Nations. 25 January 2005. p. 129. 5597: 5368: 5366: 5323: 4813: 4811: 3450: 1871:tribes have been a major player in the conflict. 1401:, which they accused of oppressing Darfur's non- 15393:German atrocities committed against Soviet POWs 11887:"China Invests Heavily in Sudan's Oil Industry" 11561: 11415:"ICC prosecutor seeks arrest of Sudan's Bashir" 11058:Degomme, Olivier; Guha-Sapir, Debarati (2010). 8571:"Darfur battles rage as scores reported killed" 6419: 6397:"U.S. journalist in Darfur court for espionage" 6135:. Associated Press. 27 May 2007. Archived from 5729: 5461: 5028:"The Prosecutor v. Omar Hassan Ahmad Al Bashir" 4530: 4435:"Is a Sudanese-Iranian rapprochement possible?" 4270:"Sudan adjusting to post-Gaddafi era - YouTube" 3658:United Nations Security Council Resolution 1564 3637: 3232:In December, Sudan started to deploy troops to 2586:United Nations Security Council Resolution 1769 2275:United Nations Security Council Resolution 1706 2223:reported that hundreds of women were raped and 2156:Representatives of the African Union, Nigeria, 1605:valley but instead organized as an independent 1440:group whose members are mostly recruited among 11124: 10669:"Darfuri Women Report Ominous Pattern of Rape" 8538:"Sudan city stormed by Darfur rebels – Africa" 8233: 6617:"Sudan bombing civilians in Darfur – EU envoy" 5931: 5723: 4519: 3922:United States Ambassador to the United Nations 3654:Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court 3190:On 31 August 2020, a peace deal was signed in 3111:United Nations–African Union Mission in Darfur 1660:. Subsequently, Darfur remained a part of the 1569:United Nations African Union Mission in Darfur 1397:(JEM) rebel groups began fighting against the 15686:Massacres of Hutus during the First Congo War 14662: 13528: 12645: 12260:"On Darfur, China and the 2008 Olympic Games" 11564:"Aids groups expulsions, fear of more misery" 9687:"50 killed in clashes in Sudan's West Darfur" 8634:"Villages attacked in Sudan's Darfur: UNAMID" 8593: 6933:"U.S. works on international plan for Darfur" 6004:Kessler, Glenn & Emily Wax (5 May 2006). 5912: 5874: 5464:"Water becomes the new oil as world runs dry" 5363: 5056: 4808: 3702:, five of crimes against humanity and two of 3570:International response to the Darfur conflict 3525:(CRED) of the School of Public Health of the 3392:police, including the firing of live rounds. 2299:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 1621:in 1875 and then surrendered by its governor 1354: 1047: 12543: 11861:"China's Involvement in Sudan: Arms and Oil" 11135:"Sudan: Mandate Darfur conference cancelled" 11117: 11115: 10913:"Deaths in Darfur: Keeping Ourselves Honest" 9835: 7568:"Darfur rebel leader defends Arusha boycott" 7232:"Sudan Flying Arms to Darfur, Panel Reports" 7011:"US Rice hopes Sudan will okay Darfur force" 5868: 5856: 5844: 5832: 5050: 3419: 3323:On 5 April, fresh tribal clashes erupted in 3138:August 2019 Draft Constitutional Declaration 3115:African Center for Justice and Peace Studies 2698:National Movement for Reform and Development 1954:National Movement for Reform and Development 1928:strategy: similar methods undertaken in the 1503:August 2019 Draft Constitutional Declaration 16580:International Crimes Tribunal of Bangladesh 16320:Post–World War II Romanian war crime trials 12359:"UN could have averted Darfur crisis – MRG" 11051: 11036:The Genocide in Darfur is not what it seems 5521: 3861:were made by French presidential candidate 3586:on the crisis in Darfur, September 21, 2004 3554:published an article in a special issue of 2869:Public International Law & Policy Group 1844:was drawing to an end, and the east, where 1718: 16527:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda 14669: 14655: 13535: 13521: 12652: 12638: 11989: 11953: 11935:"The Increasing Importance of African Oil" 11642: 11476:"Sudanese president charged with genocide" 11003: 10642:"Living a Genocide: The Children of Dafur" 9836:Kourdi, Eyad; Lister, Tim (9 April 2021). 8833: 7925:. 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The following groups attended: 2665: 2450: 2348: 2121: 2042: 1966: 1950:April 8 Humanitarian Ceasefire Agreement 1862: 149:Sudanese Awakening Revolutionary Council 27:Genocidal conflict in Southwestern Sudan 15014:Indigenous peoples in the United States 14227:Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present) 13901:2016–2017 Gambian constitutional crisis 12572: 12287:, The Washington Post, 14 December 2006 11990:Leff, Jonah; LeBrun, Emile (May 2014). 11884: 11160:Security Council Resolution 1593 (2005) 10907: 10112:Catholic Information Service for Africa 9896: 8999:European External Action Service (EEAS) 8834:Carrington, Damian (18 December 2019). 8073:. Enoughproject.org. 21 December 2010. 7626:. London. 4 August 2007. Archived from 7153:"73 villagers killed, rebel group says" 6980: 6930: 5631:George B.N. 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Archived from 11643:Sam Dealey (14 August 2009). 11078:10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61967-X 10791:Corder, Mike (15 July 2008). 6415:– via Sudantribune.com. 6108:Grave, A Mass (28 May 2007). 6076:Ryu, Alisha (9 August 2006). 5663:George B. N. Ayittey (2006). 5153:Uppsala Conflict Data Program 5123:. 3 June 2008. Archived from 5121:American Broadcasting Company 5117:"Darfur – Meet the Janjaweed" 4790:"Who are Sudan's Jem rebels?" 4461:"Russia's footprint in Sudan" 4129: 4112:Justice and Equality Movement 3608:Genocide Intervention Network 3543:The Christian Science Monitor 3451:Rape of women and young girls 2880:Darfur Peace Agreement (2011) 2723:Justice and Equality Movement 2639:Justice and Equality Movement 2205:UN Commission on Human Rights 2055:On 10 July 2005, SPLA leader 1713:Justice and Equality Movement 1547:Justice and Equality Movement 1395:Justice and Equality Movement 1244: 1197:Blue Nile clashes (2022–2023) 1010:Chadian Civil War (2005–2010) 80:Timeline of the War in Darfur 16543:Croatia–Serbia genocide case 16344:Nuremberg Military Tribunals 16190:Anti-communist mass killings 14916:Indigenous peoples in Canada 14852:Indigenous peoples in Brazil 14676: 14593:SADC intervention in Lesotho 14195:OLA insurgency, 2018–present 14149:Anglophone Crisis (Cameroon) 13906:ECOWAS military intervention 13626:2011–2014 factional violence 11913:"Artists abetting genocide?" 11719:. 9 May 2007. Archived from 11535:Lauria, Joe (9 March 2009). 11266:International Criminal Court 7425:. 5 May 2007. Archived from 7380:. 3 May 2007. Archived from 7296:International Herald Tribune 7001:, 3 September 2007, pp 1, A7 6042:. 5 May 2006. Archived from 5669:. Transnational Publishers. 5032:International Criminal Court 3767:also condemned the charges. 3737:International Criminal Court 3698:, including three counts of 3673:International Criminal Court 3638:International Criminal Court 3512:Emergency Relief Coordinator 3466:Internally displaced persons 2655:On 30 September, the rebels 2495:International Criminal Court 2250:National Geographic Magazine 1939: 1771: 1537:International Criminal Court 1427:International Criminal Court 833:Abdallah Bishir Jali faction 266:(some factions) (since 2003) 32:International Criminal Court 7: 16477:Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal 15637:National Population Program 14270:Puntland–Somaliland dispute 14125:Insurgency in Northern Chad 10939:"Microsoft Word – Letters9" 10734:Wax, Emily (30 June 2004). 8923:– via uk.reuters.com. 7746:. Bloomberg. Archived from 6921:, BBC News, 22 October 2006 6803:"Extend Sudan U.N. mission" 6104:. cbs11tv.com. 27 May 2007. 4817:Military Balance 2007, 293. 4052:List of conflicts in Africa 4002:Chadian Civil War (2005–10) 3964: 3958:The Devil Came on Horseback 3940:ICC investigation in Darfur 3938:and lead prosecutor on the 3830:(58 per cent), followed by 3194:, South Sudan, between the 3142:2018–19 Sudanese Revolution 1542:Internally Displaced Person 1133:Disarmament of the Lou Nuer 993:Doha Darfur Peace Agreement 147: Under control of the 137: Under control of the 10: 16729: 16698:Ethnicity-based civil wars 16392:Frankfurt Auschwitz trials 16336:Hamburg Ravensbrück trials 16162:Effects on young survivors 15589:Sabra and Shatila massacre 14561:Insurgency in Cabo Delgado 14382:Abyei conflict (2022–2023) 14237:Benishangul-Gumuz conflict 14102:Djotodia period, 2013–2014 13913:Western Togoland Rebellion 12687:Pre-independence governors 10915:. Ssrc.org. Archived from 6815:United Press International 5528:Johnson, Hilde F. (2011). 5180:. Routledge. p. 373. 4904:Thomson Reuters Foundation 4366:– via allafrica.com. 4122:on both sides of the war. 3679:, and a Janjaweed leader, 3641: 3596:International Crisis Group 3567: 3454: 3129: 2860:and Eastern Darfur around 2781:, opposite the capital of 2755: 2541:International Crisis Group 2272: 2164:, the United Nations, the 2104:(working on behalf of the 2081: 2034:International Crisis Group 1766: 1689:Second Sudanese Civil Wars 1586: 1155:Sudanese nomadic conflicts 760:Martin Ihoeghian Uhomoibhi 77:into a new article titled 46: 40: 29: 16703:Responsibility to protect 16566: 16447: 16360:Ulm Einsatzkommando trial 16328:Supreme National Tribunal 16218: 16199: 16109: 16031: 15934: 15812: 15711: 15474: 15169: 14931:Residential school system 14830: 14710: 14684: 14613: 14570: 14542: 14533: 14472: 14443: 14398:Second Sudanese Civil War 14390: 14352: 14306: 14262: 14182: 14173: 14141: 14112: 14081: 14041: 13958: 13935: 13926: 13875: 13849: 13823: 13802: 13765: 13711: 13702: 13670: 13641: 13603: 13563: 13554: 13486: 13397: 13298: 13289: 13219: 13210: 13108: 13099: 12867: 12858: 12717:Anglo-Egyptian occupation 12677: 12668: 12525:Debos, Marielle (2016) . 12510:– via www.IMDb.com. 12123:"Can LeBron save Darfur?" 11358:Christian Science Monitor 10841:. Reuters. Archived from 7443:. Reuters. 20 June 2006. 6765:23 September 2009 at the 6690:29 September 2006 at the 6622:29 September 2006 at the 6358:25 September 2006 at the 6180:18 September 2006 at the 5705:Nordiska Afrikainstitutet 5598:Koigi wa Wamwere (2003). 4828:"Sudan Military Strength" 4082:Second Sudanese Civil War 4072:List of wars 2003–present 3815:, a senior campaigner at 3501:World Health Organization 3420:Janjaweed's participation 3200:Sudan Revolutionary Front 3173:Janjaweed militia leader 2893:Darfur Regional Authority 2597:rocket-propelled grenades 2514:Holocaust Memorial Museum 2397:National Redemption Front 2288: 2230:Bureau of African Affairs 2160:, the United States, the 2110:Deputy Secretary of State 2004:Second Sudanese Civil War 1842:Second Sudanese Civil War 1557:Sudan Liberation Movement 1391:Sudan Liberation Movement 1210: 1104:Second Sudanese Civil War 1072: 980:National Redemption Front 968: 928: 912: 862: 784: 558: 221: 160: 139:Sudan Revolutionary Front 118: 110: 105: 15223:Christians in Diyarbekir 14501:2008 invasion of Anjouan 14097:Civil War (2012–present) 14066:Pool Department conflict 11452:. London. Archived from 11271:23 December 2016 at the 10417:Salih, Zeinab Mohammed. 5981:"Darfur Peace Agreement" 5869:Flint & de Waal 2005 5857:Flint & de Waal 2005 5845:Flint & de Waal 2005 5833:Flint & de Waal 2005 4097: 4017:First Sudanese Civil War 3916:, a 2014 documentary by 3510:In March 2005, the UN's 3215:transitional legislature 3179:Central African Republic 3161:and was overseen by the 2773:government soldiers and 2700:, led by Khalil Abdullah 2512:gave a speech at the US 2472:Governor Bill Richardson 2361:On 12 October, Nigerian 2145:and police, a system of 1915:. The latter were armed 1776:Authors Julie Flint and 1719:Allegations of apartheid 1175:South Sudanese Civil War 1165:George Athor's rebellion 1077:First Sudanese Civil War 740:Mohammed Nour Abdelkerim 47:Not to be confused with 16169:Politics of recognition 14716:Destruction of Carthage 14496:Hanish Islands conflict 14032:Kamwina Nsapu rebellion 13883:Guinea-Bissau Civil War 13725:Herder–farmer conflicts 13649:Western Sahara conflict 12759:National Reconciliation 12573:Neville, Leigh (2018). 12364:8 December 2008 at the 12166:. Reuters. 31 May 2007. 12104:The Wall Street Journal 11748:San Francisco Chronicle 11310:"IslamOnline.net- News" 8577:. AFP. 11 August 2013. 7063:Deutsche Presse-Agentur 6808:20 October 2007 at the 6647:19 October 2012 at the 6303:20 October 2012 at the 6285:Deutsche Presse-Agentur 6278:11 October 2007 at the 6260:Deutsche Presse-Agentur 6253:4 December 2007 at the 5924:29 October 2016 at the 5886:1 December 2005 at the 5871:, pp. 60, 101–103. 4881:13 January 2017 at the 4678:12 October 2017 at the 4655:12 October 2017 at the 4259:7 de septiembre de 2007 3685:crimes against humanity 3251: 3168: 3125: 3104: 3065: 3045: 3006: 2984:, the state capital of 2974: 2937:were taken by the SLA. 2911: 2809: 2751: 2446: 2201:Peacekeeping Operations 2077: 1814:Darfur Liberation Front 1792:and swore oaths on the 1763:echoed the accusation. 1629:in 1883. Following the 1583:Origins of the conflict 1532:Darfur Liberation Front 1423:crimes against humanity 16620:South Africa v. Israel 16588:Rohingya genocide case 16125:Names of the Holocaust 15581:Chittagong Hill Tracts 15289:Kinder der Landstrasse 15175:Late Ottoman genocides 14319:Somali–Kenyan conflict 14208:Second Afar insurgency 13815:Sierra Leone Civil War 12799:United Nations Mission 11041:26 August 2009 at the 11013:. CNN. 22 April 2008. 10859:. BBC. 14 March 2005. 10577:3 October 2016 at the 9121:. Al Jazeera English. 8575:The News International 8540:. Al Jazeera English. 8514:. Al Jazeera English. 7016:3 October 2016 at the 6498:3 October 2016 at the 6455:6 October 2006 at the 5947:(BBC) 20 December 2005 5701:Current African Issues 5695:Diallo, Garba (1993). 4934:United to End Genocide 4007:Command responsibility 3630: 3587: 3564:International response 3493: 3469: 3444: 3429: 3366:Abdel Fattah al-Burhan 3270:Darfur Bar Association 3132:Sudanese peace process 3082:This section is empty. 3023:This section is empty. 2921: 2819: 2793: 2674: 2493:, were charged by the 2460: 2358: 2232:, Assistant Secretary 2137: 2090:Darfur Peace Agreement 2084:Darfur Peace Agreement 2052: 1972: 1872: 1820:, the headquarters of 1278:Sudanese peace process 1255:International response 1213:Sudanese peace process 1006:Popular Defence Forces 846:Popular Defence Forces 830:Gibril Ibrahim faction 652:Abdel Fattah al-Burhan 559:Commanders and leaders 210:Darfur Peace Agreement 16485:Bosnian genocide case 16139:Holocaust terminology 15782:Christians under ISIS 15512:1966 anti-Igbo pogrom 14941:1740 Batavia massacre 14765:Harrying of the North 14578:Bophuthatswana crisis 14242:Oromia–Somali clashes 14160:Boko Haram insurgency 14120:Civil War (2005–2010) 13737:Boko Haram insurgency 13660:Clashes, 2020–present 13173:Native administration 12779:Coalitions/Bashir Era 12692:Pre and early history 12283:1 August 2016 at the 11822:Amnesty International 11799:Amnesty International 11776:Amnesty International 11682:Amnesty International 10609:Silwa, Maria (2004). 8811:. 28 September 2018. 7996:16 April 2016 at the 7951:. CNN. Archived from 7106:23 April 2016 at the 6991:Gettleman, Jeffrey, " 6721:on 27 September 2007. 6589:31 March 2007 at the 6521:19 March 2009 at the 6440: 31 August 2006. 6328:Amnesty International 6230:19 March 2009 at the 6062:27 March 2016 at the 5993:on 28 September 2013. 5161:22 March 2016 at the 4032:Human rights in Sudan 3907:Coverage by the media 3885:Minority Rights Group 3809:, continued in 2010. 3785:Amnesty International 3627:Save Darfur Coalition 3624: 3612:Save Darfur Coalition 3594:in July 2003 and the 3592:Amnesty International 3577: 3550:In January 2010, the 3488: 3464: 3439: 3427: 2919: 2817: 2791: 2690:Bahr Idriss Abu Garda 2669: 2465:Save Darfur Coalition 2459:, West Darfur in 2007 2454: 2352: 2207:special investigator 2184:served as witnesses. 2143:Sudanese Armed Forces 2125: 2046: 1986:On 18 September, the 1970: 1866: 1709:Sudan Liberation Army 1707:based in Darfur: the 1666:Republic of the Sudan 1597:for "the home of the 1377:, also nicknamed the 1148:Omdurman and Khartoum 954:2,850,000–3,000,000 ( 913:Casualties and losses 840:Sudanese Armed Forces 810:SLA-Second Revolution 721:Mohamed Hamdan Dagalo 199:Intertwined with the 41:Further information: 16636:Nicaragua v. Germany 16535:Khmer Rouge Tribunal 15911:Utilitarian genocide 15890:Transgender genocide 15249:Osage Indian murders 14949:Great Gypsy Round-up 14550:Mozambican Civil War 14510:Burundian conflicts 14490:Djiboutian Civil War 14202:Insurgency in Ogaden 13830:Liberian Civil Wars 13743:Niger Delta conflict 12621:at Wikimedia Commons 12387:5 March 2016 at the 12022:on 15 December 2007. 11816:30 June 2016 at the 11793:30 June 2016 at the 11770:30 June 2016 at the 11336:"Judgment on Appeal" 11316:on 19 September 2008 11291:4 March 2016 at the 11121:Prunier, pp. 124–148 10993:28 July 2011 at the 10768:. 9 September 2015. 10703:(30 November 2006). 10640:Olaka, Musa (2010). 10598:on 20 December 2011. 9065:on 28 September 2023 8915:on 18 September 2020 8708:on 11 February 2015. 8396:on 14 November 2011. 7971:6 April 2016 at the 7429:on 29 February 2008. 7302:on 14 February 2008. 7268:. 28 February 2007. 7081:6 March 2016 at the 6917:5 March 2016 at the 6833:4 March 2016 at the 6740:6 March 2016 at the 6546:5 March 2016 at the 6155:4 March 2016 at the 6066:, BBC, 2 August 2006 5905:14 July 2005 at the 5220:. 23 February 2010. 4858:30 June 2017 at the 4380:. 17 December 2012. 4309:. 13 February 2015. 4278:. 21 December 2011. 4116:Toyota Land Cruisers 4037:Genocides in history 3883:On 16 October 2006, 3374:Rapid Support Forces 3211:transitional cabinet 3185:Three mass shootings 3177:was arrested in the 2871:(PILPG). Led by Dr. 2823:General Martin Agwai 2599:(RPGs) and belt-fed 2311:World Food Programme 2133:after he signed the 2129:with U.S. President 1962:Ceasefire Commission 1934:forced displacements 1664:and the independent 1662:Anglo-Egyptian Sudan 1644:was reinstated as a 852:Rapid Support Forces 779:Frank Mushyo Kamanzi 442:Chadian rebel groups 16713:Genocides in Africa 16688:Civil wars in Sudan 16022:Settler colonialism 15971:Forced assimilation 15669:Srebrenica massacre 15441:Chechens and Ingush 15199:Thracian Bulgarians 15045:Sand Creek massacre 15006:Siege of Tripolitsa 14757:Ancestral Puebloans 14589:Lesothan conflicts 14514:1993–2005 Civil War 14232:Afar–Somali clashes 14019:2022–2024 offensive 14014:2012–2013 rebellion 13856:Ivorian Civil Wars 13689:Tunisian revolution 13631:2014–2020 civil war 13611:2008 Kufra conflict 13548:conflicts in Africa 12932:Non-marine molluscs 12444:. 13 October 2014. 12414:. 20 October 2014. 12157:Inter Press Service 11892:The Washington Post 11778:. 8 May 2007. p. 7. 11754:on 4 December 2007. 10977:on 29 January 2012. 10674:The Washington Post 9933:toronto.citynews.ca 9603:. 17 January 2021. 9511:. 24 January 2021. 9485:. 22 January 2021. 9455:. 24 January 2021. 9425:. 20 January 2021. 9395:. 21 January 2021. 9393:Middle East Monitor 9365:. 20 January 2021. 9335:. 18 January 2021. 9241:. 17 January 2021. 9151:. 17 January 2021. 8672:. 4 December 2014. 8440:on 15 December 2013 8414:on 15 December 2013 8189:on 27 December 2011 8071:"Sudan Peace Watch" 7873:. 29 October 2007. 7750:on 5 November 2012. 7630:on 18 December 2007 7507:on 4 December 2007. 7047:on 22 October 2007. 6945:on 11 January 2008. 6874:15 May 2013 at the 6700:, 14 September 2006 6675:, 12 September 2006 6657:, 12 September 2006 6632:, 12 September 2006 6599:, 8 September 2006 6386:, 10 September 2006 6205:15 May 2013 at the 6010:The Washington Post 5962:1 June 2013 at the 5943:1 June 2013 at the 5928:(BBC) 1 August 2005 5097:The Washington Post 4978:. 8 February 2010. 4853:: Faits et chiffres 3913:Watchers of the Sky 3790:A-5 Fantan fighters 3724:Genocide Convention 3650:UN Security Council 3648:In March 2005, the 3584:UN General Assembly 3481:Mortality estimates 3262:Al Geneina District 3260:and Arab nomads in 2072:Chad-Sudan conflict 2047:AMIS soldiers from 1758:Minister of Justice 1732:American University 1565:UN: United Nations 1507:Sudanese Revolution 1478:humanitarian crisis 1464:ethnic groups. The 1399:government of Sudan 1180:Sudanese Revolution 962:Sudanese government 942:Sudanese government 452:Anti-Gaddafi forces 113:Sudanese Civil Wars 16501:Slobodan Milošević 16352:Erich von Manstein 15964:Extermination camp 15717:Effacer le tableau 15480:Hyderabadi Muslims 15425:Nanshitou Massacre 15409:Muslims and Croats 15111:Hamidian massacres 14998:Al-Jawazi massacre 14988:Stolen Generations 14691:list by death toll 14636:Colour revolutions 14434:Sudanese civil war 14286:2009–present phase 14026:Batwa–Luba clashes 13895:Casamance conflict 13772:Tuareg rebellions 13732:Religious violence 13678:Algerian Civil War 13594:Terrorism in Egypt 13272:Telecommunications 12707:Turkish occupation 12546:de Waal, Alexander 12370:Independent Online 12099:"Sudan's Enablers" 11871:on 11 August 2015. 11865:Human Rights Watch 11824:. 8 May 2007. p. 8 11801:. 8 May 2007. p.13 11723:on 12 October 2017 11716:The New York Times 11655:on 8 December 2010 11425:on 7 December 2008 11299:, 27 February 2007 11183:on 22 January 2009 10911:(16 August 2007). 10889:on 7 December 2009 10766:Human Rights Watch 9691:Middle East Online 9277:on 18 January 2021 9211:. 3 January 2020. 9031:. 3 October 2020. 9001:. 3 October 2020. 8971:. 3 October 2020. 8941:. September 2020. 8779:Human Rights Watch 8732:on 3 October 2016. 8610:. 12 August 2013. 8308:on 12 October 2017 8280:"Radiodabanga.org" 8262:"Radiodabanga.org" 8215:on 27 January 2012 8159:. 4 January 2011. 8129:. 2 January 2011. 8021:. 27 August 2009. 7829:on 8 October 2007. 7384:on 30 August 2007. 7236:The New York Times 7116:, 25 November 2006 7091:, 18 November 2006 7066:, 19 November 2006 7041:Kuwait News Agency 7026:, 17 November 2006 6998:The New York Times 6969:, 9 November 2006 6961:5 May 2008 at the 6715:Kuwait News Agency 6574:, 6 September 2006 6556:, 5 September 2006 6531:, 4 September 2006 6506:, 5 September 2006 6483:, 1 September 2006 6403:. 26 August 2006. 6236:Independent Online 6120:on 4 February 2009 6090:on 15 August 2006. 5970:, 23 December 2005 5909:(BBC) 10 July 2005 5579:, 19 February 2010 5380:. 31 August 2020. 5339:(10 August 2019). 5293:raisethevoices.org 5127:on 12 October 2008 4889:, 8 September 2016 4686:, 14 December 2015 4516:978-0-8444-0750-0. 4077:Lost Boys of Sudan 4047:List of civil wars 3929:Luis Moreno Ocampo 3838:(9 per cent), and 3802:Human Rights First 3712:Luis Moreno Ocampo 3631: 3588: 3494: 3470: 3430: 3222:Abdul Wahid al Nur 3147:In December 2019, 2997:Human Rights Watch 2922: 2820: 2794: 2792:Darfur men in 2008 2675: 2612:Abdul Wahid al Nur 2478:The New York Times 2461: 2359: 2225:sexually assaulted 2138: 2113:Robert B. Zoellick 2098:Abdul Wahid al Nur 2068:government of Chad 2053: 1973: 1925:counter-insurgency 1873: 1509:, requires that a 1485:Secretary of State 848:(until April 2019) 711:(until April 2019) 665:(until April 2019) 614:Abdul Wahid al Nur 49:Invasion of Darfur 16650: 16649: 16646: 16645: 16553: 16552: 16434: 16433: 16280:Euthanasia trials 16200:Legal proceedings 15943:Cultural genocide 15869:Cultural genocide 15808: 15807: 15733:Masalit massacres 15696: 15695: 15597:Sri Lankan Tamils 15504:Arabs in Zanzibar 15459: 15458: 15377:Three Alls policy 15154: 15153: 15087:Putumayo genocide 14815: 14814: 14644: 14643: 14609: 14608: 14529: 14528: 14480:Rwandan Civil War 14428:Blue Nile clashes 14410:Nomadic conflicts 14366:Nomadic conflicts 14169: 14168: 14008:March 23 Movement 13943:Angolan Civil War 13922: 13921: 13698: 13697: 13510: 13509: 13482: 13481: 13285: 13284: 13248:(former currency) 13206: 13205: 13143:Foreign relations 13095: 13094: 13077: 13076: 12970: 12969: 12949:Natural disasters 12854: 12853: 12839:October 2021 coup 12804:Nomadic conflicts 12729:Independent Sudan 12617:Media related to 12598:978-1-4728-2251-2 12589:Osprey Publishing 12565:978-1-84277-696-4 12536:978-1-78360-532-3 12498:. 11 April 2008. 12397:, 20 October 2006 12372:, 16 October 2006 12247:on 22 August 2007 12177:. 18 April 2006. 12068:Los Angeles Times 11923:on 28 April 2007. 11456:on 6 October 2008 11241:on 13 August 2008 11072:(9711): 294–300. 10845:on 21 April 2005. 10483:www.xinhuanet.com 10423:www.aljazeera.com 10252:. 30 April 2021. 10226:. 29 April 2021. 10196:. 29 April 2021. 10170:. 29 April 2021. 10144:. 13 April 2021. 10114:. 18 April 2021. 10084:. 14 April 2021. 10023:. 19 April 2021. 9993:. 16 April 2021. 9935:. 12 April 2021. 9573:. 28 March 2021. 9543:. 20 April 2021. 9179:www.aljazeera.com 8640:. 19 March 2014. 7949:"Darfur Fighting" 7768:. 7 August 2007. 7719:. 5 August 2007. 7689:. 4 August 2007. 7659:. 4 August 2007. 7350:. 19 April 2007. 7177:. 16 March 2007. 6995:", news article, 6902:, 13 October 2006 6884:, 12 October 2006 6859:, 10 October 2006 6793:, 10 October 2006 6750:, 20 October 2006 6330:. 14 March 2003. 5890:(BBC) 24 May 2004 5859:, p. 99–100. 5749:978-0-470-44745-1 5676:978-1-57105-337-4 5644:978-0-312-21787-7 5617:978-1-58322-576-9 5541:978-1-84519-453-6 5351:on 10 August 2019 5283:(4 August 2019). 5187:978-1-134-25980-9 5104:on 4 January 2006 4900:"Darfur Conflict" 4866:, 26 October 2016 4663:, 27 October 2015 4627:. 20 April 2019. 4571:. 11 April 2019. 4201:. 29 April 2015. 4022:History of Darfur 3947:television series 3824:Small Arms Survey 3756:McGill University 3521:In May 2005, the 3226:Abdelaziz al-Hilu 3113:(UNAMID) and the 3109:Reports from the 3102: 3101: 3043: 3042: 2802:to stay indoors. 2633:, Abdalla Yahya, 2525:President of Chad 2463:According to the 2370:Olusegun Obasanjo 2102:Salim Ahmed Salim 1948:, leading to the 1589:History of Darfur 1580: 1579: 1371: 1370: 1329:History of Darfur 1273:ICC investigation 1219: 1218: 1138:Battle of Malakal 1126:War of the Peters 1030: 1029: 858:No specific units 217: 216: 101: 100: 16:(Redirected from 16720: 16639: 16631: 16623: 16615: 16607: 16599: 16591: 16583: 16575: 16561: 16555: 16554: 16546: 16538: 16530: 16520: 16512: 16509:Radovan Karadžić 16504: 16496: 16488: 16480: 16472: 16469:Belgrade Process 16464: 16456: 16442: 16436: 16435: 16427: 16419: 16411: 16403: 16400:Treblinka trials 16395: 16387: 16379: 16371: 16363: 16355: 16347: 16339: 16331: 16323: 16315: 16307: 16299: 16291: 16283: 16275: 16267: 16259: 16251: 16243: 16240:Épuration légale 16235: 16227: 16213: 16210:Holocaust trials 16204: 16203: 16192: 16185: 16178: 16171: 16164: 16157: 16150: 16141: 16134: 16127: 16120: 16102: 16095: 16088: 16081: 16074: 16067: 16060: 16051: 16044: 16024: 16017: 16010: 16003: 15994: 15987: 15980: 15973: 15966: 15959: 15957:Ethnic cleansing 15952: 15945: 15927: 15920: 15913: 15906: 15899: 15892: 15885: 15878: 15871: 15864: 15853: 15846: 15839: 15830: 15823: 15801: 15793: 15785: 15777: 15774:Shias under ISIS 15769: 15761: 15753: 15745: 15735: 15728: 15720: 15706: 15698: 15697: 15689: 15681: 15671: 15664: 15656: 15648: 15640: 15632: 15624: 15616: 15608: 15600: 15592: 15584: 15576: 15568: 15558: 15551: 15544: 15539: 15531: 15523: 15515: 15507: 15499: 15491: 15483: 15469: 15461: 15460: 15452: 15444: 15436: 15428: 15420: 15412: 15404: 15401:Serbs in Croatia 15396: 15388: 15380: 15372: 15364: 15361:Nanjing Massacre 15356: 15353:Parsley massacre 15348: 15345:Polish Operation 15340: 15337:Romani Holocaust 15332: 15324: 15316: 15308: 15300: 15292: 15284: 15281:Napalpí massacre 15276: 15268: 15260: 15252: 15244: 15234: 15226: 15218: 15210: 15202: 15192: 15185: 15177: 15164: 15156: 15155: 15145: 15137: 15130: 15122: 15114: 15106: 15098: 15090: 15082: 15074: 15066: 15058: 15048: 15040: 15032: 15024: 15016: 15009: 15001: 14991: 14983: 14975: 14968: 14960: 14952: 14944: 14934: 14926: 14918: 14911: 14903: 14895: 14887: 14879: 14871: 14863: 14855: 14847: 14839: 14825: 14817: 14816: 14808: 14800: 14792: 14784: 14776: 14773:Mongol conquests 14768: 14760: 14752: 14742: 14735: 14727: 14719: 14705: 14697: 14696: 14671: 14664: 14657: 14648: 14647: 14584:Caprivi conflict 14540: 14539: 14519:2015–2018 unrest 14325:Likoni massacres 14314:Ethnic conflicts 14276:Somali Civil War 14180: 14179: 13978:Second Congo War 13933: 13932: 13709: 13708: 13588:Post-coup unrest 13582:Sinai insurgency 13561: 13560: 13537: 13530: 13523: 13514: 13513: 13495: 13296: 13295: 13262: 13249: 13217: 13216: 13106: 13105: 12972: 12971: 12945: 12944: 12865: 12864: 12764:Second Civil War 12675: 12674: 12654: 12647: 12640: 12631: 12630: 12616: 12602: 12569: 12540: 12512: 12511: 12509: 12507: 12492: 12486: 12485: 12484: 12482: 12464: 12458: 12457: 12455: 12453: 12434: 12428: 12427: 12425: 12423: 12404: 12398: 12379: 12373: 12356: 12350: 12349: 12347: 12345: 12339: 12332: 12324: 12318: 12317: 12315: 12313: 12308:on 18 March 2012 12294: 12288: 12275: 12273: 12271: 12256: 12254: 12252: 12243:. Archived from 12237: 12235: 12233: 12224:. Archived from 12214: 12208: 12207: 12190: 12188: 12186: 12167: 12160: 12149: 12143: 12142: 12140: 12138: 12129:. 17 June 2007. 12119: 12117: 12115: 12101: 12086: 12080: 12079: 12077: 12075: 12060: 12054: 12053: 12051: 12049: 12030: 12024: 12023: 12012: 12006: 12005: 12003: 11996: 11987: 11981: 11980: 11978: 11976: 11967:. 15 July 2008. 11957: 11951: 11950: 11948: 11946: 11931: 11925: 11924: 11919:. Archived from 11908: 11906: 11904: 11882: 11873: 11872: 11857: 11851: 11850: 11848: 11846: 11831: 11825: 11808: 11802: 11785: 11779: 11762: 11756: 11755: 11750:. Archived from 11739: 11733: 11732: 11730: 11728: 11707: 11701: 11700: 11698: 11696: 11690: 11679: 11671: 11665: 11664: 11662: 11660: 11651:. Archived from 11640: 11634: 11633: 11631: 11629: 11624:on 10 March 2016 11620:. Archived from 11610: 11604: 11603: 11601: 11599: 11583: 11581: 11579: 11559: 11553: 11552: 11550: 11548: 11532: 11526: 11525: 11523: 11521: 11502: 11496: 11495: 11493: 11491: 11482:. 14 July 2008. 11472: 11466: 11465: 11463: 11461: 11441: 11435: 11434: 11432: 11430: 11411: 11405: 11404: 11402: 11400: 11380: 11374: 11373: 11371: 11369: 11350: 11344: 11343: 11342:on 16 June 2011. 11332: 11326: 11325: 11323: 11321: 11306: 11300: 11282: 11276: 11264: 11258: 11250: 11248: 11246: 11240: 11234:. Archived from 11233: 11225: 11219: 11213: 11207: 11206: 11200: 11192: 11190: 11188: 11182: 11176:. Archived from 11175: 11168: 11164:Internet Archive 11157: 11151: 11150: 11148: 11146: 11131: 11122: 11119: 11110: 11109: 11107: 11105: 11055: 11049: 11048:, 19 August 2009 11033: 11027: 11026: 11024: 11022: 11007: 11001: 10985: 10979: 10978: 10967: 10961: 10960: 10958: 10956: 10950: 10943: 10935: 10929: 10928: 10926: 10924: 10905: 10899: 10898: 10896: 10894: 10879: 10873: 10872: 10870: 10868: 10853: 10847: 10846: 10834: 10828: 10827: 10825: 10823: 10807: 10801: 10800: 10799:on 17 July 2008. 10788: 10782: 10781: 10779: 10777: 10758: 10752: 10751: 10749: 10747: 10731: 10725: 10724: 10722: 10720: 10697: 10691: 10690: 10688: 10686: 10664: 10658: 10657: 10655: 10653: 10637: 10631: 10630: 10628: 10626: 10606: 10600: 10599: 10588: 10582: 10569: 10563: 10562: 10560: 10558: 10537: 10531: 10530: 10528: 10526: 10514:Associated Press 10505: 10499: 10498: 10496: 10494: 10475: 10469: 10468: 10466: 10464: 10445: 10439: 10438: 10436: 10434: 10414: 10408: 10407: 10405: 10403: 10384: 10378: 10377: 10375: 10373: 10354: 10348: 10347: 10345: 10343: 10328: 10322: 10321: 10319: 10317: 10298: 10292: 10291: 10289: 10287: 10272: 10266: 10265: 10263: 10261: 10246: 10240: 10239: 10237: 10235: 10216: 10210: 10209: 10207: 10205: 10190: 10184: 10183: 10181: 10179: 10164: 10158: 10157: 10155: 10153: 10134: 10128: 10127: 10125: 10123: 10104: 10098: 10097: 10095: 10093: 10074: 10068: 10067: 10065: 10063: 10052:Voice of America 10043: 10037: 10036: 10034: 10032: 10013: 10007: 10006: 10004: 10002: 9987: 9981: 9980: 9978: 9976: 9955: 9949: 9948: 9946: 9944: 9925: 9919: 9918: 9916: 9914: 9894: 9888: 9887: 9885: 9883: 9874:. 9 April 2021. 9864: 9858: 9857: 9855: 9853: 9833: 9827: 9826: 9824: 9822: 9803: 9797: 9796: 9794: 9792: 9773: 9767: 9766: 9764: 9762: 9753:. 7 April 2021. 9743: 9737: 9736: 9734: 9732: 9723:. 6 April 2021. 9713: 9707: 9706: 9704: 9702: 9683: 9677: 9676: 9674: 9672: 9663:. 6 April 2021. 9653: 9647: 9646: 9644: 9642: 9633:. 5 April 2021. 9623: 9617: 9616: 9614: 9612: 9593: 9587: 9586: 9584: 9582: 9563: 9557: 9556: 9554: 9552: 9540:Associated Press 9531: 9525: 9524: 9522: 9520: 9505: 9499: 9498: 9496: 9494: 9475: 9469: 9468: 9466: 9464: 9445: 9439: 9438: 9436: 9434: 9415: 9409: 9408: 9406: 9404: 9385: 9379: 9378: 9376: 9374: 9355: 9349: 9348: 9346: 9344: 9325: 9319: 9318: 9316: 9314: 9305:. Archived from 9293: 9287: 9286: 9284: 9282: 9273:. Archived from 9261: 9255: 9254: 9252: 9250: 9231: 9225: 9224: 9222: 9220: 9201: 9195: 9194: 9192: 9190: 9171: 9165: 9164: 9162: 9160: 9141: 9135: 9134: 9132: 9130: 9111: 9105: 9104: 9102: 9100: 9081: 9075: 9074: 9072: 9070: 9051: 9045: 9044: 9042: 9040: 9021: 9015: 9014: 9012: 9010: 8991: 8985: 8984: 8982: 8980: 8961: 8955: 8954: 8952: 8950: 8931: 8925: 8924: 8922: 8920: 8911:. Archived from 8900: 8894: 8893: 8891: 8889: 8870: 8864: 8863: 8861: 8859: 8831: 8825: 8824: 8822: 8820: 8801: 8795: 8794: 8792: 8790: 8771: 8765: 8764: 8762: 8760: 8740: 8734: 8733: 8716: 8710: 8709: 8692: 8686: 8685: 8683: 8681: 8660: 8654: 8653: 8651: 8649: 8630: 8624: 8623: 8621: 8619: 8600: 8591: 8590: 8588: 8586: 8567: 8554: 8553: 8551: 8549: 8534: 8528: 8527: 8525: 8523: 8508: 8502: 8501: 8499: 8497: 8482: 8476: 8475: 8473: 8471: 8456: 8450: 8449: 8447: 8445: 8436:. Archived from 8430: 8424: 8423: 8421: 8419: 8410:. Archived from 8404: 8398: 8397: 8382: 8376: 8375: 8373: 8371: 8365: 8358: 8350: 8344: 8343: 8341: 8339: 8324: 8318: 8317: 8315: 8313: 8294: 8288: 8287: 8286:on 11 July 2012. 8276: 8270: 8269: 8258: 8252: 8251: 8249: 8247: 8231: 8225: 8224: 8222: 8220: 8205: 8199: 8198: 8196: 8194: 8185:. Archived from 8179: 8173: 8172: 8170: 8168: 8157:Radiodabanga.org 8149: 8143: 8142: 8140: 8138: 8127:Radiodabanga.org 8119: 8113: 8112: 8110: 8108: 8093: 8087: 8086: 8084: 8082: 8067: 8061: 8060: 8058: 8056: 8041: 8035: 8034: 8032: 8030: 8011: 8005: 7988: 7982: 7963: 7957: 7956: 7945: 7939: 7938: 7936: 7934: 7919: 7913: 7912: 7910: 7908: 7893: 7887: 7886: 7884: 7882: 7863: 7857: 7856: 7854: 7852: 7837: 7831: 7830: 7825:. Archived from 7819: 7813: 7812: 7810: 7808: 7788: 7782: 7781: 7779: 7777: 7758: 7752: 7751: 7739: 7733: 7732: 7730: 7728: 7709: 7703: 7702: 7700: 7698: 7679: 7673: 7672: 7670: 7668: 7649: 7640: 7639: 7637: 7635: 7616: 7610: 7609: 7607: 7605: 7590: 7584: 7583: 7581: 7579: 7564: 7558: 7557: 7555: 7553: 7538: 7532: 7531: 7530:on 16 July 2007. 7526:. Archived from 7515: 7509: 7508: 7503:. Archived from 7493: 7487: 7486: 7484: 7482: 7473:. 18 July 2007. 7463: 7457: 7456: 7454: 7452: 7437: 7431: 7430: 7415: 7409: 7408: 7406: 7404: 7385: 7370: 7364: 7363: 7361: 7359: 7340: 7334: 7333: 7331: 7329: 7320:. 3 April 2007. 7310: 7304: 7303: 7288: 7282: 7281: 7279: 7277: 7258: 7252: 7251: 7249: 7247: 7227: 7221: 7220: 7218: 7216: 7207:. 2 April 2007. 7197: 7191: 7190: 7188: 7186: 7167: 7161: 7160: 7159:. 18 April 2007. 7149: 7143: 7142: 7140: 7138: 7123: 7117: 7098: 7092: 7073: 7067: 7055: 7049: 7048: 7033: 7027: 7008: 7002: 6989: 6978: 6953: 6947: 6946: 6941:. Archived from 6928: 6922: 6909: 6903: 6891: 6885: 6866: 6860: 6848: 6842: 6841:, 9 October 2006 6825: 6819: 6818:, 9 October 2006 6800: 6794: 6782: 6776: 6775:, 2 October 2006 6757: 6751: 6732: 6723: 6722: 6707: 6701: 6682: 6676: 6664: 6658: 6639: 6633: 6614: 6608: 6581: 6575: 6563: 6557: 6538: 6532: 6528:Associated Press 6513: 6507: 6490: 6484: 6480:Associated Press 6472: 6466: 6465:, 31 August 2006 6462:Voice of America 6447: 6441: 6423: 6417: 6416: 6414: 6412: 6393: 6387: 6375: 6369: 6368:, 25 August 2006 6365:Voice of America 6350: 6344: 6343: 6341: 6339: 6320: 6314: 6313:, 24 August 2006 6295: 6289: 6288:, 24 August 2006 6270: 6264: 6263:, 24 August 2006 6245: 6239: 6238:, 19 August 2006 6222: 6216: 6215:, 19 August 2006 6197: 6191: 6190:, 17 August 2006 6187:Voice of America 6172: 6166: 6165:, 18 August 2006 6147: 6141: 6140: 6129: 6127: 6125: 6116:. Archived from 6105: 6098: 6092: 6091: 6086:. Archived from 6083:Voice of America 6073: 6067: 6054: 6048: 6047: 6032: 6026: 6025: 6023: 6021: 6001: 5995: 5994: 5992: 5985: 5977: 5971: 5954: 5948: 5935: 5929: 5916: 5910: 5897: 5891: 5878: 5872: 5866: 5860: 5854: 5848: 5842: 5836: 5835:, p. 76-77. 5830: 5824: 5823: 5821: 5819: 5813: 5806: 5798: 5792: 5791: 5789: 5787: 5776:Montreal Gazette 5767: 5761: 5760: 5758: 5756: 5737: 5727: 5721: 5720: 5718: 5716: 5692: 5690: 5688: 5660: 5658: 5656: 5628: 5626: 5624: 5605: 5595: 5589: 5586: 5580: 5573: 5567: 5564: 5558: 5557: 5555: 5553: 5525: 5519: 5518: 5507:10.2307/20034212 5490: 5484: 5483: 5481: 5479: 5459: 5453: 5452: 5450: 5448: 5421:10.2307/20034212 5400: 5394: 5393: 5391: 5389: 5370: 5361: 5360: 5358: 5356: 5347:. Archived from 5321: 5312: 5311: 5309: 5307: 5301: 5290: 5273: 5264: 5263: 5261: 5259: 5240: 5234: 5233: 5231: 5229: 5210: 5204: 5203: 5201: 5199: 5171: 5165: 5150: 5137: 5136: 5134: 5132: 5113: 5111: 5109: 5088: 5082: 5081: 5079: 5077: 5060:(25 July 2004). 5054: 5048: 5047: 5045: 5043: 5024: 5018: 5017: 5015: 5013: 5004:. Alertnet.org. 4998: 4992: 4991: 4989: 4987: 4968: 4962: 4956: 4950: 4949: 4947: 4945: 4926: 4920: 4919: 4917: 4915: 4906:. Archived from 4896: 4890: 4873: 4867: 4850: 4844: 4843: 4841: 4839: 4824: 4818: 4815: 4806: 4805: 4803: 4801: 4786: 4780: 4779: 4777: 4775: 4756: 4750: 4749: 4747: 4745: 4726: 4717: 4716: 4714: 4712: 4693: 4687: 4670: 4664: 4647: 4641: 4640: 4638: 4636: 4617: 4611: 4610: 4608: 4606: 4591: 4585: 4584: 4582: 4580: 4559: 4553: 4552: 4550: 4548: 4528: 4517: 4513: 4507: 4506: 4504: 4502: 4483: 4477: 4476: 4474: 4472: 4457: 4451: 4450: 4448: 4446: 4431: 4425: 4424: 4422: 4420: 4400: 4394: 4393: 4391: 4389: 4374: 4368: 4367: 4365: 4363: 4344: 4338: 4332: 4323: 4322: 4320: 4318: 4299: 4293: 4291: 4289: 4287: 4266: 4260: 4255:29 June 2012 at 4247: 4241: 4240: 4238: 4236: 4221: 4215: 4214: 4212: 4210: 4191: 4185: 4184: 4176: 4170: 4169: 4167: 4165: 4159: 4148: 4140: 4123: 4108: 4087:Slavery in Sudan 4027:History of Sudan 3981: 3976: 3975: 3974: 3893:Rwandan genocide 3788:including three 3582:speaking to the 3097: 3094: 3084:You can help by 3077: 3070: 3038: 3035: 3025:You can help by 3018: 3011: 2631:Ahmed Abdelshafi 2429:Foreign Minister 2416: 2363:Foreign Minister 2295:António Guterres 2293:On 8 September, 2026:ethnic cleansing 2022:Rwandan genocide 1827:Marrah Mountains 1800:, including the 1519: 1518: 1448:of the northern 1407:ethnic cleansing 1379:Land Cruiser War 1363: 1356: 1349: 1236: 1222: 1221: 1067: 1056: 1049: 1042: 1033: 1032: 1022: 1019: 1013: 1002: 996: 989: 983: 976: 950:Total displaced: 823: 822: 821: 797: 796: 795: 777: 776: 770: 769: 758: 757: 751: 750: 738: 737: 736: 731: 730: 719: 718: 707: 706: 696: 695: 685: 684: 673: 672: 661: 660: 650: 649: 638: 624: 623: 622: 612: 611: 610: 601: 600: 599: 592: 582: 581: 580: 571: 570: 569: 550: 549: 543: 542: 534:(2000s, alleged) 530: 528: 527: 518: 516: 515: 506: 504: 503: 493: 491: 490: 481: 479: 478: 468: 466: 465: 450: 449: 448: 441: 440: 439: 412: 410: 409: 396: 394: 393: 382: 381: 380: 370: 368: 367: 357: 355: 354: 345: 343: 342: 329: 328: 327: 314: 313: 312: 289: 288: 287: 275: 274: 273: 262: 261: 260: 249: 248: 247: 234: 233: 232: 162: 161: 146: 136: 130: 123: 103: 102: 96: 93: 66: 65: 58: 21: 16728: 16727: 16723: 16722: 16721: 16719: 16718: 16717: 16678:2010s conflicts 16668:2000s conflicts 16653: 16652: 16651: 16642: 16634: 16626: 16618: 16610: 16602: 16596:Uyghur Tribunal 16594: 16586: 16578: 16570: 16562: 16559: 16549: 16541: 16533: 16525: 16515: 16507: 16499: 16491: 16483: 16475: 16467: 16459: 16451: 16443: 16440: 16430: 16422: 16416:Fedorenko trial 16414: 16406: 16398: 16390: 16382: 16374: 16366: 16358: 16350: 16342: 16334: 16326: 16318: 16312:Stutthof trials 16310: 16302: 16294: 16288:Nuremberg trial 16286: 16278: 16270: 16262: 16254: 16248:Majdanek trials 16246: 16238: 16230: 16224:Krasnodar trial 16222: 16214: 16208: 16195: 16188: 16181: 16174: 16167: 16160: 16153: 16146: 16137: 16130: 16123: 16116: 16105: 16098: 16091: 16084: 16077: 16070: 16063: 16056: 16047: 16040: 16027: 16020: 16013: 16006: 15999: 15990: 15983: 15976: 15969: 15962: 15955: 15948: 15941: 15930: 15923: 15916: 15909: 15902: 15895: 15888: 15881: 15874: 15867: 15860: 15849: 15842: 15835: 15826: 15819: 15804: 15796: 15788: 15780: 15772: 15764: 15756: 15750:Southern Kaduna 15748: 15740: 15731: 15723: 15715: 15707: 15702: 15692: 15684: 15676: 15667: 15659: 15651: 15643: 15635: 15627: 15619: 15611: 15603: 15595: 15587: 15579: 15571: 15563: 15554: 15547: 15542: 15534: 15526: 15518: 15510: 15502: 15494: 15486: 15478: 15470: 15465: 15455: 15447: 15439: 15431: 15423: 15415: 15407: 15399: 15391: 15383: 15375: 15367: 15359: 15351: 15343: 15335: 15329:Simele massacre 15327: 15319: 15311: 15303: 15295: 15287: 15279: 15271: 15263: 15255: 15247: 15239: 15229: 15221: 15213: 15205: 15197: 15188: 15180: 15173: 15165: 15160: 15150: 15140: 15133: 15125: 15119:Herero and Nama 15117: 15109: 15101: 15093: 15085: 15077: 15069: 15061: 15053: 15043: 15035: 15027: 15019: 15012: 15004: 14996: 14986: 14978: 14971: 14963: 14955: 14947: 14939: 14929: 14921: 14914: 14906: 14898: 14890: 14882: 14874: 14866: 14858: 14850: 14842: 14834: 14826: 14821: 14811: 14803: 14795: 14787: 14779: 14771: 14763: 14755: 14747: 14738: 14730: 14724:Asiatic Vespers 14722: 14714: 14706: 14701: 14688: 14680: 14675: 14645: 14640: 14605: 14566: 14535:Southern Africa 14525: 14468: 14439: 14386: 14371:Ethnic violence 14348: 14343:Baragoi clashes 14302: 14258: 14165: 14137: 14127:(2016–present) 14108: 14083: 14082:Central African 14077: 14043: 14037: 13966:First Congo War 13954: 13918: 13871: 13845: 13819: 13810:Ndogboyosoi War 13798: 13761: 13745:(2003–present) 13721:(1998–present) 13694: 13666: 13651:(1970–present) 13637: 13599: 13577:2011 revolution 13571:Egyptian Crisis 13550: 13541: 13511: 13506: 13498: 13491: 13478: 13393: 13281: 13260: 13247: 13202: 13198:State Governors 13091: 13073: 12966: 12943: 12850: 12734:First Civil War 12664: 12658: 12619:Darfur conflict 12609: 12599: 12566: 12537: 12521: 12516: 12515: 12505: 12503: 12494: 12493: 12489: 12480: 12478: 12465: 12461: 12451: 12449: 12436: 12435: 12431: 12421: 12419: 12406: 12405: 12401: 12389:Wayback Machine 12380: 12376: 12366:Wayback Machine 12357: 12353: 12343: 12341: 12340:on 25 June 2008 12337: 12330: 12326: 12325: 12321: 12311: 12309: 12296: 12295: 12291: 12285:Wayback Machine 12276: 12269: 12267: 12258: 12257: 12250: 12248: 12239: 12238: 12231: 12229: 12216: 12215: 12211: 12206:on 6 June 2007. 12192: 12191: 12184: 12182: 12169: 12168: 12162: 12161: 12159:. 12 June 2006. 12151: 12150: 12146: 12136: 12134: 12127:Chicago Tribune 12121: 12120: 12113: 12111: 12096:(23 May 2007). 12087: 12083: 12073: 12071: 12062: 12061: 12057: 12047: 12045: 12032: 12031: 12027: 12014: 12013: 12009: 12001: 11994: 11988: 11984: 11974: 11972: 11959: 11958: 11954: 11944: 11942: 11933: 11932: 11928: 11909: 11902: 11900: 11883: 11876: 11859: 11858: 11854: 11844: 11842: 11837:. Asianews.it. 11833: 11832: 11828: 11818:Wayback Machine 11809: 11805: 11795:Wayback Machine 11786: 11782: 11772:Wayback Machine 11763: 11759: 11740: 11736: 11726: 11724: 11709: 11708: 11704: 11694: 11692: 11688: 11677: 11673: 11672: 11668: 11658: 11656: 11641: 11637: 11627: 11625: 11612: 11611: 11607: 11597: 11595: 11584: 11577: 11575: 11560: 11556: 11546: 11544: 11533: 11529: 11519: 11517: 11504: 11503: 11499: 11489: 11487: 11474: 11473: 11469: 11459: 11457: 11442: 11438: 11428: 11426: 11413: 11412: 11408: 11398: 11396: 11381: 11377: 11367: 11365: 11352: 11351: 11347: 11334: 11333: 11329: 11319: 11317: 11308: 11307: 11303: 11293:Wayback Machine 11283: 11279: 11273:Wayback Machine 11252: 11251: 11244: 11242: 11238: 11231: 11229:"Archived copy" 11227: 11226: 11222: 11214: 11210: 11194: 11193: 11186: 11184: 11180: 11173: 11171:"Archived copy" 11169: 11166: 11158: 11154: 11144: 11142: 11141:on 10 July 2009 11133: 11132: 11125: 11120: 11113: 11103: 11101: 11056: 11052: 11043:Wayback Machine 11034: 11030: 11020: 11018: 11009: 11008: 11004: 11000:, 28 April 2006 10995:Wayback Machine 10986: 10982: 10969: 10968: 10964: 10954: 10952: 10948: 10941: 10937: 10936: 10932: 10922: 10920: 10906: 10902: 10892: 10890: 10881: 10880: 10876: 10866: 10864: 10855: 10854: 10850: 10835: 10831: 10821: 10819: 10808: 10804: 10789: 10785: 10775: 10773: 10760: 10759: 10755: 10745: 10743: 10732: 10728: 10718: 10716: 10698: 10694: 10684: 10682: 10665: 10661: 10651: 10649: 10638: 10634: 10624: 10622: 10607: 10603: 10590: 10589: 10585: 10579:Wayback Machine 10570: 10566: 10556: 10554: 10539: 10538: 10534: 10524: 10522: 10517:. 7 June 2021. 10507: 10506: 10502: 10492: 10490: 10477: 10476: 10472: 10462: 10460: 10455:. 7 June 2021. 10447: 10446: 10442: 10432: 10430: 10415: 10411: 10401: 10399: 10386: 10385: 10381: 10371: 10369: 10364:. 31 May 2021. 10356: 10355: 10351: 10341: 10339: 10334:. 30 May 2021. 10330: 10329: 10325: 10315: 10313: 10300: 10299: 10295: 10285: 10283: 10274: 10273: 10269: 10259: 10257: 10248: 10247: 10243: 10233: 10231: 10218: 10217: 10213: 10203: 10201: 10192: 10191: 10187: 10177: 10175: 10166: 10165: 10161: 10151: 10149: 10136: 10135: 10131: 10121: 10119: 10106: 10105: 10101: 10091: 10089: 10076: 10075: 10071: 10061: 10059: 10044: 10040: 10030: 10028: 10015: 10014: 10010: 10000: 9998: 9989: 9988: 9984: 9974: 9972: 9957: 9956: 9952: 9942: 9940: 9927: 9926: 9922: 9912: 9910: 9895: 9891: 9881: 9879: 9866: 9865: 9861: 9851: 9849: 9834: 9830: 9820: 9818: 9805: 9804: 9800: 9790: 9788: 9775: 9774: 9770: 9760: 9758: 9745: 9744: 9740: 9730: 9728: 9715: 9714: 9710: 9700: 9698: 9693:. 4 June 2021. 9685: 9684: 9680: 9670: 9668: 9661:The Arab Weekly 9655: 9654: 9650: 9640: 9638: 9625: 9624: 9620: 9610: 9608: 9595: 9594: 9590: 9580: 9578: 9565: 9564: 9560: 9550: 9548: 9533: 9532: 9528: 9518: 9516: 9507: 9506: 9502: 9492: 9490: 9477: 9476: 9472: 9462: 9460: 9447: 9446: 9442: 9432: 9430: 9417: 9416: 9412: 9402: 9400: 9387: 9386: 9382: 9372: 9370: 9357: 9356: 9352: 9342: 9340: 9327: 9326: 9322: 9312: 9310: 9295: 9294: 9290: 9280: 9278: 9263: 9262: 9258: 9248: 9246: 9233: 9232: 9228: 9218: 9216: 9203: 9202: 9198: 9188: 9186: 9173: 9172: 9168: 9158: 9156: 9143: 9142: 9138: 9128: 9126: 9113: 9112: 9108: 9098: 9096: 9083: 9082: 9078: 9068: 9066: 9053: 9052: 9048: 9038: 9036: 9023: 9022: 9018: 9008: 9006: 8993: 8992: 8988: 8978: 8976: 8963: 8962: 8958: 8948: 8946: 8933: 8932: 8928: 8918: 8916: 8901: 8897: 8887: 8885: 8872: 8871: 8867: 8857: 8855: 8832: 8828: 8818: 8816: 8803: 8802: 8798: 8788: 8786: 8781:. 10 May 2018. 8773: 8772: 8768: 8758: 8756: 8741: 8737: 8718: 8717: 8713: 8701:theguardian.com 8694: 8693: 8689: 8679: 8677: 8662: 8661: 8657: 8647: 8645: 8632: 8631: 8627: 8617: 8615: 8602: 8601: 8594: 8584: 8582: 8569: 8568: 8557: 8547: 8545: 8536: 8535: 8531: 8521: 8519: 8510: 8509: 8505: 8495: 8493: 8484: 8483: 8479: 8469: 8467: 8458: 8457: 8453: 8443: 8441: 8432: 8431: 8427: 8417: 8415: 8406: 8405: 8401: 8384: 8383: 8379: 8369: 8367: 8363: 8356: 8352: 8351: 8347: 8337: 8335: 8326: 8325: 8321: 8311: 8309: 8296: 8295: 8291: 8278: 8277: 8273: 8268:on 7 July 2012. 8260: 8259: 8255: 8245: 8243: 8242:on 16 July 2011 8232: 8228: 8218: 8216: 8207: 8206: 8202: 8192: 8190: 8181: 8180: 8176: 8166: 8164: 8151: 8150: 8146: 8136: 8134: 8121: 8120: 8116: 8106: 8104: 8095: 8094: 8090: 8080: 8078: 8069: 8068: 8064: 8054: 8052: 8043: 8042: 8038: 8028: 8026: 8013: 8012: 8008: 7998:Wayback Machine 7989: 7985: 7973:Wayback Machine 7964: 7960: 7947: 7946: 7942: 7932: 7930: 7921: 7920: 7916: 7906: 7904: 7895: 7894: 7890: 7880: 7878: 7865: 7864: 7860: 7850: 7848: 7839: 7838: 7834: 7821: 7820: 7816: 7806: 7804: 7789: 7785: 7775: 7773: 7760: 7759: 7755: 7740: 7736: 7726: 7724: 7711: 7710: 7706: 7696: 7694: 7681: 7680: 7676: 7666: 7664: 7651: 7650: 7643: 7633: 7631: 7624:The Independent 7618: 7617: 7613: 7603: 7601: 7592: 7591: 7587: 7577: 7575: 7566: 7565: 7561: 7551: 7549: 7540: 7539: 7535: 7524:The Independent 7516: 7512: 7495: 7494: 7490: 7480: 7478: 7465: 7464: 7460: 7450: 7448: 7439: 7438: 7434: 7417: 7416: 7412: 7402: 7400: 7387: 7386: 7372: 7371: 7367: 7357: 7355: 7342: 7341: 7337: 7327: 7325: 7312: 7311: 7307: 7290: 7289: 7285: 7275: 7273: 7260: 7259: 7255: 7245: 7243: 7228: 7224: 7214: 7212: 7199: 7198: 7194: 7184: 7182: 7169: 7168: 7164: 7151: 7150: 7146: 7136: 7134: 7125: 7124: 7120: 7108:Wayback Machine 7099: 7095: 7083:Wayback Machine 7074: 7070: 7056: 7052: 7035: 7034: 7030: 7018:Wayback Machine 7009: 7005: 6990: 6981: 6977:(30 July 2007). 6963:Wayback Machine 6954: 6950: 6929: 6925: 6919:Wayback Machine 6910: 6906: 6899:Washington Post 6892: 6888: 6876:Wayback Machine 6867: 6863: 6849: 6845: 6835:Wayback Machine 6826: 6822: 6810:Wayback Machine 6801: 6797: 6783: 6779: 6767:Wayback Machine 6758: 6754: 6742:Wayback Machine 6733: 6726: 6709: 6708: 6704: 6692:Wayback Machine 6683: 6679: 6665: 6661: 6649:Wayback Machine 6640: 6636: 6624:Wayback Machine 6615: 6611: 6607:(30 July 2007). 6591:Wayback Machine 6582: 6578: 6564: 6560: 6548:Wayback Machine 6539: 6535: 6523:Wayback Machine 6514: 6510: 6500:Wayback Machine 6491: 6487: 6473: 6469: 6457:Wayback Machine 6448: 6444: 6430:Verbatim Report 6424: 6420: 6410: 6408: 6395: 6394: 6390: 6376: 6372: 6360:Wayback Machine 6351: 6347: 6337: 6335: 6322: 6321: 6317: 6305:Wayback Machine 6296: 6292: 6280:Wayback Machine 6271: 6267: 6255:Wayback Machine 6246: 6242: 6232:Wayback Machine 6223: 6219: 6207:Wayback Machine 6198: 6194: 6182:Wayback Machine 6173: 6169: 6162:Washington Post 6157:Wayback Machine 6148: 6144: 6139:on 2 June 2007. 6131: 6130: 6123: 6121: 6106: 6100: 6099: 6095: 6074: 6070: 6064:Wayback Machine 6055: 6051: 6046:on 12 May 2011. 6034: 6033: 6029: 6019: 6017: 6002: 5998: 5990: 5983: 5979: 5978: 5974: 5964:Wayback Machine 5955: 5951: 5945:Wayback Machine 5936: 5932: 5926:Wayback Machine 5917: 5913: 5907:Wayback Machine 5898: 5894: 5888:Wayback Machine 5879: 5875: 5867: 5863: 5855: 5851: 5843: 5839: 5831: 5827: 5817: 5815: 5811: 5804: 5800: 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4741: 4736:. 7 July 2017. 4728: 4727: 4720: 4710: 4708: 4703:. 5 June 2016. 4695: 4694: 4690: 4680:Wayback Machine 4671: 4667: 4657:Wayback Machine 4648: 4644: 4634: 4632: 4619: 4618: 4614: 4604: 4602: 4593: 4592: 4588: 4578: 4576: 4561: 4560: 4556: 4546: 4544: 4529: 4520: 4514: 4510: 4500: 4498: 4485: 4484: 4480: 4470: 4468: 4459: 4458: 4454: 4444: 4442: 4433: 4432: 4428: 4418: 4416: 4401: 4397: 4387: 4385: 4376: 4375: 4371: 4361: 4359: 4354:. 31 May 2011. 4346: 4345: 4341: 4333: 4326: 4316: 4314: 4301: 4300: 4296: 4285: 4283: 4268: 4267: 4263: 4248: 4244: 4234: 4232: 4223: 4222: 4218: 4208: 4206: 4193: 4192: 4188: 4178: 4177: 4173: 4163: 4161: 4157: 4146: 4142: 4141: 4137: 4132: 4127: 4126: 4109: 4105: 4100: 4062:List of famines 4012:Darfur genocide 3977: 3972: 3970: 3967: 3909: 3875: 3863:François Bayrou 3834:(13 per cent), 3794:Sudan Air Force 3777: 3720:dolus specialis 3646: 3640: 3578:U.S. President 3572: 3566: 3483: 3459: 3453: 3422: 3254: 3171: 3134: 3128: 3107: 3098: 3092: 3089: 3068: 3052:chemical weapon 3048: 3039: 3033: 3030: 3009: 2977: 2914: 2884:Abuja Agreement 2878:In June, a new 2831: 2812: 2769:On 10 May 2008 2760: 2754: 2657:overran an AMIS 2449: 2424: 2410: 2291: 2277: 2271: 2086: 2080: 1992:Resolution 1564 1942: 1877:Darfur genocide 1858:guerilla tactic 1810:Darfur Genocide 1774: 1769: 1747:Alan Dershowitz 1721: 1658:First World War 1650:1916 expedition 1633:victory in the 1591: 1585: 1571: 1566: 1564: 1559: 1554: 1549: 1544: 1539: 1534: 1529: 1523: 1367: 1338: 1315: 1282: 1220: 1215: 1206: 1092:1964 Revolution 1068: 1062: 1060: 1026: 1025: 1020: 1016: 1003: 999: 990: 986: 977: 973: 959: 952: 947: 945: 939: 933: 907: 819: 817: 793: 791: 771: 764: 762: 752: 745: 734: 732: 725: 723: 713: 712: 701: 700: 690: 689: 679: 678: 667: 666: 655: 654: 644: 629: 620: 618: 617: 608: 606: 605: 597: 595: 594: 588: 578: 576: 575: 567: 565: 544: 537: 525: 523: 522: 513: 511: 510: 501: 499: 498: 488: 486: 485: 476: 474: 473: 463: 461: 459: 455: 446: 444: 443: 437: 435: 407: 405: 401: 391: 389: 387: 378: 376: 375: 365: 363: 362: 352: 350: 349: 340: 338: 337: 325: 323: 310: 308: 304: 299: 294: 293:(some factions) 285: 283: 271: 269: 258: 256: 245: 243: 238: 230: 228: 186: 169: 151: 144: 142: 134: 132: 128: 126: 124: 97: 91: 88: 67: 63: 56: 45: 43:Darfur genocide 39: 28: 23: 22: 18:Darfur conflict 15: 12: 11: 5: 16726: 16716: 16715: 16710: 16705: 16700: 16695: 16690: 16685: 16683:2010s in Sudan 16680: 16675: 16673:2000s in Sudan 16670: 16665: 16648: 16647: 16644: 16643: 16641: 16640: 16632: 16624: 16616: 16608: 16600: 16592: 16584: 16576: 16567: 16564: 16563: 16551: 16550: 16548: 16547: 16539: 16531: 16523: 16522: 16521: 16513: 16505: 16489: 16481: 16473: 16465: 16457: 16448: 16445: 16444: 16432: 16431: 16429: 16428: 16420: 16412: 16404: 16396: 16388: 16380: 16376:Eichmann trial 16372: 16364: 16356: 16348: 16340: 16332: 16324: 16316: 16308: 16300: 16292: 16284: 16276: 16268: 16260: 16256:Chełmno trials 16252: 16244: 16236: 16228: 16219: 16216: 16215: 16201: 16197: 16196: 16194: 16193: 16186: 16179: 16172: 16165: 16158: 16151: 16144: 16143: 16142: 16135: 16128: 16113: 16111: 16107: 16106: 16104: 16103: 16096: 16089: 16082: 16075: 16068: 16061: 16054: 16053: 16052: 16049:Trivialization 16037: 16035: 16029: 16028: 16026: 16025: 16018: 16011: 16004: 15997: 15996: 15995: 15988: 15985:Killing Fields 15974: 15967: 15960: 15953: 15946: 15938: 15936: 15932: 15931: 15929: 15928: 15921: 15914: 15907: 15900: 15893: 15886: 15879: 15872: 15865: 15858: 15857: 15856: 15855: 15854: 15833: 15832: 15831: 15816: 15814: 15810: 15809: 15806: 15805: 15803: 15802: 15794: 15786: 15778: 15770: 15762: 15754: 15746: 15738: 15737: 15736: 15721: 15712: 15709: 15708: 15694: 15693: 15691: 15690: 15682: 15674: 15673: 15672: 15657: 15649: 15641: 15633: 15625: 15617: 15613:Kuwaiti Bedoon 15609: 15601: 15593: 15585: 15577: 15569: 15561: 15560: 15559: 15552: 15540: 15532: 15524: 15516: 15508: 15500: 15492: 15484: 15475: 15472: 15471: 15457: 15456: 15454: 15453: 15449:Crimean Tatars 15445: 15437: 15429: 15421: 15413: 15405: 15397: 15389: 15381: 15373: 15365: 15357: 15349: 15341: 15333: 15325: 15317: 15309: 15301: 15293: 15285: 15277: 15273:Kantō Massacre 15269: 15261: 15253: 15245: 15237: 15236: 15235: 15227: 15219: 15211: 15203: 15195: 15194: 15193: 15170: 15167: 15166: 15152: 15151: 15149: 15148: 15147: 15146: 15131: 15123: 15115: 15107: 15099: 15091: 15083: 15075: 15067: 15059: 15051: 15050: 15049: 15041: 15033: 15029:Trail of Tears 15025: 15021:Indian removal 15010: 15002: 14994: 14993: 14992: 14984: 14969: 14961: 14953: 14945: 14937: 14936: 14935: 14927: 14912: 14904: 14896: 14888: 14880: 14872: 14864: 14860:Kashmiri Shias 14856: 14848: 14840: 14831: 14828: 14827: 14813: 14812: 14810: 14809: 14801: 14793: 14785: 14777: 14769: 14761: 14753: 14745: 14744: 14743: 14728: 14720: 14711: 14708: 14707: 14694: 14682: 14681: 14674: 14673: 14666: 14659: 14651: 14642: 14641: 14639: 14638: 14633: 14628: 14623: 14617: 14615: 14614:Related topics 14611: 14610: 14607: 14606: 14604: 14603: 14602: 14601: 14596: 14587: 14581: 14574: 14572: 14568: 14567: 14565: 14564: 14563:(2017–present) 14558: 14553: 14546: 14544: 14537: 14531: 14530: 14527: 14526: 14524: 14523: 14522: 14521: 14516: 14508: 14503: 14498: 14493: 14487: 14476: 14474: 14470: 14469: 14467: 14466: 14463:Kasese clashes 14460: 14459:(1996–present) 14454: 14453:(1987–present) 14447: 14445: 14441: 14440: 14438: 14437: 14436:(2023–present) 14431: 14425: 14419: 14413: 14412:(2009–present) 14407: 14401: 14394: 14392: 14388: 14387: 14385: 14384: 14379: 14373: 14368: 14363: 14356: 14354: 14350: 14349: 14347: 14346: 14340: 14334: 14328: 14322: 14321:(1963–present) 14316: 14310: 14308: 14304: 14303: 14301: 14300: 14295: 14294: 14293: 14288: 14283: 14273: 14272:(1998–present) 14266: 14264: 14260: 14259: 14257: 14256: 14255: 14254: 14249: 14244: 14239: 14234: 14224: 14223: 14222: 14220:War, 1998–2000 14211: 14205: 14199: 14198: 14197: 14190:Oromo conflict 14186: 14184: 14177: 14171: 14170: 14167: 14166: 14164: 14163: 14162:(2009–present) 14157: 14156:(1987–present) 14151: 14145: 14143: 14139: 14138: 14136: 14135: 14134: 14133: 14131:2021 offensive 14122: 14116: 14114: 14110: 14109: 14107: 14106: 14105: 14104: 14094: 14087: 14085: 14079: 14078: 14076: 14075: 14069: 14063: 14062: 14061: 14056: 14047: 14045: 14039: 14038: 14036: 14035: 14029: 14023: 14022: 14021: 14016: 14005: 14004:(2009–present) 14002:Ituri conflict 13999: 13996:Dongo conflict 13993: 13992:(2004–present) 13987: 13984:Ituri conflict 13981: 13975: 13974:(1996–present) 13969: 13962: 13960: 13956: 13955: 13953: 13952: 13951:(1975–present) 13946: 13939: 13937: 13930: 13928:Central Africa 13924: 13923: 13920: 13919: 13917: 13916: 13915:(2020–present) 13910: 13909: 13908: 13898: 13897:(1982–present) 13892: 13889:Guinea clashes 13886: 13879: 13877: 13873: 13872: 13870: 13869: 13868: 13867: 13862: 13853: 13851: 13847: 13846: 13844: 13843: 13842: 13841: 13836: 13827: 13825: 13821: 13820: 13818: 13817: 13812: 13806: 13804: 13800: 13799: 13797: 13796: 13795:(2012–present) 13790: 13789: 13788: 13783: 13778: 13769: 13767: 13763: 13762: 13760: 13759: 13758:(2021–present) 13753: 13752: 13751: 13740: 13739:(2009–present) 13734: 13729: 13728: 13727: 13715: 13713: 13706: 13700: 13699: 13696: 13695: 13693: 13692: 13686: 13681: 13674: 13672: 13668: 13667: 13665: 13664: 13663: 13662: 13657: 13655:War, 1975–1991 13645: 13643: 13642:Western Sahara 13639: 13638: 13636: 13635: 13634: 13633: 13628: 13623: 13621:2011 civil war 13613: 13607: 13605: 13601: 13600: 13598: 13597: 13596:(2013–present) 13591: 13585: 13584:(2011–present) 13579: 13574: 13567: 13565: 13558: 13552: 13551: 13540: 13539: 13532: 13525: 13517: 13508: 13507: 13505: 13504: 13497: 13496: 13488: 13487: 13484: 13483: 13480: 13479: 13477: 13476: 13471: 13466: 13461: 13456: 13451: 13446: 13445: 13444: 13434: 13429: 13424: 13419: 13414: 13409: 13403: 13401: 13395: 13394: 13392: 13391: 13386: 13385: 13384: 13382:Public toilets 13374: 13369: 13364: 13359: 13354: 13349: 13344: 13339: 13338: 13337: 13327: 13322: 13317: 13316: 13315: 13313:Child marriage 13310: 13299: 13293: 13287: 13286: 13283: 13282: 13280: 13279: 13274: 13269: 13264: 13256: 13251: 13243: 13238: 13237: 13236: 13226: 13220: 13214: 13208: 13207: 13204: 13203: 13201: 13200: 13195: 13193:Vice President 13190: 13185: 13183:Prime Minister 13180: 13175: 13170: 13165: 13162:September Laws 13155: 13145: 13140: 13135: 13130: 13125: 13120: 13115: 13109: 13103: 13097: 13096: 13093: 13092: 13090: 13089: 13084: 13078: 13075: 13074: 13072: 13071: 13066: 13061: 13056: 13054:South Kordofan 13051: 13046: 13041: 13036: 13031: 13026: 13024:North Kordofan 13021: 13016: 13011: 13006: 13001: 12999:Central Darfur 12996: 12991: 12986: 12980: 12978: 12968: 12967: 12965: 12964: 12959: 12957:Climate change 12953: 12951: 12942: 12941: 12940: 12939: 12934: 12929: 12924: 12919: 12914: 12909: 12899: 12894: 12889: 12884: 12879: 12874: 12868: 12862: 12856: 12855: 12852: 12851: 12849: 12848: 12847: 12846: 12844:2023 Civil war 12841: 12836: 12826: 12821: 12816: 12811: 12806: 12801: 12796: 12791: 12786: 12781: 12776: 12771: 12766: 12761: 12756: 12754:Communist coup 12751: 12746: 12741: 12736: 12731: 12726: 12725: 12724: 12714: 12709: 12704: 12699: 12694: 12689: 12684: 12678: 12672: 12666: 12665: 12663: articles 12657: 12656: 12649: 12642: 12634: 12628: 12627: 12622: 12608: 12607:External links 12605: 12604: 12603: 12597: 12570: 12564: 12544:Flint, Julie; 12541: 12535: 12520: 12517: 12514: 12513: 12487: 12459: 12442:Slant Magazine 12429: 12399: 12374: 12351: 12319: 12302:TerraCurve.com 12289: 12228:on 1 July 2007 12209: 12144: 12090:Williams, Jody 12081: 12055: 12040:. 8 May 2007. 12025: 12007: 11997:. p. 24. 11982: 11952: 11926: 11874: 11852: 11826: 11803: 11780: 11757: 11734: 11702: 11684:. 8 May 2007. 11666: 11635: 11618:People's Daily 11605: 11568:New York Times 11554: 11527: 11497: 11467: 11436: 11406: 11375: 11345: 11327: 11301: 11277: 11220: 11208: 11152: 11123: 11111: 11050: 11046:Marc Gustafson 11028: 11002: 10980: 10962: 10930: 10900: 10874: 10848: 10829: 10802: 10783: 10753: 10726: 10692: 10659: 10632: 10601: 10583: 10564: 10532: 10500: 10470: 10440: 10409: 10379: 10349: 10323: 10308:. 6 May 2021. 10293: 10278:. 5 May 2021. 10267: 10241: 10211: 10185: 10159: 10129: 10099: 10069: 10038: 10008: 9982: 9950: 9920: 9889: 9859: 9828: 9798: 9768: 9738: 9708: 9678: 9648: 9618: 9588: 9558: 9526: 9500: 9470: 9440: 9410: 9380: 9350: 9320: 9309:on 28 May 2022 9288: 9256: 9226: 9196: 9166: 9136: 9106: 9076: 9046: 9016: 8986: 8956: 8926: 8895: 8865: 8826: 8796: 8766: 8735: 8711: 8687: 8655: 8638:The Daily Star 8625: 8592: 8555: 8529: 8503: 8477: 8451: 8425: 8399: 8377: 8345: 8319: 8289: 8271: 8253: 8226: 8200: 8174: 8144: 8114: 8088: 8062: 8036: 8006: 7983: 7958: 7955:on 6 May 2008. 7940: 7914: 7888: 7858: 7832: 7814: 7783: 7766:People's Daily 7753: 7734: 7717:People's Daily 7704: 7687:People's Daily 7674: 7657:People's Daily 7641: 7611: 7585: 7559: 7533: 7510: 7488: 7458: 7432: 7410: 7395:. 7 May 2007. 7365: 7348:New York Times 7335: 7305: 7283: 7253: 7222: 7192: 7162: 7144: 7118: 7093: 7068: 7050: 7028: 7003: 6979: 6948: 6923: 6904: 6886: 6881:People's Daily 6861: 6843: 6839:United Nations 6820: 6795: 6777: 6752: 6724: 6702: 6677: 6672:People's Daily 6659: 6654:People's Daily 6634: 6609: 6576: 6558: 6533: 6508: 6485: 6467: 6442: 6418: 6388: 6370: 6345: 6315: 6290: 6265: 6240: 6217: 6212:People's Daily 6192: 6167: 6142: 6114:The Australian 6093: 6068: 6049: 6027: 5996: 5972: 5949: 5930: 5911: 5892: 5873: 5861: 5849: 5837: 5825: 5793: 5762: 5748: 5722: 5675: 5643: 5616: 5590: 5581: 5568: 5559: 5540: 5520: 5501:(1): 123–133. 5485: 5454: 5415:(1): 123–133. 5395: 5362: 5313: 5265: 5250:. 4 May 2010. 5235: 5205: 5186: 5166: 5138: 5083: 5049: 5019: 4993: 4963: 4959:Neville (2018) 4951: 4921: 4910:on 24 May 2015 4891: 4868: 4845: 4819: 4807: 4792:. Al Jazeera. 4781: 4751: 4718: 4688: 4665: 4642: 4612: 4586: 4554: 4518: 4508: 4478: 4467:. 1 March 2022 4452: 4426: 4395: 4369: 4339: 4324: 4294: 4261: 4242: 4216: 4186: 4183:. 7 July 2017. 4171: 4134: 4133: 4131: 4128: 4125: 4124: 4102: 4101: 4099: 4096: 4095: 4094: 4089: 4084: 4079: 4074: 4069: 4064: 4059: 4054: 4049: 4044: 4039: 4034: 4029: 4024: 4019: 4014: 4009: 4004: 3999: 3997:Breidjing Camp 3994: 3989: 3983: 3982: 3966: 3963: 3925:Samantha Power 3908: 3905: 3878:Gérard Prunier 3874: 3871: 3817:Global Witness 3776: 3773: 3696:Omar al-Bashir 3639: 3636: 3580:George W. Bush 3568:Main article: 3565: 3562: 3540:In July 2009, 3482: 3479: 3455:Main article: 3452: 3449: 3421: 3418: 3344:Volker Perthes 3302:United Nations 3274:Abdalla Hamdok 3258:Masalit people 3253: 3250: 3170: 3167: 3159:European Union 3130:Main article: 3127: 3124: 3106: 3103: 3100: 3099: 3093:September 2018 3080: 3078: 3067: 3064: 3060:blister agents 3047: 3044: 3041: 3040: 3034:September 2016 3021: 3019: 3008: 3005: 2976: 2973: 2946:North Kordofan 2913: 2910: 2854:Central Darfur 2830: 2827: 2811: 2808: 2756:Main article: 2753: 2750: 2742: 2741: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2716: 2715: 2712: 2709: 2706: 2703: 2702: 2701: 2695: 2692: 2635:Khalil Ibrahim 2523:Al-Bashir and 2510:President Bush 2448: 2445: 2423: 2420: 2374:George W. Bush 2307:Pekka Haavisto 2303:European Union 2297:, head of the 2290: 2287: 2270: 2267: 2234:Jendayi Frazer 2166:European Union 2162:United Kingdom 2131:George W. Bush 2082:Main article: 2079: 2076: 1960:(AU) formed a 1941: 1938: 1930:Nuba Mountains 1838:Omar al-Bashir 1834:Chadian border 1773: 1770: 1768: 1765: 1736:George Ayittey 1720: 1717: 1711:(SLA) and the 1691:, between the 1654:Ottoman Empire 1631:Anglo-Egyptian 1619:Egyptian Sudan 1587:Main article: 1584: 1581: 1578: 1577: 1470:United Nations 1411:Omar al-Bashir 1393:(SLM) and the 1369: 1368: 1366: 1365: 1358: 1351: 1343: 1340: 1339: 1337: 1336: 1331: 1325: 1322: 1321: 1320:Other articles 1317: 1316: 1314: 1313: 1308: 1303: 1298: 1292: 1289: 1288: 1284: 1283: 1281: 1280: 1275: 1270: 1257: 1252: 1247: 1241: 1238: 1237: 1229: 1228: 1217: 1216: 1211: 1208: 1207: 1205: 1204: 1199: 1194: 1193: 1192: 1187: 1177: 1172: 1167: 1162: 1157: 1152: 1151: 1150: 1140: 1135: 1130: 1129: 1128: 1123: 1116: 1111: 1101: 1100: 1099: 1094: 1089: 1084: 1073: 1070: 1069: 1059: 1058: 1051: 1044: 1036: 1028: 1027: 1024: 1023: 1014: 997: 984: 982:prior to 2011. 970: 969: 966: 965: 926: 925: 922: 919: 915: 914: 910: 909: 902: 897: 896: 882: 881: 880: 865: 864: 860: 859: 856: 855: 854: 849: 836: 835: 834: 831: 815: 814: 811: 808: 805: 787: 786: 785:Units involved 782: 781: 742: 663:Omar al-Bashir 641: 603:Gibril Ibrahim 584:Khalil Ibrahim 561: 560: 556: 555: 535: 433: 432: 427: 422: 402: 332: 331: 321: 316: 281: 280: 267: 254: 224: 223: 219: 218: 215: 214: 213: 212: 207: 204: 192: 188: 187: 178: 176: 172: 171: 166: 158: 157: 143: 133: 127: 116: 115: 108: 107: 99: 98: 70: 68: 61: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 16725: 16714: 16711: 16709: 16706: 16704: 16701: 16699: 16696: 16694: 16691: 16689: 16686: 16684: 16681: 16679: 16676: 16674: 16671: 16669: 16666: 16664: 16663:War in Darfur 16661: 16660: 16658: 16637: 16633: 16629: 16625: 16621: 16617: 16613: 16609: 16605: 16601: 16597: 16593: 16589: 16585: 16581: 16577: 16573: 16569: 16568: 16565: 16556: 16544: 16540: 16536: 16532: 16528: 16524: 16518: 16514: 16510: 16506: 16502: 16498: 16497: 16494: 16490: 16486: 16482: 16478: 16474: 16470: 16466: 16462: 16458: 16454: 16450: 16449: 16446: 16437: 16425: 16421: 16417: 16413: 16409: 16408:Sobibor trial 16405: 16401: 16397: 16393: 16389: 16385: 16381: 16377: 16373: 16369: 16365: 16361: 16357: 16353: 16349: 16345: 16341: 16337: 16333: 16329: 16325: 16321: 16317: 16313: 16309: 16305: 16301: 16297: 16293: 16289: 16285: 16281: 16277: 16273: 16272:Belsen trials 16269: 16265: 16264:Dachau trials 16261: 16257: 16253: 16249: 16245: 16241: 16237: 16233: 16232:Kharkov trial 16229: 16225: 16221: 16220: 16217: 16211: 16205: 16202: 16198: 16191: 16187: 16184: 16180: 16177: 16176:Justification 16173: 16170: 16166: 16163: 16159: 16156: 16152: 16149: 16145: 16140: 16136: 16133: 16129: 16126: 16122: 16121: 16119: 16115: 16114: 16112: 16108: 16101: 16097: 16094: 16090: 16087: 16083: 16080: 16076: 16073: 16069: 16066: 16062: 16059: 16055: 16050: 16046: 16045: 16043: 16042:The Holocaust 16039: 16038: 16036: 16034: 16030: 16023: 16019: 16016: 16012: 16009: 16005: 16002: 16001:Death marches 15998: 15993: 15989: 15986: 15982: 15981: 15979: 15975: 15972: 15968: 15965: 15961: 15958: 15954: 15951: 15947: 15944: 15940: 15939: 15937: 15933: 15926: 15922: 15919: 15915: 15912: 15908: 15905: 15901: 15898: 15894: 15891: 15887: 15884: 15880: 15877: 15873: 15870: 15866: 15863: 15859: 15852: 15848: 15847: 15845: 15841: 15840: 15838: 15834: 15829: 15825: 15824: 15822: 15818: 15817: 15815: 15811: 15799: 15795: 15791: 15787: 15783: 15779: 15775: 15771: 15767: 15763: 15759: 15758:Iraqi Turkmen 15755: 15751: 15747: 15743: 15739: 15734: 15730: 15729: 15726: 15722: 15718: 15714: 15713: 15710: 15705: 15699: 15687: 15683: 15679: 15675: 15670: 15666: 15665: 15662: 15658: 15654: 15650: 15646: 15642: 15638: 15634: 15630: 15626: 15622: 15618: 15614: 15610: 15606: 15602: 15598: 15594: 15590: 15586: 15582: 15578: 15574: 15570: 15566: 15562: 15557: 15553: 15550: 15546: 15545: 15541: 15537: 15533: 15529: 15525: 15521: 15517: 15513: 15509: 15505: 15501: 15497: 15493: 15489: 15485: 15481: 15477: 15476: 15473: 15468: 15462: 15450: 15446: 15442: 15438: 15434: 15430: 15426: 15422: 15418: 15414: 15410: 15406: 15402: 15398: 15394: 15390: 15386: 15385:The Holocaust 15382: 15378: 15374: 15370: 15366: 15362: 15358: 15354: 15350: 15346: 15342: 15338: 15334: 15330: 15326: 15322: 15318: 15314: 15310: 15306: 15302: 15298: 15294: 15290: 15286: 15282: 15278: 15274: 15270: 15267:(1920s–1930s) 15266: 15265:Ingrian Finns 15262: 15258: 15254: 15250: 15246: 15242: 15238: 15232: 15228: 15224: 15220: 15216: 15212: 15208: 15204: 15200: 15196: 15191: 15190:Pontic Greeks 15187: 15186: 15183: 15179: 15178: 15176: 15172: 15171: 15168: 15163: 15157: 15143: 15139: 15138: 15136: 15132: 15128: 15124: 15120: 15116: 15112: 15108: 15105:(1890s–1900s) 15104: 15100: 15096: 15092: 15088: 15084: 15080: 15076: 15072: 15068: 15064: 15060: 15056: 15052: 15046: 15042: 15038: 15034: 15030: 15026: 15022: 15018: 15017: 15015: 15011: 15007: 15003: 14999: 14995: 14989: 14985: 14981: 14977: 14976: 14974: 14970: 14966: 14962: 14958: 14954: 14950: 14946: 14942: 14938: 14932: 14928: 14925:(1700s–1800s) 14924: 14920: 14919: 14917: 14913: 14909: 14905: 14901: 14897: 14893: 14889: 14885: 14881: 14877: 14873: 14869: 14865: 14861: 14857: 14853: 14849: 14845: 14841: 14837: 14833: 14832: 14829: 14824: 14818: 14806: 14802: 14798: 14794: 14790: 14786: 14782: 14778: 14775:(1200s–1360s) 14774: 14770: 14766: 14762: 14758: 14754: 14750: 14746: 14741: 14737: 14736: 14733: 14729: 14725: 14721: 14717: 14713: 14712: 14709: 14704: 14698: 14695: 14692: 14687: 14683: 14679: 14672: 14667: 14665: 14660: 14658: 14653: 14652: 14649: 14637: 14634: 14632: 14629: 14627: 14624: 14622: 14621:War on terror 14619: 14618: 14616: 14612: 14600: 14597: 14594: 14591: 14590: 14588: 14585: 14582: 14579: 14576: 14575: 14573: 14569: 14562: 14559: 14557: 14554: 14551: 14548: 14547: 14545: 14541: 14538: 14536: 14532: 14520: 14517: 14515: 14512: 14511: 14509: 14507: 14504: 14502: 14499: 14497: 14494: 14491: 14488: 14485: 14481: 14478: 14477: 14475: 14471: 14464: 14461: 14458: 14455: 14452: 14449: 14448: 14446: 14442: 14435: 14432: 14429: 14426: 14423: 14422:Heglig Crisis 14420: 14417: 14414: 14411: 14408: 14405: 14404:War in Darfur 14402: 14399: 14396: 14395: 14393: 14389: 14383: 14380: 14377: 14374: 14372: 14369: 14367: 14364: 14361: 14360:Heglig Crisis 14358: 14357: 14355: 14351: 14344: 14341: 14338: 14335: 14332: 14331:Kenyan crisis 14329: 14326: 14323: 14320: 14317: 14315: 14312: 14311: 14309: 14305: 14299: 14296: 14292: 14289: 14287: 14284: 14282: 14279: 14278: 14277: 14274: 14271: 14268: 14267: 14265: 14261: 14253: 14252:War in Amhara 14250: 14248: 14245: 14243: 14240: 14238: 14235: 14233: 14230: 14229: 14228: 14225: 14221: 14218: 14217: 14215: 14212: 14209: 14206: 14203: 14200: 14196: 14193: 14192: 14191: 14188: 14187: 14185: 14181: 14178: 14176: 14172: 14161: 14158: 14155: 14152: 14150: 14147: 14146: 14144: 14140: 14132: 14129: 14128: 14126: 14123: 14121: 14118: 14117: 14115: 14111: 14103: 14100: 14099: 14098: 14095: 14092: 14089: 14088: 14086: 14080: 14073: 14070: 14067: 14064: 14060: 14057: 14055: 14052: 14051: 14049: 14048: 14046: 14040: 14033: 14030: 14027: 14024: 14020: 14017: 14015: 14012: 14011: 14009: 14006: 14003: 14000: 13997: 13994: 13991: 13990:Kivu conflict 13988: 13985: 13982: 13979: 13976: 13973: 13970: 13967: 13964: 13963: 13961: 13957: 13950: 13947: 13944: 13941: 13940: 13938: 13934: 13931: 13929: 13925: 13914: 13911: 13907: 13904: 13903: 13902: 13899: 13896: 13893: 13890: 13887: 13884: 13881: 13880: 13878: 13874: 13866: 13863: 13861: 13858: 13857: 13855: 13854: 13852: 13850:Côte d'Ivoire 13848: 13840: 13837: 13835: 13832: 13831: 13829: 13828: 13826: 13822: 13816: 13813: 13811: 13808: 13807: 13805: 13801: 13794: 13791: 13787: 13784: 13782: 13779: 13777: 13774: 13773: 13771: 13770: 13768: 13764: 13757: 13754: 13750: 13749:2016 conflict 13747: 13746: 13744: 13741: 13738: 13735: 13733: 13730: 13726: 13723: 13722: 13720: 13717: 13716: 13714: 13710: 13707: 13705: 13701: 13690: 13687: 13685: 13682: 13679: 13676: 13675: 13673: 13669: 13661: 13658: 13656: 13653: 13652: 13650: 13647: 13646: 13644: 13640: 13632: 13629: 13627: 13624: 13622: 13619: 13618: 13617: 13616:Libyan crisis 13614: 13612: 13609: 13608: 13606: 13602: 13595: 13592: 13589: 13586: 13583: 13580: 13578: 13575: 13572: 13569: 13568: 13566: 13562: 13559: 13557: 13553: 13549: 13546: 13538: 13533: 13531: 13526: 13524: 13519: 13518: 13515: 13503: 13500: 13499: 13494: 13490: 13489: 13485: 13475: 13472: 13470: 13467: 13465: 13462: 13460: 13457: 13455: 13452: 13450: 13447: 13443: 13440: 13439: 13438: 13435: 13433: 13430: 13428: 13425: 13423: 13420: 13418: 13415: 13413: 13410: 13408: 13405: 13404: 13402: 13400: 13396: 13390: 13387: 13383: 13380: 13379: 13378: 13375: 13373: 13370: 13368: 13365: 13363: 13360: 13358: 13355: 13353: 13350: 13348: 13345: 13343: 13340: 13336: 13333: 13332: 13331: 13330:Ethnic groups 13328: 13326: 13323: 13321: 13318: 13314: 13311: 13309: 13306: 13305: 13304: 13301: 13300: 13297: 13294: 13292: 13288: 13278: 13275: 13273: 13270: 13268: 13265: 13263: 13257: 13255: 13252: 13250: 13244: 13242: 13239: 13235: 13232: 13231: 13230: 13227: 13225: 13222: 13221: 13218: 13215: 13213: 13209: 13199: 13196: 13194: 13191: 13189: 13186: 13184: 13181: 13179: 13176: 13174: 13171: 13169: 13166: 13163: 13159: 13156: 13153: 13149: 13146: 13144: 13141: 13139: 13136: 13134: 13131: 13129: 13126: 13124: 13121: 13119: 13116: 13114: 13111: 13110: 13107: 13104: 13102: 13098: 13088: 13085: 13083: 13080: 13079: 13070: 13067: 13065: 13064:West Kordofan 13062: 13060: 13057: 13055: 13052: 13050: 13047: 13045: 13042: 13040: 13037: 13035: 13032: 13030: 13027: 13025: 13022: 13020: 13017: 13015: 13012: 13010: 13007: 13005: 13002: 13000: 12997: 12995: 12992: 12990: 12987: 12985: 12982: 12981: 12979: 12977: 12973: 12963: 12960: 12958: 12955: 12954: 12952: 12950: 12946: 12938: 12935: 12933: 12930: 12928: 12925: 12923: 12920: 12918: 12915: 12913: 12910: 12908: 12905: 12904: 12903: 12900: 12898: 12895: 12893: 12890: 12888: 12885: 12883: 12880: 12878: 12875: 12873: 12870: 12869: 12866: 12863: 12861: 12857: 12845: 12842: 12840: 12837: 12835: 12834:Peace process 12832: 12831: 12830: 12827: 12825: 12822: 12820: 12817: 12815: 12812: 12810: 12807: 12805: 12802: 12800: 12797: 12795: 12794:War in Darfur 12792: 12790: 12787: 12785: 12782: 12780: 12777: 12775: 12772: 12770: 12767: 12765: 12762: 12760: 12757: 12755: 12752: 12750: 12747: 12745: 12742: 12740: 12737: 12735: 12732: 12730: 12727: 12723: 12720: 12719: 12718: 12715: 12713: 12710: 12708: 12705: 12703: 12700: 12698: 12695: 12693: 12690: 12688: 12685: 12683: 12680: 12679: 12676: 12673: 12671: 12667: 12662: 12655: 12650: 12648: 12643: 12641: 12636: 12635: 12632: 12626: 12623: 12620: 12615: 12611: 12610: 12600: 12594: 12590: 12586: 12585:New York City 12582: 12578: 12577: 12571: 12567: 12561: 12557: 12553: 12552: 12547: 12542: 12538: 12532: 12528: 12523: 12522: 12501: 12497: 12491: 12476: 12472: 12471: 12463: 12447: 12443: 12439: 12433: 12417: 12413: 12409: 12403: 12396: 12395: 12390: 12386: 12383: 12378: 12371: 12367: 12363: 12360: 12355: 12336: 12329: 12323: 12307: 12303: 12299: 12293: 12286: 12282: 12279: 12265: 12261: 12246: 12242: 12227: 12223: 12219: 12213: 12205: 12201: 12200: 12195: 12180: 12176: 12172: 12165: 12158: 12154: 12148: 12132: 12128: 12124: 12109: 12105: 12100: 12095: 12091: 12085: 12069: 12065: 12059: 12043: 12039: 12035: 12029: 12021: 12017: 12011: 12000: 11993: 11986: 11970: 11966: 11962: 11956: 11941:on 5 May 2006 11940: 11936: 11930: 11922: 11918: 11914: 11898: 11894: 11893: 11888: 11881: 11879: 11870: 11866: 11862: 11856: 11840: 11836: 11830: 11823: 11819: 11815: 11812: 11807: 11800: 11796: 11792: 11789: 11784: 11777: 11773: 11769: 11766: 11761: 11753: 11749: 11745: 11738: 11722: 11718: 11717: 11712: 11706: 11687: 11683: 11676: 11670: 11654: 11650: 11646: 11639: 11623: 11619: 11615: 11609: 11593: 11589: 11573: 11569: 11565: 11558: 11542: 11538: 11531: 11515: 11511: 11510:Sudan Tribune 11507: 11501: 11485: 11481: 11477: 11471: 11455: 11451: 11447: 11440: 11424: 11420: 11416: 11410: 11394: 11390: 11386: 11379: 11363: 11359: 11355: 11349: 11341: 11337: 11331: 11315: 11311: 11305: 11298: 11294: 11290: 11287: 11281: 11275:, 5 June 2008 11274: 11270: 11267: 11262: 11256: 11237: 11230: 11224: 11217: 11212: 11204: 11198: 11179: 11172: 11165: 11161: 11156: 11140: 11136: 11130: 11128: 11118: 11116: 11099: 11095: 11091: 11087: 11083: 11079: 11075: 11071: 11067: 11066: 11061: 11054: 11047: 11044: 11040: 11037: 11032: 11016: 11012: 11006: 10999: 10996: 10992: 10989: 10984: 10976: 10972: 10966: 10947: 10940: 10934: 10919:on 4 May 2008 10918: 10914: 10910: 10909:de Waal, Alex 10904: 10888: 10884: 10878: 10862: 10858: 10852: 10844: 10840: 10833: 10817: 10813: 10806: 10798: 10794: 10787: 10771: 10767: 10763: 10757: 10741: 10737: 10730: 10714: 10710: 10706: 10702: 10696: 10680: 10676: 10675: 10670: 10663: 10647: 10643: 10636: 10620: 10616: 10615:The Raw Story 10612: 10605: 10597: 10593: 10587: 10580: 10576: 10573: 10568: 10552: 10548: 10547: 10542: 10536: 10520: 10516: 10515: 10510: 10504: 10488: 10484: 10480: 10474: 10458: 10454: 10450: 10444: 10428: 10424: 10420: 10413: 10397: 10393: 10389: 10383: 10367: 10363: 10359: 10353: 10337: 10333: 10327: 10311: 10307: 10303: 10297: 10281: 10277: 10271: 10255: 10251: 10245: 10229: 10225: 10221: 10215: 10199: 10195: 10189: 10173: 10169: 10163: 10147: 10143: 10139: 10133: 10117: 10113: 10109: 10103: 10087: 10083: 10079: 10073: 10057: 10053: 10049: 10042: 10026: 10022: 10018: 10012: 9996: 9992: 9986: 9970: 9966: 9965: 9960: 9954: 9938: 9934: 9930: 9924: 9908: 9904: 9900: 9893: 9877: 9873: 9869: 9863: 9847: 9843: 9839: 9832: 9816: 9812: 9808: 9802: 9786: 9782: 9778: 9772: 9756: 9752: 9748: 9742: 9726: 9722: 9718: 9712: 9696: 9692: 9688: 9682: 9666: 9662: 9658: 9652: 9636: 9632: 9628: 9622: 9606: 9602: 9598: 9592: 9576: 9572: 9571:reliefweb.int 9568: 9562: 9546: 9542: 9541: 9536: 9530: 9514: 9510: 9504: 9488: 9484: 9480: 9474: 9458: 9454: 9450: 9444: 9428: 9424: 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Tribune 8387: 8381: 8362: 8355: 8349: 8333: 8329: 8323: 8307: 8303: 8299: 8293: 8285: 8281: 8275: 8267: 8263: 8257: 8241: 8237: 8230: 8214: 8210: 8204: 8188: 8184: 8178: 8162: 8158: 8154: 8148: 8132: 8128: 8124: 8118: 8102: 8098: 8092: 8076: 8072: 8066: 8050: 8046: 8040: 8024: 8020: 8016: 8010: 8003: 8002:Sudan Tribune 7999: 7995: 7992: 7987: 7980: 7979: 7978:Sudan Tribune 7974: 7970: 7967: 7962: 7954: 7950: 7944: 7928: 7924: 7918: 7902: 7898: 7892: 7876: 7872: 7868: 7862: 7846: 7842: 7836: 7828: 7824: 7823:"Yahoo! 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