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182:, facilitated immigration from across the Bengal border to Assam. In April 1836, Persian was replaced by Bengali, as the Court language of Assam on the ground that it was very difficult and costly to replace Persian scribes who were on leave or who left the service. The services of the Bengalis then became essential in the Anglo-vernacular and vernacular schools, since school teachers were not available in adequate numbers to impart lessons in the
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25:
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In
February 1874, the government revised its earlier language policy and the Commissioner stated that in the primary schools, Assamese rather than Bengali should be the sole medium of instruction. This decision made the Assamese suspect that it was a ploy by the Bengalis to supplant Assamese. Despite
221:
as the language of the court and educational institutions exasperated the
Assamese intelligentsia and common society of Assam. As a result of this language imposition, the progress of education in Assam remained slow and deficient. Many Bengalis were brought in and employed in the schools of Assam.
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which was published for two decades, contained informative knowledge of science, history, geography and certain regional and national news and views. It is considered to have inspired the younger generation of the
Assamese society, to stand up for the cause of the Assamese language. The efforts of
225:
Initially the imposition did not meet with any kind of protest. Rather, the
Assamese elite used the language in their writings, and even in conversation, and the language policy of the government went unquestioned for almost a decade. The recruitment of Bengalis to government services increased
313:
can be attributed to the efforts of Manik
Chandra Baruah. While accepting the cogency of Baruah's argument, P.G. Melitus, the Commissioner of the Assam valley, pointed out that, at the request of the parents of the Bengali students, arrangements should be made in Gauhati to provide instruction
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the missionaries in establishing a separate identity of the
Assamese language, were notable and they received support from the Assamese intelligentsia, followed by a number of petitions and memoranda to the government. The continuous attempts of the Baptist Missionaries and men like
222:
There was no encouragement for the writing of school text books in
Assamese, and Assamese literature suffered. This was thought to be one of the core factors behind the community conflicts that emerged between the Assamese and Bengali communities in the following decades.
198:
After seeing
Bronson's document, it could be declared that the Main Culprits, in introducing Bengali, were the British officers who did not have the initiative to learn the Assamese language and maintained that the Assamese language was the local form of the Bengali
318:
must teach through the medium of
Bengali. In his concluding note, however, Mellitus stated that the imparting of education in Assamese instead of in Bengali was being done at the cost of efficiency. These factors were thought to be the foundations of the
287:
Vigorous protests were made by the
Assamese people against the implementation of Bengali as a medium in the middle and high schools of Assam. On March 28, 1903, the Chief Commissioner stated that students in the Assamese-speaking district of
314:
through Bengali. Although Mellitus was willing to agree to the demands of the Bengali community, the Commissioner felt that, owing to their closer ties with the community and the people of Bengal than to the Assamese, schools in
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were to be taught in Assamese. But the non-availability of Assamese texts stood in the way of implementation. A member of the Assamese elite, Manik Chandra Baruah, made a statement to the Deputy Commissioner of
237:
Early protests came from the American Baptist Missionaries and the educated Assamese elite section, against the language policy of the government. After realizing the need of vernacular medium to spread
234:, because these immigrants had their own culture, language, and traditions, and their existence in the land was perceived as having an effect on Assam's language, culture, economy, and political status.
146:
until 1873. On February 6, 1874, it was made a Chief Commissioner's province, also known as the 'North-East Frontier'. The new Commissioner-ship comprised the five districts of Assam,
110:
to India, aimed at restoring the Assamese language to avoid it being completely overtaken by the Bengali language. In order to restore the Assamese Language, he took the matter to the
732:
186:. In 1837 the Act of XXIX,1837 was passed by the President of the Council of India, which gave the governor-general the power to dispense with any regulations of the
757:
284:
the Chief Commissioner's assurance that Assamese would not be supplanted, Bengali continued to be the medium in the middle grades until the late 19th century.
250:". Apart from printing religious materials in Assamese, the missionaries made pleas in defense of the Assamese language through the publication of
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Cady, John F. (1968). "MAUNG HTIN AUNG. A History of Burma. Pp. x, 363. New York: Columbia University Press, 1967. $ 12.00".
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was essentially an Assamese town, the medium of instruction in the high schools there must be Assamese. The establishment of
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60:
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97:, in order to impose Bengali as the medium of instruction in schools and colleges, and for all official purposes.
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as the rightful medium of instruction in the state. In 1839, William Robinson, an inspector of schools, wrote "
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for judicial and revenue proceedings and to prescribe any other language and script as a replacement.
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230:' in the districts of Assam was thought to be posing a challenge to the distinct identities of the
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abruptly, leading to greater unemployment among the Assamese. The increased number of Bengali '
733:"An old building that dazzles with a legacy in legal education - Heritage / Earle Law College"
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393:
447:"Nathan Brown - His contribution to Assam, Eliza Brown, Pioneer of Modern Assamese Language"
8:
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was the first martyr of the Medium of Instruction Movement or Madhyam Movement of Assam.
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administration of the time. Eliza Brown, Nathan's wife, was his partner in this mission.
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lost its independence and came under a new regime of foreign domination known as the
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758:"The century-old cradle of Assamese intelligentsia - Heritage / Cotton College"
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Inter-rebel Group Dynamics: Cooperation or Competition: the Case of South Asia
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Colonialism, Language and Politics, Origins of the Language Dispute in Assam
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239:
135:
89:, the Bengali language was imposed over Assamese as the British took over
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614:. New Delhi: Ashok Kumar Mittal Concept Publishing Company. p. 91.
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in 1846. Primarily intended for the propagation of Christianity, the
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541:. Guwahati: Bhabani Prints and Publications, Guwahati. p. 106.
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The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
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673:. New Delhi: Orient Black-swan Private Limited. pp. 219–221.
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is a 37 year long time-frame, from 1836 to 1873, during which
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688:. Calcutta: Minerva Association Publication. pp. 20–21.
93:. The clerical and technical workers that they brought were
783:"Death of social worker Sirajul Haque mourned in Mangaldai"
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The History of Assam from Yandaboo to Partition 1826-1947
207:, "Bronsonar peratot ki Ase", Prantik (20th issue,1983)
158:, and a major portion of the Bengali speaking areas of
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Situating Assamese Middle Classes, the Colonial Period
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The Life of Nathan Brown, Early American Missionary
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642:New Light in the History of Assamese Literature
627:North-East India, Problem Prospect and Politics
554:North-East India, Problem Prospect and Politics
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820:
556:. Guwahati: Spectrum Publishers. p. 109.
242:, the missionaries espoused the cause of the
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629:. Guwahati: Spectrum Publishers. p. 41.
599:. Guwahati: DVS Publishers. pp. 11, 57.
701:History of the Assamese movement since 1947
686:History of the Assamese Movement since 1947
275:as a language of instruction in the state.
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654:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
297:that, as the district was never a part of
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174:, a prominent part of Assam. The viceroy
61:Learn how and when to remove this message
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568:"Government legacy policy, Chapter III"
16:Imposition of Bengali language in Assam
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703:. Minerva Associates (Publications).
346:Nathan Brown's contributions to Assam
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699:Chattopadhyay, Dilipkumar. (1990).
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965:December 2014 Assam violence
142:. Thus Assam came under the
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684:Chattopadhay, D.K. (1990).
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323:of 1960 and the subsequent
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950:Assam separatist movements
537:Kalita, Ramesh C. (2011).
482:10.1177/000271626837800164
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847:Timeline of Assam History
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640:Neog, Dimbeswar (1962).
552:Barpujari, H.K. (1998).
269:Anandaram Dhekial Phukan
34:comply with Knowledge's
625:Barpujari, H.K (1998).
612:Social History of Assam
395:Women in Peace Politics
392:Paula Banerjee (2008).
762:www.telegraphindia.com
737:www.telegraphindia.com
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595:Majumdar, P. (2014).
449:. Onlinesivasagar.com
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190:requiring the use of
144:Bengal Administration
669:Goswami, P. (2012).
398:. Sage. p. 71.
1015:Assamese literature
960:2012 Assam violence
610:Bose, M.L. (1989).
148:Khasi-Jaintia Hills
43:improve the content
943:Contemporary Assam
217:The imposition of
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1000:Assamese language
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432:978-0-549-34002-7
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373:Assamese language
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307:Cotton University
132:Treaty of Yandabo
128:Bengal Presidency
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188:Bengal Code
178:’s Plan of
172:Cooch Behar
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379:References
156:Naga Hills
152:Garo Hills
108:missionary
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256:Orunodoi,
199:language.
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273:Assamese
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244:Assamese
202:—
160:Goalpara
303:Gauhati
219:Bengali
192:Persian
118:History
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301:, and
299:Bengal
295:Kamrup
290:Kamrup
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168:Cachar
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571:(PDF)
494:S2CID
228:Amlas
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91:Assam
795:2019
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744:2019
715:OCLC
705:ISBN
656:link
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