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overarching interpretive challenge: to construct continuous explanatory sequences linking the highest level of causal evolutionary explanation to the most particular effects in individual works of literature. Within evolutionary biology, the highest level of causal explanation involves adaptation by means of natural selection. Starting from the premise that the human mind has evolved in an adaptive relation to its environment, literary
Darwinists undertake to characterize the phenomenal qualities of a literary work (tone, style, theme, and formal organization), locate the work in a cultural context, explain that cultural context as a particular organization of the elements of human nature within a specific set of environmental conditions (including cultural traditions), identify an implied author and an implied reader, examine the responses of actual readers (for instance, other literary critics), describe the socio-cultural, political, and psychological functions the work fulfills, locate those functions in relation to the evolved needs of human nature, and link the work comparatively with other artistic works, using a taxonomy of themes, formal elements, affective elements, and functions derived from a comprehensive model of human nature.
140:
possible approaches to literary study. They rally to Edward O. Wilson's cry for "consilience" among all the branches of learning. Like Wilson, they envision nature as an integrated set of elements and forces extending in an unbroken chain of material causation from the lowest level of subatomic particles to the highest levels of cultural imagination. And like Wilson, they regard evolutionary biology as the pivotal discipline uniting the hard sciences with the social sciences and the humanities. They believe that humans have evolved in an adaptive relation to their environment. They argue that for humans, as for all other species, evolution has shaped the anatomical, physiological, and neurological characteristics of the species, and they think that human behavior, feeling, and thought are fundamentally shaped by those characteristics. They make it their business to consult evolutionary biology and evolutionary social science in order to determine what those characteristics are, and they bring that information to bear on their understanding of the products of the human imagination.
201:, 2009) all argue that the arts help organize the human mind by giving emotionally and aesthetically modulated models of reality. By participating in the simulated life of other people one gains a greater understanding of the motivations of oneself and other people. The idea that the arts function as means of psychological organization subsumes the ideas that the arts provide adaptively relevant information, enable us to consider alternative behavioral scenarios, enhance pattern recognition, and serve as means for creating shared social identity. And of course, the arts can be used for sexual display. In that respect, the arts are like most other human products—clothing, jewelry, shelter, means of transportation, etc. The hypothesis that the arts help organize the mind is not incompatible with the hypothesis of sexual display, but it subordinates sexual display to a more primary adaptive function.
254:, Alex Argyros, and Richard Cureton. Evolutionary analogists take the process of Darwinian evolution—blind variation and selective retention—as a widely applicable model for all development. The psychologist Donald Campbell advances the idea that all intellectual creativity can be conceived as a form of random variation and selective retention. Rabkin and Simon offer an instance in literary study. They argue that cultural creations "evolve in the same way as do biological organisms, that is, as complex adaptive systems that succeed or fail according to their fitness to their environment." Other critics or theorists who have some affiliation with evolutionary biology but who would not identify themselves as literary Darwinists include William Benzon (
273:
structured set of motivational and cognitive dispositions that have evolved through an adaptive process regulated by natural selection. Cognitive rhetoricians are generally more anxious than literary
Darwinists to associate themselves with postmodern theories of "discourse," but some cognitive rhetoricians make gestures toward evolutionary psychology, and some critics closely affiliated with evolutionary psychology have found common ground with the cognitive rhetoricians. The seminal authorities in cognitive rhetoric are the language philosophers
1291:
355:(Johns Hopkins UP, 2010 1-33). Goodheart and Deresiewicz, adopting a traditional humanist perspective, reject efforts to ground literary study in biology. Richardson disavows the Darwinists' tendency to attack poststructuralism. Richardson and Benzon both align themselves with cognitive science and distinguish that alignment from one with evolutionary psychology. Flesch makes use of evolutionary research on game theory, costly signaling, and altruistic punishment but, like
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379:)" and has called on literary scholars to be more conceptually rigorous when they pursue "empirical research into different aspects of literary evolution." Whitley Kaufman has argued that the Darwinist approach to literature has caused its proponents to misunderstand what is important and great in literature.
156:
The most hotly debated issue in evolutionary literary study concerns the adaptive functions of literature and other arts—whether there are any adaptive functions, and if so, what they might be. Proposed functions include transmitting information, including about kin relations, and by providing the
249:
Literary
Theorists who would call themselves "literary Darwinists" or claim some close alignment with the literary Darwinists share one central idea: that the adapted mind produces literature and that literature reflects the structure and character of the adapted mind. There are at least two other
147:
Contributors to evolutionary studies in literature have included humanists, biologists, and social scientists. Some of the biologists and social scientists have adopted primarily discursive methods for discussing literary subjects, and some of the humanists have adopted the empirical, quantitative
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affiliate themselves with certain language-centered areas of cognitive psychology. The chief theorists in this school argue that language is based in metaphors, and they claim that metaphors are themselves rooted in biology or the body, but they do not argue that human nature consists in a highly
143:
Evolutionary literary criticism of a minimalist kind consists in identifying basic, common human needs—survival, sex, and status, for instance—and using those categories to describe the behavior of characters depicted in literary texts. Others pose for themselves a form of criticism involving an
135:
and the forms of cultural imagination, including literature and its oral antecedents. By "human nature", they mean a pan-human, genetically transmitted set of dispositions: motives, emotions, features of personality, and forms of cognition. Because the
Darwinists concentrate on relations between
139:
Many literary
Darwinists aim not just at creating another "approach" or "movement" in literary theory; they aim at fundamentally altering the paradigm within which literary study is now conducted. They want to establish a new alignment among the disciplines and ultimately to encompass all other
250:
ways of integrating evolution into literary theory: cosmic evolutionism and evolutionary analogism. Cosmic evolutionists identify some universal process of development or progress and identify literary structures as microcosmic versions of that process. Proponents of cosmic evolution include
161:, 1997) suggests that aesthetic responsiveness is merely a side effect of cognitive powers that evolved to fulfill more practical functions, but Pinker also suggests that narratives can provide information for adaptively relevant problems. Geoffrey Miller (
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methods typical of research in the sciences. Literary scholars and scientists have also collaborated in research that combines the methods typical of work in the humanities with methods typical of work in the sciences.
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was devoted to evolutionary literary theory and criticism, with a target article by Joseph
Carroll ("An Evolutionary Paradigm for Literary Study"), responses by 35 scholars and scientists, and a rejoinder by Carroll.
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is an anthology, that is, a selection of essays and book excerpts, most of which had been previously published. Collections of essays that had not, for the most part, been previously published include those edited by
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corresponding to sadness, fear, and anger; comedy to joy and surprise; and satire to anger, disgust, and contempt. Tragedy has also been associated with status conflict and comedy with mate selection. The satiric
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constructs reality. The
Darwinists argue that biologically grounded dispositions constrain and inform discourse. This argument runs counter to what evolutionary psychologists assert is the central idea in the
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In addition to books oriented specifically to literature, this list includes books on cinema and books by authors who propound theories like those of the literary
Darwinists but discuss the arts in general.
130:
Literary
Darwinists use concepts from evolutionary biology and the evolutionary human sciences to formulate principles of literary theory and interpret literary texts. They investigate interactions between
563:
754:
The Oxford
Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology, Edited by Robin Dunbar and Louise Barret, Oxford University Press, 2007, Chapter 44 Evolutionary approaches of literature and drama by Joseph Carrol
359:, professes himself hostile to evolutionary psychology. For a commentary that is sympathetic to evolutionary psychology but skeptical about the possibilities of using it for literary study, see
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165:, 2000) argues that artistic productions in the ancestral environment served as forms of sexual display in order to demonstrate fitness and attract mates, similarly to the function of the
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has argued that the attempt to link Darwinism to literary studies has failed "to produce compelling evidence to support some of its basic assumptions (notably that literature is an
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contains 32 essays, including contributions to a symposium on the question "How is culture biological?", which includes six primary essays along with responses and rejoinders.
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Interest in the relationship between Darwinism and the study of literature began in the nineteenth century, for example, among Italian literary critics. For example,
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Elena Canadelli; Paolo Coccia; Telmo Pievani (2014). "Darwin and Literature in Italy: A Profitable Relationship". In Glick, Thomas F.; Shaffer, Elinor (eds.).
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92:
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285:. Other literary scholars associated with cognitive rhetoric include Mary Thomas Crane, F. Elizabeth Hart, Tony Jackson, Alan Richardson, Ellen Spolsky,
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philosophies that had come to dominate literary study during the 1970s and 1980s. In particular, the Darwinists took issue with the argument that
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351:, ed. Alan Richardson and Ellen Spolsky (Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2004 1-29); and Lisa Zunshine, "What is Cognitive Cultural Studies?," in
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genetically transmitted dispositions and specific cultural configurations, they often describe their work as "biocultural critique".
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John Tooby and Leda Cosmides, "Does Beauty Build Adapted Minds? Toward an Evolutionary Theory of Aesthetics, Fiction, and the Arts,"
95:
argued that literature was the history of the human psyche, and as such, played a part in the struggle for natural selection, while
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341:, Winter 2011; "Debating Literary Darwinism," a set of responses to Jonathan Kramnick's essay, along with Kramnick's rejoinder, in
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177:, 2009) argues that the arts are forms of cognitive "play" that enhance pattern recognition. In company with Ellen Dissanayake (
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has also been an important venue for the Darwinists. Social science journals that have published research on the arts include
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audience with a model and rehearsal for how to behave in similar situations that may arise in the future. Steven Pinker (
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103:"brought the concepts of natural selection, struggle for existence, adaptation and environment to bear in his novels".
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Interdisciplinary Essays on Darwinism in Hispanic Literature and Film: The Intersection of Science and the Humanities.
181:, 2000), Boyd also argues that the arts provide means of creating shared social identity and help create and maintain
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1578:
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Carroll, Gottschall, Johnson, and Kruger, "Agonistic Structure in Nineteenth-Century British Novels: Doing the Math"
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Literature, Analytically Speaking: Explorations in the Theory of Interpretation, Analytic Aesthetics, and Evolution
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Johnson, Carroll, Gottschall, and Kruger, "Hierarchy in the Library: Egalitarian Dynamics in Victorian Novels
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The Literature Project: Maya Lessov's Interviews with Scholars Involved in the Debate over the Two Cultures
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Modern Darwinian literary studies arose in part as a result of its proponents' dissatisfaction with the
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Of Literature and Knowledge: Explorations in Narrative Thought Experiments, Evolution, and Game Theory.
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Joseph Carroll, "Human Nature and Literary Meaning: a Theoretical Model Illustrated with a Critique of
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appeared in 2010; the journal ceased publication in 2013. The first issue of a semi-annual journal
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Jonathan Gottschall, "A Modest Manifesto and Testing the Hypotheses of Feminist Fairy Tale Studies"
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186:
40:
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Jonathan Gottschall, "Response to Kathleen Ragan's 'What Happened to the Heroines in Folktales?'"
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novel has been explained by contrasting universal human needs and oppressive state organization.
52:
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Comeuppance: Costly Signaling, Altruistic Punishment, and Other Biological Components of Fiction
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2008:
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1503:
832:
72:
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Reading Edith Wharton through A Darwinian Lens: Evolutionary Biological Issues In Her Fiction.
694:
For examples of evolutionary criticism making use of empirical, quantitative methodology, see
337:, (New Brunswick: NJ: Transaction, 2007); Jonathan Kramnick, "Against Literary Darwinism," in
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2828:
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E. S. Rabkin, and C. P. Simon, "Age, Sex, and Evolution in the Science Fiction Marketplace."
388:
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1948:
1923:
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Some Darwinists have proposed explanations for formal literary features, including genres.
96:
76:
68:
48:
1978:
778:, ed. Jonathan Gottschall and David Sloan Wilson (Evanston, IL: Northwestern UP), 147-76;
519:
8:
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2606:
2162:
1983:
1938:
1898:
1893:
1843:
1528:
1331:
433:
418:
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Maya Lessov, A Filmed Interview with Joseph Carroll, Brian Boyd, and Jonathan Gottschall
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has been attributed to a biologically based three-second metric. Gender preferences for
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1968:
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Mimesis and the Human Animal: On the Biogenetic Foundations of Literary Representation.
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Judith Saunders, "Male Reproductive Strategies in Sherwood Anderson's 'The Untold Lie'"
345:, Winter 2012; Alan Richardson, "Studies in Literature and Cognition: A Field Map," in
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2579:
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518:(Oxford: Oxford UP, 1997). For Darwinist critiques of "cultural constructivism," see
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403:
356:
269:
107:
36:
2315:
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Whitley Kaufman, 'Human Nature and the Limits of Darwinism' (Palgrave, 2016,151-73).
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1933:
1918:
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Evolutionary and Neurocognitive Approaches to Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts
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2018:
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Virginia Woolf and the Power of Story: A Literary Darwinist Reading of Six Novels
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567:
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are critical of literary Darwinism. Other critical commentaries include those of
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Catherine Salmon and Donald Symons, "Slash Fiction and Human Mating Psychology,"
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2559:
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2247:
2232:
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2143:
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2098:
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1998:
1958:
1928:
1813:
1793:
1788:
1743:
1738:
1723:
1703:
1523:
1051:
716:
Jonathan Gottschall and Marcus Nordlund, "Romantic Love: A Literary Universal?"
664:
Nancy Easterlin, "Psychoanalysis and the 'Discipline' of Love'" (on Wordsworth)
493:
423:
372:
226:
210:
2320:
2133:
784:
Joseph Carroll, "Adaptationist Literary Study: An Emerging Research Program,"
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For commentaries on the adaptive (or non-adaptive) functions of the arts, see
596:
3799:
3711:
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3644:
3204:
3024:
2984:
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2971:
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2783:
2772:
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2591:
2485:
2385:
2340:
2277:
2197:
2148:
2138:
2123:
2038:
2033:
1848:
1838:
1833:
1758:
1748:
1733:
1658:
1558:
1044:
Carroll, Joseph, Jonathan Gottschall, John Johnson, and Daniel Kruger. 2012.
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Joseph Carroll et al. "The Adaptive Function of Literature and the other Arts
535:
For introductory commentaries on evolutionary studies in the humanities, see
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278:
218:
182:
111:
47:
thought in intellectual disciplines beyond those traditionally considered as
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1993:
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408:
194:
132:
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2301:
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2267:
2068:
2053:
2028:
2013:
2003:
1768:
1618:
843:
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Jonathan Gottschall, "The Tree of Knowledge and Darwinian Literary Study"
214:
1311:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1286:
969:
The Reality of Illusion: An Ecological Approach to Cognitive Film Theory
895:
On the relations between cognitive rhetoric and literary Darwinism, see
839:
739:
735:
731:
727:
524:
Joseph Carroll, "Pluralism, Poststructuralism, and Evolutionary Theory,"
467:
346:
331:
324:
3587:
3582:
3299:
3034:
2574:
1888:
1808:
1778:
1320:
Much evolutionary literary criticism has been published in the journal
393:
376:
170:
100:
28:
625:
Brian Boyd, "The Art of Literature and the Science of Literature" (on
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2078:
1973:
1678:
1638:
1451:
962:
Excavating Stephen King: A Darwinist Hermeneutic Study of the Fiction
724:
Stiller, Nettle, and Dunbar, "The Small World of Shakespeare's Plays"
637:
Joseph Carroll, "Aestheticism, Homoeroticism, and Christian Guilt in
583:
For general statements about the aims of scholars in this field, see
503:
235:
115:
32:
912:
F. Elizabeth Hart, "The epistemology of cognitive literary studies,
676:
Judith Saunders, "Evolutionary Biological Issues in Edith Wharton's
452:
For an overview of evolutionary research in the human sciences, see
225:. Different genres have been conjectured to correspond to different
3701:
3461:
3166:
2395:
1663:
1653:
976:
Useful Fictions: Evolution, Anxiety, and the Origins of Literature.
700:
Jonathan Gottschall, "Greater Emphasis on Female Attractiveness in
632:
616:. For examples of interpretive essays by evolutionary critics, see
1220:
Shakespeare and the Nature of Love: Literature, Culture, Evolution
1119:
The Nature of Being Human: From Environmentalism to Consciousness.
931:
David Fishelov, "Evolution and Literary Studies: Time to Evolve,"
3602:
2410:
1718:
1698:
1668:
1009:
Boyd, Brian, Joseph Carroll, and Jonathan Gottschall, eds. 2010.
668:
Jonathan Gottschall, "Homer's Human Animal: Ritual Combat in the
614:
Joseph Carroll, "Evolutionary Approaches to Literature and Drama"
230:
166:
124:
1427:
1227:
Adaptive Rhetoric: Evolution, Culture, and the Art of Persuasion
1196:
Practical Ecocriticism: Literature, Biology, and the Environment
1046:
Graphing Jane Austen: The Evolutionary Basis of Literary Meaning
1039:
Reading Human Nature: Literary Darwinism in Theory and Practice.
612:
For an analysis of the topics and approaches in this field, see
504:
M. H. Abrams, "The Transformation of English Studies: 1930-1995"
1708:
1643:
1234:
Warrior Lovers: Erotic Fiction, Evolution, and Female Sexuality
897:
Joseph Carroll, "An Evolutionary Paradigm for Literary Study,"
585:
Brian Boyd, "Literature and Evolution: A Bio-Cultural Approach"
470:
The Literary and Cultural Reception of Charles Darwin in Europe
151:
933:
Philosophy and Literature, Vol. 41, No. 2 (October 2017): 286.
780:
Joseph Carroll, filmed lecture "On the Function of Imagination
660:
Nancy Easterlin, "Hans Christian Andersen's Fish out of Water"
1673:
1633:
1133:
The Rape of Troy: Evolution, Violence, and the World of Homer
1112:
A Biocultural Approach to Literary Theory and Interpretation
1004:
On the Origin of Stories: Evolution, Cognition. and Fiction.
896:
798:
783:
779:
589:
Interview with Joseph Carroll, "What Is Literary Darwinism?"
204:
1032:
Literary Darwinism: Evolution, Human Nature, and Literature
812:, Online Colloquium, the National Humanities Center, 2009;
633:
Brian Boyd, "On the Origin of Comics: New York Double-Take"
1444:
1439:
1404:
Researchers with similar interests can also be located on
1147:
The Literary Animal: Evolution and the Nature of Narrative
776:
The Literary Animal: Evolution and the Nature of Narrative
1203:
Masculinity in Four Victorian Epics: A Darwinist Reading.
1145:
Gottschall, Jonathan, and David Sloan Wilson, eds. 2005.
814:
Steven Pinker, "Toward a Consilient Study of Literature,"
361:
Steven Pinker, "Toward a Consilient Study of Literature,"
318:
William Deresiewicz, "Adaptation: On Literary Darwinism,"
1408:
by searching for people who have a research interest in
1105:
The Art Instinct: Beauty, Pleasure, and Human Evolution.
1411:
Evolutionary Literary Criticism and Theory / Biopoetics
1154:
Embodied Visions: Evolution, Emotion, Culture, and Film
983:
Madame Bovary's Ovaries: A Darwinian Look at Literature
920:
The Work of Fiction: Cognition, Culture, and Complexity
645:
Joseph Carroll, "The Cuckoo's History: Human Nature in
553:
John Whitfield, "Literary Darwinism: Textual Selection"
453:
348:
The Work of Fiction: Cognition, Culture, and Complexity
310:
William Benzon, "Signposts for a Naturalist Criticism,"
281:. The most prominent literary theorist in the field is
1248:
American Literary Classics: Evolutionary Perspectives.
1211:, and Paul Locher, and Vladimir M. Petrov, eds. 2007.
1166:
Headlam Wells, Robin, and JonJoe McFadden, eds. 2006.
502:, (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1983);
492:
On the conceptual character of poststructuralism, see
601:
Marcus Nordlund, "Consilient Literary Interpretation"
241:
1063:
The Ancestress Hypothesis: Visual Art as Adaptation
704:: A Revised Solution to an Old Evolutionary Riddle"
537:
Harold Fromm, "The New Darwinism in the Humanities"
1416:Literary Darwinism or Evolutionary Literary Theory
1390:Online forums for news and discussion include the
1140:The Storytelling Animal: How Stories Make Us Human
1077:Biopoetics: Evolutionary Explorations in the Arts
3797:
1428:Mathias Clasen's website (in English and Danish)
463:
461:
1075:Cooke, Brett, and Frederick Turner, eds. 1999.
247:Cosmic evolutionism and evolutionary analogism:
127:wholly constitutes human values and behaviors.
1434:The Evolutionary Review: Art, Science, Culture
1378:, a special evolutionary issue of the journal
1351:The Evolutionary Review: Art, Science, Culture
881:Nancy Easterlin, "Romanticism's Gray Matter,"
2442:
1467:
1182:The Genetic Function and Nature of Literature
1173:Hoeg, Jerry, and Kevin S. Larsen, eds. 2009.
618:Brian Boyd, "Art and Evolution: Spiegelman's
458:
1232:Salmon, Catherine, and Donald Symons. 2001.
981:Barash, David P., and Nanelle Barash. 2005.
750:
748:
152:Adaptive function of literature and the arts
2456:
1446:Evolutionary Studies in Imaginative Culture
1357:Evolutionary Studies in Imaginative Culture
918:; Alan Richardson and Ellen Spolsky, eds.,
782:, at the National Humanities Center, 2007;
765:Brian Boyd, "Evolutionary Theories of Art,"
2449:
2435:
1474:
1460:
1126:Literature, Science, and a New Humanities.
1011:Evolution, Literature, and Film: A Reader.
516:Literary Theory: A Very Short Introduction
353:Introduction to Cognitive Cultural Studies
1276:Why Do We Care about Literary Characters?
745:
334:Darwinian Misadventures in the Humanities
301:Some of the commentaries included in the
268:Practitioners of "cognitive rhetoric" or
205:Hypotheses about formal literary features
3613:Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance
1371:(vol. 42, numbers 2/3, summer/fall 2008)
1189:Human Nature and the Limits of Darwinism
873:Brian Boyd, "Literature and Discovery,"
296:
799:Joseph Carroll, "Rejoinder," pp. 349-68
3798:
1481:
1366:A special double-issue of the journal
1348:. The first issue of an annual volume
43:. It represents an emerging trend of
3105:Psychological effects of Internet use
2430:
1455:
1304:Martindale, Locher, and Petrov (2007)
1084:Art and Intimacy: How the Arts Began.
1018:Letteratura e darwinismo: lezioni due
65:evolutionary developmental psychology
1287:Boyd, Carroll, and Gottschall (2010)
545:D. T. Max, "The Literary Darwinists"
454:Human Behavior and Evolution Society
86:
3085:Digital media use and mental health
1072:We. Northwestern University Press.
845:Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge
472:. A&C Black. pp. 483–509.
13:
2716:Automatic and controlled processes
1874:Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling
1070:Human Nature in Utopia: Zamyatin's
860:Interdisciplinary Literary Studies
561:Mark Czarnecki, "The Other Darwin"
520:Brian Boyd, "Getting It All Wrong"
14:
3832:
3125:Smartphones and pedestrian safety
1421:
1300:Headlam Wells and McFadden (2006)
1222:. Northwestern University Press.
1149:. Northwestern University Press.
1114:. Johns Hopkins University Press.
1093:. University of Washington Press.
330:, (Cambridge: Harvard UP, 2008);
242:Distinguishing literary Darwinism
3776:
3763:
3751:
3750:
3150:Mobile phones and driving safety
1617:
1398:, and the Facebook homepage for
922:, Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2004.
499:Literary Theory: An Introduction
3053:Computer-mediated communication
1278:Johns Hopkins University Press.
1198:. University of Virginia Press.
1168:Human Nature: Fact and Fiction.
1121:Johns Hopkins University Press.
1100:University of Washington Press.
1086:University of Washington Press.
1020:. Padova, Tipografia A. Draghi.
950:
937:
925:
889:
865:
852:
3330:Empathising–systemising theory
2633:female intrasexual competition
2570:Evolutionarily stable strategy
1257:Northwestern University Press.
960:Anderson, James Arthur. 2020.
757:
740:Martindale, Locher, and Petrov
688:
606:
577:
529:
486:
446:
314:Entelechy: Mind & Culture,
83:, and other such disciplines.
1:
3690:Standard social science model
2743:Cognitive tradeoff hypothesis
1944:Charles Augustin Sainte-Beuve
1914:Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
1869:Anne Louise Germaine de Staël
1131:Gottschall, Jonathan. 2007.
1025:Evolution and Literary Theory
978:University of Nebraska Press.
728:Boyd, Carroll, and Gottschall
439:
121:Standard Social Science Model
3538:Missing heritability problem
3130:Social aspects of television
2753:Evolution of nervous systems
2721:Computational theory of mind
1360:appeared in spring of 2017.
1333:Evolution and Human Behavior
1296:Gottschall and Wilson (2005)
1264:. University of Texas Press.
1236:. Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
1184:. Cal Poly, San Luis Obispo.
1159:Headlam Wells, Robin. 2005.
1138:Gottschall, Jonathan. 2012.
1124:Gottschall, Jonathan. 2008.
7:
3784:Evolutionary biology portal
1163:Cambridge University Press.
1065:. Rutgers University Press.
1016:Canello, Ugo Angelo. 1882.
988:Blair, Linda Nicole. 2017.
382:
10:
3837:
3745:Evolutionary psychologists
3618:Trivers–Willard hypothesis
3533:Human–animal communication
3245:Ovulatory shift hypothesis
3095:Imprinted brain hypothesis
3063:Human–computer interaction
1909:Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
1312:and Hoeg and Larsen (2009)
1156:. Oxford University Press.
1096:Dissanayake, Ellen. 1990.
1089:Dissanayake, Ellen. 1995.
1082:Dissanayake, Ellen. 2000.
1058:. Oxford University Press.
1027:. University of Missouri.
1013:Columbia University Press.
971:. Southern Illinois Press.
736:Headlam Wells and McFadden
639:The Picture of Dorian Gray
496:, "Post-structuralism" in
17:Darwinian literary studies
3739:
3665:Environmental determinism
3636:Cultural selection theory
3628:
3523:Evolutionary epistemology
3510:
3437:evolutionary neuroscience
3399:
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3165:
3110:Rank theory of depression
3033:
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2381:Filippo Tommaso Marinetti
1774:Nicolas Boileau-Despréaux
1626:
1615:
1584:Reader-response criticism
1489:
1394:, the Facebook group for
1322:Philosophy and Literature
1218:Nordlund, Marcus. 2007.
1006:Harvard University Press.
914:Philosophy and Literature
883:Philosophy and Literature
875:Philosophy and Literature
838:30.1&2 (2001): 6-27;
822:Philosophy and Literature
797:; and in the same volume
369:Philosophy and Literature
81:evolutionary epistemology
57:evolutionary anthropology
3558:Cultural group selection
3442:Biocultural anthropology
3135:Societal impacts of cars
3068:Media naturalness theory
2758:Fight-or-flight response
1824:Gotthold Ephraim Lessing
1579:Psychoanalytic criticism
1401:The Evolutionary Review.
1396:Evolutionary Narratology
1274:Vermeule, Blakey. 2010.
1253:Storey, Robert. 1996.
1246:Saunders, Judith. 2018.
1239:Saunders, Judith. 2009.
1201:Machann, Clinton. 2009.
1187:Kaufman, Whitley. 2016.
1110:Easterlin, Nancy. 2012.
1107:Oxford University Press.
1030:Carroll, Joseph. 2004.
1023:Carroll, Joseph. 1995.
967:Anderson, Joseph. 1996.
316:Fall 2005/Winter 2006);
303:special double issue of
175:On the Origin of Stories
41:gene-culture coevolution
3821:Evolutionary psychology
3758:Evolutionary psychology
3722:Sociocultural evolution
3563:Dual inheritance theory
3020:Personality development
2481:Theoretical foundations
2458:Evolutionary psychology
1879:Samuel Taylor Coleridge
1339:Evolutionary Psychology
1292:Cooke and Turner (1999)
1250:Academic Studies Press.
1225:Parrish, Alex C. 2013.
1161:Shakespeare's Humanism.
1037:Carroll, Joseph. 2011.
995:Bordwell, David. 2008.
974:Austin, Michael. 2010.
840:E. O Wilson chapter ten
829:Journal of Sex Research
429:Evolutionary psychology
414:Evolutionary philosophy
221:have been explained by
53:evolutionary psychology
3680:Social constructionism
3675:Psychological nativism
3650:Biological determinism
3598:Recent human evolution
3593:Punctuated equilibrium
3416:Behavioral epigenetics
3411:evolutionary economics
3380:Variability hypothesis
3325:Emotional intelligence
3058:Engineering psychology
2748:Evolution of the brain
1599:Sociological criticism
1569:Postcolonial criticism
1504:Biographical criticism
1267:Swirski, Peter. 2007.
1260:Swirski, Peter. 2010.
1152:Grodal, Torben. 2009.
1068:Cooke, Brett. 2002.
258:) and William Flesch (
73:affective neuroscience
3707:Multilineal evolution
3670:Nature versus nurture
3629:Theoretical positions
3477:Functional psychology
3472:Evolutionary medicine
3447:Biological psychiatry
3155:Texting while driving
3145:Lead–crime hypothesis
3005:Cognitive development
2990:Caregiver deprivation
2501:Gene selection theory
2044:Ferdinand de Saussure
1627:Theorists and critics
1308:Gansel and Vanderbeke
1285:The volume edited by
1191:. Palgrave, New York.
1180:Hood, Randall. 1979.
1117:Fromm, Harold. 2009.
1103:Dutton, Denis. 2009.
732:Gottschall and Wilson
389:James Arthur Anderson
323:June 8, 2009: 26-31;
297:Critical commentaries
3816:Evolutionary biology
3660:Cultural determinism
3467:Evolutionary biology
3452:Cognitive psychology
3400:Academic disciplines
3048:Cognitive ergonomics
3015:Language acquisition
2995:Childhood attachment
2808:Wason selection task
2702:Behavioral modernity
2491:Cognitive revolution
2474:Evolutionary thought
1949:James Russell Lowell
1924:Francesco De Sanctis
1904:Percy Bysshe Shelley
1884:Wilhelm von Humboldt
1729:Lodovico Castelvetro
1514:Cultural materialism
1499:Archetypal criticism
1381:Politics and Culture
1061:Coe, Kathryn. 2003.
620:The Narrative Corpse
371:31 (2007): 162-178.
97:Francesco de Sanctis
77:behavioural genetics
69:cognitive psychology
49:evolutionary biology
3727:Unilineal evolution
3492:Population genetics
3277:Sexy son hypothesis
3215:Hormonal motivation
3195:Concealed ovulation
2736:Dual process theory
2607:Parental investment
2049:Claude LĂ©vi-Strauss
1984:Friedrich Nietzsche
1939:Ralph Waldo Emerson
1899:Thomas Love Peacock
1894:Arthur Schopenhauer
1844:Mary Wollstonecraft
1529:Descriptive poetics
1519:Darwinian criticism
1392:Biopoetics listserv
1283:Edited collections:
1142:. Houghton Mifflin.
1128:Palgrave Macmillan.
1002:Boyd, Brian. 2009.
877:, 23 (1999): 313-33
824:31 (2007): 162-178;
818:The Literary Animal
654:Pride and Prejudice
434:Universal Darwinism
419:Jonathan Gottschall
365:The Literary Animal
266:Cognitive rhetoric:
3685:Social determinism
3568:Fisher's principle
3528:Great ape language
3518:Cultural evolution
3487:Philosophy of mind
3320:Division of labour
3282:Westermarck effect
3230:Mating preferences
3140:Distracted driving
2874:Literary criticism
2731:Domain specificity
2711:modularity of mind
2351:Hans-Georg Gadamer
2183:Philip Wheelwright
2173:Simone de Beauvoir
1969:Charles Baudelaire
1864:William Wordsworth
1859:Friedrich Schlegel
1854:Friedrich Schiller
1684:Christine de Pizan
1594:Semiotic criticism
1539:Feminist criticism
1483:Literary criticism
1388:Discussion groups:
1194:Love, Glen. 2003.
1056:Why Horror Seduces
985:. Delacorte Press.
964:. Lexington Books.
906:2010-03-23 at the
901:42 (2008): 105-108
885:26 (2002): 443-55.
862:, 2 (2001): 45-58.
831:41 (2004): 94-100;
808:2010-04-27 at the
793:2010-03-23 at the
770:2008-10-15 at the
566:2010-01-14 at the
549:The New York Times
332:Eugene Goodheart,
191:Literary Darwinism
159:How the Mind Works
93:Ugo Angelo Canello
61:behavioral ecology
31:in the context of
25:literary criticism
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3548:Unit of selection
3543:Primate cognition
3457:Cognitive science
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3259:Sexual attraction
3235:Mating strategies
3000:Cinderella effect
2930:Moral foundations
2834:Visual perception
2726:Domain generality
2695:Facial expression
2643:Sexual dimorphism
2602:Natural selection
2548:Hamiltonian spite
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2406:Oswald de Andrade
2243:Hans Robert Jauss
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1589:Russian formalism
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1209:Martindale, Colin
997:Poetics of Cinema
916:25 (2001): 314-34
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647:Wuthering Heights
404:Ellen Dissanayake
357:Stephen Jay Gould
270:cognitive poetics
256:Beethoven's Anvil
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87:History and scope
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3180:Adult attachment
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1122:
1115:
1108:
1101:
1094:
1087:
1080:
1073:
1066:
1059:
1049:
1042:
1035:
1028:
1021:
1014:
1007:
1000:
993:
986:
979:
972:
965:
952:
949:
946:
945:
936:
924:
888:
864:
851:
756:
744:
687:
605:
576:
528:
494:Terry Eagleton
485:
478:
457:
444:
443:
441:
438:
437:
436:
431:
426:
424:Mathias Clasen
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
399:Joseph Carroll
396:
391:
384:
381:
373:David Fishelov
298:
295:
243:
240:
227:basic emotions
219:romance novels
206:
203:
187:Joseph Carroll
153:
150:
88:
85:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3833:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3786:
3785:
3779:
3775:
3773:
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3766:
3762:
3760:
3759:
3749:
3747:
3746:
3742:
3741:
3738:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3712:Neo-Darwinism
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3697:Functionalism
3695:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3655:Connectionism
3653:
3651:
3648:
3647:
3646:
3645:indeterminism
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3633:
3631:
3627:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
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3500:
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3434:
3430:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3408:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3398:
3395:
3391:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3365:Schizophrenia
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3350:Mental health
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3293:
3289:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3225:Mate guarding
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3185:Age disparity
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3168:
3164:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3137:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3115:Schizophrenia
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
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3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3050:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3041:
3040:Mental health
3036:
3035:Human factors
3032:
3026:
3025:Socialization
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2985:paternal bond
2982:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2956:
2950:
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2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2858:
2850:
2849:NaĂŻve physics
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2816:
2815:Motor control
2813:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2800:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2781:
2778:
2774:
2773:Ophidiophobia
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2763:Arachnophobia
2761:
2760:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2737:
2734:
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2717:
2714:
2713:
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2703:
2700:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2690:Display rules
2688:
2686:
2683:
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2678:
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2668:
2664:
2661:
2657:
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2620:
2617:
2613:
2610:
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2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2592:Kin selection
2590:
2586:
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2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
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2568:
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2514:
2511:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2486:Adaptationism
2484:
2483:
2482:
2479:
2475:
2472:
2471:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2463:
2459:
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2412:
2409:
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2397:
2394:
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2387:
2386:Tristan Tzara
2384:
2382:
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2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
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2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2341:Wolfgang Iser
2339:
2337:
2334:
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2329:
2327:
2326:Hélène Cixous
2324:
2322:
2319:
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2308:
2305:
2303:
2299:
2296:
2294:
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2284:
2281:
2279:
2278:Chinua Achebe
2276:
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2256:
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2209:
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2201:
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2198:Northrop Frye
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
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2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
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2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2150:
2149:W. K. Wimsatt
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2139:Kenneth Burke
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2129:György Lukács
2127:
2125:
2124:Jacques Lacan
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
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2062:
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2057:
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2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2039:Sigmund Freud
2037:
2035:
2034:A. C. Bradley
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
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1862:
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1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1849:William Blake
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1839:Immanuel Kant
1837:
1835:
1834:Denis Diderot
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
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1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1759:Thomas Hobbes
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1749:Francis Bacon
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1734:Philip Sidney
1732:
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1659:St. Augustine
1657:
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1585:
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1577:
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1562:
1560:
1559:New Criticism
1557:
1555:
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1176:
1172:
1169:
1165:
1162:
1158:
1155:
1151:
1148:
1144:
1141:
1137:
1135:. Cambridge.
1134:
1130:
1127:
1123:
1120:
1116:
1113:
1109:
1106:
1102:
1099:
1095:
1092:
1088:
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1074:
1071:
1067:
1064:
1060:
1057:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1043:
1040:
1036:
1034:. Routledge.
1033:
1029:
1026:
1022:
1019:
1015:
1012:
1008:
1005:
1001:
998:
994:
991:
987:
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934:
928:
921:
917:
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886:
884:
878:
876:
868:
861:
855:
848:
846:
841:
837:
834:
830:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
804:
800:
796:
792:
789:
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781:
777:
773:
769:
766:
760:
751:
749:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
703:
697:
691:
684:
680:
679:
673:
671:
665:
661:
657:
655:
649:
648:
642:
640:
634:
630:
628:
622:
621:
615:
609:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
580:
573:
569:
565:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
541:Hudson Review
538:
532:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
500:
495:
489:
481:
479:9781780937120
475:
471:
464:
462:
455:
449:
445:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
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395:
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387:
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370:
366:
362:
358:
354:
350:
349:
344:
340:
336:
335:
329:
328:
322:
319:
315:
311:
307:
306:
294:
292:
291:Lisa Zunshine
288:
287:Francis Steen
284:
280:
279:George Lakoff
276:
271:
267:
263:
261:
257:
253:
248:
239:
237:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
202:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
183:human bonding
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
149:
145:
141:
137:
134:
128:
126:
122:
117:
113:
112:postmodernist
109:
104:
102:
98:
94:
84:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
45:neo-Darwinian
42:
38:
34:
30:
27:that studies
26:
22:
18:
3782:
3769:
3756:
3743:
3502:Sociobiology
3360:Neuroscience
3340:Intelligence
2886:Anthropology
2873:
2839:Color vision
2824:Multitasking
2803:Flynn effect
2798:Intelligence
2780:Folk biology
2523:Evolutionary
2391:André Breton
2366:M. H. Abrams
2361:Peter Szondi
2356:Paul Ricoeur
2346:Hayden White
2283:Stanley Fish
2273:Harold Bloom
2223:Noam Chomsky
2178:Ronald Crane
2084:Leon Trotsky
1989:Walter Pater
1819:Edward Young
1804:Edmund Burke
1694:Rajashekhara
1689:Bharata Muni
1609:Thing theory
1574:Postcritique
1549:Geocriticism
1534:Ecocriticism
1518:
1445:
1433:
1410:
1406:Academia.edu
1405:
1400:
1387:
1386:
1380:
1375:
1368:
1363:
1362:
1356:
1350:
1345:Human Nature
1344:
1338:
1332:
1326:
1317:
1316:
1282:
1281:
1275:
1268:
1261:
1254:
1247:
1240:
1233:
1229:. Routledge.
1226:
1219:
1212:
1202:
1195:
1188:
1181:
1174:
1167:
1160:
1153:
1146:
1139:
1132:
1125:
1118:
1111:
1104:
1097:
1090:
1083:
1076:
1069:
1062:
1055:
1045:
1038:
1031:
1024:
1017:
1010:
1003:
999:. Routledge.
996:
992:. McFarland.
989:
982:
975:
968:
961:
954:
951:Bibliography
939:
932:
927:
919:
913:
898:
891:
882:
874:
867:
859:
854:
844:
835:
828:
821:
817:
816:a review of
785:
775:
759:
702:Homo sapiens
701:
690:
678:The Children
677:
669:
653:
646:
638:
626:
619:
608:
579:
571:
556:
548:
540:
531:
515:
507:
497:
488:
469:
448:
409:Denis Dutton
368:
364:
363:a review of
352:
347:
342:
338:
333:
326:
320:
313:
304:
300:
275:Mark Johnson
265:
264:
259:
255:
246:
245:
211:Poetic meter
208:
198:
195:Denis Dutton
190:
178:
174:
162:
158:
155:
146:
142:
138:
133:human nature
129:
105:
99:argued that
90:
39:, including
35:by means of
20:
16:
15:
3641:Determinism
3553:Coevolution
3497:Primatology
3335:Gender role
3240:Orientation
3120:Screen time
2977:Affectional
2959:Development
2638:Mate choice
2565:By-products
2533:Adaptations
2496:Cognitivism
2416:Octavio Paz
2321:René Girard
2302:Susan Gubar
2288:Edward Said
2268:Paul de Man
2134:Paul Valéry
2069:T. S. Eliot
2054:T. E. Hulme
2029:Umberto Eco
2014:Leo Tolstoy
2004:Oscar Wilde
1784:John Dennis
1769:John Dryden
1048:. Palgrave.
1041:SUNY Press.
283:Mark Turner
260:Comeuppance
215:pornography
193:2004), and
3800:Categories
3588:Population
3583:Lamarckism
3429:behavioral
3407:Behavioral
3355:Narcissism
3300:Aggression
3090:Hypophobia
3080:Depression
2967:Attachment
2949:Universals
2913:Psychology
2891:Biological
2879:Musicology
2869:Aesthetics
2768:Basophobia
2575:Exaptation
2553:Reciprocal
1994:Émile Zola
1889:John Keats
1809:David Hume
1779:John Locke
1271:Routledge.
1243:McFarland.
1215:. Baywood.
1170:Continuum.
440:References
394:Brian Boyd
377:adaptation
321:The Nation
171:Brian Boyd
101:Emile Zola
29:literature
3806:Darwinism
3433:cognitive
3425:Affective
3310:Cognition
3264:Sexuality
3250:Pair bond
3010:Education
2667:Cognition
2585:Inclusive
2525:processes
2513:Criticism
2079:Carl Jung
1974:Karl Marx
1679:Boccaccio
1639:Aristotle
1544:Formalism
1364:Symposia:
1318:Journals:
836:SubStance
236:dystopian
169:'s tail.
116:discourse
33:evolution
3702:Memetics
3462:Ethology
3420:genetics
3255:Physical
3220:Jealousy
3175:Activity
2981:maternal
2937:Religion
2925:Morality
2903:Language
2784:taxonomy
2597:Mismatch
2543:Cheating
2538:Altruism
2396:Mina Loy
1664:Boethius
1654:Plotinus
1649:Longinus
1205:Ashgate.
1054:. 2017.
904:Archived
806:Archived
801: ;
791:Archived
768:Archived
564:Archived
508:Daedalus
383:See also
123:": that
3603:Species
3375:Suicide
3210:Fantasy
3190:Arousal
2972:Bonding
2861:Culture
2685:Display
2672:Emotion
2580:Fitness
2469:History
2411:Hu Shih
1719:Liu Xie
1699:Valmiki
1669:Aquinas
1177:Mellen.
1079:. ICUS.
231:tragedy
167:peacock
125:culture
3781:
3768:
3755:
3345:Memory
3305:Autism
3272:female
3205:Desire
2942:Origin
2918:Speech
2908:Origin
2680:Affect
1709:Cao Pi
1644:Horace
1414:or in
1342:, and
847:(1998)
738:; and
722:; and
681:; and
627:Lolita
599:; and
557:Nature
522:; and
510:; and
476:
289:, and
3315:Crime
2898:Crime
2829:Sleep
2819:skill
2659:Areas
1714:Lu Ji
1674:Dante
1634:Plato
1369:Style
1327:Style
899:Style
786:Style
670:Iliad
305:Style
3268:male
2629:Male
2314:and
2300:and
2151:and
1376:Also
871:See
474:ISBN
277:and
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