156:. A number of questions could be answered by making a check in the appropriate box on the form. From 1850 to 1880 the Census Bureau employed "a system of tallying, which, by reason of the increasing number of combinations of classifications required, became increasingly complex. Only a limited number of combinations could be recorded in one tally, so it was necessary to handle the schedules 5 or 6 times, for as many independent tallies." "It took over 7 years to publish the results of the 1880 census" using manual processing methods.
186:. "Using Hollerith's punchcard equipment, the Census Office was able to complete tabulating most of the 1890 census data in 2 to 3 years, compared with 7 to 8 years for the 1880 census. It is estimated that using Hollerith's system saved some $ 5 million in processing costs" in 1890 dollars even though there were twice as many questions as in 1880.
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A very simple example of a data processing system is the process of maintaining a check register. Transactions— checks and deposits— are recorded as they occur and the transactions are summarized to determine a current balance. Monthly the data recorded in the register is reconciled with
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Commercial data processing involves a large volume of input data, relatively few computational operations, and a large volume of output. For example, an insurance company needs to keep records on tens or hundreds of thousands of policies, print and mail bills, and receive and post payments.
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A more sophisticated record keeping system might further identify the transactions— for example deposits by source or checks by type, such as charitable contributions. This information might be used to obtain information like the total of all contributions for the year.
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are often used. These tools are usually helpful for processing various huge data sets, as they are able to handle enormous amount of statistical analysis.
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represents a later development, with a computer used instead of several independent pieces of equipment. The Census Bureau first made limited use of
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calculations that are less often observed in a typical general business environment. For data analysis, software suites like
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dates only from the 1950s, data processing functions have been performed manually for millennia. For example,
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228:(IT). The older term "data processing" is suggestive of older technologies. For example, in 1996 the
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and manipulation of digital data to produce meaningful information. Data processing is a form of
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history illustrates the evolution of data processing from manual through electronic procedures.
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of a data processing system combining manual and computerized processing to handle
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involves functions such as posting transactions and producing reports like the
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Collection and manipulation of items of data to produce meaningful information
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The development of punch card tabulation in the Bureau of the Census, 1890
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a hopefully identical list of transactions processed by the bank.
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133:. Completely manual methods were augmented by the application of
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schedule was the first to gather data by individual rather than
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etc. depending on the interpreter's relation to the system.
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52:– Ensuring that supplied data is correct and relevant.
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Bohme, Frederick; Wyatt, J. Paul; Curry, James P. (1991).
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Data processing may involve various processes, including:
238:. Nevertheless, the terms are approximately synonymous.
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The important thing about this example is that it is a
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is typically used for the initial stage followed by a
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Data
Processing and Information Technology (10th ed.)
84:, analysis, interpretation and presentation of data."
621:
100 Years of Data
Processing: The Punchcard Century
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96:– separation of data into various categories.
290:in the second stage of the overall data handling.
222:has mostly been subsumed by the more general term
68:– reducing detailed data to its main points.
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170:was applied to operations performed by means of
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374:, the corresponding concept is referred to as
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717:Bourque, Linda B.; Clark, Virginia A. (1992)
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345:. The inputs and outputs are interpreted as
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699:Anthony Ralston; et al., eds. (2000).
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660:"Importance of statistics to data science"
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337:, people, and processes that for a set of
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464:Information and communications technology
362:data or storage (codes) processing system
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703:. Nature Publishing Group. p. 865.
701:Encyclopedia of Computer Science 4th ed
658:V, Jalajakshi; A n, Myna (2022-06-01).
604:. United States Department of Commerce.
360:A term commonly used synonymously with
282:are considered too broad, and the term
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272:In science and engineering, the terms
231:Data Processing Management Association
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624:. United States Bureau of the Census.
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309:, or their free counterparts such as
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117:Although widespread use of the term
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492:Data processing is distinct from
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376:electronic data processing system
194:Computerized data processing, or
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21:Data processing (disambiguation)
293:Data analysis uses specialized
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234:(DPMA) changed its name to the
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370:. With regard particularly to
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738:Punched Card Data Processing
190:Computerized data processing
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210:system, delivered in 1952.
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62:Summarization (statistical)
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372:electronic data processing
341:produces a defined set of
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247:Commercial data processing
196:electronic data processing
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204:1950 United States Census
184:1890 United States Census
167:automatic data processing
160:Automatic data processing
150:1890 United States Census
80:– the "collection,
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743:McGraw-Hill Book Company
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454:Decision-making software
548:. Thomson. p. 2.
469:Information technology
331:data processing system
225:information technology
113:Manual data processing
35:information processing
542:French, Carl (1996).
172:unit record equipment
952:Protection (privacy)
735:Levy, Joseph (1967)
637:Google N gram viewer
571:Google N gram viewer
474:Scientific computing
333:is a combination of
200:electronic computers
19:For other uses, see
417:accounts receivable
279:information systems
131:cash flow statement
596:Truesdell, Leon E.
407:Real-world example
367:information system
214:Other developments
182:equipment for the
178:'s application of
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882:Format management
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507:. September 1996
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641:. Retrieved
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892:Integration
841:Degradation
826:Compression
806:Archaeology
791:Acquisition
444:Computation
355:information
299:statistical
139:calculators
123:bookkeeping
72:Aggregation
66:(automatic)
1047:Categories
1022:Validation
957:Publishing
947:Processing
917:Management
831:Corruption
821:Collection
555:1844801004
529:References
411:This is a
295:algorithms
206:, using a
174:, such as
135:mechanical
50:Validation
31:collection
1027:Warehouse
992:Scrubbing
972:Retention
967:Reduction
922:Migration
897:Integrity
865:Transform
816:Cleansing
686:2666-285X
643:April 28,
505:Webopedia
413:flowchart
218:The term
164:The term
154:household
88:Reporting
41:Functions
997:Security
987:Scraping
962:Recovery
836:Curation
801:Analysis
598:(1965).
577:June 26,
511:June 24,
439:Big data
433:See also
382:Examples
335:machines
208:UNIVAC I
202:for the
143:computer
129:and the
78:Analysis
1007:Storage
982:Science
977:Quality
907:Lineage
902:Library
877:Farming
860:Extract
846:Editing
343:outputs
325:Systems
101:History
56:Sorting
29:is the
927:Mining
887:Fusion
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684:
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401:system
339:inputs
480:Notes
351:facts
317:, or
315:gretl
1017:Type
912:Loss
870:Load
780:Data
727:ISBN
682:ISSN
645:2018
579:2013
550:ISBN
513:2013
347:data
319:PSPP
303:SPSS
297:and
276:and
148:The
105:The
855:ELT
851:ETL
811:Big
672:doi
364:is
311:DAP
307:SAS
305:or
145:."
64:or
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