609:
information from the WHD. The WHD denied the
Oklahoma Department of Labor access to the survey forms used to determine the wages, so the Oklahoma Department of Labor undertook a criminal investigation. According to Brenda Reneau, then-Commissioner of the Oklahoma Department of Labor, "This investigation found that grossly inaccurate information had been reported to the Federal Government by what the U.S. Department of Labor calls interested third parties. We found inflated numbers of employees on projects, inflated wage rates reported for these same non-existent workers and we found projects that were never built. We also noticed what appears to be a pattern in the reporting method on many of the wage survey forms, as our visual presentation will show here today." In response to this, “a follow-up investigation conducted by the U.S. Department of Labor confirms that not only was a great deal of inaccurate information reported, as we had alleged, but U.S. Department of Labor documents show certain unions in Oklahoma City as the parties who submitted that information. It appears that false information may have been submitted to the U.S. Department of Labor in an attempt, purposefully, to inflate Davis–Bacon wage rates.” In the wake of the state investigations, the WHD withdrew many prevailing wage findings for the state, and the Oklahoma Supreme Court found their Little Davis–Bacon statute to be in violation of the state constitution.
345:(OFPP) had formed a task force to review DBA and the Services Contract Act. They published new regulations just as they were leaving office. The Reagan Administration froze all pending regulations in order to review them, and then issued its own set of regulations in 1982. These consisted of five changes: (1) setting the threshold for how much of the workforce must be paid a common wage for that wage to become the "prevailing wage" at 50% (previously 30%); (2) strictly limiting the importation of urban rates for projects in rural areas; (3) limiting the use of wages paid on other DBA-covered federal projects in the determination of prevailing rates to prevent bias in the base rate; (4) expanding the potential use of unskilled “helpers” on federal construction; and (5) eliminating the weekly payroll report requirements of the Copeland "Anti-kickback" Act of 1934, opting instead to require reports only in support of enforcement actions. These rules were challenged in
712:
construction trades were heavily unionized at that time by craft unions, “prevailing wage” effectively meant “union journeyman wage” as discussed above. Unions operate by negotiating for higher wages, and then working to restrict those eligible for the higher wages to union membership. Craft unions did not admit black apprentices, and therefore black laborers did not have the opportunity to advance to journeyman status. According to
Bernstein, “as of 1940 blacks composed 19 percent of the 435,000 unskilled "construction laborers" in the United States and 45 percent of the 87,060 in the South”, and according to Hill, "the increase of Negro participation in building trades apprenticeship training programs rose only from 1.5% to 2%" in New York between 1950 and 1960. Furthermore, Hill pointed out that "ecause the
591:
with high wage workforces and high overhead to respond. By answering the request for data when employers with lower wage workforces and low overhead do not, they pull the prevailing wage determination in their favor. For smaller employers and employers who do not participate in federal contracting, it is not worth the cost to complete the surveys. Furthermore, it is in the interest of local unions to respond to the surveys, since a predetermination of wage significantly below the union wage would allow non-union employers to bid successfully on contracts. Thus, the survey responses tend to be biased upwards towards collective bargaining agreement wage levels. This source of bias was noted in the DOL Office of the
662:
money because he works faster, more accurately, and with less supervision than an inexperienced worker. For example, four union journeyman paid $ 25 per hour might perform as well as or better than five entry level workers being paid $ 20 per hour. Others point out that federal projects tend to be more complex and require more skilled labor than on either private or state projects. Yet another counterpoint is that by inflating wages, such requirements direct more income into the middle class rather than paying rock bottom dollars to unskilled labor through federal programs while supporting their families through social service programs. Finally, blogger
27:
724:". Therefore, the requirements and mechanisms of the Davis–Bacon Act necessarily prevented black laborers from participating in federally funded construction projects. “According to a study on youth and minority employment published by the Congressional Joint Economic Committee on July 6, 1977, Davis–Bacon wage requirements discourage nonunion contractors from bidding on Federal construction work, thus harming minority and young workers who are more likely to work in the nonunionized sector of the construction industry.” Thus, even if racism was not the intent, racial discrimination was a result of the law initially.
649:(BLS), but does it with inferior methods. The BLS samples wages randomly instead of relying on self-reporting. The BLS also uses an interview approach to eliminate reporting errors. Academic researchers have found significant variations between the more accurate and timely BLS data and the WHD data; variances may run around 9%, but in some cases the WHD data may be too low. For these reasons, the DOL Office of Inspector General directed the WHD to investigate whether the BLS wage data could be used in place of the WHD wage data. They declined to do so, prompting another audit of their methodology.
281:, a supplement to the DBA. This was followed in 1935 with another amendment which introduced five changes: (1) The threshold for falling under the DBA requirements were lowered from $ 5,000 to $ 2,000; (2) coverage was extended to all federal contract construction, including painting and decorating; (3) the agency may withhold funds sufficient to pay underpaid workers; (4) the Comptroller General would make a list of contractors who had “disregarded their obligations to employees and subcontractors” so that they could be
658:
an otherwise free market, then Davis–Bacon requirements artificially inflate labor costs above market levels. In addition, companies that participate in federal construction jobs are required to collect data and report regularly. This adds to overhead costs. As a result of these cost increases, projects of a given scope cost more than they would otherwise, or that projects of a given budget must be constrained in scope, or some combination of both.
700:
legislation history of both prior bills that anticipated Davis–Bacon, and Davis–Bacon itself. On the floor of the House of
Representatives, Congressman Upshaw said: "You will not think that a southern man is more than human if he smiles over the fact of your reaction to that real problem you are confronted with in any community with a superabundance or large aggregation of negro labor." U.S. Congressman
113:
587:
showed that, in many instances, these wage rates were not adequately or accurately determined. About one-half of the area and project determinations we reviewed were not based on surveys Labor made of wages paid to workers on private projects in the locality where the wage rates issued were required to be paid. Instead, union-negotiated rates were used, on the assumption that those rates prevailed.”
538:: WHD analysts then review the returned forms for completeness, ambiguity, and inconsistencies. If the information received is deemed to be inadequate, the scope of the survey may be expanded. For example, if it is determined that relevant projects have not been completed recently, or that the area is inadequately represented, WHD may conduct telephone surveys to increase the robustness of data.
509:, codified as 40 U.S.C. 3141-3148. The Act covers four main areas of construction: residential, heavy, buildings, and highway. Within these areas are further classifications, including craft positions such as plumber, carpenter, cement mason/concrete finisher, electrician, insulator, laborer, lather, painter, power equipment operator, roofer, sheet metal worker, truck driver, and welder.
630:(FLSA). At the time that Davis–Bacon Act was passed, legal scholars were divided on the question about whether the federal government could regulate labor costs and conditions. The Davis–Bacon Act was seen as a legitimate way to control labor wages and conditions on federal projects since there was clear jurisdiction on those. However, as the Depression rolled on, especially after the
526:: In the third quarter of each year, the WHD distributes a Regional Planning Survey Report, published by the F. W. Dodge division of the McGraw-Hill Information Systems, to regional offices. The regional offices then consider the types of construction planned as well as the age of the current wage determination. This analysis determines when and where surveys will be conducted.
251:" projects home to their districts did not result in jobs for their constituents (and therefore political support from them), the Hoover Administration requested that Congress reconsider the Act once more as a means of preventing falling wages. Sponsored in the Senate by former Labor Secretary Davis, it passed by voice vote and was signed into law on 3 March 1931.
608:
conducted an investigation into the WHD-provided prevailing wages being used in state projects. Oklahoma had a Little Davis–Bacon law that, in an attempt to save on administrative costs, adopted the federal standards. When the state office was notified that some rates had increased 162%, it requested
568:
took off, and intensified in the wake of Nixon's suspension. Those areas, broadly considered, include (a) data collection and accuracy issues resulting from the way regulations have been formulated and administered, (b) the increased cost of federal construction projects, and (c) claims that the law
711:
Despite the initial complaints about the use of migrant workers, the Act does not require that contractors show that workers engaged are local residents, but rather requires that laborers be paid the local prevailing wage. Due to the way the data were collected at that time and due to the fact that
661:
Supporters of the Davis–Bacon Act contend that these costs differences either don't exist or may be justified. One contention is that higher paid labor may be paid more because they have superior skills and are more productive. Under this assumption, a union journeyman would be worth the additional
657:
The Davis–Bacon Act requires contractors to pay a prevailing wage as predetermined by the WHD. One stated purpose of this is to prevent a "race to the bottom" in which employers may use migrant and other low-skill, unemployed workers to perform the work at low costs. If such a possibility exists in
309:
In 1962, the House of
Representatives convened the Special Subcommittee on Labor, chaired by James Roosevelt D–CA. In response to this committee, the Secretary of Labor established the Wage Appeals Board to allow wage determinations to be reviewed. The committee brought an amendment to the DBA that
227:
had passed laws that required that contractors on public works projects pay the wage that prevailed locally. "In 1891, Kansas adopted a law requiring that ‘not less than the current rate of per diem wages in the locality where the work is performed shall be paid to laborers, workmen, mechanics, and
264:
The Davis–Bacon Act has been amended several times in its history. Almost immediately upon passage in 1931, both unions and contractors expressed dissatisfaction with key components of the law. Unions said that the law lacked enforcement teeth, while contractors said that it was impossible to know
617:
Both academic and government researchers have found evidence that the procedures used by the WHD result in substantial publication delays. The WHD may take on average more than 30 months to issue data. These render the predetermined prevailing wage findings irrelevant since they may be publishing
595:
report: “A past audit observed that the methods used by WH to obtain survey data allowed bias to be introduced into wage surveys. Statistical sampling of employers was not done. Only data from employers and third parties who volunteered to participate in the surveys were considered. Consequently,
590:
The use of union data would probably prevail regardless of assumptions, since the data are collected through voluntary surveys. Since the responses are provided voluntarily, and since the response requires a substantial amount of work to understand and complete, it is in the interest of employers
586:
For the first 50 years, the WHD used union wages to satisfy the 30% rule. The GAO found similar results in 1979, just prior to the change to the 50% rule: ”Our evaluation of the wage determination files and inquiries regarding 73 wage determinations at Labor's headquarters and five of its regions
285:
from federal contracts for three years; (5) right of legal action was explicitly granted to laborers regardless of whether they had accepted wages; and (6) DBA contracts would include “the minimum wages to be paid various classes of laborers and mechanics” prior to the submission of bids by a
699:
In that context, the protests against the Long Island hospital built with migrant labor can be seen for what they were: resistance outside of the Jim Crow South to black workers. During this time, complaints about black workers taking federal construction jobs appear sporadically through the
695:
The migration in turn created new demographic challenges in the North. White workers were competing against new labor; in some cases, the black workers were used as pawns in an effort to break unions. There were widespread efforts to recruit black workers and in reaction, efforts to thwart
332:
The act results in unnecessary construction and administrative costs of several hundred million dollars annually (if the construction projects reviewed by GAO are representative) and has an inflationary effect on the areas covered by inaccurate wage rates and the economy as a
286:
contractor (predetermination). The predetermination requirement set up a mechanism to collect and disseminate appropriate prevailing wage data prior to issuing proposal requests for federal contract bids. Many of these changes were introduced at the urging of labor unions.
577:
As noted above, the Wage and Hours
Division of the Department of Labor collects data through surveys. These surveys are submitted voluntarily. Researchers have found that the methodology suffered from sampling bias and, in some cases, fraud. These are discussed below.
636:
ruling in 1937, the
Roosevelt Administration succeeded in establishing a federal authority to dictate wages, including a federal, universal minimum wage. In the view of some reviewers, this superseded the need for a prevailing wage law specific to federal contracts.
666:
has suggested that because union workers tend to vote overwhelmingly
Democratic, and because Democrats favor more federal projects, then Davis–Bacon may actually increase the amount of infrastructure built by supporting those who indirectly vote for more programs.
688:, immigration from Europe fell dramatically at precisely the time that Northern industry required additional labor for the war effort. As a result, northern industry and entrepreneurs began to recruit laborers from the South. This brought about or accelerated the
596:
data that could have influenced survey results may have been omitted. Also, employers and third parties who may have had a stake in the outcome of wage decisions were afforded an opportunity to submit erroneous data that may have influenced the survey results.”
239:
hospital in the district of
Congressman Bacon. Prompted by concerns about the conditions of workers, displacement of local workers by migrant workers, and competitive pressure toward lower wages, Bacon introduced the first version of his bill in 1927.
228:
other persons so employed by or on behalf of the state of Kansas’ or of other local jurisdictions. Through the next several decades, other states followed suit, enacting a variety of labor-protective statutes covering workers in contract production."
532:: WD-10 survey forms are sent to contractors and subcontractors along with a cover letter requesting information. Letters and forms are also sent to members of Congress, trade associations, and building trade unions to solicit information from them.
396:
Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, New
Hampshire, North Carolina, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Carolina, South Dakota, Utah, Virginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin
704:(D-Missouri) reported that he had "received numerous complaints in recent months about southern contractors employing low-paid colored mechanics getting work and bringing the employees from the South". U.S. Congressman
748:. In the years that followed, the AFL and CIO moved towards each other and toward integration. By the time they re-united in 1955, unions were much less discriminatory. Even more recently, rules introduced by the
520:(DOL). The procedure "involves four steps: (1) planning and scheduling of surveys, (2) conducting the surveys, (3) clarifying and analyzing the respondents' data and (4) issuing the wage determinations."
1657:
696:
recruitment. Black migrants were restricted to specific neighborhoods in northern cities where the buildings were in poor condition and rents were high, forcing them to live in dense conditions.
1590:
329:
After nearly 50 years, the
Department of Labor has not developed an effective program to issue and maintain current and accurate wage determinations; it may be impractical to ever do so.
1242:
360:
294:
In 1941, the reach of the Act was expanded to cover military construction In the 1950s, questions were raised about which agencies should control which provisions and whether the new
322:(GAO) – (which was renamed the Government Accountability Office in 2004) published a report titled, “The Davis–Bacon Act Should Be Repealed". The GAO summarized its argument as
326:
Significant changes in economic conditions, and the economic character of the construction industry since 1931, plus the passage of other wage laws, make the act unnecessary.
247:, with local workers complaining losing jobs to those willing to work for lower wages, and additional complaints from Congressmen frustrated that their efforts to bring "
306:
confused the situation further, as there were pay differences between manufacturing and construction, with contractors and unions having clear but opposite preferences.
1562:
1236:
1918:
Waldinger, Roger; Bailey, Thomas (1991), "The Continuing Significance of Race: Racial Conflict and Racial Discrimination in the Construction Industry",
1401:
169:
contracts in excess of $ 2,000 for the construction, alteration, or repair (including painting and decorating) of public buildings or public works".
1967:
177:
127:
760:
administrations have reduced the discriminatory effects of the Davis–Bacon Act. Black interest groups have found common cause with unions and the
1361:
Changes the formula for calculating the prevailing wage to become much weaker, and exempts projects under $ 75,000. Effective August 28, 2018.
477:. The cited reason for the suspension was the need to provide as many employment opportunities as possible in the recovery from hurricanes
773:
303:
556:
Three areas of controversy have surrounded the Davis–Bacon Act since the 1950s. In the beginning, these were touched off because of the
269:
5778, clarifying some of the enforcement mechanisms, and Congress considered amendments which were vetoed before Hoover left office.
1903:
Hill, Herbert (1989), Shulman, Steven; Darity, William Jr. (eds.), "Black Labor and Affirmative Action: An Historical Perspective",
1617:
243:
Over the next few years, Bacon attempted to introduce variations on the prevailing wage bill 13 times. Finally, in the midst of the
142:
349:, 712 F.2d 611 (D.C. Cir. 1983). Of the five changes, all were eventually upheld except for the change in reporting requirements.
166:
626:
In addition to these findings, some detractors have pointed out that the Davis–Bacon Act requirements were rendered moot by the
447:
in case of emergency. This authority has been exercised four times since passage: twice in general, and twice in limited areas.
185:
131:
911:
1372:
733:
342:
210:
As of 2016, the act increases the cost of wages in federal construction projects by an average of $ 1.4 billion per year.
1447:
Inaccurate Data Were Frequently Used in Wage Determinations Made Under the Davis–Bacon Act, Report Number 04-97-013-04420
1208:
The Davis–Bacon Act Should Be Repealed, Report to the Congress by the Comptroller General of the United States, HRD-79-18
778:
278:
1481:
Concerns Persist with the Integrity of Davis–Bacon Act Prevailing Wage Determinations, Audit Report No. 04-04-003-04-420
1739:
1666:
969:
847:
689:
473:
initiated a suspension in Florida, Louisiana, and Hawaii. This suspension was not lifted until March 1993 by President
1707:
1681:
Marks, Carole (October 1983), "Lines of Communication, Recruitment Mechanisms, and the Great Migration of 1916-1918",
1327:
1022:
1977:
1522:
517:
368:
1933:
1512:
1146:
337:
This publication reflected an ongoing political debate. Concluding about the same time, the Carter Administration's
1215:
364:
181:
138:
123:
1383:
352:
In addition to these changes, DBA prevailing wage principles have been included in more than 50 federal statutes.
1568:
1409:
1246:
962:
Only One Place of Redress: African Americans, Labor Regulations and the Court from Reconstruction to the New Deal
632:
604:
In addition to claims of bias, researchers and investigators have found evidence of fraud. In 1995, the state of
338:
266:
77:
69:
708:(D-Alabama) reported on "cheap colored labor" that "is in competition with white labor throughout the country".
1834:
1810:
1031:
920:
713:
444:
1592:
An Analysis of Davis–Bacon Prevailing Wage Requirements:Evidence from Highway Resurfacing Projects in Colorado
1972:
1349:
371:
for processing claims for wages due to laborers and mechanics hired by contractors on public works projects.
1350:
Raised the threshold from $ 400,000 to $ 1,000,000 as part of the state budget. Effective October 31, 2017.
737:
413:
Alaska, Maine, Minnesota†, Missouri, Montana, New Mexico, Ohio††, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Wyoming
1869:
Hill, Herbert (1961), "Racism Within Organized Labor: A Report of Five Years of the AFL-CIO, 1955-1960",
1445:
870:
38:
692:
in which black (and white) laborers from the South came North in search of better pay and opportunity.
646:
53:
1360:
1479:
1289:
557:
544:: Once compiled and analyzed, the wage determinations are made publicly available. See, for example,
319:
154:
1371:
Applies to road construction only, as all other projects became exempted starting January 1, 2014.
788:
627:
379:
In addition to the federal law, several other jurisdictions have passed "Little Davis–Bacon" laws.
224:
223:
Prior to the passage of the federal Davis–Bacon Act (abbreviated DBA), other jurisdictions in the
720:, building trades unions affiliated to the AFL-CIO in most instances are closed unions operating
165:
projects for laborers and mechanics. It applies to "contractors and subcontractors performing on
513:
200:
1079:
1338:
1155:
452:
26:
1546:
Prevailing Wage Laws Are Not Inflationary: A Case Study of Public School Construction Costs
116:
8:
1623:
236:
512:
The agency responsible for collecting and disseminating the prevailing wage data is the
265:
beforehand what the prevailing wages were when submitting bids. President Hoover issued
1886:
1799:
1316:
745:
506:
295:
1267:
824:"Employment Law Guide: Working Conditions: Prevailing Wages in Construction Contracts"
492:
suspended the Act for one month in Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana after
298:
acts should specifically reference DBA requirements. In the 1960s, the passage of the
1830:
1806:
1735:
1662:
1518:
965:
749:
645:
Finally, some detractors have pointed out that the WHD collects the same data as the
592:
493:
470:
1878:
1690:
717:
705:
663:
478:
363:
into law. This law amended the Davis–Bacon Act by transferring authority from the
299:
244:
196:
62:
1694:
851:
940:
Johnson, David B. (August 1, 1991), "Prevailing Wage Legislation in the States",
803:
701:
482:
188:
158:
134:
866:
1849:
Bloch, Herbert (1958), "Craft Unions and the Negro in Historical Perspective",
1784:
U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Labor. Hearings on H.R. 7995 & H.R. 9232
823:
741:
489:
204:
173:
119:
100:
1961:
1024:
The Davis–Bacon Act: Institutional Evolution and Public Policy, Report 94-408
757:
753:
681:
463:
867:"Options for Reducing the Deficit: 2017 to 2026; Repeal the Davis–Bacon Act"
1567:, International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers Local 725, archived from
1206:
1035:
793:
474:
356:
162:
1564:
Davis–Bacon Prevailing Wage Rates Are Not Synonymous With Union Wage Rates
798:
721:
685:
429:
Illinois, Massachusetts, Michigan, Nebraska, New York, Texas, Washington
248:
192:
1453:, Office of Audit, Office of Inspector General, U.S. Department of Labor
1145:
Glassman, Sarah; Head, Michael; Tuerck, David G.; Bachman, Paul (2008),
455:
suspended the Act in 1934 for three weeks to aid in the introduction of
81:
1890:
565:
466:
suspended the Act in 1971 for one month as an anti-inflationary measure
1827:
Black Workers in White Unions: Job Discrimination in the United States
1487:, Office of Audit, Office of Inspector General, US Department of Labor
1801:
The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups
1658:
The Warmth of Other Suns: The Epic Story of America's Great Migration
310:
required the inclusion of fringe benefits in the wage determination.
282:
1882:
1317:
Effective January 9, 2017, with emergency clause in the legislation
605:
561:
456:
361:
Streamlining Claims Processing for Federal Contractor Employees Act
716:
has done little to enforce the anti-closed shop provisions of the
1303:
828:
Office of the Assistant Secretary for Policy, Department of Labor
232:
1756:
U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Labor. Hearings on H.R. 17069
347:
Building and Construction Trades' Department. AFL-CIO v. Donovan
1148:
The Federal Davis–Bacon Act: The Prevailing Mismeasure of Wages
560:
and the volume of military construction that took place in the
545:
112:
1732:
Race and Economics: How Much Can Be Blamed on Discrimination?
761:
684:
were in effect throughout the Southern United States. During
231:
In 1927, a contractor employed African-American workers from
1243:
United States Court of Appeals, District of Columbia Circuit
277:
In 1934, Congress passed and President Roosevelt signed the
783:
572:
1105:
Schulman, Stuart, "The Case Against the Davis–Bacon Act",
1016:
1014:
1012:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1002:
1000:
1144:
998:
996:
994:
992:
990:
988:
986:
984:
982:
980:
640:
1429:
1943:, United States House of Representatives, March 7, 1995
546:
the Department of Labor website set up for this purpose
1439:
1437:
977:
913:
Davis–Bacon: The Act and The Literature, Report 94-908
744:, some of which disallowed black members. The CIO was
157:
that establishes the requirement for paying the local
1907:, Wesleyan University Press: 190, 238, and 258 n. 181
1517:, U.S. Government Printing Office, 18 January 1996,
960:
Bernstein, David E. (2001), "Prevailing-Wage Laws",
905:
903:
901:
899:
897:
895:
893:
891:
889:
887:
1786:, 71st Cong., 2d Sess., Mar 6, 1930, pp. 26–27
1772:, 71st Cong., 2d Sess., Mar 6, 1930, pp. 26–27
1473:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1434:
1328:
Effective May 12, 2016, 90 days after veto override
1081:
The Davis–Bacon Act: Let's Bring Jim Crow to an End
764:passed a resolution in 1993 in support of the DBA.
564:. These became more pronounced in the 1960s as the
1798:
1758:, 69th Cong., 2d Sess., Feb 28, 1927, pp. 2–4
1709:Great Migration: The African-American Exodus North
54:
1598:, Healy Center for Business and Economic Research
1514:Joint Held Hearing on Davis–Bacon Fraud and Abuse
884:
443:The Davis–Bacon Act allows for suspension by the
405:Connecticut, Delaware, Maryland, Nevada, Vermont
1959:
1544:Allen, Steven G.; Reich, David (December 1980),
1464:
1182:, The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania
1917:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1126:
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1120:
1118:
1116:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1057:
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740:in 1935. The AFL was predominantly made up of
1864:
1862:
1860:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1306:. Indiana Department of Labor. 26 April 2021.
1201:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1189:
859:
675:
618:data that is no longer relevant or accurate.
421:California, Hawaii, New Jersey, Rhode Island
1498:
259:
1173:
1171:
1113:
1052:
1857:
1637:
1543:
1186:
1021:Whittaker, William G. (13 November 2007),
910:Whittaker, William G. (13 November 2007),
727:
374:
145:), the co-sponsors of the Davis–Bacon Act.
1654:
1395:
1393:
1020:
959:
955:
953:
951:
909:
1734:. Hoover Institution Press. p. 34.
1729:
1177:
1168:
573:Data collection and publication concerns
383:Little Davis–Bacon Statutory Thresholds
111:
1968:United States federal labor legislation
1557:
1555:
1260:
939:
1960:
1588:
1399:
1390:
1290:"Prevailing Wage Laws and Regulations"
948:
846:Mar. 3, 1931, ch. 411, 46 Stat. 1494.
641:Compared to Bureau of Labor Statistics
621:
1934:"Congressional Record, March 7, 1995"
1848:
1824:
1796:
1770:Hearings on H.R. 7995 & H.R. 9232
1680:
1477:
1443:
1077:
304:McNamara–O'Hara Service Contract Acts
218:
172:The act is named after its sponsors,
1902:
1868:
1615:
1552:
1339:Repeal effective September 23, 2017.
1304:"DOL: Common Construction Wage Home"
1104:
774:McNamara–O'Hara Service Contract Act
734:Congress of Industrial Organizations
612:
569:is racist in conception and effect.
343:Office of Federal Procurement Policy
199:. The Davis–Bacon act was passed by
1548:, Center to Protect Workers’ Rights
1030:, Domestic Social Policy Division,
581:
505:The Davis–Bacon Act is part of the
500:
13:
1478:Lewis, Elliot P. (30 March 2004),
59:Tooltip Public Law (United States)
14:
1989:
680:At the time of original passage,
518:United States Department of Labor
369:United States Department of Labor
203:and signed into law by President
1619:Two Cheers for Special Interests
1216:Government Accountability Office
1178:Thieblot, Armand J. Jr. (1975),
365:Government Accountability Office
254:
25:
16:US law on wages for public works
1926:
1911:
1896:
1842:
1818:
1790:
1776:
1762:
1748:
1723:
1700:
1674:
1609:
1582:
1537:
1423:
1376:
1365:
1354:
1343:
1332:
1321:
1310:
1296:
1292:. Arkansas Department of Labor.
1282:
1238:AFL-CIO v Donovan, 712 F.2d 611
1229:
633:West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish
524:Planning and scheduling surveys
339:Office of Management and Budget
313:
1905:The Question of Discrimination
1589:Duncan, Kevin C. (June 2011),
1098:
1032:Congressional Research Service
933:
921:Congressional Research Service
840:
816:
714:National Labor Relations Board
551:
438:
1:
1695:10.1525/sp.1983.31.1.03a00050
809:
1829:, Cornell University Press,
1805:, Harvard University Press,
1444:Getek, John (Mar 10, 1997),
779:Copeland "Anti-kickback" Act
738:American Federation of Labor
355:In November 2013, President
289:
279:Copeland "Anti-kickback" Act
184:under three presidents, and
167:federally funded or assisted
7:
1402:"The Blacks and the Unions"
871:Congressional Budget Office
767:
381:
318:In 1979, the U.S. Congress
39:71st United States Congress
10:
1994:
1871:Journal of Negro Education
1825:Gould, William B. (1977),
1655:Wilkerson, Isabel (2011),
676:Intent and early operation
647:Bureau of Labor Statistics
213:
1730:Williams, Walter (2001).
964:, Duke University Press,
670:
558:Interstate Highway System
408:$ 100,000 to $ 1,000,000
320:General Accounting Office
260:Immediately after passage
178:Senator from Pennsylvania
155:United States federal law
92:
87:
68:
49:
44:
33:
24:
1978:1931 in economic history
1851:Journal of Negro History
1270:. United States Congress
628:Fair Labor Standards Act
599:
272:
1400:Rustin, Bayard (1971),
1384:"LEO - Prevailing Wage"
1107:Government-Union Review
728:Subsequent developments
652:
400:No Prevailing Wage Law
375:Little Davis–Bacon laws
1797:Olson, Mancur (1971),
1245:, 1983, archived from
514:Wage and Hour Division
335:
146:
1268:"H.R. 2747 - Summary"
1156:Beacon Hill Institute
789:Worker's compensation
453:Franklin D. Roosevelt
416:$ 25,000 to $ 75,000
324:
115:
1973:1931 in American law
1941:Congressional Record
1920:Politics and Society
942:Monthly Labor Review
1712:, 13 September 2010
1626:on 11 November 2005
1616:Yglesias, Matthew,
1412:on 21 February 2013
1180:The Davis–Bacon Act
622:Obsolescence of DBA
542:Publication of data
536:Compilation of data
530:Issuance of surveys
424:$ 1,000 to $ 2,000
384:
88:Legislative history
21:
1078:Bernstein, David,
1041:on 6 November 2011
873:. December 8, 2016
507:United States Code
382:
296:interstate highway
219:Leading to passage
207:on March 3, 1931.
182:Secretary of Labor
147:
19:
1109:(Winter 1983): 23
613:Publication delay
593:Inspector General
494:Hurricane Katrina
471:George H. W. Bush
436:
435:
391:Threshold Amount
110:
109:
76:ch. 411, 46
71:Statutes at Large
1985:
1952:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1938:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1866:
1855:
1854:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1804:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1766:
1760:
1759:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1704:
1698:
1697:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1652:
1635:
1634:
1633:
1631:
1622:, archived from
1613:
1607:
1606:
1605:
1603:
1597:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1559:
1550:
1549:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1509:
1496:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1486:
1475:
1462:
1461:
1460:
1458:
1452:
1441:
1432:
1427:
1421:
1420:
1419:
1417:
1408:, archived from
1397:
1388:
1387:
1380:
1374:
1369:
1363:
1358:
1352:
1347:
1341:
1336:
1330:
1325:
1319:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1264:
1258:
1257:
1256:
1254:
1233:
1227:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1218:, April 27, 1979
1213:
1203:
1184:
1183:
1175:
1166:
1165:
1164:
1162:
1153:
1142:
1111:
1110:
1102:
1096:
1095:
1094:
1092:
1087:, Cato Institute
1086:
1075:
1050:
1049:
1048:
1046:
1040:
1034:, archived from
1029:
1018:
975:
974:
957:
946:
945:
937:
931:
930:
929:
927:
918:
907:
882:
881:
879:
878:
863:
857:
844:
838:
837:
836:
834:
820:
718:Taft Hartley Act
686:World War I
664:Matthew Yglesias
582:Statistical bias
501:Current practice
385:
245:Great Depression
237:Veterans' Bureau
159:prevailing wages
103:on March 3, 1931
72:
60:
56:
29:
22:
18:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1955:
1946:
1944:
1936:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1916:
1912:
1901:
1897:
1883:10.2307/2294330
1877:(30): 113–117,
1867:
1858:
1847:
1843:
1837:
1823:
1819:
1813:
1795:
1791:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1768:
1767:
1763:
1754:
1753:
1749:
1742:
1728:
1724:
1715:
1713:
1706:
1705:
1701:
1683:Social Problems
1679:
1675:
1669:
1653:
1638:
1629:
1627:
1614:
1610:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1587:
1583:
1574:
1572:
1571:on 19 June 2013
1561:
1560:
1553:
1542:
1538:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1511:
1510:
1499:
1490:
1488:
1484:
1476:
1465:
1456:
1454:
1450:
1442:
1435:
1428:
1424:
1415:
1413:
1398:
1391:
1382:
1381:
1377:
1370:
1366:
1359:
1355:
1348:
1344:
1337:
1333:
1326:
1322:
1315:
1311:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1288:
1287:
1283:
1273:
1271:
1266:
1265:
1261:
1252:
1250:
1235:
1234:
1230:
1221:
1219:
1211:
1205:
1204:
1187:
1176:
1169:
1160:
1158:
1151:
1143:
1114:
1103:
1099:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1076:
1053:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1027:
1019:
978:
972:
958:
949:
938:
934:
925:
923:
916:
908:
885:
876:
874:
865:
864:
860:
845:
841:
832:
830:
822:
821:
817:
812:
804:Prevailing wage
770:
736:split from the
730:
706:Clayton Allgood
702:John J. Cochran
690:Great Migration
678:
673:
655:
643:
624:
615:
602:
584:
575:
554:
503:
441:
377:
316:
292:
275:
267:Executive Order
262:
257:
221:
216:
189:Robert L. Bacon
151:Davis–Bacon Act
135:Robert L. Bacon
106:
97:Signed into law
70:
58:
34:Enacted by
20:Davis–Bacon Act
17:
12:
11:
5:
1991:
1981:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1954:
1953:
1925:
1910:
1895:
1856:
1841:
1835:
1817:
1811:
1789:
1775:
1761:
1747:
1741:978-0817912451
1740:
1722:
1699:
1673:
1668:978-0679763888
1667:
1636:
1608:
1581:
1551:
1536:
1523:
1497:
1463:
1433:
1422:
1389:
1375:
1364:
1353:
1342:
1331:
1320:
1309:
1295:
1281:
1259:
1249:on 15 May 2010
1228:
1185:
1167:
1112:
1097:
1051:
976:
971:978-0822325833
970:
947:
932:
883:
858:
848:40 U.S.C.
839:
814:
813:
811:
808:
807:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
769:
766:
746:integrationist
729:
726:
677:
674:
672:
669:
654:
651:
642:
639:
623:
620:
614:
611:
601:
598:
583:
580:
574:
571:
553:
550:
502:
499:
498:
497:
490:George W. Bush
486:
467:
460:
440:
437:
434:
433:
430:
426:
425:
422:
418:
417:
414:
410:
409:
406:
402:
401:
398:
393:
392:
389:
376:
373:
341:(OMB) and its
315:
312:
291:
288:
274:
271:
261:
258:
256:
253:
220:
217:
215:
212:
205:Herbert Hoover
186:Representative
174:James J. Davis
120:James J. Davis
108:
107:
105:
104:
101:Herbert Hoover
93:
90:
89:
85:
84:
74:
66:
65:
51:
47:
46:
42:
41:
35:
31:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1990:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1942:
1935:
1929:
1921:
1914:
1906:
1899:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1852:
1845:
1838:
1832:
1828:
1821:
1814:
1808:
1803:
1802:
1793:
1785:
1779:
1771:
1765:
1757:
1751:
1743:
1737:
1733:
1726:
1711:
1710:
1703:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1677:
1670:
1664:
1660:
1659:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1625:
1621:
1620:
1612:
1594:
1593:
1585:
1570:
1566:
1565:
1558:
1556:
1547:
1540:
1526:
1524:0-16-053915-3
1520:
1516:
1515:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1483:
1482:
1474:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1449:
1448:
1440:
1438:
1431:
1426:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1396:
1394:
1385:
1379:
1373:
1368:
1362:
1357:
1351:
1346:
1340:
1335:
1329:
1324:
1318:
1313:
1305:
1299:
1291:
1285:
1269:
1263:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1239:
1232:
1217:
1210:
1209:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1181:
1174:
1172:
1157:
1150:
1149:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1108:
1101:
1083:
1082:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1037:
1033:
1026:
1025:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
999:
997:
995:
993:
991:
989:
987:
985:
983:
981:
973:
967:
963:
956:
954:
952:
943:
936:
922:
915:
914:
906:
904:
902:
900:
898:
896:
894:
892:
890:
888:
872:
868:
862:
856:
853:
849:
843:
829:
825:
819:
815:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
771:
765:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
725:
723:
719:
715:
709:
707:
703:
697:
693:
691:
687:
683:
682:Jim Crow Laws
668:
665:
659:
650:
648:
638:
635:
634:
629:
619:
610:
607:
597:
594:
588:
579:
570:
567:
563:
559:
549:
547:
543:
539:
537:
533:
531:
527:
525:
521:
519:
516:(WHD) of the
515:
510:
508:
495:
491:
487:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
465:
464:Richard Nixon
461:
458:
454:
450:
449:
448:
446:
432:No threshold
431:
428:
427:
423:
420:
419:
415:
412:
411:
407:
404:
403:
399:
395:
394:
390:
387:
386:
380:
372:
370:
367:(GAO) to the
366:
362:
358:
353:
350:
348:
344:
340:
334:
330:
327:
323:
321:
311:
307:
305:
301:
297:
287:
284:
280:
270:
268:
255:Since passage
252:
250:
246:
241:
238:
234:
229:
226:
225:United States
211:
208:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
187:
183:
180:and a former
179:
175:
170:
168:
164:
160:
156:
153:of 1931 is a
152:
144:
140:
136:
133:
129:
125:
121:
118:
114:
102:
99:by President
98:
95:
94:
91:
86:
83:
79:
75:
73:
67:
64:
57:
52:
48:
43:
40:
36:
32:
28:
23:
1945:, retrieved
1940:
1928:
1919:
1913:
1904:
1898:
1874:
1870:
1850:
1844:
1826:
1820:
1800:
1792:
1783:
1778:
1769:
1764:
1755:
1750:
1731:
1725:
1714:, retrieved
1708:
1702:
1689:(1): 73–83,
1686:
1682:
1676:
1656:
1630:22 September
1628:, retrieved
1624:the original
1618:
1611:
1600:, retrieved
1591:
1584:
1573:, retrieved
1569:the original
1563:
1545:
1539:
1528:, retrieved
1513:
1489:, retrieved
1480:
1455:, retrieved
1446:
1430:WDOL website
1425:
1414:, retrieved
1410:the original
1405:
1378:
1367:
1356:
1345:
1334:
1323:
1312:
1298:
1284:
1274:12 September
1272:. Retrieved
1262:
1251:, retrieved
1247:the original
1237:
1231:
1220:, retrieved
1207:
1179:
1159:, retrieved
1147:
1106:
1100:
1089:, retrieved
1080:
1043:, retrieved
1036:the original
1023:
961:
941:
935:
924:, retrieved
912:
875:. Retrieved
861:
854:
842:
831:, retrieved
827:
818:
794:Minimum wage
742:craft unions
731:
722:closed shops
710:
698:
694:
679:
660:
656:
644:
631:
625:
616:
603:
589:
585:
576:
555:
541:
540:
535:
534:
529:
528:
523:
522:
511:
504:
475:Bill Clinton
442:
378:
357:Barack Obama
354:
351:
346:
336:
331:
328:
325:
317:
314:1970–present
308:
300:Walsh–Healey
293:
276:
263:
242:
230:
222:
209:
171:
163:public works
150:
148:
96:
1947:29 December
1716:26 December
1661:, Vintage,
1602:26 December
1575:29 December
1530:28 December
1491:27 December
1457:27 December
1416:26 December
1222:27 December
1161:27 December
1091:26 December
1045:27 December
926:26 December
852:§ 3141
833:26 December
799:Living wage
552:Controversy
439:Suspensions
359:signed the
283:blacklisted
249:pork barrel
235:to build a
193:Long Island
1962:Categories
1836:0801410622
1812:0674537513
877:2019-04-22
810:References
566:Space Race
488:President
469:President
462:President
451:President
50:Public law
1922:(19): 297
1253:9 January
944:: 839–845
445:President
290:1940–1970
45:Citations
1853:(43): 24
1406:Harper's
768:See also
606:Oklahoma
562:Cold War
457:New Deal
201:Congress
197:New York
1891:2294330
855:et seq.
750:Johnson
459:efforts
233:Alabama
214:History
55:Pub. L.
1889:
1833:
1809:
1738:
1665:
1521:
968:
850:
758:Reagan
756:, and
671:Racism
479:Andrew
388:State
333:whole.
130:) and
80:
63:71–798
61:
1937:(PDF)
1887:JSTOR
1596:(PDF)
1485:(PDF)
1451:(PDF)
1212:(PDF)
1152:(PDF)
1085:(PDF)
1039:(PDF)
1028:(PDF)
917:(PDF)
762:NAACP
754:Nixon
600:Fraud
483:Iniki
273:1930s
78:Stat.
1949:2012
1831:ISBN
1807:ISBN
1736:ISBN
1718:2012
1663:ISBN
1632:2005
1604:2012
1577:2012
1532:2012
1519:ISBN
1493:2012
1459:2012
1418:2012
1276:2013
1255:2013
1224:2012
1163:2012
1093:2012
1047:2012
966:ISBN
928:2012
835:2012
784:Wage
732:The
653:Cost
481:and
302:and
176:, a
149:The
143:NY-1
132:Rep.
117:Sen.
82:1494
37:the
1879:doi
1691:doi
191:of
161:on
1964::
1939:,
1885:,
1875:30
1873:,
1859:^
1687:31
1685:,
1639:^
1554:^
1500:^
1466:^
1436:^
1404:,
1392:^
1241:,
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1188:^
1170:^
1154:,
1115:^
1054:^
979:^
950:^
919:,
886:^
869:.
826:,
752:,
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195:,
128:PA
1881::
1744:.
1693::
1386:.
1278:.
880:.
496:.
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141:–
139:R
137:(
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124:R
122:(
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