661:
457:
covered his mouth and beard, and from time to time they lowered it and the whole of his face appeared, and again they raised it. The
Prester was dressed in a rich mantle of gold brocade, and silk shirts of wide sleeves. From his knees downwards he had a rich cloth of silk and gold well spread out like a Bishop's apron, and he was sitting in majesty as they paint God the Father on the wall. In age, complexion, and stature, he is a young man, not very black. His complexion might be chestnut or bay, not very dark in color; he is very much a man of breeding, of middling stature; they said that he was twenty-three years of age, and he looks like that, his face is round, the eyes large, the nose high in the middle, and his beard is beginning to grow. In presence and state he fully looks like the great lord that he is.
52:
1253:
481:. Contemporaries concluded that the Muslim threat to Ethiopia was finally over, so when the diplomatic mission from Portugal arrived at last, Dawit denied that Mateus had the authority to negotiate treaties, ignoring Eleni's counsels. After a stay of six years, the Portuguese at last set sail and left a governing class who thought they were securely in control of the situation. As Paul B. Henze notes, "They were mistaken."
500:
683:. The king acknowledged his title of "Patriarch of Ethiopia", which had been officially approved by the Pope. John III also provided him with letters addressed to the Portuguese Viceroy in India, directing the immediate dispatch of ships along with four to five hundred soldiers to assist the Abyssinian king in combating the Muslims.
686:
In 1539, Gragn sent an embassy to Dawit and asked for his daughter in marriage, and pointed out to him that if he refused to do so, there was no one left with whom he could take refuge. The king replied, "I will not give her to you for you are an unbeliever; it is better to fall into the power of the
577:
Imam Ahmad Gragn spent the next two years preoccupied beyond the Awash, but returned to attack
Ethiopia in 1531, where he scattered the army under the general Eslamu by firing the first cannon in the Horn of Africa. Dawit was forced to withdraw into the Ethiopian highlands and fortify the passes into
456:
We saw the
Prester John sitting on a platform of six steps very richly adorned. He had on his head a high crown of gold and silver, that is to say, one piece of gold and another of silver from the top downwards, and a silver cross in his hand; there was a piece of blue taffeta before his face which
597:
on 27 October, where the
Emperor was almost captured, a reversal, in the words of R.S. Whiteway, that left Lebna Dengel "never in a position to offer a pitched battle to his enemies." The Imam's followers poured into Bet Amhara, pillaging every church they found, including Mekane Selassie, Atronsa
546:
but had not put them to use. In the 1520s, Emperor Lebna Dengel bought two swivel-guns from the
Portuguese, as well as fourteen muskets acquired from Turks, he was thus ill equipped for the Ottoman backed invasion in 1527 which included thousands of Turkish and Arab flintlocks and matchlocks. The
706:, he successfully crossed it and reached Tabr. There, he succeeded in killing Ahmad al-Din, the Adalite governor of Tigray, who had been plundering churches. Shortly after, Dawit was stabbed to death in his bed by an unknown assailant at
927:
554:
The Imam's followers were accustomed to making lightning raids on
Ethiopian territory, swiftly attacking and quickly returning home; they had no experience in pitched battles, and Ahmad Gragn struggled with numerous desertions.
687:
Lord, Whose majesty is as great as His mercy, than into yours." Gragn was furious, and began a pursuit of the king, who wandered from desert to desert in nakedness, suffering from hunger, exhaustion and sickness.
406:, whom he married around 1512â13. The couple had eight children: four sons and four daughters. Taking only one wife throughout his life was seen as a Christian act that fit with the ideals of the
574:
on the right flank managed to hold their ground. While not a clear victory for the Imam, this battle still proved to the Imam's followers that they could fight and defeat the
Ethiopian army.
551:
and entered
Fatagar in 1528, looting and burning the town of Badeqe before Dawit could arrive with his army. He began to withdraw, retreating across the Samara, a tributary of the Awash.
440:
to
Portugal to ask for assistance. However, the Portuguese response did not arrive in Ethiopia until much later, when an embassy led by Dom Rodrigo de Lima arrived at
1219:
679:, who had arrived in Ethiopia with Dom Rodrigo de Lima, to request for military assistance. Bermudez traveled to Lisbon, where he was honorably received by
676:
492:
leaders and spread terror in the region. Dawit sent his general
Delghan into Adal to confront him however the Abyssinian army was defeated at the
2002:
1241:
42:
770:"Barara, the Royal City of 15th and Early 16th Century (Ethiopia). Medieval and Other Early Settlements Between Wechecha Range and Mt Yerer"
566:
on the left flank retreated from the battlefield, with the Ethiopians pursuing them and killing a large number of their men, but that the
698:
came and captured most his soldiers, and he was force to flee with a few loyal followers to the mountain of Tchelmefra in the country of
1992:
1249:
957:
1987:
660:
582:("the House of Amhara"), leaving the territories to the east and south under the protection of his general Wasan Sagad. However,
51:
843:
558:
The Emperor Dawit caught up with Imam Ahmad Gragn's forces, and they engaged in battle on either 7 or 9 March 1529, at the
366:
265:
2012:
1234:
809:
2017:
976:, translated by Paul Lester Stenhouse with annotations by Richard Pankhurst (Hollywood: Tsehai, 2003), pp. 68â70.
633:
995:
1227:
1261:
57:
1147:
1113:
1096:
2007:
721:
had been captured by Ahmad a year before Dawit died. His release was not secured until 1543, when Queen
671:
During the years he lived as an outlaw in his own realm constantly hounded by Imam Ahmed's soldiers the
1997:
1940:
523:
485:
1927:
473:, a Muslim stronghold, and burned it. Dawit would then proceed to ravage Adal and lay waste to Sultan
1271:
474:
293:
1851:
702:. Dawit found refuge in this location but was once again pursued by the Malassay. Upon reaching the
1304:
489:
374:
752:
line of the Solomonic dynasty. Another grandson started the Shewan line of the Solomonic dynasty.
736:
One of Dawit II's younger sons, Yaqob, is said to have stayed behind to hide in the province of
825:
769:
675:, Dawit came to see Queen Eleni's wisdom in reaching out to Europe for help, and he dispatched
559:
513:
484:
According to Ethiopian chronicles, two decades into Dawit's ascension, a young man by the name
1977:
829:
519:
1982:
1132:
The Chronicle of King GĂ€lawdewos (1540-1559): A Critical Edition with Annotated Translation
896:
The Chronicle of King GĂ€lawdewos (1540â1559): A Critical Edition with Annotated Translation
859:
Molvaer, Reidulf K. (1998). "The Tragedy of Emperor Libne-Dingil of Ethiopia (1508-1540)".
730:
680:
542:
region. The Ethiopians had previously stolen firearms from the Mamluks during the reign of
449:
8:
1949:
1936:
1257:
1201:
1164:
445:
433:
351:
65:
1077:
1069:
876:
594:
587:
425:
states were benefitting from the assistance of other, larger Muslim countries like the
407:
421:
until 1516, when he came of age. During this time, she was aware that the neighboring
1869:
1623:
1609:
1460:
1279:
1081:
991:
880:
839:
805:
718:
645:
437:
414:
305:
217:
198:
124:
1756:
1721:
1700:
1679:
1665:
1651:
1637:
1538:
1506:
1297:
1252:
1061:
868:
781:
726:
699:
336:
150:
1672:
1591:
913:
833:
799:
618:
598:
Maryam, Debre Nagwadgwad and Ganata Giyorgis. Emperor Dawit fell back behind the
493:
386:
170:
703:
586:
was slain near Mount Busat while fighting Ura'i Utman on 29 July (5 Nahase 1524
1904:
1418:
1348:
641:
531:
466:
426:
988:
Futuh al-Habasha: The conquest of Ethiopia translated by Paul Lester Stenhouse
748:
defeated his various second cousins in 1604 to become Emperor and started the
381:
may have given Dawit the appellation "Wanag Segad," which is a combination of
1971:
1946:
1911:
1791:
1777:
1432:
1355:
1166:
The Portuguese expedition to Abyssinia in 1541-1543 as narrated by Castanhoso
563:
362:
785:
1840:
1833:
1826:
1819:
1812:
1805:
1798:
1784:
1735:
1467:
1397:
1390:
1341:
1290:
722:
665:
614:
535:
403:
191:
1065:
872:
1876:
1862:
1707:
1686:
1616:
1602:
1404:
607:
583:
579:
548:
346:
1073:
1049:
1883:
1630:
1524:
1495:
1453:
1411:
1369:
1334:
1211:
1014:, 1902 (Nendeln, Liechtenstein: Kraus Reprint Limited, 1967), p. xxxvi.
745:
714:
707:
599:
209:
166:
114:
91:
1890:
1644:
1559:
1517:
1481:
637:
562:, but failed to destroy the Imam's army. Arab Faqīh states that many
320:
912:
translated by C. F. Beckingham and G. W. B. Huntingford (Cambridge:
526:, consolidated his hold on the Adal Sultanate, making his candidate
1770:
1742:
1728:
1714:
1658:
1573:
1545:
1439:
1425:
1383:
1376:
1194:
695:
672:
622:
571:
543:
527:
370:
275:
104:
1130:
632:
Both Ethiopia and Dawit suffered heavily from these assaults. The
461:
A follower of his late father, the monk Gebre Andrias slayed Emir
382:
1897:
1580:
1566:
1531:
1362:
691:
539:
499:
448:, they did not reach Dawit's camp until 19 October of that year.
441:
260:
1552:
985:
749:
626:
603:
478:
462:
422:
418:
378:
1763:
1749:
1693:
1488:
1474:
1050:"The Tragedy of Emperor Libne-Dingil of Ethiopia (1508-1540)"
986:
bin 'Abd al-Qader arabfaqīh, Sihab ad-Din (30 January 2005).
741:
649:
567:
470:
432:
Eleni sought to neutralize this advantage by dispatching the
413:
Although she was well into her seventies, the Empress Mother
355:
146:
354:
from 1508 to 1540, whose political center and palace was in
737:
402:
In contrast to previous emperors, Dawit had only one wife,
373:
and Empress Na'od Mogesa. The important victory over the
640:
looted. Dawit's eldest son Fiqtor was killed at Zara in
636:
was destroyed, and the establishments on the islands of
613:
In April 1533, Ahmad once again assembled his troops at
469:
in 1517 about the same time a Portuguese fleet attacked
75:
31 July 1507 â 2 September 1540
644:
by a lieutenant of Ahmad on 7 April 1537; another son,
972:
As described by Sihab ad-Din Ahmad bin 'Abd al-Qader,
617:
to conquerâor at least ravageâthe northern regions of
606:. Only their failure to capture the royal compound at
929:
The Ethiopians; an Introduction to Country and People
1945:
During that time, the imperial title was claimed by
1163:
Castanhoso, Miguel de (1902). Whiteway, R.S. (ed.).
804:. Rowman & Littlefield. June 2018. p. 266.
1012:
The Portuguese Expedition to Abyssinia in 1541â1543
648:, was captured on 19 May 1539, and later sent to
56:Contemporary portrait of a young Lebna Dengel by
1969:
1145:
1111:
1094:
801:Encyclopedia of Christianity in the Global South
1939:, Haile Selassie went into exile following the
990:. Tsehai Pub and Distributors. pp. 81â82.
824:
417:stepped in to act as her step-great-grandson's
32:
26:
1235:
1152:. Vol. 1. Methuen & co. p. 334.
1118:. Vol. 1. Methuen & co. p. 334.
1101:. Vol. 1. Methuen & co. p. 334.
319: â 2 September 1540), also known by the
1242:
1228:
1162:
1060:(2). Michigan State University Press: 32.
925:
898:(PhD). University of Hamburg. p. 184.
50:
974:Futuh al-Habasa: The conquest of Ethiopia
767:
503:Stamp depicting Lebna Dengel and his army
659:
498:
1149:History Of Ethiopia Nubia And Abyssinia
1115:History Of Ethiopia Nubia And Abyssinia
1098:History Of Ethiopia Nubia And Abyssinia
1047:
959:History Of Ethiopia Nubia And Abyssinia
858:
452:provided a description of the Emperor:
361:A male line descendant of the medieval
2003:Child monarchs from sub-Saharan Africa
1970:
1169:. London: Redford Press. p. xxxiv
1128:
932:. Oxford University Press. p. 72.
893:
725:exchanged him for the captured son of
593:The Imam surprised the Emperor at the
1223:
955:
944:Layers of Time, A History of Ethiopia
507:
16:Emperor of Ethiopia from 1508 to 1540
538:and were looking to expand into the
1135:. UniversitÀt Hamburg. p. 185.
522:in 1520, a young general and imam,
13:
946:(New York: Palgrave, 2000), p. 85.
331:), better known by his birth name
14:
2029:
1993:16th-century emperors of Ethiopia
1129:Beyene, Solomon Gebreyes (2016).
894:Beyene, Solomon Gebreyes (2016).
530:sultan. Shortly before this, the
1251:
444:on 9 April 1520. Traversing the
365:kings, and thus a member of the
1988:16th-century monarchs in Africa
1156:
1139:
1122:
1105:
1088:
1041:
1029:
1017:
1004:
979:
966:
835:Dictionary of African Biography
713:Dawit was succeeded by his son
634:Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion
949:
936:
919:
910:The Prester John of the Indies
902:
887:
852:
818:
792:
761:
397:
1:
1146:A. Wallace Budge, E. (1828).
1112:A. Wallace Budge, E. (1828).
1095:A. Wallace Budge, E. (1828).
755:
655:
313:
138:
664:Illustration of Dawit II by
602:to the relative security of
392:
369:, he was the son of Emperor
7:
1412:Zara Yaqob (Kwestantinos I)
926:Ullendorff, Edward (1960).
768:Pankhurst, Richard (2009).
10:
2034:
1941:Second Italo-Ethiopian War
1426:Eskender (Kwestantinos II)
590:) and his army scattered.
524:Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi
511:
309:
33:
27:
2013:Monarchs killed in action
1921:
1850:
1590:
1505:
1298:Yagbe'u Seyon (Salomon I)
1278:
1269:
1208:
1199:
1191:
1186:
1054:Northeast African Studies
1048:Molvaer, Reidulf (1998).
861:Northeast African Studies
610:slowed the Muslims down.
518:With the death of Sultan
488:had rebelled against the
475:Muhammad ibn Azhar ad-Din
340:
294:Ethiopian Orthodox Church
289:
281:
271:
259:
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100:
90:
71:
64:
58:Cristofano dell'Altissimo
49:
40:
23:
838:. OUP USA. p. 482.
826:Akyeampong, Emmanuel K.
786:10.3406/ethio.2009.1394
830:Gates, Henry Louis Jr.
668:
560:Battle of Shimbra Kure
504:
459:
1066:10.1353/nas.1998.0011
873:10.1353/nas.1998.0011
663:
520:Abu Bakr ibn Muhammad
502:
496:by Ahmed's warriors.
454:
329:to whom the lions bow
182:Abba Aragwi Monastery
1258:Emperors of Ethiopia
731:Battle of Wayna Daga
729:and Ahmed after the
681:John III of Portugal
2018:AbyssinianâAdal War
1950:Victor Emmanuel III
1202:Emperor of Ethiopia
962:. pp. 327â328.
956:Budge, E.A (1828).
908:Francisco Alvarez,
744:. Yaqob's grandson
446:Ethiopian highlands
352:Emperor of Ethiopia
206:Fiqtor Lebna Dengal
66:Emperor of Ethiopia
2008:Ethiopian children
1592:Era of the Princes
774:Annales d'Ăthiopie
690:When Dawit was in
669:
595:Battle of Amba Sel
514:EthiopianâAdal war
508:EthiopianâAdal war
505:
173:, Ethiopian Empire
1998:Solomonic dynasty
1965:
1964:
1957:Emperor-in-exile.
1870:Tekle Giyorgis II
1624:Tekle Haymanot II
1610:Tekle Haymanot II
1280:Solomonic dynasty
1218:
1217:
1209:Succeeded by
845:978-0-19-538207-5
547:Imam crossed the
450:Francisco Ălvares
299:
298:
255:
254:
164:(aged 43â44)
2025:
1958:
1953:
1931:
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1815:
1808:
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1794:
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1780:
1773:
1766:
1759:
1757:Baeda Maryam III
1752:
1745:
1738:
1731:
1724:
1722:Tekle Giyorgis I
1717:
1710:
1703:
1701:Tekle Giyorgis I
1696:
1689:
1682:
1680:Tekle Giyorgis I
1675:
1668:
1666:Tekle Giyorgis I
1661:
1654:
1652:Tekle Giyorgis I
1647:
1640:
1638:Tekle Giyorgis I
1633:
1626:
1619:
1612:
1605:
1583:
1576:
1569:
1562:
1555:
1548:
1541:
1539:Tekle Haymanot I
1534:
1527:
1520:
1507:Gondarine period
1498:
1491:
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1244:
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1230:
1221:
1220:
1192:Preceded by
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963:
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917:
916:, 1961), p. 304.
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822:
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796:
790:
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727:Bati del Wambara
477:'s residence in
367:House of Solomon
342:
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266:House of Solomon
243:
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160:2 September 1540
151:Ethiopian Empire
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36:
35:
30:
29:
21:
20:
2033:
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1968:
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1934:
1925:
1917:
1910:
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1889:
1882:
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1861:
1854:
1852:Modern Ethiopia
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1673:Baeda Maryam II
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1532:Iyasu the Great
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1307:: Senfa Ared IV
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1018:
1010:R.S. Whiteway,
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980:
971:
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954:
950:
942:Paul B. Henze,
941:
937:
924:
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914:Hakluyt Society
907:
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857:
853:
846:
823:
819:
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762:
758:
658:
516:
510:
494:Battle of Hubat
400:
395:
316:
237:
231:Walatta Kidusan
228:Sabana Giyorgis
183:
165:
161:
144:
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82:
78:
76:
60:
31:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2020:
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2010:
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1990:
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1980:
1963:
1962:
1960:
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1905:Haile Selassie
1901:
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1415:
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1349:Newaya Krestos
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1978:1490s births
1947:Italian King
1841:Sahle Dengel
1834:Yohannes III
1827:Sahle Dengel
1820:Yohannes III
1813:Sahle Dengel
1806:Yohannes III
1799:Sahle Dengel
1785:Sahle Dengel
1736:Egwale Seyon
1468:Sarsa Dengel
1446:
1398:Sarwe Iyasus
1391:Takla Maryam
1342:Amda Seyon I
1291:Yekuno Amlak
1200:
1171:. Retrieved
1165:
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723:Seble Wongel
712:
704:Tekezé River
689:
685:
670:
666:Paolo Giovio
631:
615:Debre Berhan
612:
592:
576:
557:
553:
536:Mamluk Egypt
517:
483:
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455:
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401:
360:
344:
333:Lebna Dengel
332:
328:
324:
301:
300:
285:Na'od Mogesa
251:Lebna Dengel
192:Seble Wongel
162:(1540-09-02)
41:
18:
1983:1540 deaths
1877:Yohannes IV
1863:Tewodros II
1855:(1855â1974)
1708:Salomon III
1687:Salomon III
1617:Susenyos II
1603:Yohannes II
1595:(1769â1855)
1510:(1632â1769)
1405:Amda Iyasus
1317:Qedma Asgad
1312:Hezba Asgad
1283:(1270â1632)
1272:Family tree
608:Amba Geshen
584:Wasan Sagad
549:Awash River
398:Early reign
345:essence of
325:Wanag Segad
317: 1496
142: 1496
101:Predecessor
96:13 May 1508
28:áłááá áá áłáá”
1972:Categories
1884:Menelik II
1631:Salomon II
1525:Yohannes I
1496:Susenyos I
1454:Gelawdewos
1370:Tewodros I
1335:Wedem Arad
1327:Saba Asgad
1212:Gelawdewos
1206:1508â1540
997:0972317252
756:References
746:Susenyos I
715:Gelawdewos
708:Debre Damo
656:Later life
600:Abay River
580:Bet Amhara
347:the virgin
327:(ááá á°áá”,
210:Gelawdewos
167:Debre Damo
115:Gelawdewos
92:Coronation
83:1540-09-02
79:1507-07-31
1937:1936â1941
1891:Lij Iyasu
1645:Iyasu III
1560:Dawit III
1518:Fasilides
1482:Za Dengel
1322:Jin Asgad
1082:143584847
881:143584847
867:(2): 44.
638:Lake Tana
393:Biography
321:macaronic
111:Successor
24:Dawit II
1935:Between
1771:Iyasu IV
1743:Iyoas II
1729:Demetros
1715:Demetros
1659:Hezqeyas
1574:Iyasu II
1546:Tewoflos
1447:Dawit II
1384:Andreyas
1377:Yeshaq I
1074:41931161
832:(2012).
696:Malassay
673:Malassay
623:Begemder
572:Malassay
570:and the
544:Yeshaq I
528:Umar Din
434:Armenian
385:and the
377:'s Emir
341:áá„á á”ááá
302:Dawit II
290:Religion
145:Badeqe,
81: â
34:áá„á á”ááá
1928:crowned
1898:Zewditu
1581:Iyoas I
1567:Bakaffa
1363:Dawit I
1173:11 June
692:Dembiya
540:Red Sea
442:Massawa
389:terms.
350:), was
337:Amharic
261:Dynasty
234:Tewdada
77: (
1926:Never
1553:Yostos
1080:
1072:
994:
879:
842:
808:
750:Gondar
700:Simien
694:, the
627:Gojjam
625:, and
619:Tigray
604:Gojjam
564:Somali
479:Dakkar
463:Mahfuz
438:Mateus
423:Muslim
419:regent
408:Church
387:Harari
379:Mahfuz
363:Amhara
282:Mother
272:Father
188:Spouse
178:Burial
171:Tigray
121:Regent
1764:Gigar
1750:Gigar
1694:Yonas
1489:Yaqob
1475:Yaqob
1461:Menas
1440:Na'od
1195:Na'od
1078:S2CID
1070:JSTOR
1036:Futuh
1024:Futuh
877:S2CID
742:Shewa
719:Menas
650:Yemen
646:Menas
568:Harla
471:Zeila
415:Eleni
383:GeÊœez
371:Na'od
356:Shewa
323:name
306:Ge'ez
276:Na'od
246:Names
218:Menas
214:Yakob
199:Issue
147:Shewa
105:Na'od
72:Reign
1305:Sons
1262:List
1175:2020
992:ISBN
840:ISBN
806:ISBN
738:Menz
588:A.M.
490:Adal
467:Adal
375:Adal
157:Died
135:Born
1062:doi
869:doi
782:doi
740:in
642:Wag
465:of
310:áłáá”
1974::
1076:.
1068:.
1056:.
1052:.
875:.
863:.
828:;
778:24
776:.
772:.
733:.
710:.
652:.
629:.
621:,
436:,
429:.
410:.
358:.
343:,
339::
314:c.
312:;
308::
169:,
149:,
139:c.
1952:.
1943:.
1930:.
1264:)
1260:(
1243:e
1236:t
1229:v
1177:.
1084:.
1064::
1058:5
1000:.
883:.
871::
865:5
848:.
814:.
788:.
784::
335:(
304:(
85:)
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