1431:
83:
1420:
1442:
2344:
70:
297:
2332:
523:
Assyrian SUP party and its armed wing the MFS, the PYD attempts to give the impression to the world that it has established good relations with all of the
Assyrians in the areas it controls, and not merely with the political and military groups directly under its control. Events and testimony have made it clear that the picture is significantly more complicated."
369:
state... These events led to the formation in 1996 of a new political movement around the
Mesopotamia Freedom Party Gabo d'Hirutho d'Bethnahrin (GHB), whose supporters and members are known as Dawronoye d'Bethnahrin (Revolutionaries of Bethnahrin). This party sought to represent all Assyrians, Syriacs and
535:
alleged that
Kurdish authorities in Syria, in conjunction with Dawronoye officials, had shut down several Assyrian schools in Northern Syria and fired their administration. This was said to be because these schooled failed to register for a license and for rejecting the new curriculum approved by the
368:
A more politicised generation had found their 'revolutionary selves' by supporting the
Kurdish cause in the 'Mesopotamian fraternity' through active resistance against state repression; this position represented a break from the historically submissive position of AssyrianâSyriacs with respect to the
564:
In 2018, the
Assyrian Policy Institute reported that Assyrian journalist Souleman Yusph was arrested by the Kurdish Self-Administration in Syria through Dawronoye affiliated forces, allegedly due to his reporting of purported human rights violations enacted by PYK and Dawronoye authorities in Syria.
522:
Other
Assyrian membership organisations, in particular those upholding a more traditional interpretation of Assyrian identity, are critical of Dawronoye. One 2015 statement by an Assyrian federations in the diaspora said that "By financing and propping up certain individuals and groups like the
397:
was signed. The purpose of the occupation was to attract the attention of the media and Swiss government on the denial of
Assyrian rights in Turkey due to the Treaty of Lausanne, the continued oppression on the Assyrian people in Turkey, and to call for international recognition of the Assyrian
373:
regardless of sectarian or class differences; it aimed to achieve recognition of cultural and political rights of
AssyrianâSyriacs as indigenous communities and it sought sovereignty over an ancestral homeland, referred to as Bethnahrin, a territory that encompasses part of Iraq, south-eastern
536:
Education
Authority. Closure methods ranged from officially shutting down schools to having armed men enter the schools and shut them down forcefully. An Assyrian educator named Isa Rashid was later badly beaten outside of his home for rejecting the Kurdish self-administration's curriculum.
168:". Its initial purpose was to attain national rights of Assyrians in Turkey and prevent the exodus of Assyrians from their native homeland. However, the organization's goals were not confined to national rights, but extended to bringing out wider social, political, and cultural change.
242:'s fighters were killed when an army truck driving on a bridge between Kasre and Hajji Umran was blown up. Both attacks were claimed to be in retaliation to the death of an Assyrian woman, Helen A. Sawa, who was allegedly raped and murdered by a senior KDP official.
511:
Manipulation of rhetoric and propaganda that seek to fully absorb the
Assyrian experience into the Kurdish nationalist cause as articulated by the PYD/YPG, paving the way for the long-term absence of any Assyrian representation outside or apart from the Kurdish
360:, a generation arriving in the 1990s from towns and villages in south-eastern Turkey, who had been radicalised by the Turkish state's suppression of the PKK, identified with Dawronoye ideology. According to one anthropologist, describing the community in
518:
The authors alleged that the Dawronoye movement existed to create an image of pluralism and inclusion to the outside world by Kurdish leadership in Syria and that it serves to advance Kurdish-nationalist interests within the Assyrian community of Syria.
98:
after an increase of attacks directed at them. Assyrians were not recognized as a distinct ethnic group with their own language, and suffered from discrimination and oppression. The continued violence had led to a wave of migration of Assyrians towards
129:(PKK). Eventually, members of Dawronoye were arrested for their involvement with the PKK and later released, leading to the migration of some members of the movement to Europe where a diaspora network was eventually founded in European nations such as
543:
also alleged that PYD and Dawronoye affiliated authorities had forcefully broken and replaced locks in schools and fired all of their staff without warning. From 1935 until then, these schools had operated under the control of the
382:, commonly known between Assyrians as "Seyfo", which Turkey refuses to recognize to this present day. Activism for genocide recognition would include street protests, hunger strikes, and building occupations.
922:
Biner, Zerrin Ăzlem (2011). "Multiple imaginations of the state: understanding a mobile conflict about justice and accountability from the perspective of AssyrianâSyriac communities".
552:
to their students. The API stated that this was an effort by the PYD to "impose a Kurdish nationalist curriculum onto all areas it governs." The forced closures were condemned by the
374:
Turkey, western Iran and eastern Syria. The party adopted symbols to raise political and historical consciousness, and it emphasised solidarity with the Kurdish cause.
356:
Whereas previous generations of Assyrians in Europe had emphasised a Christian identity or (in the 1970s-80s) a secular ethnic identity, rooted in the ancient
2252:
1247:
1225:
385:
In one notable event in 2000, 100 members of the Patriotic Revolutionary Organization of Beth Nahrin forced entry and occupied a government building in
111:
1269:
1145:
478:
460:
Rival Assyrian factions accuse the Dawronoye movement of providing a cover for the PYD in harassing non-Kurdish minorities in the areas it controls.
1360:
1041:
Gutiérrez de Terån, Ignacio (19 December 2019). "El autonomismo kurdo en Siria: el proyecto de Rojava en el contexto de un estado en flotación".
468:
464:
118:, the etymology behind "Dawronoye" shows that the word is understood to mean "revolutionaries" when in fact it turned out to mean "the modern".
115:
370:
58:. The modern manifestation of the movement is controversial among Assyrian organizations worldwide, particularly due to its ties to the
1203:
793:
2144:
1399:
1175:
412:
between the 14th and 15 May 2004, to form an alliance that could represent Assyrians in Europe with governmental bodies such as the
617:
333:
565:
This included forced closures of Assyrian schools, intimidation and imprisonment of rivals, and the severe beating of Isa Rashid.
1577:
862:
266:
1892:
1886:
245:
The political wing of the Dawronoye movement in Iraq is the Patriotic Union of Beth Nahrian (PUBN) which was previously on the
103:, leading a group of Assyrians to create an organization that had the main goal of preventing the exodus of Assyrians from the
2409:
1353:
1301:
408:
A number of delegates representing several Assyrian cultural-political organizations in Europe attended a congress held in
281:
2227:
179:
flags at events and would circumvent the name dispute by rallying around the less controversial name of their homeland -
2399:
1904:
471:
alleged that the leadership of the movement had engaged in numerous cases of abuses of the Assyrian people, including:
250:
238:
fighters were killed and 20 injured. Three days later a second attack was carried out by the group in which several of
317:
110:
This organization, founded in 1995, came to be known as "Tukoso Dawronoyo Mothonoyo d'Bethnahrin", translated as the
1430:
2419:
2286:
553:
2394:
1572:
1346:
893:
285:
1967:
1952:
1934:
1910:
1815:
1640:
325:
63:
2424:
2404:
2374:
1821:
1782:
1696:
1567:
39:
2389:
2306:
2281:
2217:
1981:
637:
632:
277:
780:
2384:
2291:
2237:
2100:
1798:
1517:
1492:
1486:
1409:
599:
223:
208:
59:
401:
On 15 August 2012, members of the Dawronoye-affiliated Syriac Union Party stormed the Syrian embassy in
2414:
2379:
2301:
1523:
627:
313:
254:
231:
1946:
540:
2222:
1760:
1511:
484:
405:
in protest of the Syrian government. A dozen of its members were later detained by Swedish police.
337:
258:
164:
The organization originated in the late 1980s from the radical left and describes itself as being "
153:
1419:
1095:"Assyrians and Kurds in Northeast Syria: Rhetoric vs. Reality (reposted from Joshua Landis' blog)"
2311:
1845:
1833:
1706:
1605:
612:
488:
329:
165:
126:
1294:
700:
183:. Dawronoye pushed the idea that Assyrians/Syriacs are the same people, with the same homeland.
121:
The founding members of Dawronoye found a correlation between the struggle of the Assyrians and
2066:
1678:
1480:
1474:
1382:
with various additional/alternate self-identifications, such as Syriacs, Arameans, or Chaldeans
545:
1582:
844:
1690:
1666:
1120:"Assyrian Organizations Issue Joint Statement on Human Rights Violations in North-east Syria"
647:
421:
246:
2273:
2259:
2207:
2182:
2172:
2162:
2157:
2152:
1916:
1610:
642:
594:
444:
428:
344:
police force to protect Assyrian communities in their settlement areas in northeast Syria (
216:
1441:
8:
2348:
2232:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2177:
2095:
1857:
1766:
1684:
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1455:
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589:
498:
176:
1321:
1016:
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2369:
2247:
2167:
2088:
2061:
1778:
1404:
1072:
947:
748:
740:
505:
394:
265:. Both the PUBN and Syriac Assembly Movement have been in favour of the creation of an
35:
870:
819:
195:
created civil society organizations and parties across modern state boundaries in the
171:
Dawronoye avoided involvement with the Assyrian/Syriac name dispute, holding both the
2242:
2212:
2039:
1990:
1976:
1827:
1630:
1076:
1064:
951:
939:
752:
732:
579:
379:
196:
104:
95:
966:
820:"Overview of Assyrian Slates Running in the 2009 Iraqi Provincial Council Elections"
276:
The Nineveh Plain Forces (NPF) was formed on 6 January 2015 in cooperation with the
2187:
1772:
1625:
1597:
1503:
1466:
1054:
1046:
931:
724:
477:"Extensive harassment and intimidation of Assyrians who resist the policies of the
417:
82:
2125:
1270:"Kurdish Self-Administration in Syria: Release Assyrian Journalist Souleman Yusph"
1248:"Kurdish Self-Administration Orders Closure of Assyrian Schools in Northern Syria"
1226:"Kurdish Self-Administration Orders Closure of Assyrian Schools in Northern Syria"
1146:"Kurdish Self-Administration in Syria: Release Assyrian Journalist Souleman Yusph"
2115:
1940:
1730:
1724:
1587:
1562:
1542:
1369:
935:
574:
549:
532:
436:
357:
122:
43:
23:
2336:
1995:
1922:
1898:
1786:
1557:
1552:
413:
239:
1323:
Christians in North Syria: Syriacs, Assyrians, Armenians, and Kurdish converts
1119:
1094:
668:
2363:
1839:
1446:
1424:
1302:"The revolutionaries of Bethnahrin: cooperation between Christians and Kurds"
1068:
1050:
943:
794:"Iraqi Christians ask EU to support the creation of a Nineveh Plain Province"
736:
556:
and eventually led to widespread protests by Assyrian civilians in the area.
345:
270:
226:(PROB) carried out its first attack along with the Kurdistan Workers' Party (
172:
152:
In 2000, Dawronoye held their first congress, and members reorganized as the
125:, prompting members of the movement to join the local support network of the
2105:
728:
50:
elements, its founding roots can be traced to the late 1980s in the town of
1863:
719:
Marzolf, Hedwig (December 2019). "Les Combattantes Chrétiennes du Rojava".
584:
1045:(27). Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad Autonoma de Madrid: 84.
967:"Assyrians-Suryoye Occupy a Governmental Building in Lausanne-Switzerland"
2110:
1748:
1742:
1379:
991:
390:
180:
134:
1059:
744:
16:
Secular, leftist, national liberation movement among the Assyrian people
2076:
2071:
1869:
1176:"Closure of Syrian Schools: Another Bleak Sign for Christians in Syria"
1112:
669:"15 Assyrian Children Kidnapped By Kurdish Affiliated Militia in Syria"
31:
2130:
2010:
1851:
1792:
432:
402:
235:
47:
257:. Another Dawronoye affiliated political party in Iraq includes the
2081:
2054:
2027:
2015:
2000:
1754:
1701:
409:
386:
300:
A flag used by the Syriac Union Party to represent Assyrian-Syriacs
262:
1338:
2343:
1736:
1658:
1538:
1204:"Assyrians in Syria Protest PYD's Closure of Schools in Qamishli"
146:
142:
138:
46:. Ideologically characterized by progressive ideas and including
435:, was formed by Dawronoye-affiliated members and broadcast from
69:
2316:
2120:
2049:
2022:
2005:
622:
440:
361:
341:
321:
130:
100:
91:
55:
51:
296:
2044:
2032:
1928:
305:
1034:
378:
Most of Dawronoye's activities in Europe centred around the
204:
917:
915:
227:
90:
In the late 1980s, a group of Assyrian youth gathered in
288:
to liberate the Assyrian towns/villages from jihadists.
1295:
The Revolutionaries of Bethnahrin, Carl Drott, May 2015
714:
712:
710:
605:
912:
894:"Small Assyrian Group in Syria Splinters From Militia"
424:
with an associated youth group called the ESU Youth.
707:
504:
Attempts at land confiscation and the annexation of
501:
ideology through an overhaul of the education system
764:
762:
224:
Patriotic Revolutionary Organization of Bet Nahrain
1040:
112:Patriotic Revolutionary Organization of Bethnahrin
1043:Revista de Estudios Internacionales MediterrĂĄneos
316:(SUP), which is a major partner in the governing
234:military compound in the town of Kasre, where 39
73:A symbol used by multiple Dawronoye organizations
2361:
759:
992:"Several detained after Syrian embassy protest"
1240:
526:
1354:
1017:"The Foundation of the European Syriac Union"
774:
450:
1378:Ethno-linguistic group(s) indigenous to the
1326:. Transnational Press London. pp. 35â54
885:
494:Forced conscription and parallel tax systems
304:The movement is currently most prominent in
284:. The armed force later participated in the
1361:
1347:
1198:
1196:
1169:
1167:
698:
222:On 17 July 1999, the Dawronoye-affiliated
1058:
455:
559:
483:Physical violence committed by both the
420:. This alliance came to be known as the
295:
280:to defend the Nineveh Plain against the
81:
68:
1319:
1193:
1164:
1088:
1086:
891:
845:"Syriac flags adorn the city of Hasaka"
718:
694:
692:
690:
336:(HSNB) militia which are a part of the
261:which is based in the Assyrian town of
156:(Gabo d'Hirutho d'Bethnahrin, or GHB).
2362:
1138:
1092:
1342:
1299:
921:
837:
768:
618:Bethnahrain Women's Protection Forces
463:A 2018 blogpost by Assyrian activist
334:Bethnahrain Women's Protection Forces
322:Federation of Northern Syria - Rojava
1173:
1083:
930:(3â4). Informa UK Limited: 367â379.
791:
687:
606:Related and associated organizations
282:Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
86:Flag of the Bethnahrin Freedom Party
27:
1368:
892:Baydono, Malko (22 February 2014).
701:"The Revolutionaries of Bethnahrin"
13:
1288:
1174:Safi, Marlo (September 25, 2018).
1124:Assyrian International News Agency
1099:Assyrian International News Agency
869:. 18 November 2013. Archived from
673:Assyrian International News Agency
251:Council of Representatives of Iraq
14:
2441:
964:
817:
491:security forces against Assyrians
318:Movement for a Democratic Society
2342:
2330:
2287:Assyrian Democratic Organisation
1440:
1429:
1418:
554:Assyrian Democratic Organization
1262:
1218:
1009:
984:
958:
541:Assyrian policy institute (API)
1953:Genocide of Christians by ISIL
1816:Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia
855:
811:
785:
661:
60:Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK)
1:
1697:Ancient Mesopotamian religion
654:
508:by Kurdish nationalist forces
489:Syriac Military Council (MFS)
2307:Syriac Union Party (Lebanon)
2282:Assyrian Democratic Movement
936:10.1080/13621025.2011.564789
638:Mesopotamia National Council
633:Syriac Union Party (Lebanon)
328:(PYD). The SUP operates the
278:Bet-Nahrain Democratic Party
203:affiliated organizations in
94:to discuss the situation of
64:Democratic Union Party (PYD)
7:
2410:Far-left politics in Turkey
2292:Assyrian Universal Alliance
1518:Assyrian Church of the East
1493:Assyrian Pentecostal Church
1487:Assyrian Evangelical Church
1410:Terms for Syriac Christians
1300:Drott, Carl (25 May 2015).
568:
527:Closure of Assyrian schools
479:Kurdish self-administration
320:(TEV-DEM) coalition of the
286:Battle of Mosul (2016â2017)
213:Huyodo Bethnahrin Athronoyo
209:Beth Nahrin Patriotic Union
159:
10:
2446:
2302:Syriac Union Party (Syria)
1524:Ancient Church of the East
1093:Joseph, Max (2018-08-01).
699:Carl Drott (25 May 2015).
628:Syriac Union Party (Syria)
451:Criticisms and allegations
269:in the Assyrian-dominated
255:Iraqi Kurdistan Parliament
249:and runs for seats in the
77:
2400:Left-wing militant groups
2325:
2272:
2143:
1975:
1966:
1879:
1808:
1715:
1656:
1639:
1596:
1537:
1502:
1465:
1454:
1416:
1387:
1376:
1150:Assyrian Policy Institute
351:
1822:Muslim conquest of Syria
1512:Chaldean Catholic Church
1051:10.15366/reim2019.27.006
600:Kurdistan Workers' Party
338:Syrian Democratic Forces
291:
259:Syriac Assembly Movement
154:Bethnahrin Freedom Party
2420:Guerrilla organizations
2349:Christianity portal
2312:Syriac Military Council
1911:Massacres of Diyarbekir
1846:Principality of Antioch
1799:ByzantineâSasanian wars
1606:Assyrian folk/pop music
849:Syriac Military Council
729:10.3917/espri.1912.0026
613:Syriac Military Council
330:Syriac Military Council
186:
166:revolutionary socialist
127:Kurdistan Workers Party
2395:Assyrian organizations
2067:Al-Hasakah Governorate
1905:Massacres of Badr Khan
1679:Middle Assyrian Empire
1481:Syriac Catholic Church
1475:Syriac Orthodox Church
546:Syriac Orthodox Church
516:
456:Criticism by Assyrians
376:
326:Democratic Union Party
301:
191:There is a network of
87:
74:
1935:Independence movement
1691:Post-imperial Assyria
1667:Early Assyrian period
1320:Schmidinger, Thomas.
1021:European Syriac Union
863:"Qamishli's Cold War"
648:European Syriac Union
560:Souleman Yusph arrest
531:A 2018 report in the
512:self-administration."
473:
422:European Syriac Union
366:
324:, led by the Kurdish
299:
247:Ishtar Patriotic List
114:(PROB). According to
85:
72:
2425:Political ideologies
2405:Resistance movements
2375:Assyrian nationalism
1611:Music of Mesopotamia
1558:Chaldean Neo-Aramaic
1553:Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
1272:. September 30, 2018
1152:. September 30, 2018
643:Nineveh Plain Forces
595:Assyrian nationalism
429:satellite television
217:Nineveh Plain Forces
2390:Assyrians in Turkey
1917:Rise of nationalism
1858:Jalayirid Sultanate
1685:Neo-Assyrian Empire
1673:Old Assyrian period
1616:Syriac sacral music
1436:Aramean-Syriac flag
1395:Assyrian continuity
924:Citizenship Studies
590:Assyrian continuity
499:Kurdish nationalist
96:Assyrians in Turkey
42:movement among the
40:national liberation
2385:Assyrians in Syria
2337:History portal
1779:Church of the East
1568:Bohtan Neo-Aramaic
1405:Chaldean Catholics
1126:. 10 November 2015
873:on 10 October 2017
867:Middle East Online
781:RFE/RL iraq Report
497:The imposition of
487:and the Dawronoye
395:Treaty of Lausanne
314:Syriac Union Party
302:
199:region. Among the
88:
75:
2415:Far-left politics
2380:Assyrians in Iraq
2357:
2356:
2268:
2267:
1984:
1962:
1961:
1929:Assyrian genocide
1828:Abbasid Caliphate
1650:
1533:
1532:
1400:Assyrian diaspora
1250:. August 14, 2018
1228:. August 14, 2018
1206:. August 28, 2018
792:Gombacci, Marco.
580:Assyrian homeland
380:Assyrian genocide
340:, as well as the
267:autonomous region
197:Assyrian homeland
105:Assyrian homeland
2437:
2347:
2346:
2335:
2334:
2333:
1980:
1973:
1972:
1947:Post-Saddam Iraq
1773:Nestorian schism
1767:Christianization
1739:(132 BCEâ244 CE)
1733:(247 BCEâ224 CE)
1693:(609 BCEâ240 CE)
1654:
1653:
1644:
1504:East Syriac Rite
1467:West Syriac Rite
1463:
1462:
1444:
1433:
1422:
1363:
1356:
1349:
1340:
1339:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1316:
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1007:
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1002:
988:
982:
981:
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962:
956:
955:
919:
910:
909:
907:
905:
889:
883:
882:
880:
878:
859:
853:
852:
851:. 20 March 2017.
841:
835:
834:
832:
830:
815:
809:
808:
806:
804:
789:
783:
778:
772:
766:
757:
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705:
704:
696:
685:
684:
682:
680:
665:
418:European Council
29:
2445:
2444:
2440:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2434:
2360:
2359:
2358:
2353:
2341:
2331:
2329:
2321:
2264:
2139:
2116:Mardin Province
1979:
1958:
1941:Simele massacre
1875:
1804:
1769:(1st to 3rd c.)
1751:(64 BCEâ637 CE)
1745:(66 BCEâ217 CE)
1731:Parthian Empire
1725:Seleucid Empire
1717:
1711:
1707:Assyrian tribes
1675:(2025â1364 BCE)
1669:(2600â2025 BCE)
1648:
1646:
1643:
1635:
1592:
1545:
1529:
1498:
1457:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1439:
1438:
1434:
1428:
1427:
1423:
1414:
1383:
1372:
1370:Assyrian people
1367:
1329:
1327:
1310:
1308:
1291:
1289:Further reading
1286:
1285:
1275:
1273:
1268:
1267:
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1251:
1246:
1245:
1241:
1231:
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1201:
1194:
1184:
1182:
1180:National Review
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548:and taught the
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1923:Adana massacre
1920:
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1458:Christianity
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1322:
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1264:
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1242:
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2223:New Zealand
2218:Netherlands
1982:Settlements
1895:(1555â1917)
1872:(1453â1501)
1866:(1375â1468)
1860:(1335â1432)
1854:(1258â1335)
1848:(1098â1268)
1809:Middle ages
1749:Roman Syria
1743:Syrian Wars
1380:Middle East
900:(in German)
485:PYD asayish
427:In 2004, a
391:Switzerland
312:affiliated
308:, with the
181:Bethnahrain
135:Netherlands
2364:Categories
2106:Diyarbakır
2077:Tell Tamer
2072:Al-Hasakah
1968:By country
1880:Modern era
1870:Aq Qoyunlu
1842:(945â1055)
1836:(905â1383)
1830:(750â1258)
1645:(including
1621:Folk dance
1026:20 January
1001:20 January
976:20 January
898:Bethnahrin
877:9 December
829:28 January
803:28 January
769:Drott 2015
655:References
447:dialects.
437:SödertÀlje
398:genocide.
393:where the
332:(MFS) and
116:Carl Drott
28:ÜÜČÜÜȘܔܹܔÜÜčÜ
2430:Socialism
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2297:Dawronoye
2228:Palestine
2158:Australia
2131:Tur Abdin
2011:Tel Keppe
1931:(1914â20)
1919:(19th c.)
1901:(16th c.)
1889:(1508â55)
1852:Ilkhanate
1801:(502â628)
1795:(226â651)
1793:Asoristan
1763:(116â118)
1718:antiquity
1716:Classical
1649:contexts)
1546:languages
1104:August 2,
1077:212889530
1069:1887-4460
996:The Local
952:144086552
944:1362-1025
753:214059986
737:0014-0759
679:August 3,
433:Suroyo TV
431:channel,
403:Stockholm
371:Chaldeans
310:Dawronoye
236:Peshmerga
201:Dawronoye
193:Dawronoye
48:socialist
20:Dawronoye
2274:Politics
2145:Diaspora
2126:MazıdaÄı
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2055:Sanandaj
2028:Shaqlawa
2016:Bartella
2001:Qaraqosh
1977:Homeland
1775:(5th c.)
1757:(15â116)
1755:Adiabene
1702:Arameans
1657:Ancient
1631:Clothing
1573:Hertevin
1388:Identity
745:26854228
569:See also
410:Brussels
387:Lausanne
263:Bakhdida
253:and the
207:are the
173:Assyrian
160:Ideology
62:and the
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2253:Detroit
2208:Lebanon
2188:Germany
2183:Georgia
2173:Finland
2163:Belgium
2153:Armenia
2101:Hakkari
1955:(2014â)
1949:(2003â)
1937:(1919â)
1907:(1840s)
1737:Osroene
1659:Assyria
1647:related
1641:History
1626:Cuisine
1598:Culture
1539:Aramaic
1526:(1968â)
1520:(1692â)
1514:(1552â)
1495:(1940â)
1489:(1870â)
1483:(1662â)
439:in the
346:Gozarto
177:Aramean
147:Germany
143:Austria
139:Belgium
78:History
36:leftist
32:secular
30:) is a
2317:Sutoro
2238:Sweden
2233:Russia
2213:Mexico
2203:Jordan
2198:Israel
2193:Greece
2178:France
2168:Canada
2121:Mardin
2111:ElazıÄ
2096:Turkey
2089:Khabur
2050:Salmas
2023:Ankawa
2006:Alqosh
1943:(1933)
1925:(1909)
1913:(1895)
1824:(630s)
1818:(630s)
1583:Mlaáž„sĂŽ
1578:Senaya
1563:Turoyo
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101:Europe
92:Midyat
56:Turkey
52:Midyat
24:Syriac
2062:Syria
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2033:Zakho
1306:Links
1073:S2CID
971:Atour
948:S2CID
824:Atour
749:S2CID
741:JSTOR
306:Syria
292:Syria
2040:Iran
1991:Iraq
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1332:2023
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1278:2020
1256:2020
1234:2020
1212:2020
1187:2020
1158:2020
1132:2023
1106:2020
1065:ISSN
1028:2019
1003:2019
978:2019
940:ISSN
906:2023
879:2016
831:2019
805:2019
733:ISSN
681:2020
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