160:
1781:"Thus, one of the most famous manifestations of the Red Terror is the policy of “decossackization” on the Don in 1919. The number of its victims is estimated differently, up to tens and even hundreds of thousands of people, sometimes it is even defined as “genocide.” Recently, Cossack researcher A.V. paid attention to this issue. Venkov in a book about the Veshensky uprising, and he mainly relied on data from the rebels. As it turned out, both sides at the height of the conflict agreed that about 300 people were killed by the Reds before the uprising".
1765:"The socio-demographic statistical data for the period of the late 1920s summarized by the quota (local) representative sample and attracted by the article indicate the absence of negative population dynamics, including the Cossack population, which leads to the conclusion that the red power did not use terror and genocide against the Cossacks massively in the designated period of time, and, accordingly, the Bolsheviks did not carry out a large-scale decossackization policy."
1157:
are subject to unconditional elimination, khutor atamans should be subject to execution only in those cases where it can be proved that they actively supported
Krasnov's policies (having organized pacification, conducted mobilization, refused to offer refuge to revolutionary Cossacks or to Red Army
1320:
estimates a death toll in the thousands or tens of thousands in the period 1919–20, but notes that the extent of the genocide varied substantially by region. In some regions such as Khoper, tribunals executed thousands of
Cossacks in a full-fledged extermination attempt, while some other tribunals
1291:
According to Łukasz
Adamski and Bartłomiej Gajos, the exact death toll from de-Cossackization is highly contentious, with estimates ranging from thousands to hundreds of thousands. Several factors contribute to the difficulty of estimating the death toll, including exaggerated numbers published by
1148:
all of them; carry out merciless mass terror against any and all
Cossacks taking part in any way, directly or indirectly, in the struggle against Soviet power". On 7 February the Southern Front issued its own instructions on how the resolution was to be applied: "The main duty of stanitsa and
1287:
The deportations and exterminations are recognized as genocide by modern scholars. While there were more than a million
Cossacks before 1917, very few people consider themselves Cossacks today. Shane O'Rourke states that the de-Cossackization "was one of the main factors which led to the
1917:
1219:, women, children and old men survive in the most appalling conditions, in the cold and the mud of October ... They are dying like flies. The women will do anything to escape death. The soldiers guarding the camp take advantage of this and treat them as prostitutes.
1128:(present-day Volgograd). Soviet forces counterattacked and drove out the White Cossacks by 7 September. On 22 September, Krasnov's forces launched a second invasion of Tsaritsyn, but by 25 October Soviet troops had thrown Krasnov's forces back beyond the
924:
in Russia, aimed at the elimination of the
Cossacks as a distinct collectivity by exterminating the Cossack elite, coercing all other Cossacks into compliance, and eliminating Cossack distinctness. Several scholars have categorised this as a form of
1243:
in camps of about 100,000 prisoners from the
Southern front and vast masses of people expelled from the rebellious settlements of the Terek, the Kuban, and the Don. Today 403 Cossack men and women aged between 14 and 17 arrived in
2154:
159:
1093:
881:
31:
950:". The process has been described by scholar Peter Holquist as part of a "ruthless" and "radical attempt to eliminate undesirable social groups" that showed the Soviet regime's "dedication to
1306:
claims that "the most reliable estimates indicate that between 300,000 and 500,000 were killed or deported in 1919–20" out of a population of around three million, with most being deported.
1132:. On 1 January 1919, Krasnov launched a third invasion of Tsaritsyn. Soviet forces repelled the invasion and forced Krasnov's forces to withdraw from Tsaritsyn in mid-February 1919.
929:, whilst other historians have highly disputed this classification due to the contentious figures which range from "a few thousand to incredible claims of hundreds of thousands".
1207:
in charge of de-Cossackization condemned more than 6,000 people to death in
October 1920 alone. The families and often the neighbors of suspected rebels were taken as hostages.
1271:, for lack of a better idea, it was decided to kill people who were in the hospital." Many Cossack towns were burned to the ground, and all survivors deported on the orders by
974:
from the 16th to the early 20th century. Because of their military tradition, Cossack forces played an important role in Russia's wars of the 17th–20th centuries such as the
1088:
1929:
356:
293:
863:
1310:, head of the Presidential Committee for the Rehabilitation of Victims of Political Repression, writes that "hundreds of thousands of Cossacks were killed", and
832:
737:
1183:
The Don region was required by the
Soviets to make a grain contribution equal to the total annual production of the area. Almost all Cossacks joined the
288:
1104:
588:
2274:
714:
699:
585:
351:
954:". Throughout this period, the policy underwent significant modifications, which resulted in the "normalization" of Cossacks as a component part of
2174:
1317:
1099:
2284:
762:
757:
2245:
1719:
856:
837:
752:
747:
742:
1263:" to execute 300 people in one day. They ordered local Communist Party organizations to draw up execution lists. According to one of the
1140:
The policy was established by a secret resolution of the
Bolshevik Party on 24 January 1919, which ordered local branches to "carry out
2269:
2264:
723:
784:
2299:
794:
685:
1176:
summary judgements were passed by revolutionary courts within minutes, and whole lists of people were condemned to execution for "
1370:
849:
827:
1518:
1333:
951:
2048:
1888:
1877:
1866:
1750:
1565:
1488:
1365:
971:
654:
428:
1802:
Werth, Nicolas; Bartošek, Karel; Panné, Jean-Louis; Margolin, Jean-Louis; Paczkowski, Andrzej; Courtois, Stéphane (1999).
1153:
executive committees is to neutralize the Cossackry through the merciless extirpation of its elite. District and Stanitsa
2309:
2289:
619:
2199:
2189:
2168:
2024:
2000:
1968:
1914:
1844:
1817:
1740:
1686:
1627:
1596:
1534:
1480:
777:
165:
1024:, declared that he would "offer full support, in close alliance with the governments of the other Cossack hosts" to
2304:
772:
26:
2150:
1899:
1307:
789:
674:
664:
2279:
1347:, the "genocidal treatment" of the Cossacks was based on class, ethnicity and politics and part of a broader
1080:
1072:
469:
2294:
1474:
990:
deployed Cossack detachments to perform police service and to suppress revolutionary movements, especially
732:
1375:
1300:
in the Don region, an engineered famine that killed hundreds of thousands of Don Cossacks and Ukrainians.
1986:
1954:
1804:
1329:
938:
822:
438:
413:
1442:"Lethal Politics: Soviet Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1917 3,284,000 Victims: Sources Table 2A row 44"
1267:, "this rather unsatisfactory method led to a great deal of private settling of old scores. ... In
213:
2040:
Circles of the Russian Revolution: Internal and International Consequences of the Year 1917 in Russia
1742:
Circles of the Russian Revolution: Internal and International Consequences of the Year 1917 in Russia
767:
1083:
12 February] 1918 Bolshevik troops occupied Rostov and Novocherkassk. The remnants of the
1992:
1960:
1809:
1715:
1009:
991:
894:
423:
367:
336:
2104:
1834:
1191:'s troops, they forced the Red Army out of the region in August 1920. After the retaking of the
1678:
1029:
612:
203:
1551:
1248:
for internment in the internment camp. They cannot be accepted as Oryol is already overloaded.
2160:
2038:
1906:
1407:
1177:
1113:
396:
283:
1981:
1980:
Nicolas Werth, Karel Bartošek, Jean-Louis Panné, Jean-Louis Margolin, Andrzej Paczkowski,
1949:
1948:
Nicolas Werth, Karel Bartošek, Jean-Louis Panné, Jean-Louis Margolin, Andrzej Paczkowski,
947:
386:
8:
2314:
1272:
1125:
932:
The campaign began in March 1919 in response to growing Cossack insurgency. According to
504:
376:
253:
218:
2248:
2224:
2132:
2085:
2066:"Complicating the National Interpretation of the Famine: Reexamining the Case of Kuban"
1726:
1224:
1025:
998:
499:
459:
391:
346:
188:
2195:
2164:
2124:
2077:
2044:
2020:
2012:
1996:
1964:
1910:
1840:
1813:
1768:
1746:
1682:
1647:
1623:
1592:
1561:
1530:
1512:
1484:
1276:
1056:
1041:
987:
605:
479:
418:
408:
403:
381:
331:
258:
243:
193:
143:
2136:
2116:
1508:
1441:
1419:
1303:
1005:
885:
801:
454:
89:
946:
the population of a whole territory", which they had taken to calling the "Soviet
1723:
1615:
1526:
1522:
1340:
to Ukraine. Their land was distributed among Cossack collaborators and Chechens.
1296:
and varying definitions of the genocide; some historians count the deaths of the
1141:
1121:
1071:. Imposing martial law, Kaledin moved in late November. On 15 December [
983:
979:
593:
326:
273:
233:
198:
1769:"Decossackization as a Policy and Social Process in the Don Region in the 1920s"
1378:– deportation of a largely Cossack locality during the Soviet famine of 1932–33
1360:
1311:
1293:
1124:. In July 1918 the White Cossack forces of Ataman Krasnov launched their first
1084:
1064:
1037:
1033:
1021:
921:
913:
659:
464:
278:
263:
238:
2120:
1476:
Against Their Will: The History and Geography of Forced Migrations in the USSR
2258:
2128:
2081:
1672:
1584:
1188:
1117:
1076:
1068:
1060:
1052:
1048:
955:
933:
649:
509:
494:
341:
321:
268:
228:
183:
22:
1784:
1668:
1470:
1337:
1325:
1184:
1044:
1017:
917:
484:
248:
223:
208:
174:
16:
Systemic repressions of the Cossacks under the Bolsheviks from 1919 to 1933
1423:
1075:
2 December] 1917, after a seven-day battle, his forces occupied
1652:
Utopia in Power: The History of the Soviet Union from 1917 to the Present
1204:
1129:
1116:
invaded and occupied Rostov on 8 May 1918, a government headed by Ataman
975:
704:
474:
311:
81:
56:
2228:
2089:
2065:
1836:
Making War, Forging Revolution: Russia's Continuum of Crisis, 1914–1921
1268:
1260:
1253:
1240:
1200:
694:
489:
46:
1557:
1348:
1297:
1002:
967:
905:
669:
550:
85:
2017:
Autopsy of an Empire: The Seven Leaders Who Built the Soviet Regime.
1408:"'Conduct merciless mass terror': decossackization on the Don, 1919"
1933:'Conduct merciless mass terror': decossackization on the Don, 1919"
1196:
1171:
1166:
1145:
926:
909:
570:
316:
151:
127:
116:
108:
1314:
cites an estimate of 700,000 deaths in the Don Cossack genocide.
1264:
1216:
575:
560:
555:
535:
112:
1620:
Stalin and His Hangmen: The Tyrant and Those Who Killed for Him
1212:
1192:
1154:
1150:
1013:
943:
580:
565:
545:
530:
525:
1553:
Russia at a Crossroads: History, Memory and Political Practice
2215:
Paczkowski, Andrzej (2001). "The Storm over the Black Book".
1256:
1245:
1232:
1228:
1162:
986:
of 1914–1918. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the
709:
540:
131:
60:
1336:
shows that more than 45,000 Cossacks were deported from the
1674:
Lethal Politics: Soviet Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1917
1801:
942:, Soviet leaders deciding to "eliminate, exterminate, and
1514:
Lenin, Stalin, and Hitler: The Age of Social Catastrophe
1711:
1709:
1707:
1705:
2188:
Bartrop, Paul R.; Totten, Samuel (30 November 2007).
1785:"On the scale of the Red Terror during the Civil War"
1589:
A People's Tragedy: The Russian Revolution: 1891–1924
899:
2105:"Stalin and the Soviet famine of 1932–33 Revisited"
1716:"Soviet order to exterminate Cossacks is unearthed"
1702:
1376:
Poltavskaya § Collectivization and deportation
1275:who was head of the Revolutionary Committee of the
1739:Adamski, Łukasz; Gajos, Bartłomiej (3 June 2019).
1063:began to organize the force that would become the
2246:Soviet order to exterminate Cossacks is unearthed
2256:
2208:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1001:of 1917, a conflict broke out between the new
2187:
1012:and many Cossacks. In the Don territory, the
857:
613:
2036:
1937:
1738:
1288:disappearance of the Cossacks as a nation".
908:policy of systematic repression against the
2037:Adamski, Łukasz; Gajos, Bartłomiej (2019).
1922:
1871:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1435:
1433:
1199:, the Cossacks again became victims of the
2214:
2006:
1610:
1608:
1549:
1282:
864:
850:
620:
606:
119:deported and a lower amount killed overall
1974:
1645:
1641:
1639:
2275:Political repression in the Soviet Union
2149:
1832:
1795:
1663:
1661:
1614:
1497:
1465:
1463:
1430:
1405:
1051:in Russia. On 15 November 1917 Generals
1904:A Century of Violence in Soviet Russia.
1605:
1579:
1577:
1371:Population transfer in the Soviet Union
1321:did not conduct any executions at all.
115:, potentially up to 300,000 to 500,000
2257:
2251:Communications Office, 21 January 2003
2156:A Century of Violence in Soviet Russia
2102:
1729:Communications Office, 21 January 2003
1667:
1636:
1469:
1334:forced settlements in the Soviet Union
1028:'s forces. Establishing ties with the
982:, various Russo-Turkish Wars, and the
916:between 1919 and 1933, especially the
2063:
1658:
1583:
1460:
1366:Mass killings under communist regimes
1187:or other rebel forces. Together with
1079:. However, on 25 February [
966:Cossacks were simultaneously both an
2285:Forced migration in the Soviet Union
1833:Holquist, Peter (30 December 2002).
1574:
1545:
1543:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1393:
1391:
972:social estates in the Russian Empire
13:
2030:
1782:
1766:
1439:
1047:, Kaledin sought to overthrow the
14:
2326:
2270:Ethnic groups in the Soviet Union
2265:History of the Cossacks in Russia
2239:
1540:
1481:Central European University Press
1388:
1239:the republic has to organize the
1211:Gathered together in a camp near
1165:forces condemned more than 8,000
1067:in the Cossack cultural capital,
166:Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks
158:
2300:Persecution by the Soviet Union
2181:
2151:Yakovlev, Alexander Nikolaevich
2143:
2096:
2057:
1893:
1882:
1860:
1826:
1775:
1759:
1732:
99:Anywhere from 10,000 to 700,000
1900:Alexander Nikolaevich Yakovlev
1308:Alexander Nikolaevich Yakovlev
838:Ukrainian language suppression
1:
2103:Ellman, Michael (June 2007).
1382:
961:
700:Purges of the Communist Party
1989:: Crimes, Terror, Repression
1957:: Crimes, Terror, Repression
1839:. Harvard University Press.
1351:policy of remaking society.
7:
2194:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 88–9.
1987:The Black Book of Communism
1955:The Black Book of Communism
1889:Царицынская оборона 1918—19
1805:The Black Book of Communism
1354:
1330:Russian Academy of Sciences
939:The Black Book of Communism
900:
10:
2331:
2310:Racism in the Soviet Union
2290:Ethnic cleansing in Europe
1722:December 10, 2009, at the
1550:Schleifman, Nurit (2013).
1144:against wealthy Cossacks,
1135:
970:and a grouping of special
665:Soviet famine of 1930–1933
2121:10.1080/09668130701291899
2070:Harvard Ukrainian Studies
2043:. Routledge. p. 37.
1161:In mid-March 1919 alone,
1089:Pyotr Kharitonovich Popov
889:
123:
103:
95:
75:
67:
52:
44:
39:
2064:Boeck, Brian J. (2008).
1993:Harvard University Press
1961:Harvard University Press
1810:Harvard University Press
1406:Holquist, Peter (1997).
936:, one of the authors of
2305:Massacres of Christians
1448:. University of Hawaiʻi
1345:Dictionary of Genocides
1283:Effects on the Cossacks
414:Colonisation of Siberia
27:Infobox civilian attack
20:
2191:Dictionary of Genocide
1412:Cahiers du Monde Russe
1250:
1221:
1030:Ukrainian Central Rada
724:Ideological repression
32:considered for merging
2161:Yale University Press
1907:Yale University Press
1424:10.3406/cmr.1997.2486
1237:
1209:
1126:invasion of Tsaritsyn
2280:Soviet ethnic policy
2217:The Wilson Quarterly
2177:on 19 November 2014.
1521:May 5, 2016, at the
1259:organized a "day of
1178:counterrevolutionary
1114:Imperial German army
833:Repressions of Poles
828:Population transfers
686:Political repression
424:Pugachev's Rebellion
304:Other Cossack groups
2295:Genocides in Europe
2109:Europe-Asia Studies
1767:Skorik, Alexander.
1273:Sergo Ordzhonikidze
1205:Special commissions
1087:, headed by Ataman
823:National operations
715:Punitive psychiatry
642:Economic repression
637:in the Soviet Union
505:Yermak Timofeyevich
377:Registered Cossacks
2249:University of York
2019:Free Press, 1998.
1727:University of York
1648:Nekrich, Aleksandr
1332:on the subject of
1225:Feliks Dzerzhinsky
1169:to death. In each
999:October Revolution
952:social engineering
500:Pavlo Skoropadskyi
460:Bohdan Khmelnytsky
439:Cossacks in the SS
2050:978-0-429-76363-2
2013:Dmitri Volkogonov
1982:Stéphane Courtois
1950:Stéphane Courtois
1783:Zayats, Nikolay.
1752:978-0-429-76363-2
1646:Heller, Mikhail;
1591:. Penguin Books.
1567:978-1-135-22533-9
1490:978-963-9241-68-8
1440:Rummel, Rudolph.
1343:According to the
1277:Northern Caucasus
1223:In November 1920
978:(1853–1856), the
898:
877:De-Cossackization
874:
873:
818:De-Cossackization
810:Ethnic repression
630:
629:
480:Yemelyan Pugachev
470:Petro Sahaidachny
434:De-Cossackization
419:Bulavin Rebellion
137:
136:
40:De-Cossackization
2322:
2234:
2232:
2212:
2206:
2205:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2173:. Archived from
2147:
2141:
2140:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2034:
2028:
2010:
2004:
1978:
1972:
1946:
1935:
1932:
1928:Peter Holquist.
1926:
1920:
1897:
1891:
1886:
1880:
1875:
1869:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1830:
1824:
1823:
1799:
1793:
1792:
1779:
1773:
1772:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1736:
1730:
1713:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1665:
1656:
1655:
1643:
1634:
1633:
1622:. Random House.
1616:Rayfield, Donald
1612:
1603:
1602:
1581:
1572:
1571:
1547:
1538:
1509:Robert Gellately
1506:
1495:
1494:
1467:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1437:
1428:
1427:
1403:
1304:Robert Gellately
1108:
1098:, fled into the
1097:
1006:Communist regime
903:
901:Raskazachivaniye
893:
891:
884:
866:
859:
852:
655:Collectivization
632:
631:
622:
615:
608:
455:Petro Doroshenko
447:Notable Cossacks
360:
297:
289:Irkutsk Cossacks
162:
139:
138:
107:at least 45,000
90:ethnic cleansing
37:
36:
2330:
2329:
2325:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2320:
2319:
2255:
2254:
2242:
2237:
2213:
2209:
2202:
2186:
2182:
2171:
2163:. p. 102.
2148:
2144:
2101:
2097:
2062:
2058:
2051:
2035:
2031:
2011:
2007:
1979:
1975:
1947:
1938:
1930:
1927:
1923:
1898:
1894:
1887:
1883:
1876:
1872:
1865:
1861:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1831:
1827:
1820:
1800:
1796:
1780:
1776:
1764:
1760:
1753:
1737:
1733:
1724:Wayback Machine
1714:
1703:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1666:
1659:
1644:
1637:
1630:
1613:
1606:
1599:
1582:
1575:
1568:
1560:. p. 114.
1548:
1541:
1523:Wayback Machine
1507:
1498:
1491:
1468:
1461:
1451:
1449:
1438:
1431:
1404:
1389:
1385:
1357:
1285:
1138:
1102:
1091:
984:First World War
980:Napoleonic Wars
964:
880:
870:
636:
635:Mass repression
626:
594:Cossack cuisine
586:Cossaks clothes
354:
352:Buryat Cossacks
291:
169:
78:
35:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2328:
2318:
2317:
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2252:
2241:
2240:External links
2238:
2236:
2235:
2207:
2200:
2180:
2169:
2142:
2115:(4): 663–693.
2095:
2076:(1/4): 31–48.
2056:
2049:
2029:
2005:
1973:
1936:
1921:
1892:
1881:
1870:
1859:
1845:
1825:
1818:
1812:. p. 98.
1794:
1774:
1758:
1751:
1731:
1701:
1687:
1657:
1635:
1628:
1604:
1597:
1585:Figes, Orlando
1573:
1566:
1539:
1496:
1489:
1483:. p. 60.
1459:
1429:
1418:(1): 127–162.
1386:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1379:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1361:Dekulakization
1356:
1353:
1318:Peter Holquist
1312:Rudolph Rummel
1294:white movement
1284:
1281:
1231:, reported to
1227:, head of the
1137:
1134:
1120:formed in the
1085:White Cossacks
1065:Volunteer Army
1022:Alexey Kaledin
997:Following the
988:tsarist regime
963:
960:
956:Soviet society
922:Kuban Cossacks
914:Russian Empire
912:in the former
890:Расказачивание
872:
871:
869:
868:
861:
854:
846:
843:
842:
841:
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835:
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660:Dekulakization
657:
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465:Marina Yurlova
462:
457:
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404:Hadiach Treaty
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54:
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42:
41:
15:
9:
6:
4:
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2:
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2250:
2247:
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2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2211:
2203:
2201:9780313346415
2197:
2193:
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2184:
2176:
2172:
2170:0-300-08760-8
2166:
2162:
2158:
2157:
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2146:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2099:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2060:
2052:
2046:
2042:
2041:
2033:
2026:
2025:0-684-87112-2
2022:
2018:
2014:
2009:
2002:
2001:0-674-07608-7
1998:
1994:
1990:
1988:
1983:
1977:
1970:
1969:0-674-07608-7
1966:
1962:
1958:
1956:
1951:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1934:
1925:
1919:
1916:
1915:0-300-08760-8
1912:
1908:
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1901:
1896:
1890:
1885:
1879:
1874:
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1863:
1848:
1846:9780674009073
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1829:
1821:
1819:0-674-07608-7
1815:
1811:
1807:
1806:
1798:
1790:
1786:
1778:
1770:
1762:
1754:
1748:
1745:. Routledge.
1744:
1743:
1735:
1728:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1690:
1688:1-56000-887-3
1684:
1680:
1676:
1675:
1670:
1669:Rummel, R. J.
1664:
1662:
1653:
1649:
1642:
1640:
1631:
1629:0-375-50632-2
1625:
1621:
1617:
1611:
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1600:
1598:0-14-024364-X
1594:
1590:
1586:
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1535:1-4000-4005-1
1532:
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1515:
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1492:
1486:
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1471:Polian, Pavel
1466:
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1194:
1190:
1189:Baron Wrangel
1186:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1173:
1168:
1164:
1159:
1156:
1152:
1147:
1146:exterminating
1143:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1110:
1106:
1101:
1100:Salsk steppes
1095:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1069:Novocherkassk
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1049:Soviet regime
1046:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1032:and with the
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1004:
1000:
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993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
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949:
945:
941:
940:
935:
934:Nicolas Werth
930:
928:
923:
919:
915:
911:
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902:
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684:
683:
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673:
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663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
650:War communism
648:
647:
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623:
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609:
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603:
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552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
523:
522:
521:
518:Cossack terms
517:
516:
511:
510:Ivan Vyhovsky
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
495:Andrei Shkuro
493:
491:
488:
486:
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471:
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461:
458:
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451:
450:
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220:
217:
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212:
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207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
181:
180:
179:
176:
175:Cossack hosts
173:
172:
168:
167:
161:
157:
156:
153:
150:
149:
145:
141:
140:
133:
129:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
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91:
87:
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66:
62:
58:
55:
51:
48:
43:
38:
33:
29:
28:
24:
19:
2223:(2): 28–34.
2220:
2216:
2210:
2190:
2183:
2175:the original
2155:
2145:
2112:
2108:
2098:
2073:
2069:
2059:
2039:
2032:
2016:
2008:
1985:
1976:
1953:
1924:
1903:
1895:
1884:
1873:
1862:
1850:. Retrieved
1835:
1828:
1803:
1797:
1788:
1777:
1761:
1741:
1734:
1692:. Retrieved
1673:
1651:
1619:
1588:
1552:
1513:
1475:
1450:. Retrieved
1445:
1415:
1411:
1344:
1342:
1338:Terek Oblast
1326:Pavel Polian
1324:Research by
1323:
1316:
1302:
1290:
1286:
1251:
1238:
1222:
1210:
1182:
1170:
1160:
1139:
1122:Don province
1111:
1018:Don Cossacks
996:
992:in 1905–1907
965:
937:
931:
876:
875:
817:
763:Christianity
485:Stepan Razin
433:
164:
124:Perpetrators
111:deported to
45:Part of the
25:
18:
1878:Калединщина
1789:scepsis.net
1679:Transaction
1180:behavior".
1142:mass terror
1103: [
1092: [
976:Crimean War
778:Legislation
705:Great Purge
475:Ivan Mazepa
397:Khmelnytsky
355: [
292: [
284:Zaporozhian
82:Deportation
77:Attack type
21:‹ The
2315:Red Terror
2259:Categories
1867:Казачество
1537:pp. 70–71.
1446:Powerkills
1383:References
1269:Kislovodsk
1261:Red Terror
1254:Pyatigorsk
1241:internment
1201:Red Terror
1185:Green Army
1112:After the
962:Background
904:) was the
790:Censorship
695:Red Terror
675:Kazakhstan
490:Ivan Sirko
254:Semirechye
47:Red Terror
2129:0966-8136
2082:0363-5570
1558:Routledge
1349:Bolshevik
1298:Holodomor
1003:Bolshevik
968:ethnicity
906:Bolshevik
895:romanized
882:‹See Tfd›
758:1975–1987
753:1958–1964
748:1928–1941
743:1921–1928
738:1917–1921
551:Oseledets
429:Communism
409:Hetmanate
392:Nalyvaiko
382:Uprisings
312:Albazinan
204:Black Sea
189:Astrakhan
86:execution
71:1919–1933
30:is being
2229:40260182
2153:(2002).
2137:53655536
2090:23611465
1995:, 1999.
1971:p 99-100
1963:, 1999.
1909:, 2002.
1720:Archived
1671:(1990).
1618:(2004).
1587:(1998).
1519:Archived
1511:(2007).
1473:(2004).
1452:6 August
1355:See also
1265:chekists
1217:hostages
1197:Red Army
1172:stanitsa
1167:Cossacks
1057:Alekseev
1053:Kornilov
1042:Orenburg
1026:Kerensky
927:genocide
910:Cossacks
733:Religion
571:Stanitsa
387:Kosiński
332:Nekrasov
259:Siberian
244:Orenburg
214:Caucasus
152:Cossacks
144:a series
142:Part of
128:Red Army
117:Cossacks
109:Cossacks
63:, Russia
53:Location
34:. ›
23:template
1852:1 March
1694:1 March
1158:men)."
1155:atamans
1136:History
1118:Krasnov
1061:Denikin
1016:of the
897::
886:Russian
785:Science
773:Judaism
670:Ukraine
576:Shashka
561:Plastun
556:Papakhi
536:Kontusz
368:History
347:Turkish
337:Persian
317:Bashkir
113:Ukraine
104:Victims
2227:
2198:
2167:
2135:
2127:
2088:
2080:
2047:
2023:
1999:
1967:
1918:p. 100
1913:
1843:
1816:
1749:
1685:
1626:
1595:
1564:
1533:
1487:
1215:, the
1213:Maikop
1193:Crimea
1151:khutor
1077:Rostov
1040:, and
1014:Ataman
1010:Russia
948:Vendée
944:deport
795:Images
581:Szabla
566:Yesaul
546:Sotnia
531:Hetman
526:Ataman
327:Jewish
322:Danube
274:Ussuri
234:Greben
219:Danube
199:Baikal
96:Deaths
2225:JSTOR
2133:S2CID
2086:JSTOR
2027:p. 74
2003:p 100
1527:Knopf
1328:from
1257:Cheka
1246:Oryol
1233:Lenin
1229:Cheka
1163:Cheka
1107:]
1096:]
1045:hosts
1038:Terek
1034:Kuban
768:Islam
710:Gulag
541:Kurin
359:]
342:Tatar
296:]
279:Volga
264:Terek
239:Kuban
132:Cheka
61:Kuban
2196:ISBN
2165:ISBN
2125:ISSN
2078:ISSN
2045:ISBN
2021:ISBN
1997:ISBN
1965:ISBN
1911:ISBN
1854:2014
1841:ISBN
1814:ISBN
1747:ISBN
1696:2014
1683:ISBN
1624:ISBN
1593:ISBN
1562:ISBN
1531:ISBN
1485:ISBN
1454:2023
1292:the
1252:The
1081:O.S.
1073:O.S.
1059:and
920:and
269:Ural
229:Free
194:Azov
184:Amur
68:Date
59:and
2117:doi
1420:doi
1195:by
1130:Don
1008:in
918:Don
802:Art
249:Red
224:Don
209:Buh
57:Don
2261::
2221:25
2219:.
2159:.
2131:.
2123:.
2113:59
2111:.
2107:.
2084:.
2074:30
2072:.
2068:.
2015:.
1991:.
1984:.
1959:.
1952:.
1939:^
1902:.
1808:.
1787:.
1718:.
1704:^
1681:.
1677:.
1660:^
1650:.
1638:^
1607:^
1576:^
1556:.
1542:^
1529:.
1525:.
1517:.
1499:^
1479:.
1462:^
1444:.
1432:^
1416:38
1414:.
1410:.
1390:^
1279:.
1235::
1203:.
1109:.
1105:ru
1094:ru
1055:,
1036:,
1020:,
994:.
958:.
892:,
888::
589:ru
357:ru
294:ru
146:on
130:,
88:,
84:,
2233:.
2231:.
2204:.
2139:.
2119::
2092:.
2053:.
1931:"
1856:.
1822:.
1791:.
1771:.
1755:.
1698:.
1654:.
1632:.
1601:.
1570:.
1493:.
1456:.
1426:.
1422::
1174:,
879:(
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858:t
851:v
621:e
614:t
607:v
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