20:
364:). The guides to the incorporation and taxation of new imperial provinces, and to some parts of civil and naval administration, are in chapters 49–52. These later chapters (and chapter 53) were designed to give practical instructions to the emperor Romanus II, and are probably added during the year 951–52, in order to mark Romanus' fourteenth birthday (952).
588:" on purpose, so as to make everything "plain as the beaten track of common, everyday speech" for his son and those high officials with whom he might later choose to share the work. It is probably the extant written text that comes closest to the vernacular employed by the imperial palace bureaucracy in 10th-century Constantinople.
134:. From 920, Constantine VII become increasingly distant from the imperial authorities; until December 944, when the sons of Emperor Romanos I suddenly rebelled and cloistered their father. Constantine VII, with the help of his supporters, cloistered his brothers-in-law, and personally ruled by the
319:
The historical and antiquarian treatise, which the
Emperor had compiled during the 940s, is contained in the chapters 12–40. This treatise contains traditional and legendary stories of how the territories surrounding the Empire came in the past to be occupied by the people living in them in the
229:, Constantine VII wrote that the work was a set of knowledge which his son Romanos II (born in 938, and ruled 959–963) will need. The intention of Emperor Constantine VII to write a manual for his successor, Romanos II, reduces the possibility that large untruths have been written. Therefore,
178:
was written by emperor
Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus, but he had at least one educated "Anonymous Collaborator". Constantine VII's direct appeals to his son Romanus II and Constantine's first-person commentaries are located both at the beginning of the treatise in the
547:
Constantine himself had not given the work a name, preferring instead to start the text with the standard formal salutation: "Constantine, in Christ the
Eternal Sovereign, Emperor of the Romans, to own son Romanos, the Emperor crowned of God and
153:. He gathered a group of educated people and dedicated himself to writing books about the administration, ceremonies, and history of the Eastern Roman Empire. A circle of educated people formed around Constantine VII wrote three unfinished books (
1246:"Treatise De Administrando Imperio by Emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus: Date of the Paris gr. 2009 Copy, Years of Compiling of the Original Codex, and a Hypothesis about the Number of Authors [in Studia Ceranea 9, 2019]"
210:," and Byzantine year 6460 from the creation of the world corresponds with 951/952 CE. From this, it would appear that some parts of the work were written in the period 948-952 CE. According to other researchers,
238:
It contains advice on ruling the heterogeneous empire as well as fighting foreign enemies. The work combines two of
Constantine's earlier treatises, "On the Governance of the State and the various Nations"
198:
was written between 948 and 952. Chapters 27, 29, and 45 of the work support that view. Chapter 29 says, "now (today) is the VII indiction, the year 6457 from the creation of the world," and
202:
year 6457 from the creation of the world corresponds with 948/949 CE. Chapter 45 says, "now (today) is the X indiction, the year from the creation of the world 6460 in the reign of
568:, and easily comprehensible to an educated modern Greek. The only difficulty is the regular use of technical terms which – being in standard use at the time – may present
183:
and in chapter 13, as well as at the end of the text, in chapter 51. In this text his son
Romanus II is never designated as a self-sustained ruler. Thus, the whole
1036:
Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus, The early history of the
Slavonic settlements in Dalmatia, Croatia, & Serbia - De administrando Imperio, Chapters 29-36
115:(886–912). Leo VI gave the crown to young Constantine VII in 908 and he became the co-emperor. Leo VI died in May 912, and his brother and co-emperor
291:), concerning recent events in the imperial provinces. To this combination were added Constantine's own political instructions to his son, Romanus.
1352:
303:
a key to the foreign policy in the most dangerous and complicated area of the contemporary political scene, the area of northerners and
Scythians,
1340:
356:. Chapter 13 is a general directive on foreign policy coming from the Emperor. Chapters 43—46 are about contemporary policy in the north-east (
316:
As to the historical and geographic information, which is often confusing and filled with legends, this information is in essence reliable.
1477:
1250:
Studia
Ceranea. Journal of the Waldemar Ceran Research Centre for the History and Culture of the Mediterranean Area and South-East Europe
141:
Constantine's father, Leo was known for his learning and writings, and, correctly or not, Constantine VII also believed that his mother,
870:
Byzanz und
Ostmitteleuropa 950-1453: Beiträge zu einer table-ronde des XIX. International Congress of Byzantine Studies, Copenhagen 1996
1472:
1177:
1140:
720:
149:, one of the Middle Byzantine Historians. Constantine VII was a scholar-emperor, who sought to foster learning and education in the
580:"royals") to distant lands for negotiations. In this case, it is merely meant that "royal men", i.e. imperial envoys, were sent as
220:
when
Constantine VII died. Still others believe the book just an unfinished manuscript written between about 926 and November 959.
1462:
600:
later proposed to include this work in his collection of Byzantine Texts. He gave up the plan for an edition, surrendering it to
1447:
1391:
959:
908:
878:
791:
122:
Constantine VII was too young to rule on his own, and the governorship was created. Later in May 919 Constantine VII married
1411:
1457:
584:
on a specific mission. In the preamble, the emperor makes a point that he has avoided convoluted expressions and "lofty
1324:
1126:
1102:
23:
235:
is one of the most important sources for the study of the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantium) and its neighbors.
1487:
1452:
116:
608:) appeared in Budapest in 1949. The next editions appeared in 1962 (Athlone, London) then in 1967 and 1993 (
1442:
1421:
Of the Pechenegs, and how many advantages accrue from their being at peace with the emperor of the Romans
604:
in 1925. The first modern edition of the Greek text (by Gy. Moravscik) and its English translation (by
278:
81:
532:. This edition was published six years later with no changes. The next edition – which belongs to the
1348:
416:
1482:
1467:
146:
100:
1245:
572:
hardships to a modern reader. For example, Constantine writes of the regular practice of sending
245:), concerning the histories and characters of the nations neighbouring the Empire, including the
1192:
1155:
111:
The emperor Constantine VII "Porphyrogenitus" (905–959) was only surviving son of the emperor
1420:
868:
898:
528:, who gave it the Latin title by which it is now universally known, and which translates as
1094:
729:, pp. 686 (6). Emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus died on 9 (or 15) November 959.
8:
1425:
1230:
1210:
1173:
1136:
1044:
1034:
404:
127:
309:
a comprehensive geographic and historical survey of most of the surrounding nations and
1334:
1301:
1287:
1275:
549:
19:
1121:(2nd revised ed.). Washington D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies.
1387:
1320:
1279:
1215:"Constantine Porphyrogenitus' Source on the Earliest History of the Croats and Serbs"
1122:
1098:
1090:
1072:
955:
904:
874:
787:
525:
361:
1178:"Constantine Porphyrogenitus' Kastra oikoumena in the Southern Slavs Principalities"
540:. Banduri's edition was reprinted twice: in 1729 in the Venetian collection of the
306:
a lesson in the diplomacy to be pursued in dealing with the nations of the same area
1265:
1257:
199:
150:
142:
135:
312:
a summary of the recent internal history, politics and organization of the Empire.
130:(920–944) was crowned a co-emperor, but he really took over the imperial reign in
1415:
1364:"De administrando imperio: Time of creation and some corrections for translation"
1291:
1116:
1112:
1080:
1076:
1068:
1060:
1056:
605:
601:
533:
516:
442:
329:
203:
123:
112:
88:
84:
1408:
1084:
894:
609:
561:
353:
254:
131:
92:
77:
54:
1436:
1261:
1064:
161:
917:
1030:
299:
The book content, according to its preface, is divided into four sections:
929:
258:
1270:
1039:. London-New York: Society for promoting Christian knowledge-Macmillan.
581:
544:, and in 1864 Migne republished Banduri's text with a few corrections.
246:
207:
96:
800:
597:
349:
345:
274:
270:
250:
1381:
1363:
1305:
949:
781:
1234:
1214:
997:
995:
708:
585:
325:
321:
266:
95:
manual for the use of Constantine's son and successor, the Emperor
744:
357:
341:
180:
166:
1141:"Constantine Porhyrogenitus and the Ragusan Authors before 1611"
992:
596:
In 1892 R. Vari planned a new critical edition of this work and
165:
and On the Themes) and finished a biography of his grandfather,
565:
506:
484:
337:
119:
became the ruler of Constantinople, but Alexander died in 913.
1409:
Byzantine Relations with Northern Peoples in the Tenth Century
696:
536:(1711) – is collated copy of the first edition and manuscript
514:
The Greek text in its entirety was published seven times. The
189:
must have been written while Constantine VII was still alive.
1357:. Vol. 2. Београд: Византолошки институт. pp. 1–98.
980:
866:
824:
812:
560:
The language Constantine uses is rather straightforward High
333:
282:
262:
240:
732:
763:
761:
759:
968:
848:
684:
645:
348:). Chapters 1–8, 10—12 explain imperial policy toward the
242:Περὶ Διοικήσεως τοῦ Κράτους βιβλίον καὶ τῶν διαφόρων Ἐθνῶν
674:
672:
217:
216:
was compiled at some point after 952 and before November
756:
657:
1007:
669:
1118:
Constantine Porphyrogenitus: De Administrando Imperio
633:
621:
1236:
De conversione Croatorum et Serborum: A Lost Source
860:
612:Research Library and Collection, Washington D.C.).
564:, somewhat more elaborate than that of the Canonic
126:, daughter of Romanos Lekapenos. In December 920,
893:
836:
1434:
1379:
1354:Византиски извори за историју народа Југославије
1317:Константин Багрянородный, Об управлении империей
947:
779:
439:Notes in Greek and Latin added by later readers
138:from January 945 to his death in November 959.
1086:De Administrando Imperio: Volume II Commentary
1300:
1219:Radovi Zavoda Za Hrvatsku Povijest U Zagrebu
714:
702:
690:
651:
1383:Istorija Srba 1 - Dopuna 4; Istorija Srba 5
1286:
1001:
951:Istorija Srba 1 - Dopuna 4; Istorija Srba 5
783:Istorija Srba 1 - Dopuna 4; Istorija Srba 5
678:
367:
230:
224:
211:
193:
184:
173:
154:
80:-language work written by the 10th-century
61:
38:
31:
1339:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1243:
923:
873:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 24–.
830:
818:
806:
726:
1347:
1269:
1111:
1043:
1013:
974:
887:
854:
750:
738:
627:
1314:
1229:
1209:
1172:
1135:
986:
867:Günter Prinzing; Maciej Salamon (1999).
663:
639:
106:
18:
1351:(1959). "Константин VII Порфирогенит".
1055:
1435:
1426:Chapters 29-36 at the Internet Archive
1361:
1239:. Belgrade: The Institute of History.
935:
767:
1029:
938:, pp. 8, 10–11, and 8B, 10-11B.
842:
1478:Books about international relations
1319:(Издание второе ed.). Москва.
954:. Beograd: ATC. pp. 8, 10–11.
145:, was a relative of the chronicler
13:
1310:. Москва: Сибирская Благозвонница.
926:, pp. 686–687, 701 (6-7, 21).
591:
14:
1499:
1473:Non-fiction books about diplomacy
1402:
1307:История Византийского государства
577:
429:codex Vaticanus-Palatinus gr. 126
372:There are four surviving copies:
59:Πρὸς τὸν ἴδιον υἱὸν αὐτοῦ Ῥωμανὸν
458:Eparchus, then Michael Damascene
284:Περὶ θεμάτων Ἀνατολῆς καὶ Δύσεως
1051:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
1049:The Middle Byzantine Historians
941:
903:. Dumbarton Oaks. pp. 8–.
900:Byzantium: A World Civilization
773:
99:. It is a prominent example of
48:on the governance of the Empire
24:Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus
1463:Khazar diplomacy and documents
1293:History of the Byzantine State
1244:Shchavelev, Aleksei S (2019).
473:Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris
1:
615:
1448:950s in the Byzantine Empire
809:, pp. 698 -701 (18-21).
786:. Beograd: ATC. p. 10.
7:
1315:Литаврин, Г.Г, ed. (1991).
555:
530:On Administering the Empire
524:, was published in 1611 by
16:10th-century Byzantine work
10:
1504:
1458:Medieval history of Greece
1362:Logos, Aleksandar (2019),
1296:. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
1022:
294:
1380:Aleksandar Logos (2019).
1154:: 145–164. Archived from
948:Aleksandar Logos (2019).
780:Aleksandar Logos (2019).
407:' confidential secretary)
58:
1302:Острогорский, Георгий A.
1262:10.18778/2084-140X.09.33
753:, pp. 157, 164–165.
717:, pp. 353–354, 359.
454:codex Parisinus gr. 2967
399:codex Parisinus gr. 2009
368:Manuscripts and editions
232:De Administrando Imperio
226:De Administrando Imperio
223:In the beginning of the
213:De Administrando Imperio
195:De Administrando Imperio
186:De Administrando Imperio
175:De Administrando Imperio
156:De Administrando Imperio
147:Theophanes the Confessor
101:Byzantine encyclopaedism
33:De Administrando Imperio
283:
241:
1191:: 9–28. Archived from
417:Bibliothèque Nationale
231:
225:
212:
194:
185:
174:
155:
32:
27:
26:in a 945 carved ivory.
989:, pp. 15, 32–33.
520:, which was based on
500:Copy (incomplete) of
107:Author and background
71:to my own son Romanos
22:
1488:Greek-language books
1453:Byzantine literature
1095:University of London
1004:, p. 105, note.
542:Byzantine Historians
287:, known in Latin as
151:Eastern Roman Empire
136:Eastern Roman Empire
1288:Ostrogorsky, George
833:, pp. 688 (8).
821:, pp. 686 (6).
770:, pp. 10, 10B.
741:, pp. 154–155.
705:, pp. 338–339.
281:of East and West" (
128:Romanos I Lekapenos
1443:10th-century books
1414:2015-02-19 at the
1349:Ферјанчић, Божидар
1185:Историјски часопис
1148:Историјски часопис
1031:Bury, John Bagnell
897:(1 January 1992).
550:born in the purple
277:; and the "On the
172:The text known as
28:
1393:978-86-85117-46-6
1091:The Athlone Press
1073:Dimitri Obolensky
1045:Treadgold, Warren
977:, pp. 44–47.
961:978-86-85117-46-6
910:978-0-88402-215-2
895:Angeliki E. Laiou
880:978-3-447-04146-1
857:, pp. 11–12.
793:978-86-85117-46-6
715:Острогорский 2011
703:Острогорский 2011
691:Острогорский 2011
666:, pp. 13–14.
652:Острогорский 2011
526:Johannes Meursius
512:
511:
410:late 11th century
320:Emperor's times (
82:Byzantine Emperor
1495:
1397:
1386:. Beograd: ATC.
1376:
1375:
1374:
1358:
1344:
1338:
1330:
1311:
1297:
1283:
1273:
1240:
1226:
1206:
1204:
1203:
1197:
1182:
1169:
1167:
1166:
1160:
1145:
1132:
1113:Moravcsik, Gyula
1108:
1081:Jenkins, Romilly
1052:
1040:
1017:
1011:
1005:
1002:Ostrogorsky 1956
999:
990:
984:
978:
972:
966:
965:
945:
939:
933:
927:
921:
915:
914:
891:
885:
884:
864:
858:
852:
846:
840:
834:
828:
822:
816:
810:
804:
798:
797:
777:
771:
765:
754:
748:
742:
736:
730:
724:
718:
712:
706:
700:
694:
688:
682:
679:Ostrogorsky 1956
676:
667:
661:
655:
649:
643:
637:
631:
625:
606:R. J. H. Jenkins
579:
497:
464:
375:
374:
286:
244:
234:
228:
215:
197:
192:It is said that
188:
177:
158:
143:Zoe Karbonopsina
75:
72:
69:
66:
63:
60:
52:
49:
46:
43:
40:
35:
1503:
1502:
1498:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1493:
1492:
1483:Constantine VII
1468:Political books
1433:
1432:
1416:Wayback Machine
1405:
1400:
1394:
1372:
1370:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1231:Živković, Tibor
1211:Živković, Tibor
1201:
1199:
1195:
1180:
1174:Živković, Tibor
1164:
1162:
1158:
1143:
1137:Živković, Tibor
1129:
1115:, ed. (1967) .
1105:
1077:Steven Runciman
1069:Gyula Moravcsik
1061:Romilly Jenkins
1057:Francis Dvornik
1025:
1020:
1012:
1008:
1000:
993:
985:
981:
973:
969:
962:
946:
942:
934:
930:
924:Shchavelev 2019
922:
918:
911:
892:
888:
881:
865:
861:
853:
849:
841:
837:
831:Shchavelev 2019
829:
825:
819:Shchavelev 2019
817:
813:
807:Shchavelev 2019
805:
801:
794:
778:
774:
766:
757:
749:
745:
737:
733:
727:Shchavelev 2019
725:
721:
713:
709:
701:
697:
693:, pp. 338.
689:
685:
677:
670:
662:
658:
654:, pp. 335.
650:
646:
638:
634:
626:
622:
618:
602:Gyula Moravcsik
594:
592:Modern editions
558:
517:editio princeps
495:
462:
443:Vatican Library
433:Antony Eparchus
370:
297:
124:Helena Lekapene
113:Leo VI the Wise
109:
85:Constantine VII
73:
70:
67:
64:
50:
47:
44:
41:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1501:
1491:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1429:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1404:
1403:External links
1401:
1399:
1398:
1392:
1377:
1359:
1345:
1325:
1312:
1298:
1284:
1241:
1227:
1207:
1170:
1133:
1127:
1109:
1103:
1053:
1041:
1033:, ed. (1920).
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1018:
1016:, pp. 23.
1014:Moravcsik 1967
1006:
991:
979:
975:Moravcsik 1967
967:
960:
940:
928:
916:
909:
886:
879:
859:
855:Moravcsik 1967
847:
835:
823:
811:
799:
792:
772:
755:
751:Treadgold 2013
743:
739:Treadgold 2013
731:
719:
707:
695:
683:
668:
656:
644:
642:, pp. 13.
632:
628:Moravcsik 1967
619:
617:
614:
610:Dumbarton Oaks
593:
590:
562:Medieval Greek
557:
554:
510:
509:
504:
498:
492:
491:Andrea Darmari
489:
475:
474:
471:
465:
459:
456:
446:
445:
440:
437:
434:
431:
421:
420:
414:
411:
408:
401:
391:
390:
387:
385:
382:
379:
369:
366:
314:
313:
310:
307:
304:
296:
293:
132:Constantinople
108:
105:
93:foreign policy
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1500:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1431:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1395:
1389:
1385:
1384:
1378:
1369:
1365:
1360:
1356:
1355:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1336:
1328:
1326:5-02-008637-1
1322:
1318:
1313:
1309:
1308:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1294:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1242:
1238:
1237:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1198:on 2018-03-24
1194:
1190:
1186:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1161:on 2018-03-24
1157:
1153:
1149:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1128:9780884020219
1124:
1120:
1119:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1104:9780884020219
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1087:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1065:Bernard Lewis
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1037:
1032:
1028:
1027:
1015:
1010:
1003:
998:
996:
988:
987:Литаврин 1991
983:
976:
971:
963:
957:
953:
952:
944:
937:
932:
925:
920:
912:
906:
902:
901:
896:
890:
882:
876:
872:
871:
863:
856:
851:
845:, pp. V.
844:
839:
832:
827:
820:
815:
808:
803:
795:
789:
785:
784:
776:
769:
764:
762:
760:
752:
747:
740:
735:
728:
723:
716:
711:
704:
699:
692:
687:
680:
675:
673:
665:
664:Литаврин 1991
660:
653:
648:
641:
640:Литаврин 1991
636:
630:, pp. 7.
629:
624:
620:
613:
611:
607:
603:
599:
589:
587:
583:
575:
571:
567:
563:
553:
551:
545:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
518:
508:
505:
503:
499:
493:
490:
488:
486:
480:
477:
476:
472:
470:
466:
460:
457:
455:
451:
448:
447:
444:
441:
438:
435:
432:
430:
426:
423:
422:
418:
415:
413:Earliest copy
412:
409:
406:
402:
400:
396:
393:
392:
388:
386:
383:
380:
377:
376:
373:
365:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
317:
311:
308:
305:
302:
301:
300:
292:
290:
289:De Thematibus
285:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
243:
236:
233:
227:
221:
219:
214:
209:
205:
201:
196:
190:
187:
182:
176:
170:
168:
164:
163:
162:De Ceremoniis
157:
152:
148:
144:
139:
137:
133:
129:
125:
120:
118:
114:
104:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
83:
79:
56:
36:
34:
25:
21:
1430:
1382:
1371:, retrieved
1368:academia.edu
1367:
1353:
1316:
1306:
1292:
1253:
1249:
1235:
1222:
1218:
1200:. Retrieved
1193:the original
1188:
1184:
1163:. Retrieved
1156:the original
1151:
1147:
1117:
1085:
1048:
1035:
1009:
982:
970:
950:
943:
931:
919:
899:
889:
869:
862:
850:
838:
826:
814:
802:
782:
775:
746:
734:
722:
710:
698:
686:
659:
647:
635:
623:
595:
573:
569:
559:
546:
541:
537:
529:
521:
515:
513:
501:
482:
478:
468:
453:
449:
428:
424:
398:
394:
371:
318:
315:
298:
288:
237:
222:
204:Constantine
191:
171:
167:Basil I
160:
140:
121:
110:
30:
29:
1271:11089/38881
1256:: 681–704.
582:ambassadors
570:prima facie
405:John Doukas
259:South Slavs
255:Kievan Rus'
1437:Categories
1373:2020-11-15
1225:: 117–131.
1202:2018-07-21
1165:2018-12-30
1089:. London:
936:Logos 2019
768:Logos 2019
616:References
494:1560–1586
485:Mutinensis
461:1509–1529
247:Hungarians
97:Romanos II
87:. It is a
1335:cite book
1280:216542816
843:Bury 1920
598:J.B. Bury
586:Atticisms
574:basilikoí
534:A. Bandur
403:Michael (
389:Location
350:Pechenegs
346:Pechenegs
330:Venetians
275:Georgians
271:Armenians
251:Pechenegs
200:Byzantine
117:Alexander
1412:Archived
1304:(2011).
1290:(1956).
1233:(2012).
1213:(2010).
1176:(2008).
1139:(2006).
1079:(1962).
1047:(2013).
556:Language
467:Copy of
419:, Paris
326:Lombards
322:Saracens
267:Lombards
208:Romanus
89:domestic
1083:(ed.).
1023:Sources
566:Gospels
487:gr. 179
362:Georgia
358:Armenia
342:Magyars
295:Content
76:) is a
65:
42:
1390:
1323:
1278:
1125:
1101:
958:
907:
877:
790:
507:Modena
483:codex
381:Copier
338:Croats
279:Themes
273:, and
1276:S2CID
1196:(PDF)
1181:(PDF)
1159:(PDF)
1144:(PDF)
354:Turks
334:Serbs
263:Arabs
181:Proem
78:Greek
55:Greek
1388:ISBN
1341:link
1321:ISBN
1123:ISBN
1099:ISBN
956:ISBN
905:ISBN
875:ISBN
788:ISBN
578:lit.
436:1509
384:Year
378:Name
360:and
352:and
206:and
91:and
62:lit.
39:lit.
1266:hdl
1258:doi
552:".
496:(?)
463:(?)
218:959
1439::
1366:,
1337:}}
1333:{{
1274:.
1264:.
1252:.
1248:.
1223:42
1221:.
1217:.
1189:57
1187:.
1183:.
1152:53
1150:.
1146:.
1097:.
1093:,
1075:;
1071:;
1067:;
1063:;
1059:;
994:^
758:^
671:^
481:=
452:=
427:=
397:=
344:,
340:,
336:,
332:,
328:,
324:,
269:,
265:,
261:,
257:,
253:,
249:,
169:.
159:,
103:.
57::
53:;
1396:.
1343:)
1329:.
1282:.
1268::
1260::
1254:9
1205:.
1168:.
1131:.
1107:.
964:.
913:.
883:.
796:.
681:.
576:(
538:P
522:V
502:P
479:M
469:V
450:F
425:V
395:P
239:(
74:'
68:'
51:'
45:'
37:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.jpeg)