313:
1434:
650:, and the new rulers did not think of themselves as Roman citizens. Dating Gildas's work more exactly would hence provide a little more certainty about the timeline of the transition from post-Roman Britain to Anglo-Saxon England; a certainty that would be the more valuable as precise dates and reliable facts are extremely scarce for this period.
477:
spelling of the name: Votecorigas. If the man mentioned in both inscriptions was the same as Gildas' Vortiporius, we would expect the Latin and Irish forms to have been spelled *Vorteporigis and *Vortecorigas, respectively; the difference in spelling has led some to suggest that they are not the same
126:
There is some evidence for an "early Gildas", writing in the late fifth century. This includes Gildas' rhetorical education, his Latin style, his theological concerns, and a rereading of his historical section and his place within it. I tend towards this interpretation, although it cannot be proven.
110:
Gildas's work is of great importance to historians, because, although it is not intended primarily as history, it is almost the only surviving source written by a near-contemporary of
British events in the fifth and sixth centuries. The usual date that has been given for the composition of the work
587:
The third part begins with the words, "Britain has priests, but they are fools; numerous ministers, but they are shameless; clerics, but they are wily plunderers." Gildas continues his jeremiad against the clergy of his age but does not explicitly mention any names in this section, and so does not
526:
over the other kings (the power-giving dragon of the
Apocalypse). The Isle of Anglesey was the base of power of the kings of Gwynedd, so describing Maelgwn as the 'dragon of the island' is appropriate. His pre-eminence over other kings is confirmed indirectly in other sources. For example, Maelgwn
641:
Gildas's work is important for reasons beyond the historical information he provides. At the time when Gildas was writing
Britain was Christian. Gildas uses Latin to address the rulers he excoriates and regards Britons, at least to some degree, as Roman citizens, despite the collapse of central
200:
in his edition nevertheless. Other manuscripts include the
Avranches public library MS. No. 162 of the twelfth century, the Cambridge University Library MS. Ff. I. 27 of the twelfth century, and the Cambridge University Library MS. Dd. I. 17 of c. 1400. Cambridge Ff. I. 27 is the recension of a
283:
Concerning her obstinacy, subjection and rebellion, about her second subjection and harsh servitude; concerning religion, of persecution, the holy martyrs, many heresies, of tyrants, of two plundering races, concerning the defense and a further devastation, of a second vengeance and a third
288:, of victory, of crimes, of enemies suddenly announced, a memorable plague, a council, an enemy more savage than the first, the subversion of cities, concerning those whose survived, and concerning the final victory of our country that has been granted to our time by the will of God.
1437:
201:
certain Cormac and differs sharply from the other manuscripts in that it contains a shortened form of various parts and has many textual readings peculiar to itself. The oldest attestation of Gildas's work is actually found in the extensive quotations and paraphrases of the
158:
Gildas' intent in his writing was to preach to his contemporaries in the manner of an Old
Testament prophet, not to write an account for posterity. Thus, he gives historical details where it serves his purpose; for instance, he offers one of the first descriptions of
437:
suggests a connection between this king and the descendants of the great hero
Ambrosius Aurelianus mentioned previously by Gildas; if this is true his kingdom may have been located somewhere in territory subsequently taken by the Anglo-Saxons. If the form
319:
The second part consists of a condemnation of five
British kings, and as it is the only contemporary information about them, it is of particular interest to scholars of British history. Gildas swathes the condemnations in allegorical beasts from the
610:
relies heavily on Gildas for its account of the Anglo-Saxon invasions, and draws out the implications of Gildas's thesis of loss of divine favour by the
Britons to suggest that this favour has, in turn, passed to the now Christianised Anglo-Saxons.
626:
in 793. The invocation of Gildas as a historical example serves to suggest the idea of moral and religious reform as a remedy for the invasions. Likewise, Wulfstan of York draws on Gildas to make a similar point in his sermons, particularly in the
155:, because he mentions a "certain thick mist and black night" which "sits upon the whole island" of Britain. However, if this interpretation is correct, he fails to record the subsequent famine in the year 537. Breeze's hypothesis is disputed.
238:, was published by the English Historical Society in 1838, and edited by the Rev. J. Stevenson. The text of Gildas founded on Gale's edition collated with two other manuscripts, with elaborate introductions, is included in the
368:
The reason for Gildas's disaffection for these individuals is unknown. He was selective in his choice of kings, as he had no comments concerning the kings of the other
British kingdoms that were thriving at the time, such as
111:
is some time in the 540s, but it is now regarded as quite possibly earlier, in the first quarter of the sixth century, or even before that. The historian Karen George, in her study of Gildas' text, suggests a date range of
464:
genealogies, the son of Aircol. Though it is not easily supportable on linguistic grounds, some scholars maintain that he is mentioned on a memorial stone (discovered in 1895) bearing an inscriptions in both Latin and
167:, though his account of their history appears to be inaccurate. However, he omits details where they do not contribute to his message; he is consistently vague, giving few names and no firm dates. Nonetheless,
171:
remains an important work not only for medieval history but also for
British history in general, as it is one of the few works written in Britain to survive from the fifth or sixth centuries.
131:
Despite this uncertainty, most scholars continue to favor a date c. 530-545, as supported by reports of the death of Gildas in the various Welsh and Irish annals: the
258:
auct. antiq. xiii. (Chronica min. iii.), 1898. The text as it is used today is thus a scholarly reconstruction; the prime witness and possibly the entire manuscript
79:
in the fifth and sixth centuries, as it is the only significant historical source for the period written by a near contemporary of the people and events described.
1172:
Sims-Williams, Patrick (2003), The Celtic Inscriptions of Britain: Phonology and Chronology, c. 400 – 1200, Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, pp. 342, 346–347,
230:
appeared at Oxford. It was frequently reprinted on the Continent during the 16th century, and once or twice since. The next English edition, described by
419:. A number of later traditions refer to a king of this name in the area. Some scholars note the possibility that Gildas instead intended the area of the
786:
Johnson, F.; "537 and Camlann" in "Transactions of the Cumberland and Westmoreland Antiquarian & Archaeological Society", Volume 19 (2019), 131–140
446:
found in 6th-century writings, the result in the later royal genealogies would be Cynan, a commonly occurring name. However, this is a speculation.
773:
98:. Part II is a condemnation of five kings for their various sins, including both obscure figures and relatively well-documented ones such as
207:
71:
in three parts condemning the acts of Gildas' contemporaries, both secular and religious, whom he blames for the dire state of affairs in
1473:
1324:
328:, likening the kings to the beasts described there: a lion, a leopard, a bear, and a dragon. The kings excoriated by Gildas are:
226:, issued a new edition of it more in conformity with manuscript authority; and in 1691 a still more carefully revised edition by
1468:
606:
1313:
1230:
679:
152:
17:
1458:
1463:
1115:
1081:
1047:
1334:
1284:
1177:
741:
1488:
1478:
1390:
239:
255:
1483:
600:, Gildas continued to provide an important model for Anglo-Saxon writers both in Latin and in English.
1421:
83:
535:, implying a responsibility beyond the boundaries of his own kingdom. He made donations to support
95:
1385:, ed. and trans. by Michael Winterbottom, Arthurian Period Sources, 7 (London: Phillimore, 1978),
852:
180:, Gildas can be interpreted as equating the year of his birth with the same year as the Battle of
127:
It is unlikely that Gildas wrote before 480/490 or much after about 550; beyond that we cannot go.
118:–530 AD, while the historian Stephen Joyce argues for c. 483–485 AD. In the view of the historian
643:
1105:
1071:
1037:
284:
devastation, concerning hunger, of the letter to Agitius [usually identified with the patrician
493:
56:
822:Ó Cróinín, Dáibhí and McCarthy, Daniel. "The "Lost" Irish 84-year Easter Table Rediscovered",
386:
196:
is Cottonian MS. Vitellius A. VI, of the tenth century, damaged by fire in 1731, but used by
647:
629:
404:
297:
293:
87:
60:
1404:
8:
139:
622:'s treatment of the Viking invasions, in particular his letters relating to the sack of
767:
755:
747:
519:
505:
416:
325:
243:
76:
296:, an important figure of British tradition credited with turning the tide against the
133:
1416:
1386:
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1280:
1226:
1173:
1111:
1077:
1043:
759:
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675:
501:
466:
434:
275:
The first part consists of Gildas' explanation for his work and a brief narrative of
160:
72:
1246:
729:
572:
556:
540:
457:
426:
390:
1355:
1274:
1262:
1250:
576:
515:
489:
474:
301:
231:
215:
197:
99:
646:
arrived in Kent, England, or at least most of it, was populated by adherents of
698:, Studies in Celtic History 26, Boydell Press, 2009, p. 125; Joyce, Stephen J.
485:
321:
285:
247:
223:
181:
40:
1360:, vol. I (2nd ed.), London: Longmans, Green, and Co (published 1912)
1452:
568:
536:
276:
219:
164:
144:
751:
700:
The Legacy of Gildas: Constructions of Authority in the Early Medieval West
528:
252:
Councils and ecclesiastical documents relating to Great Britain and Ireland
423:
in western Scotland, though Thomas D. O'Sullivan considers this unlikely.
1301:
837:
Evidence of Transmission Errors Affecting the Text of Gildas's De Excidio
623:
615:
544:
449:
382:
227:
119:
733:
1412:
564:
552:
522:, receives the most sweeping condemnation and is described almost as a
300:. It also contains the earliest mention of the Britons' victory at the
1369:
523:
453:
378:
1357:
A History of Wales from the Earliest Times to the Edwardian Conquest
1267:, vol. II (Second ed.), Oxford: W. Baxter (published 1854)
312:
262:
may not actually preserve the original page order of the autograph.
1443:
548:
481:
420:
412:
374:
102:. Part III is a similar attack upon the British clergy of the age.
1220:
509:
497:
461:
398:
292:
Part I is particularly notable as the earliest source to mention
211:, the earliest manuscripts of which date to the eighth century.
619:
560:
370:
91:
68:
64:
843:, Journal of the Medieval Academy of Ireland, Volume 31 (2021)
532:
394:
702:, Studies in Celtic History 43, Boydell Press, 2022, p. 158.
588:
cast any light on the history of the Church in this period.
601:
433:, cannot be connected to any particular region of Britain.
696:
Gildas's De Excidio Britonum and the Early British Church
254:(Oxford, 1869); the latest edition is that by Mommsen in
279:
from its conquest under the principate to Gildas' time:
218:
but with many avowed alterations and omissions. In 1568
82:
Part I contains a narrative of British history from the
1306:
Worlds of Arthur: Facts & Fictions of the Dark Ages
500:. He is associated with the southern Gwynedd region of
504:, and he was the ancestor of a later King of Gwynedd,
478:
person, though it is possible that they were related.
1221:
Campbell, John; John, Eric; Wormald, Patrick (1991).
705:
618:
period, Gildas's writing provides a major model for
1107:
The De Excidio of Gildas: Its Authenticity and Date
1073:
The De Excidio of Gildas: Its Authenticity and Date
1039:
The De Excidio of Gildas: Its Authenticity and Date
816:
591:
726:British Battles 493–937: Mount Badon to Brunanburh
672:Who's Who in Roman Britain and Anglo-Saxon England
75:. It is one of the most important sources for the
332:"Constantine the tyrannical whelp of the unclean
214:Gildas's treatise was first published in 1525 by
1450:
1276:Historical Writing in England: c. 500 to c. 1307
636:
596:Following the conquest of Britain described in
575:. He is also associated with the foundation of
488:: Cynlas) of the royal genealogies, the son of
1103:
1069:
1035:
137:gives the year of his death as 570, while the
665:
663:
411:is generally identified with the kingdom of
311:
208:Ecclesiastical History of the English People
1423:
1214:
1136:
1134:
527:was a generous contributor to the cause of
187:
175:
86:to Gildas' time; it includes references to
33:
772:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
660:
184:, which might have taken place in 482 AD.
59:in the late fifth or sixth century by the
1326:Celtic Culture: A Historical Encyclopedia
460:) who is well-attested in both Welsh and
1272:
1131:
669:
1364:Miller, Molly. "Bede's use of Gildas."
1308:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
1300:
717:
711:
346:"Vortipore ... who like to the spotted
14:
1451:
1428:in a freely-distributable PDF document
723:
607:Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum
473:. The ogham inscription consists of a
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991:
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911:
895:
879:
863:
90:and the Britons' victory against the
1383:The Ruin of Britain, and Other Works
1322:
674:. Shepheard-Walwyn. pp. 21–22.
46:On the Ruin and Conquest of Britain
24:
1474:Medieval historical texts in Latin
1425:De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae
1406:De excidio et conquestu britanniae
1376:
177:De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae
35:De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae
25:
1500:
1398:
1225:. Penguin Books. pp. 20–22.
870:, sections 28 and 29 (in English)
642:imperial authority. By 597, when
153:extreme weather events of 535–536
1432:
886:, sections 28 and 29 (in Latin);
592:Legacy in the Anglo-Saxon period
1261:Giles, John Allen, ed. (1847),
1252:The Works of Gildas and Nennius
1198:
1182:
1166:
1150:
1097:
1063:
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1001:
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969:
953:
937:
921:
905:
889:
873:
857:
846:
829:
471:Memoria Voteporigis protictoris
147:argues that Gildas was writing
1264:History of the Ancient Britons
1104:O'Sullivan, Thomas D. (1978).
1070:O'Sullivan, Thomas D. (1978).
1036:O'Sullivan, Thomas D. (1978).
807:
798:
789:
780:
688:
469:. The Latin inscription reads
397:, or the kingdoms of southern
240:Monumenta Historica Britannica
13:
1:
1469:Arthurian literature in Latin
998:, sections 33–35 (in English)
653:
637:Other historical implications
442:should be connected with the
364:of the island ... Maglocune".
350:... tyrant of the Demetians";
256:Monumenta Germaniae Historica
192:The oldest manuscript of the
151:in 536, in the middle of the
112:
27:6th century sermon by Gildas
7:
1442:public domain audiobook at
1257:— English translation
1014:, sections 33–35 (in Latin)
826:, 6–7 (1987–1988): 227–242.
582:
174:In a convoluted passage in
10:
1505:
1459:6th-century books in Latin
1273:Gransden, Antonia (1996).
966:, section 32 (in English);
902:, section 30 (in English);
670:Fletcher, Richard (1989).
508:. One of his brothers was
307:
265:
1464:6th-century history books
1366:English Historical Review
1042:. BRILL. pp. 92–97.
934:, section 31 (in English)
456:) was a king of Demetia (
270:
728:. London. pp. 4–9.
343:whelp Aurelius Conanus".
302:Battle of Mons Badonicus
242:. Another edition is in
188:Manuscripts and editions
143:dates his death to 569.
96:Battle of Mons Badonicus
1422:English translation of
982:, section 32 (in Latin)
950:, section 31 (in Latin)
918:, section 30 (in Latin)
724:Breeze, Andrew (2020).
484:is the Cynglas (modern
105:
55:) is a work written in
1489:5th century in England
1479:6th century in England
1439:On the Ruin of Britain
1424:
1323:Koch, John T. (2006).
452:(Vortipore, Old Welsh
316:
176:
52:On the Ruin of Britain
44:
34:
1110:. BRILL. p. 92.
1076:. BRILL. p. 93.
518:(Maglocune), King of
353:"Cuneglasse ... thou
315:
63:religious polemicist
18:De Excidio Britanniae
1255:, London: James Bohn
853:Daniel VII-3 – VII-7
648:Anglo-Saxon paganism
630:Sermo Lupi ad Anglos
298:Anglo-Saxon conquest
294:Ambrosius Aurelianus
205:made by Bede in his
88:Ambrosius Aurelianus
1413:English translation
734:10.2307/j.ctvv4187r
140:Annals of Tigernach
1352:Lloyd, John Edward
1209:A History of Wales
1193:A History of Wales
1161:A History of Wales
1145:A History of Wales
506:Caradog ap Meirion
417:South West England
326:Book of Revelation
317:
244:Arthur West Haddan
77:history of Britain
1484:Sub-Roman Britain
1417:Project Gutenberg
1315:978-0-19-870084-5
1247:Giles, John Allen
1232:978-0-14-014395-9
681:978-0-85683-089-1
435:John Edward Lloyd
224:Archbishop Parker
73:sub-Roman Britain
49:, sometimes just
16:(Redirected from
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475:Primitive Irish
415:in present-day
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222:, secretary to
216:Polydore Vergil
198:Theodor Mommsen
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1329:. ABC-CLIO.
1325:
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1302:Halsall, Guy
1290:. Retrieved
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529:Christianity
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752:j.ctvv4187r
624:Lindisfarne
616:Old English
545:Saint Cadoc
531:throughout
450:Vortiporius
405:Constantine
383:Brycheiniog
228:Thomas Gale
120:Guy Halsall
1453:Categories
1391:0850332958
1205:Lloyd 1911
1189:Lloyd 1911
1159::132–133,
1157:Lloyd 1911
1141:Lloyd 1911
1123:4 February
1089:4 February
1055:4 February
1024:Lloyd 1911
1012:De Excidio
1010::247–249,
1008:Giles 1847
996:De Excidio
992:Giles 1841
980:De Excidio
976:Giles 1847
964:De Excidio
960:Giles 1841
948:De Excidio
944:Giles 1847
932:De Excidio
928:Giles 1841
916:De Excidio
912:Giles 1847
900:De Excidio
896:Giles 1841
884:De Excidio
882::244–245,
880:Giles 1847
868:De Excidio
864:Giles 1841
654:References
598:De excidio
565:Ceredigion
553:Saint Cybi
482:Cuneglasse
444:Cuna(g)nus
387:Ceredigion
203:De Excidio
194:De Excidio
169:De Excidio
149:De Excidio
116: 510
67:. It is a
768:cite book
760:243164764
524:high king
496:, son of
454:Guortepir
379:Glywysing
1444:LibriVox
1408:in Latin
1370:in JSTOR
1354:(1911),
1304:(2013).
1211:, Vol. I
1195:, Vol. I
1163:, Vol. I
1147:, Vol. I
1026::131–132
994::29–32,
866::24–25,
583:Part III
557:Anglesey
549:Gwynllwg
421:Damnonii
413:Dumnonia
409:Damnonia
375:Gododdin
324:and the
1342:16 June
1292:16 June
841:Peritia
824:Peritia
520:Gwynedd
516:Maelgwn
502:Penllyn
498:Cunedda
440:Caninus
431:Caninus
399:England
348:leopard
334:lioness
308:Part II
266:Summary
94:at the
61:British
1389:
1333:
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1207::130,
1191::133,
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620:Alcuin
577:Bangor
567:, and
494:Einion
371:Rheged
362:dragon
341:lion's
339:"thou
271:Part I
260:stemma
92:Saxons
69:sermon
65:Gildas
962::28,
930::27,
898::26,
839:" in
756:S2CID
748:JSTOR
573:Powys
541:Dyfed
533:Wales
486:Welsh
467:ogham
462:Irish
458:Dyfed
395:Elmet
391:Powys
57:Latin
41:Latin
1387:ISBN
1344:2010
1331:ISBN
1310:ISBN
1294:2010
1281:ISBN
1227:ISBN
1174:ISBN
1125:2014
1112:ISBN
1091:2014
1078:ISBN
1057:2014
1044:ISBN
774:link
738:ISBN
676:ISBN
602:Bede
355:bear
246:and
106:Date
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