The Holocaust - Knowledge

2711:, p. 36, "The Holocaust is particular to Jews and yet has had increasing relevance for those who do not identify as Jewish. ... All Jews everywhere were to be murdered because of their racial heritage was 'put into state policy' on January 20, 1942 at the Wannsee conference (Bazyler 2017, 29). Witness to the genocide of the Jews is a uniquely Jewish experience, because only Jews were targeted by that policy, even if other groups were targeted for genocide under other policies. The Nazi regime committed genocide against the Roma and Sinti, governed by separate policies. They also committed war crimes against Soviet Prisoners of War under other policies. So too the mass murder of disabled and the mentally ill had their own policies. The Nazis committed multiple genocides and crimes against humanity, at the same time, sometimes in the same place, governed by different laws, policies, and practices. It is not correct to say that there were many victim types during 'the Holocaust,' if by 'the Holocaust' we mean the genocide of the Jews."; 1243: 1814: 1937: 86: 746: 996: 1402: 2012: 1119: 2200: 1743: 1231: 2276: 1682: 1472:, partly because of the low priority accorded to these transports. Shortage of rail transport sometimes led to postponement or cancellation of deportations. Upon arrival, the victims were robbed of their remaining possessions, forced to undress, had their hair cut, and were chased into the gas chamber. Death from the gas was agonizing and could take as long as 30 minutes. The gas chambers were primitive and sometimes malfunctioned. Some prisoners were shot because the gas chambers were not functioning. At other extermination camps, nearly everyone on a transport was killed on arrival, but at Auschwitz around 20–25 percent were separated out for labor, although many of these prisoners died later on through starvation, mass shooting, torture, and medical experiments. 2739:, p. xxxix, "This book deals with the fate of the Jews, not of 'other victims' of Nazi political repression and racial-biological policies. Several other groups endured social exclusion, incarceration in concentration camps, and mass murder. However, the rationale for the persecution of these groups differed radically from the intentions that underlay anti-Jewish policy. Even though homosexual men and women, Germans of African descent, and the severely mentally and physically disabled were all disparaged in Nazi racial thinking, and depicted as a threat to the strength and purity of the Volk, only the Jews were characterized as an implacable, powerful, global enemy that had to be fought at every turn and finally eliminated."; 2731:, p. 50, "Given this, it must always be remembered that the Holocaust was a premeditated action by the Nazis to permanently eradicate a Jewish presence in Europe. Others—the disabled, Roma, Poles and other Slavs, Jehovah's Witnesses, homosexuals, dissenting clergy, communists, socialists, "asocials," and political opponents of all sorts—were also persecuted and in many cases murdered in huge numbers; however, it was the campaign against the Jews that was the ideological "ground zero" for Nazi racial ideology. Others besides Jews were murdered, often on a genocidal scale, and should be remembered and acknowledged: but it was only the Jews who were all to be killed as part of a calculated policy of genocide."; 2787:, pp. 14–15, "There are a number of words I will try to avoid because of the serious misconceptions they might lead to. The terms 'Holocaust' and 'Shoah' are not useful since neither has any analytical value. 'Holocaust' (derived from the Greek holókauton, or burned sacrifice) has a religious connotation unbefitting of the event it is supposed to refer to, and users of this term may mean by it either the persecution and murder of Jews alone, or Nazi German violence against any group more generally ... Importantly, 'Holocaust' and 'Shoah' have also been criticized as 'teleological and anachronistic' terms that convey a retrospective view that makes complex processes appear 'as a single event.'"; 2024: 2084: 2565: 2109:

determination, and luck played a major role in determining survival. Jews in hiding were hunted down with the assistance of local collaborators and rewards offered for their denunciation. The death penalty was sometimes enforced on people hiding them, especially in eastern Europe. Rescuers' motivations varied on a spectrum from altruism to expecting sex or material gain; it was not uncommon for helpers to betray or murder Jews if their money ran out. Gerlach argues that hundreds of thousands of Jews may have died because of rumors or denunciations, and many others never attempted to escape because of a belief it was hopeless.

2779:, p. 6, "Echoing this view, some have contended that the expression 'the Holocaust' ought to refer not only to the encounter between the Third Reich and the Jews but also to 'the horrors that Poles, other Slavs, and Gypsies endured at the hands of the Nazis' (Lukas, 1986: 220). Others have extended the term to encompass the Third Reich's treatment of homosexuals, the mentally ill or infrm, and Jehovah's Witnesses, speaking of 11 or 12 million victims of the Holocaust, half of whom were Jews. Still others have employed the word 'holocaust' also when referring to cases of mass murder not perpetrated by the Third Reich."; 2735:, p. 4, "I will use the term 'Holocaust' to refer mainly to the Nazi attempt to murder the Jews of Europe; however, I will also use the more inclusive term 'Nazi genocidal project' to capture the larger murderous vision of which the Jews were such a large part. This includes Sinti/Roma (gypsies), the handicapped, political 'enemies,' Soviet prisoners of war, and—particularly in the East—entire ethnic groups such as the Slavs. One cannot understand the Holocaust in Eastern Europe without placing it in the context of this larger Nazi genocidal project that foresaw murder and demographic engineering on a colossal scale."; 2464: 2723:, pp. 199–200, "The Nazis killed some people almost exclusively due to their supposed genetic inferiority (the mentally and physically handicapped, Slavs, Roma); they killed others almost exclusively due to their perceived cultural decadence (communists, democrats, modernist authors and artists); but only the Jews were indicted on both grounds simultaneously and with equal vigor. ... This is not to say that Roma, communists, and others were not hated and murdered by the Nazis, but it is to note that the Jews were unique in being despised and assaulted in every dimension of their identity, corporeal and psychic."; 981: 1161: 833: 2775:'s terms, the Holocaust involved three separate "clusters of genocidal projects": euthanasia and "racial purification" directed against the disabled and Sinti and Roma (at the time referred to collectively as "Gypsies") within the Third Reich; the eradication of Slavic populations living in countries east of Germany; and the Final Solution proper—that is, the attempted mass murder of every Jew residing anywhere within Germany's sphere of influence (Browning 2010, 407). (The list of persecuted categories—people targeted by the Nazis in ways short of genocide—would of course be longer.)"; 966:", the murder of around 70,000 institutionalized Germans with mental or physical disabilities at specialized killing centers using poison gas. The victims included all 4,000 to 5,000 institutionalized Jews. Despite efforts to maintain secrecy, knowledge of the killings leaked out and Hitler ordered a halt to the centralized killing program in August 1941. Decentralized killings via denial of medical care, starvation, and poisoning caused an additional 120,000 deaths by the end of the war. Many of the same personnel and technologies were later used for the mass murder of Jews. 415: 2715:, Introduction: What is the Holocaust?, "This is why the focus here is on the Jews. Roma, the disabled, Soviet POWs, homosexuals and other groups were victims of the Nazis, and it is entirely legitimate to study their fate alongside one another. But using the term 'Holocaust' to encompass all of these groups with the aim of being inclusive and not prioritizing one group's suffering, actually does a disservice to groups other than Jews. For the Nazis persecuted these groups for different reasons, reasons we fail to appreciate if we collapse them all together."; 1142:, including more than 300,000 in Belarus. From 1942 onwards, the Germans and their allies targeted villages suspected of supporting the partisans, burning them and killing or expelling their inhabitants. During these operations, nearby small ghettos were liquidated and their inhabitants shot. By 1943, anti-partisan operations aimed for the depopulation of large areas of Belarus. Jews and those unfit for work were typically shot on the spot with others deported. Although most of those killed were not Jews, anti-partisan warfare often led to the deaths of Jews. 1049:, were established in existing residential neighborhoods and closed by fences or walls. In many smaller ghettos, Jews were forced into poor neighborhoods but with no fence. Forced labor programs provided subsistence to many ghetto inhabitants, and in some cases protected them from deportation. Workshops and factories were operated inside some ghettos, while in other cases Jews left the ghetto to work outside it. Because the ghettos were not segregated by sex some family life continued. A Jewish community leadership ( 2719:, pp. 3 ("This book is about an encounter between two sets of human beings: on one hand, the people who acted on behalf of the German state, its agencies, or its almost 66 million citizens between 30 January 1933 and 8 May 1945; on the other, the more than 9 million Jews ...") and 5 ("Those discoveries about the encounter between the Third Reich and the Jews made that encounter stand out in the minds of many from other instances of Nazi persecution and encouraged observers to assign it its own special name."); 27068: 2747:, p. 2, "Other groups—for example, Sinti and Roma, homosexuals, and Slavs—were swept up in the maelstrom of the Holocaust, but not for the same reasons as Jews and not with the same consequences ... In none of these cases, however, was the target group considered dangerous or coherent enough to warrant complete or immediate extirpation. This circumstance constitutes a significant difference from policies pursued toward the Jews, a difference that helps to clarify and define the Holocaust itself."; 543: 2783:, pp. 1–2, "For perhaps the first time, all major victim groups where the death tolls reached at least into the tens of thousands will be considered together: Jewish and non-Jewish ... it makes a great deal of sense to consider the different strands of Nazi mass killing together rather than in isolation from one another. This of course means going against the grain of most scholarship on the subject by examining the genocide of the European Jews alongside other Nazi mass-murder campaigns."; 612: 2311: 2288:

could not keep up were shot. The evacuations were ordered partly to retain the prisoners as forced labor and partly to avoid allowing any prisoners to fall into enemy hands. In October and November 1944, 90,000 Jews were deported from Budapest to the Austrian border. The transfer of prisoners from Auschwitz began in mid-1944, the gas chambers were shut down and destroyed after October, and in January most of the remaining 67,000 Auschwitz prisoners were sent on a death march westwards.

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deportation of Jews to their area by massacring local Jews in order to free up space in ghettos for the deportees. If the deported Jews did not die of harsh conditions, they were killed later in extermination camps. Jews deported to Auschwitz were initially entered into the camp; the practice of conducting selections and murdering many prisoners upon arrival began in July 1942. In May and June, German and Slovak Jews deported to Lublin began to be sent directly to extermination camps.

27242: 27225: 22777: 21990: 14396: 23788: 27123: 27191: 22797: 27208: 27174: 742:, with varying rights. The regime also sought to segregate Jews with a view to their ultimate disappearance from the country. Jewish students were gradually forced out of the school system. Some municipalities enacted restrictions governing where Jews were allowed to live or conduct business. In 1938 and 1939, Jews were barred from additional occupations, and their businesses were expropriated to force them out of the economy. 27157: 1981:

obtain better jobs vacated by murdered Jews. Businessmen benefitted from eliminating their Jewish competitors or taking over Jewish-owned businesses. Others took over housing and possessions that had belonged to Jews. Some Poles living near the extermination camps later dug up human remains in search of valuables. The property of deported Jews was also appropriated by Germany's allies and collaborating governments. Even

27140: 22787: 1255:. Typically, the pits would be guarded after the execution but sometimes a few victims managed to escape afterwards. Executions were public spectacles and the victims' property was looted both by the occupiers and local inhabitants. Around 200 ghettos were established in the occupied Soviet Union, with many existing only briefly before their inhabitants were executed. A few large ghettos such as Vilna, 2292:

escape forced labor. The death marches led to the breakdown of supplies for the camps that continued to exist, causing additional deaths. Although there was no systematic killing of Jews during the death marches, around 70,000 to 100,000 Jews died in the last months of the war. Many of the death march survivors ended up in other concentration camps that were liberated in 1945 during the

2449:. Although many survivors were in poor health, they attempted to organize self-government in these camps, including education and rehabilitation efforts. Due to the reluctance of other countries to allow their immigration, many survivors remained in Germany until the establishment of Israel in 1948. Others moved to the United States around 1950 due to loosened immigration restrictions. 2791:, p. 51, "The authors of this volume have adopted the third approach to a working definition: The Holocaust—that is, Nazi genocide—was the systematic, state-sponsored murder of entire groups determined by heredity. This applied to Jews, Gypsies, and the handicapped. This section also makes it clear that other definitions are defended by scholars who deserve a respectful hearing." 325:. Although many Jews tried to escape, surviving in hiding was difficult due to factors such as the lack of money to pay helpers and the risk of denunciation. The property, homes, and jobs belonging to murdered Jews were redistributed to the German occupiers and other non-Jews. Although the majority of Holocaust victims died in 1942, the killing continued at a lower rate until the 1710:. In March 1942, killings began in Belzec, targeting Jews from Lublin who were not capable of work. This action reportedly reduced the black market and was deemed a success to be replicated elsewhere. By mid-1942, Nazi leaders decided to allow only 300,000 Jews to survive in the General Governorate by the end of the year for forced labor; for the most part, only those working in 2502:, which the prosecution argued was the root of Nazi criminality; nevertheless, the systematic murder of Jews came to take center stage. This trial and others held by the Allies in occupied Germany—the United States Army alone charged 1,676 defendants in 462 war crimes trials—were widely perceived as an unjust form of political revenge by the German public. 2061:

hours, and abuse by employers. Hundreds of thousands died. Many others were forced to work for the occupiers without leaving their country of residence. Some of Germany's allies, including Slovakia and Hungary, agreed to deport Jews to protect non-Jews from German demands for forced labor. East European women were also kidnapped, via

2702:, pp. 18–19, "Much of this debate curiously boils down to a very specific historical question, namely, did the Nazis target the Jews for genocide in a manner that was essentially different from their treatment of any other group under their rule? There can be little doubt that the Jews played a singular role in the Nazi 2641:, the Holocaust was evoked widely and divergently, by Jews and non-Jews alike. Whether Holocaust memory actually promotes human rights is disputed. In Israel, the memory of the Holocaust has been used at times to justify the use of force and violation of international human rights norms, in particular as part of the 2629:

self-critical memory of the Holocaust developed in the 1970s and 1980s, and spread to some other western European countries. The national memories of the Holocaust were extended to the European Union as a whole, in which Holocaust memory has provided both shared history and an emotional rationale for committing to

1030:, but this proved impossible. The Nazis planned that harsh conditions in these areas would kill many Jews. In September 1939, around 7,000 Jews were killed, alongside thousands of Poles, however, they were not systematically targeted as they would be later, and open mass killings would subside until June of 1941. 1057:) exercised some authority and tried to sustain the Jewish community while following German demands. As a survival strategy, many tried to make the ghettos useful to the occupiers as a labor reserve. Jews in western Europe were not forced into ghettos but faced discriminatory laws and confiscation of property. 2386:, which was marked by the introduction of extermination camps. Roughly two million Jews were killed from March 1942 to November 1943. Around 1.47 million Jews were murdered in just 100 days from late July to early November 1942, a rate approximately 83% higher than the commonly suggested figure for the 2706:

and that German Jewish policies distinguished them within the Nazi universe of murder and fantasy; but other groups clearly have been similarly targeted in other genocides 'the extent of the 'final solution' was ... shaped by an antisemitism that was colored by a different element over and above the

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Historians estimate that property losses to Jews of Germany, Austria, the Netherlands, France, Poland, and Hungary amounted to around 10 billion in 1944 dollars, or $ 170 billion in 2023. This estimate does not include the value of labor extracted. Overall, the amount of Jewish property looted by the

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Around six million Jews were killed. Of the six million victims, most of those killed were from Eastern Europe, and with half from Poland alone. Around 1.3 million Jews who had once lived under Nazi rule or in one of Germany's allies survived the war. One-third of the Jewish population worldwide, and

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In January 1945, more than 700,000 people were imprisoned in the concentration camp system, of whom as many as a third died before the end of the war. At this time, most concentration camp prisoners were Soviet and Polish civilians, either arrested for real or supposed resistance or for attempting to

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In mid-1943, Himmler sought to bring surviving Jewish forced laborers under the control of the SS in the concentration camp system. Some of the forced-labor camps for Jews and some ghettos, such as Kovno, were designated concentration camps, while others were dissolved and surviving prisoners sent to

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Throughout the war, no detailed photo intelligence study was carried out on any of the major concentration or extermination camps. Appeals from Jewish representatives to the American and British governments to bomb rail lines leading to the camps or crematoriums was rejected, with little to no input

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At the same time as the mass killing of Jews in the General Governorate, Jews who were in ghettos to the west and east were targeted. Tens of thousands of Jews were deported from ghettos in the Warthegau and East Upper Silesia to Chełmno and Auschwitz. 300,000 Jews—largely skilled laborers—were shot

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between 22 July and 12 September. Of the original population of 350,000 Jews, 250,000 were killed at Treblinka, 11,000 were deported to labor camps, 10,000 were shot in the ghetto, 35,000 were allowed to remain in the ghetto after a final selection, and around 20,000 or 25,000 managed to hide in the

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on 20 January 1942. This high-level meeting was intended to coordinate anti-Jewish policy. The majority of Holocaust killings were carried out in 1942, with it being the peak of the genocide, as over 3 million Jews were murdered, with 20 or 25 percent of Holocaust victims dying before early 1942 and

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brigades, and local auxiliaries shot many Jews. By the end of 1941, more than 80 percent of the Jews in central Ukraine, eastern Belarus, Russia, Latvia, and Lithuania had been shot, but less than 25 percent of those living farther west where 900,000 remained alive. By the end of the war, around 1.5

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The occupiers relied on locals to identify Jews to be targeted. The first German mass killings targeted adult male Jews who had worked as civil servants or in jobs requiring education. Tens of thousands were shot by the end of July. The vast majority of civilian victims were Jews. In July and August

2743:, p. xiii, "This book also reflects another of its editor's convictions: the Holocaust was National Socialist Germany's assault on the Jews of Europe. Nazism attacked many groups, but none for the same reason that it attacked the Jews, none with the same urgency, and none to the same extent."; 1459:

The camps were located on rail lines to make it easier to transport Jews to their deaths, but in remote places to avoid notice. The stench caused by mass killing operations was noticeable to anyone nearby. Except in the deportations from western and central Europe, people were typically deported to

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The executions often took place a few kilometers from a town. Victims were rounded up and marched to the execution site, forced to undress, and shot into previously dug pits. The favored technique was a shot in the back of the neck with a single bullet. In the chaos, many victims were not killed by

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During the invasion, synagogues were burned and thousands of Jews fled or were expelled into the Soviet occupation zone. Various anti-Jewish regulations were soon issued. In October 1939, adult Jews in the General Governorate were required to perform forced labor. In November 1939 they were ordered

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points out how the Holocaust was unique in that it was "the industrial killing of millions of human beings in factories of death, ordered by a modern state, organized by a conscientious bureaucracy, and supported by a law-abiding, patriotic "civilized" society." Another debate concerns whether the

2259:, mostly to Auschwitz. The expropriation of Jewish property was useful to achieve Hungarian economic goals and sending the Jews as forced laborers avoided the need to send non-Jewish Hungarians. Those who survived the selection were forced to provide construction and manufacturing labor as part of 2060:

Including the Soviet prisoners of war, 13 million people were brought to Germany for forced labor. The largest nationalities were Soviet and Polish and they were the worst-treated groups except for Roma and Jews. Soviet and Polish forced laborers endured inadequate food and medical treatment, long

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were reorganized in preparation for mass killings and instructed to shoot Soviet officials and Jewish state and party employees. The shootings were justified on the basis of Jews' supposed central role in supporting the communist system, but it was not initially envisioned to kill all Soviet Jews.

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made up less than 1 percent of the country's population in 1933. They were wealthier on average than other Germans and largely assimilated, although a minority were recent immigrants from eastern Europe. Various German government agencies, Nazi Party organizations, and local authorities instituted

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convinced many survivors to leave eastern Europe. Antisemitism was reported to increase in several countries after the war, in part due to conflicts over property restitution. When the war ended, there were less than 28,000 German Jews and 60,000 non-German Jews in Germany. By 1947, the number of

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The support, or at least absence of active opposition, of the local population was essential but often lacking in Eastern Europe. Those in hiding depended on the assistance of non-Jews. Having money, social connections with non-Jews, a non-Jewish appearance, perfect command of the local language,

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declared that "the Holocaust, perhaps more than any other event in the past century, represents the pinnacle of evil". The Holocaust has been described as "perhaps the most savage and significant single crime in recorded history" and that of the most barbaric events in the twentieth century "the

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Following Allied advances, the SS deported concentration camp prisoners to camps in Germany and Austria, starting in mid-1944 from the Baltics. Weak and sick prisoners were often killed in the camp and others were forced to travel by rail or on foot, usually with no or inadequate food. Those who

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Although the Nazis sought to control every aspect of public and private life, Nazi repression was directed almost entirely against groups perceived as outside the national community. Most Germans had little to fear provided they did not oppose the new regime. The new regime built popular support

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to be drawn from the Holocaust, whether this is the case and what these lessons are is disputed. Communist states marginalized the topic of antisemitic persecution while eliding their nationals' collaboration with Nazism, a tendency that continued into the post-communist era. In West Germany, a

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In the decades after the war, Holocaust memory was largely confined to the survivors and their communities. The popularity of Holocaust memory peaked in the 1990s after the fall of Communism, and became central to Western historical consciousness as a symbol of the ultimate human evil. Genocide

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Millions of Germans and others benefited from the genocide. Corruption was rampant in the SS despite the proceeds of the Holocaust being designated as state property. Different German state agencies vied to receive property stolen from Jews murdered at the death camps. Many workers were able to

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varied and has led to historiographical debate. Studies of the SS officials who organized the Holocaust have found that most had strong ideological commitment to Nazism. In addition to ideological factors, many perpetrators were motivated by the prospect of material gain and social advancement.

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were often ordered to assist with liquidation actions, although these Jews were in most cases murdered later. Chaotic, capriciously executed selections determined who would be loaded onto the trains. Many Jews were shot during the action, often leaving ghettos strewn with corpses. Jewish forced

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to the Soviet interior, including as many as 260,000 Jews who largely survived the war. Although most Jews were not communists, some accepted positions in the Soviet administration, contributing to a pre-existing perception among many non-Jews that Soviet rule was a Jewish conspiracy. In 1940,

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deliberately subjected workers to murderous conditions. Beginning in 1941 and increasingly as time went on, Jews capable of employment were separated from others—who were usually killed. They were typically employed in non-skilled jobs and could be replaced easily if non-Jewish workers were

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Unlike the killing areas in the east, the deportation from elsewhere in Europe was centrally organized from Berlin, although it depended on the outcome of negotiations with allied governments and popular responses to deportation. Beginning in late 1941, local administrators responded to the

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Anti-Jewish violence, largely locally organized by members of Nazi Party institutions, took primarily non-lethal forms from 1933 to 1939. Jewish stores, especially in rural areas, were often boycotted or vandalized. As a result of local and popular pressure, many small towns became entirely

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two-thirds of European Jews, had been wiped out. Death rates varied widely due to a variety of factors and approached 100 percent in some areas. Some reasons why survival chances varied was the availability of emigration and protection from Germany's allies—which saved around 600,000 Jews.

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An estimated 200,000 to 250,000 Germans were directly involved in killing Jews, and if one includes all those involved in the organization of extermination, the number rises to 500,000. Genocide required the active and tacit consent of millions of Germans and non-Germans. The motivation of

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partisans, and some civilians. Some were coerced into committing violence against Jews, but others killed for entertainment, material rewards, the possibility of better treatment from the occupiers, or ideological motivations such as nationalism and anti-communism. According to historian

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in Poland, and the beginning of the deportation of German Jews as indicative of the final decision having been made before December 1941. Others argue that these policies were initiatives by local leaders and that the final decision was made later. On 5 December 1941, the Soviet Union

800:. By the end of 1939, most Jews who could emigrate had already done so; those who remained behind were disproportionately elderly, poor, or female and could not obtain a visa. The plurality, around 110,000, left for the United States, while smaller numbers emigrated to South America, 815:

Besides Germany, a significant number of other European countries abandoned democracy for some kind of authoritarian or fascist rule. Many countries, including Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania, and Slovakia, passed antisemitic legislation in the 1930s and 1940s. In October 1938,

2547:. Germany paid pensions and other reparations for harm done to some Holocaust survivors. Other countries have paid restitution for assets stolen from Jews from these countries. Most Western European countries restored some property to Jews after the war, while communist countries 2047:

and segregated work details. These camps were often of a temporary nature and typically overseen by civilian authorities. Initially, mortality did not increase dramatically. After mid-1941, conditions for Jewish forced laborers drastically worsened and death rates increased; even

2751:, pp. 1–2, "For the purpose of this book, the Holocaust is understood as the genocide of the Jews ... 'Holocaust', then, refers to the genocide of the Jews, which by no means excludes an understanding that other groups—notably Romanies and Slavs—were victims of genocide."; 2707:

racism and ethno-nationalism that explains the murder of other groups by Nazi Germany—that element being the view of 'the Jews' as an implacable, collective world enemy.' To be sure, this makes the Holocaust unique only within the context of the Nazi empire ...";

2421:. In some countries, such as Hungary, Jews were a majority of civilian deaths; in Poland, they were either a majority or about half. In other countries such as the Soviet Union, France, Greece, and Yugoslavia, non-Jewish civilian losses outnumbered Jewish deaths. 1100:. To increase the speed of conquest the Germans planned to feed their army by looting, exporting additional food to Germany, and to terrorize the local inhabitants with preventative killings. The Germans foresaw that the invasion would cause a food shortfall and 1714:

were spared. The majority of ghettos were liquidated in mass executions nearby, especially if they were not near a train station. Larger ghettos were more commonly liquidated during multiple deportations to extermination camps. During this campaign, 1.5 million

2759:, pp. 45 ("The Holocaust is commonly defined as the mass murder of more than 5,000,000 Jews by the Germans during World War II. Not everyone finds this a fully satisfactory definition.") and 51 ("the traditional view that it was the genocide of the Jews alone") 2057:

a concentration camp. Despite many deaths, as many as 200,000 Jews survived the war inside the concentration camps. Although most Holocaust victims were never imprisoned in a concentration camp, the image of these camps is a popular symbol of the Holocaust.

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in most European countries, and often were overrepresented. Jews were not always welcome, particularly in nationalist resistance groups—some of which killed Jews. Particularly in Belarus, with its favorable geography of dense forests, many Jews joined the

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Plans to kill most of the Jews in the General Governorate were affected by various goals of the SS, military, and civil administration to reduce the amount of food consumed by Jews, enable a slight increase in rations to non-Jewish Poles, and combat the

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Nazis was about 10 percent of the total stolen from occupied countries. Efforts by survivors to receive reparations for their losses began immediately after World War II. There was an additional wave of restitution efforts in the 1990s connected to the

2178:(JDC) raised $ 70 million and in the years after the war it raised $ 300 million. This money was spent aiding emigrants and providing direct relief in the form of parcels and other assistance to Jews living under German occupation, and after the war to 638:

in January 1933 in a backroom deal supported by right-wing politicians. Within months, all other political parties were banned, the regime seized control of the media, tens of thousands of political opponents—especially communists—were arrested, and

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condemning the systematic murder of Jews. Most neutral countries in Europe maintained a pro-German foreign policy during the war. Nevertheless, some Jews were able to escape to neutral countries, whose policies ranged from rescue to non-action.

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states that over two million Jews were murdered from late July to mid-November, stating that "these three-and-a-half months were the most intense, the deadliest of the entire Holocaust". It was the fastest rate of genocidal killing in history.

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available, but those in skilled positions had a higher chance of survival. Although conditions varied widely between camps, Jewish forced laborers were typically treated worse than non-Jewish prisoners and suffered much higher mortality rates.

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in the face of a half-hearted German deportation effort in late 1943. Additional killings in 1943 and 1944 eliminated all remaining ghettos and most surviving Jews in Eastern Europe. Belzec, Sobibor, and Treblinka were shut down and

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was essential to take action, but many struggled to believe the news. Many attempted to jump from trains or flee ghettos and camps, but successfully escaping and living in hiding was extremely difficult and often unsuccessful.

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and Galicia killed many Jews. Although there was practically no resistance in the General Governorate in 1942, some Soviet Jews improvised weapons, attacked those attempting to liquidate the ghetto, and set it on fire. These

1487:(largely Ukrainian auxiliaries), and very few German guards. About half of the Jews killed in the Holocaust died by poison gas. Thousands of Romani people were also murdered in the extermination camps. Prisoner uprisings at 1133:

were intended to die in large numbers. Sixty percent—3.3 million people—died, primarily of starvation, making them the second largest group of victims of Nazi mass killing after European Jews. Jewish prisoners of war and

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that never passed any restitution legislation. Many restitution programs fell short of restoration of prewar assets, and in particular, large amounts of immovable property was never returned to survivors or their heirs.

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and other resistance efforts in France. The death rate in the Netherlands was higher than neighboring countries, which scholars have attributed to difficulty in hiding or increased collaboration of the Dutch police.

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In Western Europe, almost all Jewish deaths occurred after deportation. The occupiers often relied on local policemen to arrest Jews, limiting the number who were deported. In 1942, nearly 100,000 Jews were deported

2755:, p. 1, "Between 5,100,000 and 6,200,000 Jews were murdered during the Second World War, an episode the Nazis called the 'final solution of the Jewish question'. The world today knows it as the Holocaust."; 1800:

necessitated the use of heavy weapons. The uprising in Warsaw prompted the Nazi leadership to liquidate additional ghettos and labor camps in German-occupied Poland with their inhabitants massacred, such as the

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in 1961. Instead of convicting Eichmann on the basis of documentary evidence, Israeli prosecutors asked many Holocaust survivors to testify, a strategy that increased publicity but has proven controversial.

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to 2 million Jews were shot and as many as 225,000 Roma. The murderers found the executions distressing and logistically inconvenient, which influenced the decision to switch to other methods of killing.

2182:. The United States banned sending relief into German-occupied Europe after entering the war, but the JDC continued to do so. From 1939 to 1944, 81,000 European Jews emigrated with the JDC's assistance. 456:. By the early twentieth century, most Jews in central and western Europe were well integrated into society, while in eastern Europe, where emancipation had arrived later, many Jews continued to live in 21848: 1314:

near Riga, but Himmler ordered an end to such massacres and some in the senior Nazi leadership voiced doubts about killing German Jews. Executions of German Jews in the Baltics resumed in early 1942.

1805:, or deported to extermination camps for fear of additional Jewish resistance developing. Nevertheless, in early 1944, more than 70,000 Jews were performing forced labor in the General Governorate. 903: 61: 2536: 2479:

that affected possibly as much as 2–3 percent of the population of Europe, although most of the resulting trials did not emphasize crimes against Jews. Nazi atrocities led to the United Nations'

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reported a combined revenue of RM 178.7 million from belongings stolen from their victims, far exceeding costs. Combined, the camps required the labor of less than 3,000 Jewish prisoners, 1,000

17313: 2267:. Although the Nazis' goal of eliminating any Jewish population from Germany had largely been achieved in 1943, it was reversed in 1944 as a result of the importation of these Jews for labor. 1034:

to wear white armbands. Laws decreed the seizure of most Jewish property and the takeover of Jewish-owned businesses. When Jews were forced into ghettos, they lost their homes and belongings.

2296:. The liberators found piles of corpses that they had to bulldoze into mass graves. Some survivors were freed there and others had been liberated by the Red Army during its march westwards. 11227: 2235:, with limited success. Attempts to continue deportations in Western Europe after 1942 often failed because of Jews going into hiding and the increasing recalcitrance of local authorities. 2101: 7619: 17522: 2390:. Between July to October 1942, two million Jews were murdered, including Operation Reinhard and other killings, with over three million Jews killed in 1942 alone, as stated by historian 16750: 12495: 18606: 23247: 1018:

of the General Governorate. 45,000 Jews were deported by November and left to fend for themselves, causing many deaths. Deportations stopped in early 1940 due to the opposition of

7084: 2683:, the world Jewish population reached 15.2 million by the end of 2020 – approximately 1.4 million less than on the eve of the Holocaust in 1939, when the number was 16.6 million. 12522: 1722:

In order to reduce resistance, the ghetto would be raided without warning, usually in the early morning, and the extent of the operation would be concealed as long as possible.

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ghetto. Misdirection efforts convinced many Jews that they could avoid deportation until it was too late. During a six-week period beginning in August, 300,000 Jews from the

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After liberation, many Jews attempted to return home. Limited success in finding relatives, the refusal of many non-Jews to return property, and violent attacks such as the

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Jews in Germany had increased to 250,000 owing to emigration from eastern Europe allowed by the communist authorities; Jews made up around 25 percent of the population of

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of Soviet cities and some rural areas. Although the starvation policy was less successful than planners hoped, the residents of some cities, particularly in Ukraine, and

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to kill all Jews across Europe, but there is disagreement when. Some historians cite inflammatory statements by Hitler and other Nazi leaders as well as the concurrent

24985: 15529: 1022:, the leader of the General Governorate, who did not want his fiefdom to become a dumping ground for unwanted Jews. After the conquest of France, the Nazis considered 19457: 1219:' zones of operation, relaying orders to kill more Jews. At this time, the killers began to murder Jewish women and children too. Executions peaked at 40,000 a month 26990: 25001: 23307: 17178: 2495: 317:. Victims were deported by rail to extermination camps where, if they survived the journey, most were killed with poison gas. Other Jews continued to be employed in 1286:

from 1941 to 1943. Jews from Transnistria were also imprisoned in these ghettos, where the total death toll may have reached 160,000. Hungary expelled thousands of

1957:

German SS, police, and regular army units rarely had trouble finding enough men to shoot Jewish civilians, even though punishment for refusal was absent or light.

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Separate Nazi persecutions killed a similar or larger number of non-Jewish civilians and POWs; estimated by Gerlach at 6 to 8 million, at more than 10 million by

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in 1935. The laws reserved full citizenship rights for those of "German or related blood", restricted Jews' economic activity, and criminalized new marriages and

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from the War Departments of the United States or United Kingdom. However, debate exists on whether a military response would have impacted on the Holocaust.

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despite the prohibition of relationships, including fraternization, between German and foreign workers, which imposed the penalty of imprisonment and death.

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on 22 June 1941. Although the war was launched more for strategic than ideological reasons, what Hitler saw as an apocalyptic battle against the forces of

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were established in the Wartheland and General Governorate in 1939 and 1940 on the initiative of local German administrators. The largest ghettos, such as

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is sometimes used to refer to the persecution of other groups that the Nazis targeted, especially those targeted on a biological basis, in particular the

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united Germans across the political spectrum. The military promoted the untrue but compelling idea that, rather than being defeated on the battlefield,

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for harboring gold deposited by Nazis who had stolen it during the Holocaust, as well as profiting from unclaimed deposits made by Holocaust victims.

591:(living space) in Eastern Europe for colonization. These ideas appealed to many Germans. The Nazis promised to protect European civilization from the 25307: 24747: 24623: 23319: 22720: 13897: 12323: 11199: 10517: 1994: 220: 188: 9336:

How Do We Remember the Armenian Genocide and the Holocaust? A Global View of an Integrated Memory of Perpetrators, Victims and Third-party Countries

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many formerly Jewish assets, meaning that the overall amount restored to Jews has been lower in those countries. Poland is the only member of the

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Shooting from behind became popular because killers did not have to look at their victims' faces and the dead were likely to fall into the grave.

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in May or June 1944. Men are lined up to the right, women and children to the left. About 25 percent were selected for work and the rest gassed.

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programme—amid increasing talk among German administrators in Poland of large-scale murder of Jews in the General Governorate. In late 1941 in

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is often cited as the main factor explaining the Holocaust. From the beginning, the Nazis—not unlike other nation-states in Europe—dreamed of

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as well. It is the single most documented and studied genocide in history. It is also seen as the archetype of genocide and the benchmark in

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in late 1943, Germany deported several thousand Jews from Italy and the former Italian occupation zones of France, Yugoslavia, Albania, and

25748: 25604: 25588: 25560: 24801: 24008: 23454: 23401: 23396: 23391: 22520: 20803: 20694: 13681: 12822: 12817: 12809: 11310: 11222: 6283: 2175: 627: 519:(1914–1918) intensified nationalist and racist sentiments in Germany and other European countries. Jews in eastern Europe were targeted by 7156: 3739: 1681: 1188:, Ukraine, and the Romanian borderlands. Although German forces tried to incite pogroms, their role in causing violence is controversial. 26505: 25572: 25484: 25428: 25391: 24666: 23708: 23223: 22503: 21775: 18345: 18252: 18086: 17587: 12226: 12050: 8992: 2112: 2049: 1965: 1751: 1456:

became the preferred killing method in extermination camps after gassing experiments were conducted on Russian POWs in late August 1941.

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was established to hold those members of the Polish intelligentsia not killed in the purges. Around 400,000 Poles were expelled from the

862: 391: 30:

This article is about the state-sponsored genocide of European Jews during World War II. For all peoples persecuted during this era, see

17: 8131:(2024). "The Long Term and the Short Term: Antisemitism and the Holocaust". In Weitzman, Mark; Williams, Robert J.; Wald, James (eds.). 1936: 27277: 25477: 24202: 23520: 22892: 19872: 18672: 18396: 17567: 17390: 17360: 17265: 17212: 16173: 13324: 12966: 12187: 11114: 2817: 1895: 1875: 1112: 652: 398:

was dropped as redundant and Holocaust, now capitalized, became the default term for the destruction of European Jews. The Hebrew word

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Most Holocaust perpetrators were never put on trial for their crimes. During and after World War II, many European countries launched

1977:, non-Germans "not under German command" caused 5 to 6 percent of the Jewish deaths, and their involvement was crucial in other ways. 26983: 25611: 23994: 23952: 23526: 23343: 22690: 21753: 18274: 16459: 15827: 15616: 15354: 13627: 1919: 290:

regardless of means to attempt to emigrate, the regime passed anti-Jewish laws, encouraged harassment, and orchestrated a nationwide

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in September 1943, there were no serious attempt to deport Italian Jews, and Italy refused to allow the deportation of Jews in many

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Burzlaff, Jan (2020). "Confronting the Communal Grave: a Reassessment of Social Relations During the Holocaust in Eastern Europe".

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and first used in November 1941; victims were forced into the van and killed with engine exhaust. The first extermination camp was

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and the elderly faced even lower survival rates than adults. It is considered to be the single largest genocide in human history.

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After German military defeats in 1943, it became increasingly evident that Germany would lose the war. In early 1943, 45,000 Jews

736:. Jews were defined as those with three or four Jewish grandparents; many of those with partial Jewish descent were classified as 25727: 25524: 25176: 24554: 24054: 23966: 23902: 22426: 22024: 18335: 18325: 18081: 15601: 13831: 13445: 12937: 12609: 12130: 11858: 11253: 11204: 11022: 8532: 8469: 8324: 8214: 7624: 2594: 2568: 2418: 2141: 1711: 1343: 915: 374:", has become the most common word used to describe the Nazi extermination of Jews in English and many other languages. The term 345: 240: 224: 91: 16522: 15401: 8474: 2506:

later investigated 100,000 people and tried more than 6,000 defendants, mainly low-level perpetrators. The high-level organizer

2011: 27292: 25930: 25442: 24285: 23823: 23253: 22762: 21853: 19865: 19743: 18576: 16126: 14969: 14186: 13836: 13795: 13739: 11434: 2648:

The Holocaust is the most well-known genocide in history, and is considered to be the single most infamous case of genocide in

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in some countries; while denials of the Holocaust have been promoted by various Middle Eastern governments, figures and media.

2232: 956: 23301: 2637:. In contrast to Europe, in the United States the memory of the Holocaust tends to be more abstract and universalized. During 2216: 995: 26526: 26431: 25958: 25704: 25579: 24658: 24632: 24489: 24195: 24112: 23502: 22966: 22897: 20931: 20361: 18240: 18235: 17552: 16868: 16054: 15916: 15140: 14921: 14191: 10836: 10810: 10788: 10742: 10715: 10681: 10646: 10624: 10605: 10586: 10560: 10537: 10507: 10488: 10465: 10439: 10412: 10386: 10364: 10342: 10316: 10294: 10259: 10233: 10210: 10184: 10148: 10119: 10093: 10064: 10012: 9986: 9958: 9933: 9889: 9863: 9816: 9788: 9760: 9728: 9703: 9677: 9651: 9625: 9599: 9571: 9414: 9386: 9347: 9291: 9029: 9002: 8972: 8508: 8154: 8112: 8078: 5676: 2410:, the murder of some 43,000 Jews, the single largest massacre of Jews by German forces, occurring from 3 to 4 November 1943. 1307: 387: 263:. Separate Nazi persecutions killed a similar or larger number of non-Jewish civilians and prisoners of war (POWs); the term 23550: 2593:, in which its advocates argue promotes citizenship while reducing prejudice generally, became widespread at the same time. 2275: 2199: 1298:

and ban emigration. Between mid-October and the end of 1941, 42,000 Jews from Germany and its annexed territories and 5,000

26759: 26166: 26052: 25217: 24677: 24673: 24651: 24255: 21770: 20828: 20513: 20434: 20103: 19699: 18583: 18257: 17968: 17297: 16817: 16418: 16338: 15218: 13788: 13570: 13560: 13543: 13538: 13455: 11814: 11232: 11072: 9826: 2155: 2072: 1287: 1061: 520: 260: 95: 21376: 2406:

over the course of nine hours, in what was the largest number ever killed in a death camp on a single day. It was part of

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The systematic murder of Jews began in the Soviet Union in 1941. During the invasion, many Jews were conscripted into the

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followed the army to eliminate any possible resistance. Around 50,000 Polish and Polish Jewish leaders and intellectuals

688: 85: 18531: 10706:

Spoerer, Mark (2020). "The Nazi War Economy, the Forced Labor System, and the Murder of Jewish and Non-Jewish Workers".

1294:. At the beginning of September, all German Jews were required to wear a yellow star, and in October, Hitler decided to 1234:

Original Nazi propaganda caption: "Too bad even for a bullet... The Jews shown here were shot at once." 28 June 1941 in

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As well as the six million Jews who were murdered, more than ten million other non-combatants were killed by the Nazis.

7283: 2771:, pp. 26–27, "Rather than one big thing, the Holocaust might now be described as an array of event categories. In 2580:

asserted that "the Holocaust has gradually supplanted genocide as modernity's icon of evil", while political scientist

2293: 1230: 920: 19471: 2124:—an estimated 20,000 to 25,000 across the Soviet Union. An additional 10,000 to 13,000 Jewish non-combatants lived in 1788:

were only undertaken when the inhabitants began to believe that their death was certain. In 1943, larger uprisings in

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and as many as a third of Jewish businesses may have been forced to close. Anti-Jewish violence was even worse in

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Messenger, David A. (2020). "The Geopolitics of Neutrality: Diplomacy, Refuge, and Rescue during the Holocaust".

9836: 2491: 2468: 1854:. Only 25 percent of the Jews in France were killed; most of them were either non-citizens or recent immigrants. 477: 283: 24942: 24510: 19265: 17592: 10426:(2007). "Introduction: A History Without Boundaries: the Robbery and Restitution of Jewish Property in Europe". 9614:

Searching for Justice After the Holocaust: Fulfilling the Terezin Declaration and Immovable Property Restitution

2044: 1108:, as well as the Jewish ghettos, endured human-made famine, during which millions of people died of starvation. 26946: 26918: 26796: 26589: 25826: 25277: 25203: 24992: 24363: 24082: 23987: 23872: 23750: 23448: 22819: 22680: 22537: 20823: 20290: 20119: 20087: 19915: 19829: 17353: 17194: 16824: 16582: 15990: 15780: 15490: 15082: 14147: 14097: 13491: 13079: 12110: 11923: 11385: 10974: 1352: 1185: 1177: 22872: 19562: 17101: 12085: 27006: 26939: 26890: 26821: 26646: 26152: 26103: 25867: 25860: 25463: 25224: 25008: 24061: 23768: 23744: 23532: 23331: 21306: 21276: 21264: 20537: 20529: 20442: 18956: 18091: 16854: 15950: 15545: 15347: 13188: 13136: 13014: 12877: 12582: 12422: 11585: 11439: 11420: 11400: 11370: 11263: 10498:

Kansteiner, Wulf (2017). "Transnational Holocaust Memory, Digital Culture and the End of Reception Studies".

948: 940: 928: 768: 615: 481: 433: 326: 208: 20032: 17577: 17154: 17021: 11492: 2023: 1524: 1417: 256: 27317: 27312: 27307: 27302: 27297: 27287: 27080: 26976: 26351: 26312: 25231: 25059: 25044: 24971: 24950: 24768: 24446: 24232: 24225: 24209: 23920: 23879: 23851: 23658: 23556: 23380: 22750: 22612: 22602: 22595: 22399: 21828: 21079: 20396: 20174: 20095: 20071: 19541: 18644: 18262: 18101: 17847: 17817: 17420: 16875: 16847: 16030: 15926: 15251: 14767: 14427: 13939: 13783: 13666: 13496: 13413: 13146: 12840: 12673: 12447: 12010: 11638: 11507: 11482: 11360: 10979: 10950: 9925: 9748: 7166: 2727:, p. 291, "the established understanding of the Holocaust today as the genocide of six million Jews"; 2618: 2476: 2006: 1883: 1606: 1480: 1291: 880: 680: 600: 581:

and sought to purge it of racially foreign and socially deficient elements. The Nazi Party and its leader,

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may have been shot by the German invaders; there was also a great deal of looting. Special units known as

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deemed "unfit for work" began to be sent in groups to Auschwitz where they were murdered. In early 1942,

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have been paid, although falling short of the Jews' losses. The Holocaust has also been commemorated in

27332: 26841: 26337: 26256: 26201: 26089: 26045: 25695: 25321: 25245: 25140: 25017: 24889: 24882: 24842: 24815: 24547: 24480: 24075: 23886: 23816: 22384: 21789: 21675: 21296: 21043: 20888: 20368: 20318: 20127: 19945: 19879: 19656: 19336: 18912: 18476: 17892: 17887: 17707: 17077: 16274: 15175: 15117: 14987: 14973: 14890: 14261: 13732: 13528: 13205: 13151: 12972: 12760: 12487: 12366: 12336: 12255: 12172: 12005: 11643: 11541: 11502: 11459: 11395: 11268: 11144: 10801:(2020). "Old Nazis, Ordinary Men, and New Killers: Synthetic and Divergent Histories of Perpetrators". 10111: 10031: 9881: 2430: 2407: 2159: 2116: 1578: 1476: 1379: 1220: 322: 252: 38: 23562: 21094: 9334: 27248: 26743: 26660: 26445: 26305: 26277: 26110: 26015: 25805: 25238: 24305: 23959: 23690: 23666: 23634: 23478: 23283: 23265: 23259: 23217: 22914: 22882: 22700: 22544: 21719: 20553: 20426: 20389: 20311: 19992: 18840: 18449: 18034: 17617: 17346: 17045: 17013: 16895: 16778: 15210: 15000: 14961: 14647: 14627: 14221: 14137: 14092: 13693: 13508: 13503: 13339: 12720: 12125: 11940: 11487: 11464: 11375: 11237: 11089: 11077: 11064: 10251: 9907: 8801: 2667:

continues to be popular among the broader public after being largely rejected by historians. Scholar

2458: 2376: 2236: 1903: 1871: 1634: 1550: 1433: 1181: 944: 907: 524: 402:("catastrophic destruction") exclusively refers to Jewish victims. The perpetrators used the phrase " 248: 24503: 10764: 1317:

After the expansion of killings to target the entire Soviet Jewish population, the 3,000 men of the

352:. It has become central to Western historical consciousness as a symbol of the ultimate human evil. 27322: 27272: 27163: 26482: 26459: 25711: 25512: 25505: 25162: 24822: 24794: 24787: 24174: 23496: 23080: 23055: 22997: 22877: 22846: 22317: 21932: 21876: 21660: 21646: 21176: 21089: 21013: 20941: 20917: 20883: 20561: 20545: 20276: 20198: 20182: 19649: 19315: 18749: 16743: 16734: 16435: 15804: 15340: 15228: 15056: 15028: 14965: 14497: 14247: 13661: 13450: 13344: 12804: 12772: 12604: 12559: 12105: 11885: 11424: 11405: 11352: 11336: 11283: 11278: 11189: 11179: 11169: 11121: 11104: 11094: 11059: 11054: 11049: 10578: 10529: 10225: 10085: 2625: 2535:

in restitution and compensation to Holocaust survivors and heirs. In 1952, West Germany negotiated

2256: 1969: 1887: 1843: 1299: 1295: 1283: 1275: 1224: 1155: 704: 660: 656: 648: 512: 508: 24519: 24496: 21580: 17202: 14687: 12030: 10658:"Recognition, Justice, and Memory: Swedish-Jewish Reactions to the Holocaust and the Major Trials" 7246: 2146:

The Nazi leaders knew that their actions would bring international condemnation. On 26 June 1942,

1993:

were able to successfully lay claim to Jewish property. In the decades after the war, Swiss banks

231:, around two-thirds of Europe's Jewish population. The murders were carried out primarily through 26904: 26848: 26718: 26578: 26263: 25916: 25812: 25718: 25286: 25147: 25117: 25081: 25066: 24938: 24830: 24808: 24754: 24740: 24722: 24386: 24167: 23895: 23844: 23773: 23277: 23199: 22790: 22710: 22515: 22455: 22433: 22160: 21927: 21881: 21833: 21635: 20473: 19534: 18202: 17867: 17862: 17810: 16764: 16757: 15740: 15187: 15155: 15074: 14562: 14420: 13617: 13585: 13460: 12725: 12597: 12587: 12313: 11867: 11595: 11273: 11258: 11184: 11164: 11159: 11139: 11109: 11099: 10828: 10780: 10552: 10480: 10457: 10449: 10374: 10202: 10004: 9950: 9915: 9899: 9798: 9744:

The Origins of the Final Solution: The Evolution of Nazi Jewish Policy, September 1939–March 1942

9695: 9669: 9617: 7238: 2813: 2598: 2083: 1907: 1894:), and later deported several thousand Jews in 1942 and 1943. Bulgaria deported 11,000 Jews from 1847: 1093: 1089: 975: 672: 547: 394:. All of these groups, however, were targeted for different reasons. By the 1970s, the adjective 19399: 18980: 14844: 14717: 11664: 10573:(2023). "A Common History of Violence?: The Pogroms of Summer 1941 in Comparative Perspective". 2043:

Beginning in 1938—especially in Germany and its annexed territories—many Jews were drafted into

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carried out the action. In addition to local non-Jewish collaborators, the Jewish councils and

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with Himmler's approval; it began operations in December 1941 using gas vans. In October 1941,

1360: 1180:, 1.6 million were Jews. Local inhabitants killed as many as 50,000 Jews in pogroms in Latvia, 911: 812:

of nearly 1 billion RM, mostly from Jews. The policy of forced emigration continued into 1940.

504: 469: 441: 361: 337: 228: 116: 42: 20375: 17109: 13918: 11819: 10079: 728:. After hounding the German Jews out of public life by the end of 1934, the regime passed the 27327: 27087: 26810: 26653: 26549: 26519: 26475: 26215: 26180: 26173: 26096: 25994: 25435: 25412: 25259: 24863: 24400: 24140: 24126: 23809: 23696: 23355: 23140: 23105: 23075: 22924: 22842: 22730: 22622: 22617: 22532: 22493: 22300: 22295: 21975: 21732: 21371: 21321: 21316: 20702: 20588: 20150: 20040: 19729: 19692: 19606: 18896: 18741: 18660: 18614: 18569: 18547: 18300: 18279: 18218: 18213: 18039: 17973: 17657: 17170: 16925: 16197: 15875: 15626: 15569: 15450: 15291: 15087: 14400: 14329: 14228: 13892: 13817: 13725: 13641: 13607: 13523: 13518: 13403: 13166: 12959: 12919: 12857: 12852: 12789: 12715: 12542: 12167: 12120: 11784: 11535: 10634: 10286: 10194: 9978: 9972: 9853: 9780: 9591: 8539: 2463: 1863: 1855: 1189: 1139: 551: 536: 371: 341: 321:

where many died from starvation, abuse, exhaustion, or being used as test subjects in deadly

99: 24698: 19145: 19113: 10975:"Gender and Selection During the Holocaust: Transports of Western European Jews to the East" 10281:(2010). "The Holocaust – a Global Memory? Extensions and Limits of a New Memory Community". 9714: 2543:

3 billion (around $ 714 million) to Israel and DM 450 million (around $ 107 million) to the

26911: 26766: 26417: 26374: 26344: 26270: 26080: 26059: 24978: 24455: 24133: 23678: 23614: 23424: 23235: 23120: 23025: 22956: 22919: 22811: 22685: 22551: 22195: 22132: 22102: 22087: 22072: 21965: 21858: 21748: 21530: 20936: 20734: 20048: 20008: 19893: 19555: 19283: 19275: 19160: 19137: 19065: 18973: 18944: 18936: 18888: 18832: 18457: 17960: 17945: 17738: 17321: 17220: 16803: 16596: 16575: 15934: 15788: 15634: 15593: 15371: 15301: 15266: 15163: 14305: 14254: 14207: 13825: 13812: 13800: 13378: 13329: 13301: 13024: 12954: 12740: 12505: 12442: 12025: 11809: 11700: 11678: 11573: 11568: 11549: 10798: 10130: 10103: 9738: 8364: 2772: 2673: 2589:

described it as the "singularly most monstrous crime committed in the history of mankind".

2499: 2220: 1735: 1449: 1371:, "The world war is here; the annihilation of the Jews must be the necessary consequence." 1368: 1192: 1081: 1073: 566: 528: 21364: 21359: 19406: 15107: 15006: 12371: 5694:"The victims of unethical human experiments and coerced research under National Socialism" 1274:

Victims of mass shootings included Jews deported from elsewhere. Besides Germany, Romania

655:, and those perceived as workshy—through a variety of measures, including imprisonment in 585:, were also obsessed with reversing Germany's territorial losses and acquiring additional 8: 27029: 26803: 26681: 26637: 26159: 25293: 25052: 24579: 24409: 24393: 24342: 23590: 23570: 23325: 23211: 23155: 23125: 23090: 22980: 22705: 22460: 22339: 22092: 21905: 21738: 21150: 21119: 20956: 20079: 20016: 19961: 19886: 19499: 19307: 19237: 19003: 18797: 18773: 18703: 18559: 18305: 18145: 17978: 17723: 17597: 17479: 17437: 17138: 16840: 16707: 16656: 16354: 16250: 16221: 16181: 16165: 15812: 15764: 15730: 15722: 15691: 15466: 15195: 14992: 14849: 14712: 14547: 14477: 14311: 14214: 14201: 13929: 13704: 13408: 13319: 13311: 13074: 13067: 12799: 12784: 12735: 12592: 12500: 12346: 11933: 10377:(2020). "A Sustained Civilian Struggle: Rethinking Jewish Responses to the Nazi Regime". 10176: 9643: 9241:"Jews and the Racial State: Legacies of the Holocaust in Apartheid South Africa, 1945–60" 7180: 2821: 2602: 2590: 2480: 2204: 2179: 1990: 1870:

The German government sought the deportation of Jews from allied countries. The first to

1830: 1686: 1347: 1165: 1111:

By mid-June 1941, about 30,000 Jews had died, 20,000 of whom had starved to death in the

1004: 888: 837: 805: 497: 453: 449: 333: 21131: 19081: 15966: 11728: 11718: 10911:

Témoigner. Entre histoire et mémoire. Revue pluridisciplinaire de la Fondation Auschwitz

10876: 9946:

Mordecai Would Not Bow Down: Anti-Semitism, the Holocaust, and Christian Supersessionism

8368: 1264: 1138:

were systematically executed. About a million civilians were killed by the Nazis during

1046: 27022: 26855: 26780: 26734: 26704: 26612: 26452: 26117: 26001: 25895: 25846: 25784: 25540: 25491: 25300: 24917: 24572: 24370: 23684: 23608: 23602: 23160: 23130: 23115: 22992: 22735: 22715: 22374: 22305: 22273: 22240: 22230: 22112: 21955: 21665: 21600: 21396: 21281: 21259: 21254: 21249: 21204: 21028: 20786: 20609: 20465: 20332: 20283: 20158: 20111: 19678: 19613: 19097: 19057: 18966: 18805: 18320: 17935: 17915: 17702: 17602: 17485: 17410: 16663: 16649: 16427: 16402: 16258: 16110: 15796: 15683: 15673: 15425: 14898: 14854: 14652: 14567: 14268: 14240: 13388: 13215: 12898: 11972: 11967: 11474: 10932: 10902: 10752: 10687: 10326: 10243: 10154: 10050: 9635: 9357: 9049: 8393: 8350: 8305: 5726: 5693: 5665: 2893: 2891: 2383: 1780: 1759: 1676: 1488: 1396: 1383: 1105: 980: 952: 854: 635: 295: 236: 21070: 17401: 17381: 14732: 14692: 14412: 13995: 8833: 488:

that increased economic conflicts between Jews and non-Jews. Some scientists began to

27013: 26897: 26787: 26727: 26688: 26621: 26603: 26569: 26512: 26466: 26410: 26235: 25973: 25965: 25902: 25755: 25349: 24874: 24335: 24314: 24024: 23738: 23466: 23368: 23241: 23085: 23035: 23030: 22394: 22359: 22349: 22310: 22250: 22200: 22122: 22107: 22077: 21915: 21910: 21743: 21490: 21419: 21244: 21124: 21023: 20946: 20907: 20644: 20637: 20630: 20297: 19815: 19786: 18725: 18671: 18539: 18508: 18352: 18223: 18138: 18061: 18024: 17988: 17692: 17633: 17607: 17431: 16965: 16628: 16554: 16475: 16062: 15942: 15900: 15772: 15756: 15561: 15434: 15376: 15169: 15097: 15092: 14906: 14727: 14697: 14682: 14472: 13257: 13062: 12925: 12710: 12577: 12437: 12268: 12182: 12149: 12063: 11880: 11846: 10936: 10924: 10832: 10806: 10784: 10738: 10711: 10691: 10677: 10642: 10620: 10601: 10582: 10556: 10533: 10503: 10484: 10461: 10435: 10408: 10382: 10360: 10338: 10334: 10312: 10290: 10255: 10229: 10206: 10180: 10158: 10144: 10115: 10089: 10075: 10060: 10035: 10023: 10008: 9982: 9954: 9929: 9885: 9873: 9859: 9840: 9812: 9784: 9756: 9724: 9699: 9673: 9647: 9621: 9595: 9587:

Genocide, the Holocaust and Israel-Palestine: First-Person History in Times of Crisis

9567: 9486: 9410: 9382: 9343: 9287: 9055: 9025: 8998: 8968: 8504: 8398: 8380: 8297: 8150: 8108: 8074: 7279: 7250: 7210: 7134: 7101: 5731: 5713: 5672: 5470: 2660: 2649: 2606: 2544: 2525: 2484: 2391: 2305: 2245: 2240: 2147: 2129: 1974: 1742: 1731: 1375: 1085: 1077: 1027: 876: 832: 676: 596: 574: 489: 485: 268: 174: 103: 31: 21510: 19685: 18388: 16941: 15958: 15521: 10946:"Whose Feelings Matter? Holocaust Memory, Empathy, and Redemptive Anti-Antisemitism" 9832:

Foreign Claims Settlement Commission of the United States: Decisions and Annotations

9409:(1st ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 18–19, 34, 204, 396, 452, 480. 5709: 2903: 2888: 2251:

The largest murder action after 1942 was that against the Hungarian Jews. After the

313:

Later in 1941 or early 1942, the highest levels of the German government decided to

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The Holocaust and History: The Known, the Unknown, the Disputed, and the Reexamined

9311: 9252: 8388: 8372: 8355: 8142: 7242: 7230: 5721: 5705: 5685: 3717: 2653: 2614: 2532: 2387: 2264: 2121: 1859: 1785: 1492: 1461: 1374:

It took the Nazis several months after this to organize a continent-wide genocide.

1311: 1204: 821: 809: 684: 623: 493: 465: 427: 379: 144: 27214: 27180: 24105: 21620: 21162: 19736: 19506: 15036: 14834: 13770: 11723: 11685: 10992: 10964: 10945: 10906: 10172:

The Trajectory of Holocaust Memory: The Crisis of Testimony in Theory and Practice

8877: 8861: 5692:

Weindling, Paul; von Villiez, Anna; Loewenau, Aleksandra; Farron, Nichola (2016).

1420:

in the Wartheland, established on the initiative of the local civil administrator

1412:

developed from those used to kill mental patients since 1939 were assigned to the

414: 26955: 26667: 26582: 26540: 26438: 26381: 26249: 26031: 26022: 25551: 25126: 25102: 24356: 23792: 23714: 23620: 23544: 23538: 23271: 23205: 23070: 23065: 22951: 22780: 22745: 22637: 22470: 22389: 22364: 22332: 22322: 22290: 22285: 22180: 22137: 22127: 22117: 22082: 22062: 22047: 21993: 21948: 21709: 21680: 21595: 21590: 21570: 21540: 21505: 21408: 21401: 21286: 20987: 20727: 20658: 20000: 19527: 19513: 19413: 19291: 19223: 19041: 18928: 18789: 18710: 18295: 18125: 18073: 18049: 18044: 17675: 17645: 17562: 17547: 17449: 17281: 16997: 16933: 16909: 16718: 16451: 16410: 16330: 16014: 15982: 15409: 15296: 15145: 14914: 14839: 14772: 14737: 14617: 14512: 14450: 13985: 13251: 13004: 12624: 12464: 12457: 12274: 12177: 12035: 12015: 11928: 11764: 10727:

Ideologies of Race: The Construction and Suppression of Otherness in Nazi Germany

10673: 10170: 10054: 9996: 9944: 9919: 9830: 9802: 9742: 9609: 9585: 9557: 9553: 9256: 7082: 5451: 2679:

The Jewish population still remains below pre-Holocaust levels. According to the

2125: 1826: 1611: 1583: 1555: 1429: 1160: 1135: 1097: 1023: 1015: 989: 985: 801: 733: 692: 664: 532: 473: 419: 27067: 15306: 14527: 13943: 9518: 865:. During the five weeks of fighting, as many as 16,000 civilians, hostages, and 26962: 26498: 26424: 24469: 24328: 23460: 23349: 23337: 23150: 22929: 22902: 22757: 22411: 22280: 21922: 21794: 21670: 21615: 21605: 21561: 21470: 21450: 21239: 21216: 21109: 21007: 20992: 20951: 20849: 20665: 20623: 20325: 19793: 19620: 19464: 19435: 19323: 19216: 19105: 19089: 18689: 18315: 17983: 17882: 17833: 17663: 17639: 17612: 17061: 16670: 16635: 16314: 16306: 16282: 15867: 15714: 15706: 15311: 14979: 14818: 14803: 14798: 14793: 14762: 14662: 14637: 14542: 14444: 14234: 14112: 14015: 13980: 13867: 13383: 13193: 13161: 13126: 13047: 12537: 12432: 12331: 12302: 11994: 11958: 11913: 11623: 11530: 10657: 10520:(2023). "Can – or Should – There Be a Political Science of the Holocaust?". In 10500:

The Twentieth Century in European Memory: Transcultural Mediation and Reception

10431: 10352: 10278: 9770: 9687: 8496: 2597:

is commemorated each year on 27 January, while some other countries have set a

2552: 2511: 2507: 2414: 1764: 1421: 1123: 892: 871: 729: 647:

was set up. The Nazi regime cracked down on crime and social outsiders—such as

634:, by campaigning on issues such as anticommunism and economic recovery. Hitler 445: 403: 314: 27129: 21460: 21428: 19492: 11918: 11738: 10868: 10734: 10140: 9844: 9407:

The Problems of Genocide: Permanent Security and the Language of Transgression

8965:

The Problems of Genocide: Permanent Security and the Language of Transgression

2824:

from other forced-labor camps and from the single-purpose extermination camps.

2314:

Holocaust deaths as an approximate percentage of the 1939 Jewish population:

1268: 1060:

Rape and sexual exploitation of Jewish and non-Jewish women in eastern Europe

691:(1939) also increased the Nazis' popular support. Germans were inundated with 630:, the Nazi Party rapidly increased its support, reaching a high of 37 percent 27261: 26773: 24691: 24379: 23640: 23626: 23165: 23145: 23040: 22573: 22220: 22185: 22097: 22057: 21843: 21545: 21480: 21465: 21352: 21343: 21232: 21181: 21171: 21099: 20963: 20859: 19779: 19478: 19377: 19252: 19188: 19049: 18880: 17790: 17784: 17778: 17772: 17766: 17754: 17502: 17461: 17455: 17093: 16957: 16949: 16917: 16483: 15261: 15241: 15130: 15046: 14882: 14788: 14757: 14642: 14532: 14517: 14317: 14279: 13933: 13131: 12978: 12427: 12356: 12247: 12115: 11945: 11902: 11748: 11733: 10928: 10907:"Aktion Reinhardt – Sources, Research and Commemoration in the last 30 years" 10772: 10615:

Miron, Guy (2020). "Ghettos and Ghettoization – History and Historiography".

9402: 9045: 8960: 8384: 8351:"Quantifying the Holocaust: Hyperintense kill rates during the Nazi genocide" 8301: 8094: 7131:

Israel and the Daughters of the Shoah: Reoccupying the Territories of Silence

5717: 2586: 2577: 2540: 2441: 2280: 1941: 1802: 1208: 1042: 1000: 896: 841: 773: 755: 725: 156: 152: 52: 21525: 19181: 14677: 14049: 13960: 12930: 10135:. Vol. 2: Milgram's Obedience Experiments and the Holocaust. Springer. 8098: 569:, whom they identified as "the embodiment of everything that was wrong with 542: 27072: 26876: 25169: 25074: 24705: 24068: 23832: 22961: 22936: 22740: 22585: 21804: 21630: 21585: 21535: 21515: 21500: 21455: 21386: 21311: 21155: 21038: 20979: 20924: 20912: 20793: 20166: 18377: 17998: 17728: 17669: 17473: 17426: 17069: 16603: 16513: 15256: 15064: 15041: 14934: 14808: 14747: 14722: 14702: 14657: 14597: 14347: 14323: 14299: 14293: 14045: 13877: 13872: 13748: 13420: 13366: 13230: 13042: 12942: 12893: 12750: 12696: 12639: 11789: 11774: 11769: 11743: 11696: 11628: 11590: 11340: 10919: 10637:(2020). "War Crimes Trials, the Holocaust, and Historiography, 1943–2011". 10423: 9661: 9307: 8988: 8402: 8376: 8128: 7091: 5735: 2630: 2581: 2548: 2503: 2208: 1986: 1982: 1915: 1822: 1727: 1723: 1707: 1484: 1339: 1322: 1303: 1256: 1252: 1216: 1092:. A quick victory was expected and was planned to be followed by a massive 1038: 724:. In 1933, Jews were banned or restricted from several professions and the 611: 592: 582: 299: 216: 212: 184: 120: 77: 15608: 8146: 2260: 1945: 781:

were damaged or destroyed, at least 90 Jews were murdered, and as many as

26711: 26697: 26359: 25028: 24849: 24834: 24188: 23229: 23045: 22665: 22632: 22210: 22190: 21970: 21485: 21331: 21301: 21145: 21018: 19209: 18848: 16981: 16693: 16686: 16290: 15417: 14667: 14622: 14602: 14537: 14335: 13283: 13089: 13084: 13052: 12645: 12162: 11779: 11633: 10304: 9968: 9581: 9478: 7203:

The War That Hitler Won: The Most Infamous Propaganda Campaign in History

6288: 2668: 2395: 2030: 1961: 1716: 1648: 1620: 1592: 1564: 1437: 1260: 1223:

in August and September and in October and November reached their height

1101: 817: 790: 716: 640: 516: 437: 192: 148: 10355:(2020). "Survivors of the Holocaust within the Nazi Universe of Camps". 10329:(2020). "All the Other Neighbors: Communal Genocide in Eastern Europe". 10108:

Hi Hitler! How the Nazi Past is Being Normalized in Contemporary Culture

8309: 8285: 7165:(in Polish). Vol. 22, no. 2707. pp. 70–72. Archived from 1818: 1739:

laborers had to clean it up and collect any valuables from the victims.

26066: 25819: 25798: 24684: 24017: 23945: 23100: 23095: 22561: 22215: 22205: 22142: 21475: 21225: 21188: 21114: 21002: 20842: 19202: 19195: 19121: 18765: 18357: 17910: 17760: 17517: 17443: 16989: 16568: 16529: 16102: 15998: 15577: 15125: 14552: 14522: 13965: 13955: 13806: 13475: 13361: 13278: 13009: 12948: 12634: 12469: 12242: 12020: 10662:

Early Holocaust Memory in Sweden: Archives, Testimonies and Reflections

10401:

The Jews, the Holocaust, and the Public: The Legacies of David Cesarani

9752: 9640:

The Holocaust in Eastern Europe: At the Epicenter of the Final Solution

8104: 5479: 2585:

Holocaust probably ranks as the very worst". Renowned German historian

2310: 2162:, documenting the killing of 700,000 Jews in Poland. In December 1942, 1944:

guards and female staff auxiliaries enjoying themselves on vacation in

1529: 1019: 1011: 884: 738: 587: 558: 279: 164: 160: 16298: 9381:(1st ed.). Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. pp. 7–10. 9240: 8528:"Documenting numbers of victims of the Holocaust and Nazi persecution" 6284:"Mohamed Mesli : « Mon père, l'imam sauveur de juifs »" 2100:

Gerlach estimates that 200,000 Jews survived in hiding across Europe.

2063: 1960:

Non-German perpetrators and collaborators included Dutch, French, and

26329: 25734: 25531: 25342: 25133: 25088: 23576: 23289: 22725: 22660: 22165: 21655: 21336: 20972: 20768: 18150: 18054: 17512: 16547: 16536: 16006: 15665: 14752: 14287: 13949: 13398: 13273: 13268: 13156: 12474: 12280: 9808: 9563: 9519:"World Jewish population nears pre-Holocaust numbers at 15.2 million" 8286:"The Genocidal Universe: A Framework for Understanding the Holocaust" 8138: 2663:

is massive, encompassing thousands of books. The tendency to see the

2638: 2036: 1797: 1698: 1441: 1326: 963: 849: 778: 764: 570: 24609: 17523:

Reich Central Office for the Combating of Homosexuality and Abortion

13763: 12135: 10428:

Robbery and Restitution: The Conflict over Jewish Property in Europe

9825: 6424: 3723: 1779:, and southwestern Belarus. Deportations and mass executions in the 503:

The turn of the twentieth century saw a major effort to establish a

24593: 24321: 23787: 23313: 23050: 22695: 21326: 21291: 21033: 19548: 18920: 18419: 18310: 18170: 17338: 17314:

Defense for Children International – Palestine et al v. Biden et al

16610: 16589: 16561: 16506: 15363: 15236: 13372: 13288: 13141: 13100: 12000: 11800: 10575:

Politics, Violence, Memory: The New Social Science of the Holocaust

10526:

Politics, Violence, Memory: The New Social Science of the Holocaust

7161: 6286:[Mohamed Mesli: "My father, the imam who saved the Jews"]. 5474:

The Origins of Nazi Genocide, From Euthanasia to the Final Solution

3738: 1904:

declined to allow the deportation of Jews from its prewar territory

1772: 1652: 1537: 1453: 1409: 1173: 1052: 204: 140: 9286:(1st ed.). Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 9, 138, 161, 230. 6698: 6186: 6126: 6114: 5691: 5491: 2128:

in Eastern European forests, of which the most well known was the

1436:—the first purpose-built extermination camp to feature stationary 22655: 20777: 18165: 18160: 17802: 17507: 6388: 5912: 5910: 4805: 4765: 2016: 1776: 1719:

were murdered in the largest killing operation of the Holocaust.

1694: 461: 457: 11000: 9208: 9054:(1st ed.). New York: Columbia University Press. p. 2. 8542:

give a total of 17 million (including more than 5 million Jews).

8253: 6472: 5520: 5518: 2803:

Equivalent to $ 400 million at the time, or $ 7 billion in 2023.

1010:

Germany gained control of 1.7 million Jews in Poland. The Nazis

25210: 23801: 23110: 22033: 21197: 21053: 20750: 19520: 18423: 18267: 18175: 18155: 16677: 14359: 14035: 14025: 13841: 13717: 13393: 13349: 13171: 13106: 12745: 12665: 12510: 9499: 7656: 7644: 7480: 6638: 4247: 1690: 1495:

meant that these camps were shut down earlier than envisioned.

1465: 750: 562: 291: 275: 20599: 10283:

Memory in a Global Age: Discourses, Practices and Trajectories

10028:

The Bombing of Auschwitz: Should the Allies have attempted it?

9181: 8967:(1st ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 481–482. 8782: 7668: 7620:"American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee and Refugee Aid" 7540: 7083:

Nanda Herbermann; Hester Baer; Elizabeth Roberts Baer (2000).

6896: 6539: 6400: 6328: 6304: 5907: 5880: 5878: 5876: 4692: 4690: 4372: 1862:

saved hundreds of Jews by hiding them in the basements of the

1098:

remove 31 million people and replace them with German settlers

27105: 25398: 23362: 22670: 21799: 16234: 15892: 11875: 9198: 9196: 8929: 7944: 7875: 7779: 7731: 7588: 6505: 6503: 6501: 6499: 6364: 6162: 6042: 5515: 5418: 5145: 5109: 4516: 3705: 3303: 3301: 3262: 2864: 1072:

Germany and its allies Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, and Italy

785:, although many were released within weeks. German Jews were 298:

in September 1939, occupation authorities began to establish

22841: 19170: 8719: 8073:(3rd ed.). I.B. Tauris. pp. 3, 124, 126, 265–266. 7922: 7920: 7892: 7890: 7815: 7685: 7683: 6352: 6005: 6003: 5897: 5895: 5893: 5530: 5466: 5464: 4741: 4348: 4174: 4172: 3838: 3657: 2483:

in 1948, but it was not used in Holocaust trials due to the

2255:

in 1944, the Hungarian government cooperated closely in the

1271:

lasted into 1943 because they became centers of production.

480:

emerged in the eighteenth and nineteenth century due to the

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proved insufficient and Himmler mobilized 21 battalions of

37:"Holocaust" and "Shoah" redirect here. For other uses, see 13709: 10399:(2019). "The Decision to Exterminate the Jews of Europe". 9263: 9193: 8755: 8601: 8599: 8050: 8048: 8035: 8033: 8031: 7446: 7444: 7299: 7297: 7295: 6850: 6848: 6751: 6749: 6662: 6563: 6496: 6032: 6030: 5847: 5845: 5843: 5841: 5839: 5837: 5835: 5833: 5831: 5829: 5634: 5632: 4707: 4705: 4184: 4159: 4157: 4155: 3814: 3536: 3534: 3417: 3366: 3298: 3235: 2854: 2852: 695:

both against Jews and other groups targeted by the Nazis.

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International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia

9447: 9435: 9312:"The Holocaust in Comparative and Historical Perspective" 8821: 8572: 8560: 8180: 8178: 7992: 7917: 7887: 7851: 7719: 7680: 7600: 7564: 7468: 7417: 7405: 7357: 7333: 6968: 6956: 6932: 6920: 6797: 6785: 6710: 6674: 6515: 6436: 6412: 6251: 6217: 6215: 6213: 6198: 6138: 6102: 6078: 6066: 6015: 6000: 5988: 5964: 5927: 5925: 5890: 5617: 5605: 5461: 5396: 5394: 5379: 5369: 5367: 5340: 5328: 5297: 5285: 5263: 5261: 5259: 5232: 5157: 5133: 5097: 5085: 5015: 5013: 4976: 4974: 4972: 4945: 4933: 4904: 4880: 4846: 4844: 4781: 4753: 4492: 4480: 4444: 4420: 4360: 4336: 4295: 4208: 4169: 4140: 4116: 4058: 4056: 3766: 3519: 3100: 3098: 1131:

Soviet prisoners of war in the custody of the German Army

9157: 9133: 9109: 9075: 9073: 9071: 8772: 8770: 8695: 8683: 8647: 8550: 8548: 8325:"The Origins of International Holocaust Remembrance Day" 7516: 6992: 6908: 6628: 6626: 5435: 5433: 5210: 5208: 4923: 4921: 4919: 4817: 4552: 4396: 4314: 4312: 4310: 4225: 4223: 3947: 3945: 3918: 3906: 3894: 3872: 3870: 3857: 3855: 3853: 3681: 3609: 3597: 3563: 3561: 3470: 3468: 3407: 3405: 3356: 3354: 3352: 2999: 2987: 2633:. Participation in this memory is required of countries 2611:

works of culture such as novels, poems, films, and plays

2402:

On 3 November 1943, around 18,400 Jews were murdered at

1333: 734:

sexual relationships between Jews and non-Jewish Germans

14442: 9459: 9220: 9169: 9121: 9097: 9085: 9051:

The Holocaust: A German Historian Examines the Genocide

8941: 8707: 8671: 8659: 8635: 8623: 8596: 8409: 8229: 8190: 8045: 8028: 8016: 7932: 7863: 7839: 7803: 7767: 7755: 7743: 7707: 7504: 7492: 7441: 7429: 7393: 7381: 7369: 7345: 7292: 7052: 7028: 7016: 7004: 6872: 6860: 6845: 6746: 6734: 6722: 6650: 6611: 6599: 6587: 6575: 6551: 6527: 6460: 6448: 6340: 6316: 6263: 6174: 6150: 6027: 5937: 5826: 5802: 5778: 5766: 5742: 5644: 5629: 5593: 5581: 5273: 5073: 5061: 5037: 5025: 4998: 4986: 4829: 4717: 4702: 4648: 4456: 4408: 4152: 4041: 3981: 3957: 3693: 3573: 3531: 3492: 3223: 3199: 2963: 2849: 2207:, annexed by Hungary in 1938, on the selection ramp at 1670: 671:

through economic growth, which partly occurred through

267:

is sometimes used to refer to the persecution of these

24463:

Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

23515:

Antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party

12393: 10547:

Kochavi, Arieh J. (2010). "Liberation and Dispersal".

10001:

Holocaust: The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews

9666:

War & Genocide: A Concise History of the Holocaust

8905: 8175: 7907: 7905: 7695: 6686: 6210: 5954: 5952: 5922: 5571: 5569: 5456:

Holocaust, the Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews

5391: 5364: 5318: 5316: 5314: 5312: 5256: 5220: 5193: 5121: 5010: 4969: 4892: 4841: 4665: 4663: 4588: 4564: 4468: 4384: 4053: 3993: 3509: 3507: 3441: 3337: 3325: 3252: 3250: 3175: 3163: 3151: 3139: 3129: 3127: 3125: 3095: 3059: 3047: 3023: 3011: 1920:

North African Jews living under French or Italian rule

1914:. Nazi Germany did not attempt the destruction of the 1290:

and foreign Jews in 1941, who were shortly thereafter

23443:

Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia

23296:

Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction

18418: 17290:

International Criminal Court investigation in Ukraine

15821:

Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction

9974:

Empire of Destruction: A History of Nazi Mass Killing

9068: 8893: 8849: 8767: 8545: 8445: 8433: 7827: 7791: 7576: 7552: 7528: 7456: 7321: 6761: 6623: 6227: 5976: 5430: 5406: 5352: 5244: 5205: 5169: 4916: 4868: 4856: 4600: 4576: 4324: 4307: 4283: 4271: 4259: 4235: 4220: 4128: 4092: 4068: 4017: 3942: 3867: 3850: 3826: 3802: 3790: 3778: 3754: 3669: 3633: 3621: 3585: 3558: 3480: 3465: 3402: 3349: 3083: 2951: 2939: 2915: 2477:

widespread purges of real and perceived collaborators

1126:, a Belarusian Jew who helped Soviet prisoners escape 17258:

International Criminal Court investigation in Darfur

9721:

The Names of Extermination: Definitions of a Tragedy

8004: 7956: 7235:

Backing Hitler: Consent and Coercion in Nazi Germany

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there are lessons or some kind of redemptive meaning

2227:, to Auschwitz, where nearly all were killed. After 1890:

the majority of its Jewish population (along with a

891:

occupation zone from 1939 to 1941, and the area was

857:

on 1 September 1939, triggering declarations of war

448:. In the nineteenth century many European countries 9716:

I Nomi dello sterminio: Definizioni di una tragedia

9423: 8465:"Aktion "Erntefest" (Operation "Harvest Festival")" 8421: 8163: 7980: 7968: 7902: 6054: 5949: 5814: 5790: 5754: 5566: 5309: 4729: 4660: 4636: 4612: 4080: 3969: 3882: 3504: 3453: 3429: 3390: 3378: 3313: 3286: 3274: 3247: 3211: 3187: 3122: 3110: 3071: 3035: 2975: 2158:and other resistance groups and transmitted by the 1278:. Romania deported about 154,000–170,000 Jews from 19154:Anti-Jewish violence in Czechoslovakia (1918–1920) 9379:The Holocaust and Other Genocides: An Introduction 9377:Boender, Barbara; ten Have, Wichert, eds. (2012). 8991:(2022). Graziosi, Andrea; Sysyn, Frank E. (eds.). 7155:Ostrowska, Joanna; Zaremba, Marcin (30 May 2009). 5664: 4104: 2927: 1464:. As many as 150 people were forced into a single 1387:the same number surviving by the end of the year. 22721:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States 6484: 4029: 4005: 2559: 2087:A bunker where Jews attempted to hide during the 1925: 1545:8 December 1941 – April 1943 and April–July 1944 1325:to assist them. In addition, Wehrmacht soldiers, 969: 919:Germany invaded much of western Europe including 916:deported hundreds of thousands of Polish citizens 836:Danzigers rallying for Hitler, shortly after the 498:Jews were a separate racial group alien to Europe 436:for more than two thousand years. Throughout the 336:emigrated outside of Europe after the war. A few 27259: 17147:International Military Tribunal for the Far East 16893: 13446:Bay Area Holocaust Oral History Project (BAHOHP) 10475:Hayes, Peter (2010). "Plunder and Restitution". 10021: 9612:; Boyd, Kathryn Lee; Nelson, Kristen L. (2019). 8997:. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 240. 7674: 7662: 7650: 7154: 1164:At least 3,000 Jews were killed during the 1941 16079:German atrocities committed against Soviet POWs 12999:The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews 12168:Civilians targeted during anti-partisan warfare 10660:. In Heuman, Johannes; Rudberg, Pontus (eds.). 9376: 7196: 7194: 2665:Holocaust as a unique or incomprehensible event 2270: 2067:, to serve as sex slaves of German soldiers in 1176:. Out of 10 or 15 million Soviet civilians who 1067: 711:Anti-Jewish legislation in pre-war Nazi Germany 23194:Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent 23188:Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire 21765:National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands 20498:Overland Park Jewish Community Center shooting 9776:Final Solution: The Fate of the Jews 1933–1949 9608: 9024:(3rd ed.). I.B. Tauris. pp. 3, 287. 8883: 8867: 8839: 8499:(2014). "Epilogue - "I will tell the world"". 8495: 8290:European Judaism: A Journal for the New Europe 8103:(in German) (10th ed.). Munich, Germany: 7183:[Special treatment is done by train]. 2166:, then known as the United Nations, adopted a 2019:, Belarus, forced to clean a street, July 1941 1808: 552:Jew stabbing a German Army soldier in the back 340:faced criminal trials. Billions of dollars in 23817: 23375:Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc 23182:Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire 22827: 22018: 20735: 18468: 18404: 17818: 17354: 16372:Massacres of Hutus during the First Congo War 15348: 14428: 13733: 12681: 12528:Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law 11016: 10311:. Oxford University Press. pp. 190–216. 10248:KL: A History of the Nazi Concentration Camps 10073: 10048: 8994:Genocide: The Power and Problems of a Concept 2912:, pp. 70–100, 78–79, 86–87, 94–95, xxix. 2882: 2870: 2788: 2756: 2435: 1448:, Jews in forced-labor camps operated by the 820:in response to a Polish law that enabled the 771:. On 9–10 November 1938, the Nazis organized 406:" as a euphemism for their genocide of Jews. 23497:Violence against Hindus in independent India 21946: 21937: 21784:National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark 21426: 21417: 21406: 21350: 21341: 21223: 21214: 21195: 21186: 21160: 21129: 20970: 20961: 20922: 20898: 20857: 20847: 20833: 20784: 20775: 20766: 17423:("Circle of Friends of the Reichsführer-SS") 13456:Middle East Media Research Institute (MEMRI) 10421: 8788: 8761: 7191: 3734: 3732: 2176:American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee 2028: 1872:hand over its Jewish population was Slovakia 1440:using carbon monoxide based on the previous 1338:Most historians agree that Hitler issued an 1193:killed tens of thousands of Jews from Odessa 1050: 573:". The Nazis defined the German nation as a 23709:Attacks by Islamic extremists in Bangladesh 23224:Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent 17266:International Crimes Tribunal of Bangladesh 17006:Post–World War II Romanian war crime trials 12227:List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust 10359:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 263–277. 9804:The Holocaust: The Third Reich and the Jews 9021:The Nazi Holocaust: Its History and Meaning 8070:The Nazi Holocaust: Its History and Meaning 7076: 2799: 2797: 667:for real or supposed hereditary illnesses. 307: 302:to segregate Jews. Following the June 1941 23824: 23810: 22834: 22820: 22025: 22011: 20742: 20728: 18673:Persecution of Jews during the Black Death 18411: 18397: 17825: 17811: 17361: 17347: 17213:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda 15355: 15341: 14435: 14421: 13740: 13726: 12967:Persecution of Jews during the Black Death 12688: 12674: 11023: 11009: 10901: 10797: 10497: 9362:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 9269: 9202: 9187: 7200: 6569: 6545: 6509: 5901: 4378: 2818:SS Main Economic and Administrative Office 2257:deportation of 437,000 Jews in eight weeks 2135: 511:and subsequent racial apartheid regime in 310:by German forces and local collaborators. 84: 23344:Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars 22691:Interminority racism in the United States 21754:German National Movement in Liechtenstein 17458:(Personal Administrative Officer to RFSS) 15828:Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars 10963: 10943: 10918: 10725:Stone, Dan (2020). "Ideologies of Race". 10655: 10595: 10448: 10242: 10102: 9995: 9485:. Cornell University Press. p. 135. 9465: 9453: 9281: 9163: 9139: 9115: 9091: 8935: 8392: 8283: 7998: 7950: 7926: 7896: 7881: 7857: 7785: 7737: 7725: 7689: 7606: 7411: 7247:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205609.001.0001 7229: 7181:"'Sonderbehandlung erfolgt durch Strang'" 7148: 6962: 6938: 6926: 6902: 6791: 6716: 6704: 6442: 6418: 6406: 6370: 6334: 6204: 6192: 6168: 6132: 6120: 6108: 6084: 6072: 6048: 6021: 6009: 5994: 5970: 5725: 5611: 5524: 5497: 5485: 5424: 5385: 5334: 5291: 5163: 5151: 5139: 5115: 5091: 4939: 4886: 4522: 4486: 4450: 4342: 4178: 4122: 3844: 3729: 3724:Foreign Claims Settlement Commission 1968 3711: 3687: 3552: 3540: 3498: 3423: 3372: 2921: 2744: 2724: 2382:The deadliest phase of the Holocaust was 2189: 1353:launched its first major counteroffensive 1145: 27:Genocide of European Jews by Nazi Germany 20410: 18493:Jewish revolt against Constantius Gallus 10854: 10825:The Oxford Handbook of Holocaust Studies 10819: 10777:The Oxford Handbook of Holocaust Studies 10569: 10549:The Oxford Handbook of Holocaust Studies 10477:The Oxford Handbook of Holocaust Studies 10454:The Oxford Handbook of Holocaust Studies 10452:; Roth, John K. (2010). "Introduction". 9921:How Was It Possible?: A Holocaust Reader 9769: 9737: 9712: 8725: 8701: 8689: 8653: 7570: 7522: 7486: 7423: 7339: 6680: 6644: 6521: 6281: 5536: 4823: 4811: 4402: 4354: 4047: 3987: 3699: 3663: 3651: 3579: 3486: 2909: 2858: 2794: 2736: 2563: 2462: 2309: 2274: 2198: 2082: 2022: 2010: 1935: 1812: 1741: 1680: 1400: 1357:Hitler declared war on the United States 1302:were deported to Łódź, Kovno, Riga, and 1241: 1229: 1159: 1117: 994: 979: 831: 827: 744: 610: 561:was founded in the wake of the war, and 541: 442:antisemitism based on Christian theology 413: 355: 23308:French Revolutionary dechristianisation 20695:Antisemitic riots in the North Caucasus 15700:Indigenous peoples in the United States 10875: 10705: 10633: 10546: 10303: 10277: 10128: 9942: 9872: 9855:Never Again: A History of the Holocaust 9851: 9686: 9580: 9552: 9238: 9226: 9214: 9175: 9151: 9127: 9103: 8947: 8923: 8911: 8749: 8737: 8713: 8677: 8665: 8641: 8629: 8617: 8605: 8590: 8554: 8533:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 8470:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 8415: 8271: 8259: 8247: 8235: 8215:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 8196: 8137:(1st ed.). Abingdon and New York: 8054: 8039: 8022: 7938: 7869: 7845: 7821: 7809: 7773: 7761: 7749: 7713: 7625:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 7594: 7510: 7498: 7450: 7435: 7399: 7387: 7375: 7351: 7315: 7303: 7263: 7122: 7070: 7058: 7046: 7034: 7022: 7010: 6878: 6866: 6854: 6839: 6827: 6815: 6779: 6755: 6740: 6728: 6692: 6656: 6617: 6605: 6593: 6581: 6557: 6533: 6478: 6466: 6454: 6430: 6394: 6358: 6322: 6310: 6269: 6257: 6245: 6221: 6180: 6156: 6096: 6036: 5943: 5931: 5916: 5884: 5867: 5808: 5784: 5772: 5748: 5650: 5638: 5587: 5560: 5509: 5400: 5373: 5346: 5303: 5279: 5267: 5199: 5187: 5127: 5103: 5079: 5067: 5043: 5031: 5019: 5004: 4992: 4980: 4963: 4951: 4898: 4850: 4835: 4799: 4787: 4747: 4711: 4696: 4681: 4654: 4630: 4606: 4594: 4570: 4546: 4534: 4498: 4474: 4438: 4414: 4390: 4202: 4163: 4062: 3951: 3912: 3876: 3861: 3832: 3820: 3808: 3796: 3784: 3772: 3760: 3675: 3639: 3627: 3615: 3603: 3591: 3567: 3525: 3474: 3447: 3411: 3360: 3331: 3307: 3181: 3169: 3157: 3145: 3089: 3065: 3053: 3017: 3005: 2993: 2957: 2945: 2900:, Introduction: What is the Holocaust?. 2843: 2784: 2752: 2728: 2720: 2699: 2595:International Holocaust Remembrance Day 2569:Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe 2424: 2419:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 2283:after the camp's liberation, April 1945 2142:International response to the Holocaust 1876:arrested and deported about 58,000 Jews 949:fully or partially annexed into Germany 663:400,000 people and subjected others to 606: 450:granted full citizenship rights to Jews 14: 27260: 25678: 25656:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union 23254:Forced conversions of Muslims in Spain 22763:Sociology of race and ethnic relations 17563:Persecution of Slavs in Eastern Europe 13710:More articles related to the Holocaust 9878:The Extermination of the European Jews 9660: 9477: 9332: 9306: 9017: 8987: 8329:The National WWII Museum | New Orleans 8322: 8184: 8066: 7701: 7128: 6282:De Bengy, Raphael (18 February 2015). 5662: 5548: 5226: 4023: 3229: 2969: 2681:Central Bureau of Statistics of Israel 2194: 1902:, who were murdered at Treblinka, but 1726:would cordon off the ghetto while the 1390: 808:, and South Africa. Germany collected 698: 490:categorize humans into different races 26527:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign 25959:Japanese invasion of French Indochina 25605:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union 25561:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union 24659:Rape during the occupation of Germany 23805: 23503:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight 22815: 22006: 20723: 20362:Tel Aviv Central bus station massacre 18392: 17806: 17342: 17243: 17124: 16892: 16869:Mass killings under communist regimes 16386: 16149: 15844: 15505: 15385: 15336: 14922:8th SS Cavalry Division Florian Geyer 14416: 13721: 13708: 12669: 12392: 12213: 11844: 11335: 11334: 11004: 10972: 10771: 10724: 10614: 10474: 10395: 10373: 10325: 10309:The Oxford History of the Third Reich 10219: 10193: 10165: 9914: 9898: 9797: 9634: 9505: 9441: 9429: 9401: 9284:The Holocaust and Genocides in Europe 9079: 8959: 8899: 8855: 8827: 8776: 8578: 8566: 8451: 8439: 8348: 8323:Richie, Alexandra (27 January 2024). 8210:"Jewish Population of Europe in 1945" 8169: 8134:The Routledge History of Antisemitism 8010: 7833: 7797: 7582: 7558: 7546: 7534: 7474: 7462: 7363: 7327: 7269: 6767: 6668: 6632: 6382: 6346: 6275: 6233: 6144: 5982: 5667:The Crime and Punishment of IG Farben 5623: 5439: 5412: 5358: 5250: 5238: 5214: 5175: 5055: 4927: 4910: 4874: 4862: 4775: 4759: 4582: 4510: 4462: 4426: 4366: 4330: 4318: 4301: 4289: 4277: 4265: 4253: 4241: 4229: 4214: 4190: 4146: 4134: 4098: 3999: 3975: 3963: 3936: 3924: 3900: 3888: 3742:. Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis 3513: 3459: 3435: 3396: 3384: 3343: 3319: 3292: 3280: 3268: 3256: 3241: 3217: 3205: 3193: 3133: 3116: 3104: 3077: 3041: 3029: 2981: 2933: 2897: 2776: 2748: 2740: 2732: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2661:scholarly literature on the Holocaust 1888:shot or killed in concentration camps 1334:Systematic deportations across Europe 1178:fled eastwards to the Soviet interior 599:, as well as the Western powers, and 370:, derived from a Greek word meaning " 27112: 25649:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union 24674:Rape during the liberation of France 22786: 21771:National Socialist Movement of Chile 20514:Hypercacher kosher supermarket siege 20104:Chez Jo Goldenberg restaurant attack 17969:Timeline of the Second Temple period 17368: 16818:Terminology of the Armenian genocide 11815:Reich Association of Jews in Germany 10516: 10351: 10222:The Holocaust: An Unfinished History 9827:Foreign Claims Settlement Commission 9044: 8127: 8093: 7962: 6998: 6986: 6974: 6950: 6914: 6890: 6803: 2768: 2078: 1685:Cumulative murders of Jews from the 1671:Liquidation of the ghettos in Poland 537:Germany had been stabbed in the back 23647:Ethnic cleansing in the Bosnian War 23597:Persecution of Hindus in Bangladesh 23509:Jewish exodus from the Muslim world 23302:Christianization of the Sámi people 22176:Discrimination based on nationality 20239: 19771: 19362: 17054:War crimes trials in Soviet Estonia 12985:The Protocols of the Elders of Zion 12620:Armenian genocide and the Holocaust 10847: 10056:The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust 9967: 9723:] (in Italian). Marietti 1820. 9713:Calimani, Anna Vera Sullam (2018). 8427: 7986: 7974: 7911: 7272:"Non-Germans" Under the Third Reich 6490: 6060: 5958: 5820: 5796: 5760: 5599: 5575: 5322: 4771: 4735: 4723: 4669: 4642: 4618: 4558: 4110: 4086: 4074: 4035: 4011: 2780: 2096:Rescue of Jews during the Holocaust 1752:Jewish resistance against the Nazis 494:life or death struggle between them 232: 24: 25875:German invasion of the Netherlands 24148:Weather events during World War II 21810:World Union of National Socialists 20932:Adolf Hitler's cult of personality 20836:Nationalsozialistische Monatshefte 17853:Jewish history in Israel/Palestine 17832: 17583:Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses 13466:Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) 12214: 10664:. The Holocaust and its Contexts. 10132:Understanding Willing Participants 7159:[To the brothel, march!]. 7133:. Berghahn Books. pp. 33–34. 2452: 2294:Western Allied invasion of Germany 2237:Most Danish Jews escaped to Sweden 1750:became significant as a symbol of 1701:from January 1942 to February 1943 999:A body lying in the street of the 947:. Some of these new holdings were 897:ethnic Germans from eastern Europe 595:threat. Hitler believed that Jews 440:in Europe, Jews were subjected to 25: 27344: 27278:Antisemitic attacks and incidents 26506:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan 23491:Violence against Muslims in India 23485:Persecution of Hindus in Pakistan 23431:Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses 21849:Last surviving war crime suspects 20506:Jewish Museum of Belgium shooting 20255:Sbarro restaurant suicide bombing 20248:Dolphinarium discotheque massacre 11030: 10666:Springer International Publishing 10405:Springer International Publishing 8807:United States Department of State 7201:Hertzstein, Robert Edwin (1978). 2624:Although many are convinced that 1966:foreign SS and police auxiliaries 1365:told leading Nazi party officials 1276:killed the largest number of Jews 1152:The Holocaust in the Soviet Union 818:Germany deported many Polish Jews 27240: 27223: 27206: 27189: 27172: 27155: 27138: 27121: 27066: 23831: 23786: 22795: 22785: 22776: 22775: 21989: 21988: 21839:Nazi Party leaders and officials 20482:Toulouse and Montauban shootings 20383:Maxim restaurant suicide bombing 20305:Matza restaurant suicide bombing 17757:(predecessor as Reichsführer-SS) 17440:(successor as Chief of the RSHA) 17244: 17125: 16387: 16150: 15845: 15506: 14395: 14394: 13747: 13020:White genocide conspiracy theory 12695: 12183:Polish leaders and intellectuals 11673:Concentration Camps Inspectorate 10270: 9511: 9471: 9395: 9370: 9342:. Frankfurt am Main. p. 3. 9326: 9300: 9275: 9232: 9038: 9011: 8981: 8953: 8794: 8520: 8501:The Holocaust: The Human Tragedy 8489: 8457: 8342: 8316: 8277: 8202: 8121: 8087: 8060: 7612: 7223: 7173: 5656: 5445: 2806: 1932:Responsibility for the Holocaust 910:on 17 September pursuant to the 789:that raised more than 1 billion 616:Territorial expansion of Germany 601:were plotting to destroy Germany 294:in November 1938. After Germany 23763:2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel 23733:Persecution of Uyghurs in China 22796: 21961:Political views of Adolf Hitler 20601:2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel 19700:Kremnička and Nemecká massacres 18501:Jewish revolt against Heraclius 18183:Talmudic academies in Babylonia 17941:Judah's revolts against Babylon 15659:Indigenous peoples in Australia 15386: 15317:Special Prosecution Book-Poland 13264:Institute for Historical Review 13184:General Order No. 11 (US, 1862) 12914:International Jewish conspiracy 12811: 9837:U.S. Government Printing Office 9483:Germany's War and the Holocaust 5710:10.1016/j.endeavour.2015.10.005 2492:International Military Tribunal 2469:International Military Tribunal 2394:. On the other hand, historian 2221:German-occupied northern Greece 2000: 951:while others were placed under 824:for Polish Jews living abroad. 798:force all Jews to leave Germany 783:30,000 Jewish men were arrested 478:international Jewish conspiracy 426:, destroyed in 1938 during the 26753:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 24456:Territorial changes of Germany 24364:Indonesian National Revolution 23751:2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings 23721:Genocide of Christians by ISIL 23455:Communist Romanian persecution 22681:Go back to where you came from 21854:Speeches given by Adolf Hitler 20291:Yeshivat Beit Yisrael massacre 20120:Neve Shalom Synagogue massacre 19130:Tel Aviv and Jaffa deportation 17763:(successor as Reichsführer-SS) 17416:Personal Staff Reichsführer-SS 16583:Genocide of indigenous peoples 16174:Indigenous peoples in Paraguay 15475:Mongols in the Delhi Sultanate 15083:Burning of the Riga synagogues 12111:Attack on the twentieth convoy 11924:1941 pogroms in eastern Poland 10895:10.1080/17504902.2012.11087307 9692:The Final Solution: A Genocide 9540: 9523:The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com 8802:"The JUST Act Report: Germany" 2762: 2693: 2601:. It has been commemorated in 2560:Remembrance and historiography 2518: 2467:Defendants in the dock at the 2417:and at over 11 million by the 2263:to increase the production of 2102:Knowledge of German intentions 1926:Perpetrators and beneficiaries 1573:17 March 1942 – December 1942 1344:mass shootings of Serbian Jews 1215:), made several visits to the 970:Ghettoization and resettlement 796:The Nazi government wanted to 13: 1: 27293:History of the Jews in Europe 26153:Japanese invasion of Thailand 26104:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 25868:German invasion of Luxembourg 24242:Mediterranean and Middle East 23769:2024 Istanbul church shooting 23745:Christchurch mosque shootings 23533:Religious violence in Nigeria 23527:Exodus of Turks from Bulgaria 21795:Ossewabrandwag (South Africa) 20538:Pittsburgh synagogue shooting 20207:Mahane Yehuda Market bombings 17421:Freundeskreis Reichsführer-SS 17298:Ukraine v. Russian Federation 16428:Tigrayans, Kunamas, and Irobs 15594:Jews in the Cossack Hetmanate 13461:Simon Wiesenthal Center (SWC) 13189:Racial policy of Nazi Germany 13167:Beilis trial (Russian Empire) 13137:Pogroms in the Russian Empire 10993:10.1080/14623528.2020.1764743 10965:10.1080/14623528.2022.2160533 10059:. Columbia University Press. 9904:Why? Explaining the Holocaust 5671:. New York City: Free Press. 5488:, pp. 280, 293–294, 302. 3740:"Consumer Price Index, 1800–" 2831: 2299: 2156:Jewish Social-Democratic Bund 1664:February 1942 – October 1944 1168:, mainly by local Ukrainians. 769:areas annexed by Nazi Germany 753:after its destruction during 749:View of the old synagogue in 624:worldwide economic depression 482:rise of nationalism in Europe 446:blamed them for killing Jesus 409: 306:, 1.5 to 2 million Jews 223:systematically murdered some 26060:Invasion of the Soviet Union 25749:Occupation of Czechoslovakia 25060:Independent State of Croatia 23659:War crimes in the Kosovo War 23449:Communist Polish persecution 23320:1860 Mount Lebanon civil war 23248:Crusades against schismatics 21829:Bibliography of Adolf Hitler 21080:Aestheticization of politics 20490:Jerusalem synagogue massacre 20397:Haifa bus 37 suicide bombing 20175:Dizengoff Street bus bombing 18607:Massacres at London and York 18263:Expulsion of Jews from Spain 17593:Kommandostab Reichsführer-SS 17229:Croatia–Serbia genocide case 17030:Nuremberg Military Tribunals 16876:Anti-communist mass killings 15602:Indigenous peoples in Canada 15538:Indigenous peoples in Brazil 15362: 13441:Anti-Defamation League (ADL) 13147:1968 Polish political crisis 12448:Jewish war conspiracy theory 11639:Extermination through labour 10980:Journal of Genocide Research 10951:Journal of Genocide Research 10803:A Companion to the Holocaust 10708:A Companion to the Holocaust 10674:10.1007/978-3-030-55532-0_11 10639:A Companion to the Holocaust 10617:A Companion to the Holocaust 10598:A Companion to the Holocaust 10379:A Companion to the Holocaust 10357:A Companion to the Holocaust 10331:A Companion to the Holocaust 9943:Jackson, Timothy P. (2021). 9926:University of Nebraska Press 9749:University of Nebraska Press 9316:The Journal of Social Issues 9282:Lieberman, Benjamin (2013). 9257:10.2979/jewisocistud.16.3.32 7675:Neufeld & Berenbaum 2000 7663:Neufeld & Berenbaum 2000 7651:Neufeld & Berenbaum 2000 6433:, pp. 97, 102, 371–372. 2676:or was an aberration of it. 2643:Israeli–Palestinian conflict 2271:Death marches and liberation 2150:in all languages publicized 2007:Forced labor in Nazi Germany 1884:Independent State of Croatia 1629:23 July 1942 – October 1943 1068:Invasion of the Soviet Union 962:The war provided cover for " 908:invaded Poland from the east 904:occupied by the Soviet Union 881:Auschwitz concentration camp 722:about 1,500 anti-Jewish laws 492:and argued that there was a 472:positing the existence of a 424:Grand Synagogue of Nuremberg 304:invasion of the Soviet Union 7: 27044:End of World War II in Asia 26884:Western invasion of Germany 26391:Chinese famine of 1942–1943 26368:Second Battle of El Alamein 25938:Hundred Regiments Offensive 25910:Battle of the Mediterranean 25763:Italian invasion of Albania 23930:Air warfare of World War II 21776:National Socialist Movement 21744:Arrow Cross Party (Hungary) 19938:Night of the Murdered Poets 17588:Persecution of black people 17476:(second personal assistant) 17163:Nanjing War Crimes Tribunal 16323:National Population Program 14928:Volksdeutscher Selbstschutz 14593:Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski 14356:(possible illegitimate son) 13211:Night of the Murdered Poets 12630:Righteous Among the Nations 11845: 11316:Righteous Among the Nations 10805:. Wiley. pp. 117–133. 10710:. Wiley. pp. 135–151. 10641:. Wiley. pp. 173–189. 10619:. Wiley. pp. 247–261. 10600:. Wiley. pp. 381–396. 10502:. Brill. pp. 305–343. 10381:. Wiley. pp. 233–245. 7276:Texas Tech University Press 2816:system administered by the 2609:, and speeches, as well as 2533:Germany paid $ 86.8 billion 1809:Deportations from elsewhere 1426:Higher SS and Police Leader 1308:5,000 German Jews were shot 1198:Prior to the invasion, the 1102:planned the mass starvation 1080:was to be carried out as a 597:controlled the Soviet Union 496:. Many racists argued that 18:Death toll of the Holocaust 10: 27349: 27283:Ethnic cleansing in Europe 26970:Naval bombardment of Japan 26338:First Battle of El Alamein 26257:Battle of Christmas Island 26202:Japanese invasion of Burma 25966:Italian invasion of Greece 25882:German invasion of Belgium 25854:German invasion of Denmark 25827:1939–1940 Winter Offensive 25696:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 23953:Comparative military ranks 22032: 21790:Nordic Resistance Movement 20889:National Socialist Program 20749: 20369:Davidka Square bus bombing 20080:Antwerp summer camp attack 19954:Shafrir synagogue shooting 19657:Operation Harvest Festival 18766:Massacre of the Assumption 17793:(man who arrested Himmler) 17578:Suppression of Freemasonry 17568:Persecution of homosexuals 17558:Crimes against Soviet POWs 17078:Frankfurt Auschwitz trials 17022:Hamburg Ravensbrück trials 16848:Effects on young survivors 16275:Sabra and Shatila massacre 14988:Lithuanian Security Police 14377:Streets named after Hitler 13206:Anti-cosmopolitan campaign 13177:Anti-Zionist League (Iraq) 13152:Jewish Anti-Zionist League 13117:Antisemitic laws, policies 12973:On the Jews and Their Lies 12367:Ukrainian Auxiliary Police 12337:Lithuanian Security Police 12256:Reich Security Main Office 11223:Evidence and documentation 10307:(2023b). "The Holocaust". 10199:Histories of the Holocaust 10112:Cambridge University Press 10032:University Press of Kansas 9908:W. W. Norton & Company 9882:Cambridge University Press 9333:Aharon, Eldad Ben (2020). 9018:Landau, Ronnie S. (2016). 8067:Landau, Ronnie S. (2016). 2456: 2436:Return home and emigration 2431:Aftermath of the Holocaust 2428: 2408:Operation Harvest Festival 2303: 2253:German invasion of Hungary 2160:Polish government-in-exile 2139: 2093: 2004: 1929: 1908:German occupation of Italy 1674: 1499:Major extermination camps 1394: 1380:Reich Main Security Office 1300:Romani people from Austria 1149: 973: 708: 702: 645:extrajudicial imprisonment 579:Germany's physical borders 359: 39:Holocaust (disambiguation) 36: 29: 27059: 26891:Bratislava–Brno offensive 26831: 26822:Dutch famine of 1944–1945 26559: 26446:Allied invasion of Sicily 26400: 26306:Aleutian Islands campaign 26278:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign 26225: 26216:Greek famine of 1941–1944 26111:Second Battle of Changsha 26016:German invasion of Greece 25984: 25861:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang 25836: 25774: 25669: 25550: 25276: 25186: 25027: 24730: 24721: 24479: 24304: 24196:North and Central Pacific 24157: 23919: 23912: 23839: 23783: 23691:South Thailand insurgency 23667:Walisongo school massacre 23635:Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus 23284:Expulsion of the Moriscos 23260:European wars of religion 23174: 23018: 22853: 22771: 22648: 22481: 22249: 22151: 22040: 21986: 21894: 21868: 21820: 21759:Nasjonal Samling (Norway) 21688: 21645: 21560: 21440: 21069: 20873: 20757: 20572: 20457: 20435:Tel Aviv shawarma bombing 20390:Shmuel HaNavi bus bombing 20346: 20312:Hebrew University bombing 20268: 20232: 20225: 20142: 20063: 20033:Ben Yehuda Street bombing 19993:Avivim school bus bombing 19984: 19929: 19916:Menarsha synagogue attack 19907: 19880:Ben Yehuda Street bombing 19857: 19807: 19764: 19714: 19670: 19634: 19598: 19449: 19427: 19391: 19353: 19025: 19018: 18824: 18636: 18629: 18558: 18523: 18441: 18434: 18368: 18288: 18201: 18124: 18072: 18007: 17959: 17901: 17840: 17747: 17716: 17685: 17626: 17618:Himmler-Kersten Agreement 17531: 17495: 17446:(Chief of Personal Staff) 17399: 17376: 17252: 17133: 17046:Ulm Einsatzkommando trial 17014:Supreme National Tribunal 16904: 16885: 16795: 16717: 16620: 16498: 16397: 16160: 15855: 15617:Residential school system 15516: 15396: 15370: 15279: 15227: 15209: 15186: 15154: 15116: 15073: 15055: 15027: 15020: 14944: 14891:Reichssicherheitshauptamt 14874: 14867: 14827: 14781: 14576: 14486: 14465: 14458: 14390: 14369: 14278: 14222:Hitler: The Last Ten Days 14179: 14156: 14063: 14030:Meldemannstraße dormitory 14008: 13917: 13908: 13850: 13755: 13715: 13484: 13429: 13310: 13244: 13115: 13033: 12886: 12833: 12703: 12583:Books and other resources 12570: 12486: 12415: 12411: 12388: 12322: 12294: 12235: 12222: 12209: 12148: 12096: 12049: 11986: 11956: 11894: 11866: 11857: 11853: 11840: 11798: 11757: 11709: 11695: 11657: 11616: 11516: 11473: 11351: 11347: 11330: 11246: 11215: 11115:Bulgarian-occupied Greece 11042: 11038: 10869:10.1017/S0018246X19000566 10735:10.1002/9781118970492.ch3 10729:. Wiley. pp. 59–74. 10656:Sahlstrom, Julia (2021). 10252:Farrar, Straus and Giroux 10141:10.1007/978-3-319-97999-1 9852:Gilbert, Martin (2015) . 9559:The Holocaust: The Basics 9508:, pp. 163, 219, 239. 8540:Niewyk & Nicosia 2000 6397:, pp. 306, 368, 372. 4256:, pp. 247, 251, 254. 2883:Peck & Berenbaum 2002 2871:Niewyk & Nicosia 2000 2822:administratively separate 2789:Niewyk & Nicosia 2000 2757:Niewyk & Nicosia 2000 2500:waging wars of aggression 2459:Category:Holocaust trials 1896:Bulgarian-occupied Greece 1633: 1605: 1577: 1549: 1523: 1518: 1515: 1512: 1509: 1506: 1503: 1012:tried to concentrate Jews 887:in western Poland to the 877:were arrested or executed 822:revocation of citizenship 507:overseas, leading to the 452:in hopes that they would 434:Jews have lived in Europe 422:River (c. 1900) with the 315:murder all Jews in Europe 280:pursuit of "living space" 215:. Between 1941 and 1945, 180: 170: 134: 126: 111: 83: 75: 70: 26483:Allied invasion of Italy 26460:Solomon Islands campaign 26209:Third Battle of Changsha 25806:First Battle of Changsha 25712:Second Sino-Japanese War 24645:German military brothels 24511:United States war crimes 23081:Extrajudicial punishment 21661:Nazi concentration camps 21177:Economic interventionism 21139:Jewish conspiracy theory 20942:Night of the Long Knives 20918:Religion in Nazi Germany 20562:Monsey Hanukkah stabbing 20546:Poway synagogue shooting 20443:Jerusalem yeshiva attack 20277:Ghriba synagogue bombing 20199:Island of Peace massacre 19650:Kielce cemetery massacre 18193:Revolt against Heraclius 17921:Ancient Israel and Judah 17903:Ancient Israel and Judah 17391:Minister of the Interior 15909:Christians in Diyarbekir 15141:Ninth Fort November 1941 14743:Karl Eberhard Schöngarth 14498:Humbert Achamer-Pifrader 14248:Hitler: The Rise of Evil 13451:Community Security Trust 13325:Black Death persecutions 12173:People with disabilities 12106:Aid and Rescue Committee 10944:Sutcliffe, Adam (2022). 10579:Cornell University Press 10530:Cornell University Press 10226:Penguin Publishing Group 10129:Russell, Nestar (2018). 10086:Indiana University Press 9739:Browning, Christopher R. 9670:Rowman & Littlefield 9545: 9239:Gilbert, Shirli (2010). 9217:, pp. 100, 102–103. 8789:Goschler & Ther 2007 8762:Goschler & Ther 2007 8284:Rosenberg, Alan (1979). 8262:, pp. 118, 409–410. 8107:. pp. 14, 111–112. 7549:, pp. 237, 242–243. 6707:, pp. 340, 376–377. 6481:, pp. 115–116, 382. 6195:, pp. 299–300, 331. 6135:, pp. 341, 353–354. 6123:, pp. 338, 352–353. 5500:, pp. 280–281, 292. 4814:, pp. 105, 107–108. 3271:, pp. 120–121, 123. 2686: 1970:Ukrainian Insurgent Army 1767:were sent to Treblinka. 1601:May 1942 – October 1942 1251:the gunfire but instead 1156:The Holocaust in Romania 1074:invaded the Soviet Union 705:The Holocaust in Germany 636:was appointed chancellor 539:by socialists and Jews. 509:Herero and Nama genocide 286:in early 1933. Meant to 26905:Second Guangxi campaign 26760:Philippines (1944–1945) 26264:Battle of the Coral Sea 26167:Fall of the Philippines 25813:Battle of South Guangxi 25719:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 25118:Italian Social Republic 23774:Crocus City Hall attack 23521:Persecution of Tibetans 23278:French Wars of Religion 23200:Yellow Turban Rebellion 22711:Psychometrics of racism 22161:Anti-miscegenation laws 21805:Tsagaan Khas (Mongolia) 20096:Vienna synagogue attack 20072:Paris synagogue bombing 19316:The Bloody Day in Jaffa 17878:Expulsions and exoduses 16855:Politics of recognition 15402:Destruction of Carthage 14563:Franz Walter Stahlecker 14262:Shigeru Mizuki's Hitler 13832:Last will and testament 13657:Palestinian Territories 13162:Dreyfus Affair (France) 12314:Order Police battalions 10829:Oxford University Press 10781:Oxford University Press 10775:(2010). "Nationalism". 10553:Oxford University Press 10481:Oxford University Press 10458:Oxford University Press 10203:Oxford University Press 10005:Oxford University Press 9951:Oxford University Press 9696:Oxford University Press 9618:Oxford University Press 7239:Oxford University Press 7100:Press. pp. 33–34. 5704:(1). Elsevier BV: 1–6. 5663:Borkin, Joseph (1978). 2814:Nazi concentration camp 2672:Holocaust emerged from 2615:Denial of the Holocaust 2531:Between 1945 and 2018, 2447:displaced persons camps 2136:International reactions 1817:Jews are deported from 1598:Late 1941 or March 1942 1462:overcrowded cattle cars 1296:deport them to the east 1280:Bessarabia and Bukovina 1094:demographic engineering 1090:laws and customs of war 976:The Holocaust in Poland 902:The rest of Poland was 859:from the United Kingdom 842:annexation into Germany 628:political fragmentation 384:Soviet prisoners of war 57:Infobox civilian attack 49: 26490:Armistice of Cassibile 26292:Battle of Dutch Harbor 26243:Battle of the Java Sea 26146:Attack on Pearl Harbor 26046:Syria–Lebanon campaign 26039:Battle of South Shanxi 26009:Invasion of Yugoslavia 25792:Battle of the Atlantic 25406:Korean Liberation Army 25112:(until September 1943) 25069:(until September 1944) 25047:(until September 1944) 23727:Iraqi Turkmen genocide 23703:Maspero demonstrations 23551:Huế Phật Đản shootings 22676:Ethnic plastic surgery 22171:Biological determinism 21947: 21938: 21427: 21418: 21407: 21382:Social interventionism 21351: 21342: 21224: 21215: 21210:Greater Germanic Reich 21196: 21187: 21161: 21130: 20971: 20962: 20923: 20899: 20894:Hitler's rise to power 20858: 20848: 20834: 20799:League of German Girls 20785: 20776: 20767: 20419:Beersheba bus bombings 20025:Kiryat Shmona massacre 19946:Scorpion Pass massacre 19643:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising 19074:Second Kishinev pogrom 18814:Portuguese Inquisition 18458:2nd Alexandrian pogrom 18229:Invasion of Banu Nadir 18030:First Jewish-Roman War 17734:Claus von Stauffenberg 17698:Army Group Upper Rhine 17387:Chief of German Police 17306:South Africa v. Israel 17274:Rohingya genocide case 16811:Names of the Holocaust 16267:Chittagong Hill Tracts 15975:Kinder der Landstrasse 15861:Late Ottoman genocides 15322:Einsatzgruppen reports 15287:List of Einsatzgruppen 15136:Kaunas 29 October 1941 14633:Friedrich-Wilhelm Bock 14342:William Stuart-Houston 13888:Assassination attempts 13471:Stephen Roth Institute 13119:and government actions 13058:Portuguese Inquisition 13035:Religious antisemitism 12909:Double genocide theory 12795:Secondary antisemitism 12731:Religious antisemitism 12163:Soviet urban residents 11254:International response 11228:Contemporary knowledge 10920:10.4000/temoigner.9886 10857:The Historical Journal 10823:(2010). "Punishment". 10635:Priemel, Kim Christian 10422:Goschler, Constantin; 8377:10.1126/sciadv.aau7292 7489:, pp. 1065, 1075. 7270:Majer, Diemut (2014). 7129:Lenten, Ronit (2000). 7098:Wayne State University 6647:, pp. 1064, 1066. 6313:, pp. 95–96, 387. 5919:, pp. 93–94, 120. 2599:different memorial day 2572: 2490:In 1945 and 1946, the 2472: 2371: 2284: 2212: 2190:Second half of the war 2091: 2089:Warsaw Ghetto uprising 2040: 2029: 2020: 1954:Holocaust perpetrators 1948: 1912:Italian-occupied areas 1892:larger number of Serbs 1834: 1755: 1748:Warsaw Ghetto uprising 1702: 1519:Mass gassing duration 1510:Number of Jews killed 1406: 1405:Deportation to Chełmno 1247: 1239: 1169: 1146:Mass shootings of Jews 1127: 1051: 1007: 992: 984:Unpaved street in the 844: 759: 619: 554: 505:German colonial empire 470:Political antisemitism 430: 362:Names of the Holocaust 338:Holocaust perpetrators 229:German-occupied Europe 117:German-occupied Poland 98:, May 1944. Most were 96:German-occupied Poland 62:considered for merging 43:Shoah (disambiguation) 26654:Second Battle of Guam 26550:Bengal famine of 1943 26520:Second Battle of Kiev 26476:Battle of the Dnieper 26181:Battle of Wake Island 26053:East African campaign 25995:Battle of South Henan 25640:atrocities by Germans 25413:Korean Volunteer Army 24387:Occupation of Germany 24141:Music in World War II 23697:Boko Haram insurgency 23356:Pontic Greek genocide 23266:Ottoman–Habsburg wars 23076:Extrajudicial killing 22843:Religious persecution 22596:In Jewish communities 22574:Hispanic & Latino 21676:Human experimentation 21372:Reactionary modernism 21317:Anti-Slavic sentiment 21044:Human experimentation 20778:Geheime Staatspolizei 20319:Rishon LeZion bombing 20041:Coastal Road massacre 19042:First Kishinev pogrom 18833:Chmielnicki massacres 18742:Schaffhausen Massacre 18661:Armleder persecutions 18615:Rintfleisch massacres 18280:Medieval antisemitism 18219:Siege of Banu Qaynuqa 18214:Siege of Banu Qurayza 18188:Revolt against Gallus 17974:Second Temple Judaism 17171:Bosnian genocide case 16825:Holocaust terminology 16468:Christians under ISIS 16198:1966 anti-Igbo pogrom 15627:1740 Batavia massacre 15451:Harrying of the North 15219:Kremnička and Nemecká 14688:Waldemar Klingelhöfer 14330:Leo Rudolf Raubal Jr. 14229:The Meaning of Hitler 14148:German naturalization 14040:16 Prinzregentenplatz 13431:Organizations working 12991:Contemporary imprints 12920:The International Jew 12790:Rootless cosmopolitan 12610:Memorials and museums 12548:Reparations Agreement 12543:Holocaust restitution 12121:Le Chambon-sur-Lignon 11644:Human experimentation 11483:Auschwitz II-Birkenau 10973:Welch, Susan (2020). 10799:Westermann, Edward B. 10287:Palgrave Macmillan UK 10104:Rosenfeld, Gavriel D. 9979:Yale University Press 9592:Bloomsbury Publishing 9245:Jewish Social Studies 8147:10.4324/9780429428616 7597:, pp. 74–75, 81. 3244:, pp. 62–63, 65. 2922:Hayes & Roth 2010 2745:Hayes & Roth 2010 2567: 2466: 2457:Further information: 2313: 2278: 2239:with the help of the 2202: 2094:Further information: 2086: 2026: 2014: 2005:Further information: 1964:, Romanian soldiers, 1939: 1930:Further information: 1882:to October 1942. The 1864:Grand Mosque of Paris 1856:Si Kaddour Benghabrit 1816: 1745: 1684: 1675:Further information: 1635:Auschwitz II–Birkenau 1404: 1382:(RSHA), convened the 1361:attacked Pearl Harbor 1310:outside of Kovno and 1245: 1233: 1163: 1150:Further information: 1140:anti-partisan warfare 1121: 998: 983: 974:Further information: 835: 828:Start of World War II 748: 709:Further information: 679:. The annexations of 632:in mid-1932 elections 614: 545: 529:substantial territory 417: 356:Terminology and scope 288:force all German Jews 175:Around 6 million Jews 26940:Surrender of Germany 26418:Battle of West Hubei 26375:Guadalcanal campaign 26345:Battle of Stalingrad 26271:Battle of Madagascar 25038:Albania protectorate 24825:(formerly Swaziland) 24534:Wehrmacht war crimes 24350:Expulsion of Germans 24134:Art and World War II 24032:British contribution 23981:Governments in exile 23679:September 11 attacks 23615:1984 anti-Sikh riots 23479:Rawalpindi massacres 23425:White Terror (Spain) 23236:Massacre at Ayyadieh 23121:Population cleansing 22686:Herrenvolk democracy 21749:German American Bund 21090:Anti-intellectualism 20937:Enabling Act of 1933 20554:Jersey City shooting 20427:Ashdod Port bombings 20009:Lod Airport massacre 19970:Purge of Polish Jews 19894:Kfar Etzion massacre 19400:Częstochowa massacre 19161:1920 Nebi Musa riots 18981:Fourth Odessa pogrom 18937:Second Odessa pogrom 18241:Sephardic Golden Age 18035:Battle of Beth Horon 17961:Second Temple period 17946:Babylonian captivity 17775:(personal physician) 17739:Henning von Tresckow 17573:Persecution of Serbs 17553:Crimes against Poles 17322:Nicaragua v. Germany 17221:Khmer Rouge Tribunal 16597:Utilitarian genocide 16576:Transgender genocide 15935:Osage Indian murders 15635:Great Gypsy Round-up 15302:Einsatzgruppen trial 15164:Operation Tannenberg 14845:Antanas Impulevičius 14718:Hans-Adolf Prützmann 14382:Mannerheim recording 14306:Johann Georg Hiedler 14208:The Victory of Faith 13784:Political directives 13433:against antisemitism 13379:Martyrdom in Judaism 13245:Antisemitic websites 13157:Leo Frank trial (US) 13053:Catholic Inquisition 13025:Zionist antisemitism 12741:Antisemitism studies 11810:Jewish Ghetto Police 11679:Politische Abteilung 11574:Risiera di San Sabba 11435:Natzweiler-Struthof 10831:. pp. 524–539. 10668:. pp. 287–313. 10581:. pp. 104–123. 10571:Kopstein, Jeffrey S. 10555:. pp. 509–523. 10522:Kopstein, Jeffrey S. 10483:. pp. 540–559. 10407:. pp. 117–143. 10337:. pp. 153–172. 10177:Taylor & Francis 9835:. Washington, D.C.: 8349:Stone, Lewi (2019). 7824:, pp. 114, 368. 7632:on 29 September 2023 7157:"Do burdelu, marsz!" 6977:, pp. 265, 272. 6905:, pp. 379, 383. 6806:, pp. 265, 267. 6671:, pp. 259, 264. 6409:, pp. 366, 389. 6361:, pp. 373, 379. 6337:, pp. 324, 360. 5551:, pp. 247, 251. 4750:, pp. 300, 310. 4561:, pp. 142, 294. 4193:, pp. 109, 117. 3714:, pp. 117, 119. 3666:, pp. 184, 187. 2773:Christopher Browning 2674:Western civilization 2425:Aftermath and legacy 2229:Italy switched sides 2117:resistance movements 1736:Jewish ghetto police 1712:armaments production 1450:Schmelt Organization 1432:began work planning 1306:. In late November, 1288:Carpathian Ruthenian 1207:, the leader of the 1122:Public execution of 1082:war of extermination 787:levied a special tax 715:The roughly 500,000 607:Rise of Nazi Germany 567:a world without Jews 531:; opposition to the 525:two million war dead 278:based on racism and 274:The Nazis developed 27318:Mass murder in 1945 27313:Mass murder in 1944 27308:Mass murder in 1943 27303:Mass murder in 1942 27298:Mass murder in 1941 27288:Genocides in Europe 27030:Potsdam Declaration 26919:Italy (Spring 1945) 26682:Liberation of Paris 26139:Siege of Sevastopol 25150:(until August 1944) 25053:Wang Jingwei regime 24875:from September 1943 24835:from September 1944 24773:from September 1944 24633:Romanian war crimes 24624:Persecution of Jews 24610:Croatian war crimes 24580:Japanese war crimes 24394:Occupation of Japan 24343:First Indochina War 24055:Military production 23967:Declarations of war 23591:Bangladesh genocide 23571:Cultural Revolution 23563:Xá Lợi Pagoda raids 23326:Circassian genocide 23212:Rhineland massacres 23126:Population transfer 23091:Forced displacement 22898:Jehovah's Witnesses 22706:Perpetual foreigner 21869:Role and impact in 21739:American Nazi Party 21151:Cult of personality 21120:Class collaboration 21029:Extermination camps 21014:Concentration camps 20957:Anti-Comintern Pact 20376:Café Hillel bombing 19744:Tripolitania pogrom 19542:Kamianets-Podilskyi 19066:Fifth Odessa pogrom 19004:1898 Algerian riots 18945:Third Odessa pogrom 18889:First Odessa pogrom 18774:Spanish Inquisition 18750:Moroccan revolution 18630:14th – 19th century 18560:Rhineland massacres 17979:Hellenistic Judaism 17888:Political movements 17598:Deutsche Volksliste 17480:Walter Schellenberg 17438:Ernst Kaltenbrunner 17434:(Chief of the RSHA) 16708:Settler colonialism 16657:Forced assimilation 16355:Srebrenica massacre 16127:Chechens and Ingush 15885:Thracian Bulgarians 15731:Sand Creek massacre 15692:Siege of Tripolitsa 15443:Ancestral Puebloans 15252:Kamianets-Podilskyi 15196:Gully of Petrushino 14713:Gustav Adolf Nosske 14548:Friedrich Panzinger 14478:Ernst Kaltenbrunner 14312:Maria Schicklgruber 14215:Triumph of the Will 14202:Killing baby Hitler 14192:Cult of personality 14133:Hitler's Table Talk 14076:possible monorchism 14009:Civilian residences 13898:conspiracy theories 13409:Spanish Inquisition 13320:Rhineland massacres 13075:Rhineland massacres 13068:Spanish Inquisition 12800:Stereotypes of Jews 12785:Racial antisemitism 12736:Persecution of Jews 12588:Days of remembrance 12501:Holocaust survivors 12496:Depopulated shtetls 12347:Rollkommando Hamann 12193:Jehovah's Witnesses 12011:Kamianets-Podilskyi 11073:Bohemia and Moravia 10903:Lehnstaedt, Stephan 10327:Beorn, Waitman Wade 10289:. pp. 97–117. 10244:Wachsmann, Nikolaus 10220:Stone, Dan (2023). 10051:Nicosia, Francis R. 10049:Niewyk, Donald L.; 9644:Bloomsbury Academic 9636:Beorn, Waitman Wade 9610:Bazyler, Michael J. 9444:, pp. 206–207. 9190:, pp. 306–307. 9154:, pp. 190–191. 8938:, pp. 15, 346. 8926:, pp. 98, 107. 8846:, pp. 482–483. 8830:, pp. 549–550. 8752:, pp. 215–216. 8740:, pp. 182–183. 8728:, pp. 534–535. 8620:, pp. 512–513. 8593:, pp. 353–355. 8581:, pp. 275–276. 8569:, pp. 273–274. 8369:2019SciA....5.7292S 8274:, pp. 428–429. 8250:, pp. 407–408. 7953:, pp. 409–410. 7884:, pp. 414–418. 7788:, pp. 410–412. 7740:, pp. 402–403. 7477:, pp. 269–270. 7366:, pp. 236–237. 7318:, pp. 424–425. 7169:on 5 December 2010. 7073:, pp. 392–393. 7049:, pp. 189–190. 7001:, pp. 264–265. 6917:, pp. 271–272. 6842:, pp. 196–197. 6830:, pp. 142–143. 6818:, pp. 141–143. 6782:, pp. 334–335. 6548:, pp. 124–125. 6373:, pp. 325–326. 6248:, pp. 375–376. 6171:, pp. 378–380. 6147:, pp. 241–242. 6099:, pp. 93, 249. 6051:, pp. 335–336. 5887:, pp. 74, 120. 5626:, pp. 153–154. 5602:, pp. 204–205. 5563:, pp. 286–287. 5539:, pp. 526–527. 5527:, pp. 281–282. 5512:, pp. 208–209. 5427:, pp. 290–291. 5241:, pp. 146–147. 5190:, pp. 205–206. 5154:, pp. 298–299. 5118:, pp. 284–285. 4966:, pp. 135–136. 4913:, pp. 259–260. 4802:, pp. 69, 440. 4762:, pp. 162–163. 4726:, pp. 182–183. 4699:, pp. 298–299. 4684:, pp. 297–298. 4633:, pp. 231–232. 4549:, pp. 182–183. 4537:, pp. 221–222. 4525:, pp. 181–182. 4441:, pp. 201–202. 4429:, pp. 121–122. 4381:, pp. 127–128. 4369:, pp. 247–248. 4357:, pp. 314–315. 4304:, pp. 253–254. 4217:, pp. 87, 103. 4149:, pp. 107–109. 3927:, pp. 102–103. 3903:, pp. 99, 101. 3847:, pp. 109–110. 3823:, pp. 332–334. 3654:, pp. 184–185. 3310:, pp. 138–139. 2591:Holocaust education 2528:in eastern Europe. 2481:Genocide Convention 2261:a last-ditch effort 2205:Carpathian Ruthenia 2195:Continuing killings 2180:Holocaust survivors 2174:During the war the 1831:General Governorate 1687:General Governorate 1660:(built as POW camp) 1513:Killing technology 1500: 1391:Extermination camps 1367:, referring to his 1363:. The next day, he 1348:extermination camps 1005:General Governorate 939:. In 1941, Germany 914:. The Soviet Union 889:General Governorate 806:Mandatory Palestine 699:Persecution of Jews 689:Bohemia and Moravia 661:forcibly sterilized 657:concentration camps 550:postcard showing a 323:medical experiments 237:extermination camps 27023:Surrender of Japan 26856:Battle of Iwo Jima 26705:Belgrade offensive 26118:Siege of Leningrad 26002:Battle of Shanggao 25931:British Somaliland 25896:Dunkirk evacuation 25847:Norwegian campaign 25785:Invasion of Poland 25612:Japanese prisoners 24573:Italian war crimes 24504:British war crimes 24419:Soviet occupations 24203:South-West Pacific 24090:Allied cooperation 24048:Military equipment 23685:2002 Gujarat riots 23609:Cambodian genocide 23603:Lebanese Civil War 23381:Soviet persecution 23218:Jerusalem massacre 23131:Sectarian violence 23116:Political violence 22736:Racial integration 22716:Race and sexuality 22521:Japanese Americans 22241:Racial segregation 22231:Racial nationalism 21956:German Romanticism 21844:Nazi Party members 21666:Extermination camp 21059:Racial segregation 20787:Deutsches Jungvolk 20474:Burgas bus bombing 20159:Crown Heights riot 20112:Ras Burqa massacre 19823:Haifa Oil Refinery 19679:Ardeatine massacre 19614:Dzyatlava massacre 19034:Częstochowa pogrom 18645:Shepherds' Crusade 18450:Alexandrian pogrom 18435:1st – 13th century 17936:Assyrian Captivity 17916:Origins of Judaism 17858:Population history 17781:(personal masseur) 17708:Operation Nordwind 17703:Army Group Vistula 17603:Operation Reinhard 17532:Responsibility for 17486:Karl Maria Wiligut 17411:Ideology of the SS 17187:Slobodan Milošević 17038:Erich von Manstein 16650:Extermination camp 16403:Effacer le tableau 16166:Hyderabadi Muslims 16111:Nanshitou Massacre 16095:Muslims and Croats 15797:Hamidian massacres 15684:Al-Jawazi massacre 15674:Stolen Generations 15377:list by death toll 14899:Sicherheitspolizei 14855:Algirdas Klimaitis 14653:Friedrich Buchardt 14568:Bruno Streckenbach 14269:Apocalypse: Hitler 14197:In popular culture 13628:Conservative Party 13389:Pale of Settlement 12899:Christian Identity 12873:Soviet mathematics 12778:Working definition 12571:History and memory 12475:Forced euthanasia 12423:Nazi racial policy 12126:Danish underground 11973:Operation Reinhard 11968:Wannsee Conference 10783:. pp. 54–67. 10076:Berenbaum, Michael 10074:Peck, Abraham J.; 10024:Berenbaum, Michael 10022:Neufeld, Michael; 9874:Gerlach, Christian 9781:St. Martin's Press 4774:, pp. 13–14; 4205:, p. 63, 437. 3966:, pp. 46, 73. 3775:, pp. 49, 53. 3555:, pp. 52, 60. 3528:, pp. 39, 41. 3208:, pp. 61, 65. 2573: 2510:was kidnapped and 2487:of criminal laws. 2473: 2384:Operation Reinhard 2372: 2285: 2213: 2092: 2045:forced-labor camps 2041: 2021: 1949: 1835: 1781:Bialystok District 1758:The Warsaw Ghetto 1756: 1703: 1677:Operation Reinhard 1640:East Upper Silesia 1498: 1446:East Upper Silesia 1407: 1397:Extermination camp 1384:Wannsee Conference 1355:. On 11 December, 1248: 1240: 1170: 1128: 1106:besieged Leningrad 1086:complete disregard 1008: 993: 941:invaded Yugoslavia 937:Denmark and Norway 912:German–Soviet pact 845: 760: 673:state-led measures 620: 555: 533:postwar settlement 521:widespread pogroms 431: 346:museums, memorials 319:forced labor camps 241:Auschwitz-Birkenau 235:and poison gas in 115:Europe, primarily 27333:Massacres of Jews 27103: 27102: 27097: 27096: 27055: 27054: 26898:Battle of Okinawa 26797:Burma (1944–1945) 26631:Mariana and Palau 26411:Tunisian campaign 26236:Fall of Singapore 26160:Fall of Hong Kong 25903:Battle of Britain 25756:Operation Himmler 25665: 25664: 25329:Dutch East Indies 24965:Southern Rhodesia 24717: 24716: 24617:Genocide of Serbs 24520:German war crimes 24497:Soviet war crimes 24490:Allied war crimes 24336:Division of Korea 24315:Chinese Civil War 24113:Strategic bombing 24025:Manhattan Project 23799: 23798: 23739:Rohingya genocide 23467:Direct Action Day 23419:Šahovići massacre 23369:Armenian genocide 23363:Assyrian genocide 23250:(13th–15th cent.) 23244:(12th–16th cent.) 23242:Northern Crusades 23086:Forced conversion 23036:Cultural genocide 23031:Communal violence 22908:post–Cold War era 22893:Eastern Orthodoxy 22809: 22808: 22557:African Americans 22504:Chinese Americans 22201:Ethnic stereotype 22000: 21999: 21541:Strasser (Gregor) 21420:Volksgemeinschaft 21365:Völkisch movement 21360:Völkisch equality 20947:Nuremberg rallies 20908:German rearmament 20717: 20716: 20713: 20712: 20689: 20688: 20530:Halamish stabbing 20522:Tel Aviv shooting 20453: 20452: 20406: 20405: 20342: 20341: 20298:Passover massacre 20264: 20263: 20221: 20220: 20217: 20216: 20183:Beit Lid massacre 20138: 20137: 20059: 20058: 20049:Nahariya massacre 19980: 19979: 19925: 19924: 19903: 19902: 19853: 19852: 19816:Fajja bus attacks 19803: 19802: 19760: 19759: 19710: 19709: 19666: 19665: 19630: 19629: 19594: 19593: 19445: 19444: 19423: 19422: 19387: 19386: 19371:Tiberias massacre 19300:Constantine riots 19247: 19246: 19172:Russian Civil War 19014: 19013: 18990: 18989: 18726:Brussels massacre 18720: 18719: 18625: 18624: 18593: 18592: 18519: 18518: 18509:Battle of Khaybar 18485:Bar Kokhba revolt 18386: 18385: 18378:WP:Jewish history 18236:Under Muslim rule 18224:Battle of Khaybar 18139:Synagogal Judaism 18120: 18119: 18062:Bar Kokhba revolt 18025:Jewish-Roman Wars 17989:Hasmonean kingdom 17931:Kingdom of Israel 17800: 17799: 17693:Operation Himmler 17660:(younger brother) 17634:Margarete Himmler 17432:Reinhard Heydrich 17336: 17335: 17332: 17331: 17239: 17238: 17120: 17119: 16966:Euthanasia trials 16886:Legal proceedings 16629:Cultural genocide 16555:Cultural genocide 16494: 16493: 16419:Masalit massacres 16382: 16381: 16283:Sri Lankan Tamils 16190:Arabs in Zanzibar 16145: 16144: 16063:Three Alls policy 15840: 15839: 15773:Putumayo genocide 15501: 15500: 15330: 15329: 15275: 15274: 15170:Intelligenzaktion 15016: 15015: 15007:Ypatingasis būrys 14907:Sicherheitsdienst 14863: 14862: 14728:Martin Sandberger 14698:Walter Kutschmann 14683:Friedrich Jeckeln 14473:Reinhard Heydrich 14410: 14409: 14128:Psychopathography 14118:Stefanie Rabatsch 14083:Wealth and income 14059: 14058: 13940:Reich Chancellery 13702: 13701: 13345:Ghettos in Europe 13258:The Daily Stormer 13063:Roman Inquisition 12926:Jewish Bolshevism 12663: 12662: 12659: 12658: 12655: 12654: 12506:Sh'erit ha-Pletah 12453:Jewish emigration 12443:Hitler's prophecy 12438:Haavara Agreement 12384: 12383: 12380: 12379: 12372:Ypatingasis būrys 12269:Sicherheitsdienst 12205: 12204: 12201: 12200: 12144: 12143: 12064:Bielski partisans 11836: 11835: 11832: 11831: 11828: 11827: 11667:Totenkopfverbände 11326: 11325: 10882:Holocaust Studies 10838:978-0-19-921186-9 10821:Wittmann, Rebecca 10812:978-1-118-97052-2 10790:978-0-19-921186-9 10744:978-1-118-97052-2 10717:978-1-118-97052-2 10683:978-3-030-55532-0 10648:978-1-118-97052-2 10626:978-1-118-97052-2 10607:978-1-118-97052-2 10588:978-1-5017-6676-3 10562:978-0-19-921186-9 10539:978-1-5017-6676-3 10509:978-90-04-35235-3 10490:978-0-19-921186-9 10467:978-0-19-921186-9 10460:. pp. 1–20. 10441:978-0-85745-564-2 10434:. pp. 1–18. 10414:978-3-030-28675-0 10397:Evans, Richard J. 10388:978-1-118-97052-2 10366:978-1-118-97049-2 10344:978-1-118-97052-2 10318:978-0-19-288683-5 10296:978-0-230-28336-7 10261:978-0-374-11825-9 10235:978-0-241-38870-9 10212:978-0-19-956679-2 10186:978-1-000-83062-0 10167:Smith, Stephen D. 10150:978-3-319-97999-1 10121:978-1-107-07399-9 10095:978-0-253-21529-1 10066:978-0-231-52878-8 10014:978-0-19-280436-5 9988:978-0-300-26253-7 9960:978-0-19-753807-4 9935:978-0-8032-7491-4 9891:978-0-521-70689-6 9865:978-0-7953-4674-3 9818:978-0-429-77837-7 9790:978-0-230-76891-8 9762:978-0-8032-0392-1 9730:978-8-821-19615-7 9705:978-0-19-955034-0 9679:978-1-4422-4228-9 9653:978-1-4742-3219-7 9627:978-0-19-092306-8 9601:978-1-350-33234-8 9573:978-1-351-32989-7 9416:978-1-107-10358-0 9388:978-90-8964-381-0 9349:978-3-946459-59-0 9293:978-1-4411-4655-7 9031:978-0-85772-843-2 9004:978-0-2280-0951-1 8974:978-1-107-10358-0 8791:, pp. 13–14. 8510:978-0-7953-3719-2 8503:. Rosetta Books. 8156:978-1-138-36944-3 8114:978-3-406-80881-4 8080:978-0-85772-843-2 7231:Gellately, Robert 7086:The Blessed Abyss 6349:, pp. 33–34. 6260:, pp. 96–97. 5678:978-0-02-904630-2 5471:Henry Friedlander 5349:, pp. 84–85. 5306:, pp. 79–80. 5106:, pp. 75–77. 4954:, pp. 69–70. 4790:, pp. 72–73. 4501:, pp. 67–68. 4465:, pp. 63–64. 4077:, pp. 37–38. 4002:, pp. 89–90. 3915:, pp. 57–58. 3618:, pp. 44–45. 3606:, pp. 43–44. 3426:, pp. 47–48. 3375:, pp. 32–38. 3346:, pp. 33–34. 3232:, pp. 52–54. 3107:, pp. 64–65. 3032:, pp. 21–23. 3008:, pp. 21–22. 2996:, pp. 20–21. 2972:, pp. 14–17. 2873:, pp. 45–52. 2545:Claims Conference 2526:fall of Communism 2485:non-retroactivity 2392:Christian Gerlach 2306:Holocaust victims 2241:Danish resistance 2168:joint declaration 2130:Bielski partisans 2113:Jews participated 2079:Escape and hiding 2050:private companies 2035:badge at work at 1975:Christian Gerlach 1668: 1667: 1661: 1644:900,000–1,000,000 1376:Reinhard Heydrich 1190:Romanian soldiers 1078:Jewish Bolshevism 1028:French Madagascar 641:a system of camps 618:from 1933 to 1941 513:South West Africa 486:industrialization 221:its collaborators 213:World War II 198: 197: 189:its collaborators 90:Jews arriving at 32:Holocaust victims 16:(Redirected from 27340: 27253: 27245: 27244: 27243: 27236: 27235:from Wikiversity 27228: 27227: 27226: 27219: 27211: 27210: 27209: 27202: 27194: 27193: 27192: 27185: 27177: 27176: 27175: 27168: 27160: 27159: 27158: 27151: 27143: 27142: 27141: 27134: 27126: 27125: 27124: 27114: 27090: 27083: 27076: 27073:World portal 27071: 27070: 27046: 27039: 27032: 27025: 27016: 27009: 27002: 26993: 26986: 26979: 26972: 26965: 26958: 26949: 26942: 26935: 26933:Prague offensive 26928: 26926:Battle of Berlin 26921: 26914: 26907: 26900: 26893: 26886: 26879: 26872: 26870:Vienna offensive 26865: 26858: 26851: 26849:Battle of Manila 26844: 26824: 26815: 26806: 26799: 26790: 26783: 26776: 26769: 26762: 26755: 26748: 26739: 26730: 26723: 26714: 26707: 26700: 26693: 26684: 26677: 26670: 26663: 26656: 26649: 26642: 26633: 26626: 26617: 26608: 26599: 26592: 26590:Korsun–Cherkassy 26585: 26574: 26552: 26543: 26536: 26529: 26522: 26515: 26508: 26501: 26492: 26485: 26478: 26471: 26462: 26455: 26448: 26441: 26434: 26432:Bombing of Gorky 26427: 26420: 26413: 26393: 26386: 26377: 26370: 26363: 26354: 26347: 26340: 26333: 26322: 26315: 26308: 26301: 26299:Battle of Midway 26294: 26287: 26285:Battle of Gazala 26280: 26273: 26266: 26259: 26252: 26245: 26238: 26218: 26211: 26204: 26197: 26195:Battle of Borneo 26190: 26188:Malayan campaign 26183: 26176: 26169: 26162: 26155: 26148: 26141: 26134: 26132:Bombing of Gorky 26127: 26125:Battle of Moscow 26120: 26113: 26106: 26099: 26092: 26085: 26069: 26062: 26055: 26048: 26041: 26034: 26025: 26018: 26011: 26004: 25997: 25977: 25968: 25961: 25954: 25947: 25940: 25933: 25926: 25919: 25912: 25905: 25898: 25891: 25889:Battle of France 25884: 25877: 25870: 25863: 25856: 25849: 25829: 25822: 25815: 25808: 25801: 25794: 25787: 25765: 25758: 25751: 25744: 25742:Munich Agreement 25737: 25730: 25721: 25714: 25707: 25698: 25691: 25676: 25675: 25658: 25651: 25642: 25635: 25628: 25627:Soviet prisoners 25621: 25614: 25607: 25598: 25591: 25582: 25575: 25568: 25567:German prisoners 25563: 25543: 25534: 25527: 25520: 25515: 25508: 25501: 25494: 25487: 25480: 25473: 25466: 25459: 25452: 25445: 25438: 25431: 25424: 25415: 25408: 25401: 25394: 25387: 25380: 25373: 25366: 25359: 25352: 25345: 25338: 25331: 25324: 25317: 25310: 25303: 25296: 25289: 25269: 25262: 25255: 25248: 25241: 25234: 25227: 25220: 25213: 25206: 25199: 25179: 25172: 25165: 25158: 25151: 25143: 25136: 25129: 25120: 25113: 25105: 25098: 25096:French Indochina 25091: 25084: 25077: 25070: 25062: 25055: 25048: 25040: 25020: 25011: 25004: 24995: 24988: 24981: 24974: 24967: 24960: 24953: 24946: 24943:from August 1944 24934: 24927: 24920: 24913: 24906: 24899: 24892: 24885: 24878: 24866: 24859: 24852: 24845: 24838: 24826: 24818: 24811: 24804: 24797: 24790: 24783: 24776: 24764: 24757: 24750: 24743: 24728: 24727: 24708: 24701: 24694: 24687: 24680: 24669: 24654: 24647: 24640: 24635: 24626: 24619: 24612: 24603: 24596: 24589: 24587:Nanjing Massacre 24582: 24575: 24566: 24564:Nuremberg trials 24557: 24550: 24543: 24536: 24529: 24522: 24513: 24506: 24499: 24492: 24472: 24465: 24458: 24449: 24442: 24435: 24428: 24421: 24414: 24405: 24396: 24389: 24382: 24375: 24366: 24359: 24352: 24345: 24338: 24331: 24324: 24317: 24297: 24288: 24281: 24274: 24265: 24258: 24251: 24244: 24235: 24228: 24221: 24212: 24205: 24198: 24191: 24184: 24177: 24170: 24168:Asia and Pacific 24150: 24143: 24136: 24129: 24122: 24115: 24108: 24099: 24097:Mulberry harbour 24092: 24085: 24078: 24071: 24064: 24057: 24050: 24043: 24034: 24027: 24020: 24011: 24004: 23997: 23990: 23983: 23976: 23969: 23962: 23955: 23948: 23939: 23932: 23917: 23916: 23905: 23898: 23889: 23882: 23875: 23868: 23861: 23854: 23847: 23826: 23819: 23812: 23803: 23802: 23791: 23790: 23757:2020 Delhi riots 23673:Kosheh massacres 23653:Bosnian genocide 23473:1946 Bihar riots 23136:Social cleansing 23061:Ethnic cleansing 22836: 22829: 22822: 22813: 22812: 22799: 22798: 22789: 22788: 22779: 22778: 22633:Racial supremacy 22591:Jewish Americans 22569:Native Americans 22538:Zainichi Koreans 22526:Japanese Koreans 22509:Zainichi Chinese 22482:Racism by target 22259:Global apartheid 22251:Racism by region 22236:Racial profiling 22226:Racial hierarchy 22027: 22020: 22013: 22004: 22003: 21992: 21991: 21952: 21943: 21940:Drang nach Osten 21785: 21766: 21636:von Sebottendorf 21432: 21423: 21412: 21392:State capitalism 21377:Social Darwinism 21356: 21347: 21229: 21220: 21201: 21192: 21166: 21135: 21132:Dolchstoßlegende 21105:Authoritarianism 20998:Nuremberg trials 20976: 20967: 20928: 20904: 20863: 20853: 20839: 20790: 20781: 20772: 20744: 20737: 20730: 20721: 20720: 20706: 20703:Dagestan attacks 20698: 20682: 20675: 20668: 20661: 20654: 20647: 20640: 20633: 20626: 20619: 20612: 20597: 20596: 20592: 20589:Beersheba attack 20584: 20565: 20557: 20549: 20541: 20533: 20525: 20517: 20509: 20501: 20493: 20485: 20477: 20469: 20446: 20438: 20430: 20422: 20408: 20407: 20399: 20392: 20385: 20378: 20371: 20364: 20357: 20344: 20343: 20335: 20328: 20321: 20314: 20307: 20300: 20293: 20286: 20279: 20266: 20265: 20257: 20250: 20237: 20236: 20230: 20229: 20210: 20202: 20194: 20186: 20178: 20170: 20162: 20154: 20151:Cairo bus attack 20140: 20139: 20131: 20123: 20115: 20107: 20099: 20091: 20083: 20075: 20061: 20060: 20052: 20044: 20036: 20028: 20020: 20017:Ma'alot massacre 20012: 20004: 19996: 19982: 19981: 19973: 19965: 19957: 19949: 19941: 19927: 19926: 19918: 19905: 19904: 19896: 19889: 19882: 19875: 19868: 19855: 19854: 19846: 19839: 19832: 19825: 19818: 19805: 19804: 19796: 19789: 19782: 19769: 19768: 19753: 19746: 19739: 19732: 19730:Topoľčany pogrom 19725: 19723:Deutsch Schützen 19712: 19711: 19703: 19695: 19693:Sărmașu massacre 19688: 19681: 19668: 19667: 19659: 19652: 19645: 19632: 19631: 19623: 19616: 19609: 19607:Dünamünde Action 19596: 19595: 19587: 19579: 19572: 19570:Kaunas (October) 19565: 19558: 19551: 19544: 19537: 19530: 19523: 19516: 19509: 19502: 19495: 19488: 19481: 19474: 19467: 19460: 19447: 19446: 19438: 19425: 19424: 19416: 19409: 19402: 19389: 19388: 19380: 19373: 19360: 19359: 19346: 19344: 19327: 19319: 19311: 19303: 19295: 19287: 19279: 19271: 19269: 19256: 19253:Zavirtcha pogrom 19240: 19233: 19226: 19219: 19212: 19205: 19198: 19191: 19184: 19168: 19167: 19163: 19156: 19149: 19141: 19133: 19125: 19117: 19109: 19101: 19093: 19085: 19082:Białystok pogrom 19077: 19069: 19061: 19053: 19045: 19037: 19023: 19022: 19007: 18999: 18983: 18976: 18969: 18953: 18952: 18948: 18940: 18932: 18924: 18916: 18908: 18900: 18892: 18884: 18876: 18873:Algiers massacre 18868: 18860: 18857:Massacre of Uman 18852: 18844: 18836: 18817: 18809: 18801: 18793: 18785: 18777: 18769: 18761: 18753: 18745: 18737: 18729: 18713: 18706: 18699: 18692: 18685: 18669: 18668: 18664: 18656: 18648: 18634: 18633: 18618: 18610: 18602: 18586: 18579: 18572: 18556: 18555: 18551: 18548:Granada massacre 18543: 18535: 18532:Córdoba massacre 18512: 18504: 18496: 18488: 18480: 18477:The Great Revolt 18466: 18465: 18461: 18453: 18439: 18438: 18413: 18406: 18399: 18390: 18389: 18374: 18210:Mohammedan Wars 18134:Rabbinic Judaism 18087:Byzantine Empire 18040:Galilee campaign 18020:Judean Civil War 18015:Maccabean Revolt 18008:Wars and revolts 18005: 18004: 17994:Herodian kingdom 17951:Babylonian Yehud 17926:Kingdom of Judah 17863:Military history 17827: 17820: 17813: 17804: 17803: 17769:(closest friend) 17717:Failed assassins 17678:(brother-in-law) 17672:(brother-in-law) 17468:Werner Grothmann 17370:Heinrich Himmler 17363: 17356: 17349: 17340: 17339: 17325: 17317: 17309: 17301: 17293: 17285: 17277: 17269: 17261: 17247: 17241: 17240: 17232: 17224: 17216: 17206: 17198: 17195:Radovan Karadžić 17190: 17182: 17174: 17166: 17158: 17155:Belgrade Process 17150: 17142: 17128: 17122: 17121: 17113: 17105: 17097: 17089: 17086:Treblinka trials 17081: 17073: 17065: 17057: 17049: 17041: 17033: 17025: 17017: 17009: 17001: 16993: 16985: 16977: 16969: 16961: 16953: 16945: 16937: 16929: 16926:Épuration légale 16921: 16913: 16899: 16896:Holocaust trials 16890: 16889: 16878: 16871: 16864: 16857: 16850: 16843: 16836: 16827: 16820: 16813: 16806: 16788: 16781: 16774: 16767: 16760: 16753: 16746: 16737: 16730: 16710: 16703: 16696: 16689: 16680: 16673: 16666: 16659: 16652: 16645: 16643:Ethnic cleansing 16638: 16631: 16613: 16606: 16599: 16592: 16585: 16578: 16571: 16564: 16557: 16550: 16539: 16532: 16525: 16516: 16509: 16487: 16479: 16471: 16463: 16460:Shias under ISIS 16455: 16447: 16439: 16431: 16421: 16414: 16406: 16392: 16384: 16383: 16375: 16367: 16357: 16350: 16342: 16334: 16326: 16318: 16310: 16302: 16294: 16286: 16278: 16270: 16262: 16254: 16244: 16237: 16230: 16225: 16217: 16209: 16201: 16193: 16185: 16177: 16169: 16155: 16147: 16146: 16138: 16130: 16122: 16114: 16106: 16098: 16090: 16087:Serbs in Croatia 16082: 16074: 16066: 16058: 16050: 16047:Nanjing Massacre 16042: 16039:Parsley massacre 16034: 16031:Polish Operation 16026: 16023:Romani Holocaust 16018: 16010: 16002: 15994: 15986: 15978: 15970: 15967:Napalpí massacre 15962: 15954: 15946: 15938: 15930: 15920: 15912: 15904: 15896: 15888: 15878: 15871: 15863: 15850: 15842: 15841: 15831: 15823: 15816: 15808: 15800: 15792: 15784: 15776: 15768: 15760: 15752: 15744: 15734: 15726: 15718: 15710: 15702: 15695: 15687: 15677: 15669: 15661: 15654: 15646: 15638: 15630: 15620: 15612: 15604: 15597: 15589: 15581: 15573: 15565: 15557: 15549: 15541: 15533: 15525: 15511: 15503: 15502: 15494: 15486: 15478: 15470: 15462: 15459:Mongol conquests 15454: 15446: 15438: 15428: 15421: 15413: 15405: 15391: 15383: 15382: 15357: 15350: 15343: 15334: 15333: 15201:Zmievskaya Balka 15131:Kaunas June 1941 15088:Dünamünde Action 15025: 15024: 14953:Schutzmannschaft 14872: 14871: 14673:Erich Isselhorst 14613:Wolfgang Birkner 14608:Ernst Biberstein 14580:Einsatzkommandos 14558:Heinrich Seetzen 14503:Walther Bierkamp 14463: 14462: 14451:Einsatzkommandos 14437: 14430: 14423: 14414: 14413: 14398: 14397: 14354:Jean-Marie Loret 14123:Reinhold Hanisch 13991:Wolfsschlucht II 13915: 13914: 13742: 13735: 13728: 13719: 13718: 13706: 13705: 13226:Holocaust denial 13095:Host desecration 12904:Cultural Marxism 12834:Antisemitism and 12813: 12768:New antisemitism 12690: 12683: 12676: 12667: 12666: 12555:Holocaust denial 12533:Nuremberg trials 12523:Postwar violence 12478: 12413: 12412: 12390: 12389: 12352:Special Brigades 12342:Nederlandsche SS 12309:Police Regiments 12233: 12232: 12211: 12210: 12071:Ghetto uprisings 12059:Jewish partisans 12006:Harvest Festival 11978:Holocaust trains 11864: 11863: 11855: 11854: 11842: 11841: 11707: 11706: 11603: 11581: 11563: 11544: 11526: 11349: 11348: 11332: 11331: 11040: 11039: 11025: 11018: 11011: 11002: 11001: 10996: 10969: 10967: 10940: 10922: 10898: 10872: 10863:(4): 1054–1077. 10848:Journal articles 10842: 10816: 10794: 10768: 10762: 10758: 10756: 10748: 10721: 10702: 10700: 10698: 10652: 10630: 10611: 10592: 10566: 10543: 10513: 10494: 10471: 10445: 10418: 10392: 10370: 10348: 10322: 10300: 10265: 10239: 10216: 10190: 10162: 10125: 10099: 10070: 10045: 10018: 9997:Longerich, Peter 9992: 9964: 9939: 9911: 9895: 9869: 9858:. RosettaBooks. 9848: 9822: 9794: 9766: 9734: 9709: 9683: 9657: 9631: 9605: 9577: 9554:Bartrop, Paul R. 9535: 9534: 9532: 9530: 9515: 9509: 9503: 9497: 9496: 9475: 9469: 9463: 9457: 9451: 9445: 9439: 9433: 9427: 9421: 9420: 9399: 9393: 9392: 9374: 9368: 9367: 9361: 9353: 9341: 9330: 9324: 9323: 9304: 9298: 9297: 9279: 9273: 9267: 9261: 9260: 9236: 9230: 9224: 9218: 9212: 9206: 9200: 9191: 9185: 9179: 9173: 9167: 9161: 9155: 9149: 9143: 9137: 9131: 9125: 9119: 9113: 9107: 9101: 9095: 9089: 9083: 9077: 9066: 9065: 9042: 9036: 9035: 9015: 9009: 9008: 8985: 8979: 8978: 8957: 8951: 8945: 8939: 8933: 8927: 8921: 8915: 8909: 8903: 8897: 8891: 8881: 8875: 8865: 8859: 8853: 8847: 8837: 8831: 8825: 8819: 8818: 8816: 8814: 8798: 8792: 8786: 8780: 8774: 8765: 8759: 8753: 8747: 8741: 8735: 8729: 8723: 8717: 8711: 8705: 8699: 8693: 8687: 8681: 8675: 8669: 8663: 8657: 8651: 8645: 8639: 8633: 8627: 8621: 8615: 8609: 8603: 8594: 8588: 8582: 8576: 8570: 8564: 8558: 8552: 8543: 8537: 8524: 8518: 8517: 8493: 8487: 8486: 8484: 8482: 8473:. Archived from 8461: 8455: 8449: 8443: 8437: 8431: 8425: 8419: 8413: 8407: 8406: 8396: 8356:Science Advances 8346: 8340: 8339: 8337: 8335: 8320: 8314: 8313: 8281: 8275: 8269: 8263: 8257: 8251: 8245: 8239: 8233: 8227: 8226: 8224: 8222: 8206: 8200: 8194: 8188: 8182: 8173: 8167: 8161: 8160: 8129:Herf, Jeffrey C. 8125: 8119: 8118: 8091: 8085: 8084: 8064: 8058: 8052: 8043: 8037: 8026: 8020: 8014: 8008: 8002: 7996: 7990: 7984: 7978: 7972: 7966: 7960: 7954: 7948: 7942: 7936: 7930: 7924: 7915: 7909: 7900: 7894: 7885: 7879: 7873: 7867: 7861: 7855: 7849: 7843: 7837: 7831: 7825: 7819: 7813: 7807: 7801: 7795: 7789: 7783: 7777: 7771: 7765: 7759: 7753: 7747: 7741: 7735: 7729: 7723: 7717: 7711: 7705: 7699: 7693: 7687: 7678: 7672: 7666: 7660: 7654: 7648: 7642: 7641: 7639: 7637: 7628:. 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3329: 3323: 3317: 3311: 3305: 3296: 3290: 3284: 3278: 3272: 3266: 3260: 3254: 3245: 3239: 3233: 3227: 3221: 3215: 3209: 3203: 3197: 3191: 3185: 3179: 3173: 3167: 3161: 3155: 3149: 3143: 3137: 3131: 3120: 3114: 3108: 3102: 3093: 3087: 3081: 3075: 3069: 3063: 3057: 3051: 3045: 3039: 3033: 3027: 3021: 3015: 3009: 3003: 2997: 2991: 2985: 2979: 2973: 2967: 2961: 2955: 2949: 2943: 2937: 2931: 2925: 2919: 2913: 2907: 2901: 2895: 2886: 2880: 2874: 2868: 2862: 2856: 2847: 2841: 2825: 2810: 2804: 2801: 2792: 2766: 2760: 2697: 2654:genocide studies 2650:European history 2619:criminal offense 2388:Rwandan genocide 2367: 2361: 2355: 2349: 2343: 2337: 2331: 2325: 2319: 2279:A mass grave at 2265:fighter aircraft 2122:Soviet partisans 2034: 1995:became notorious 1962:Polish policemen 1860:Abdelkader Mesli 1833:, 25 April 1942. 1786:ghetto uprisings 1659: 1653:hydrogen cyanide 1623:, engine exhaust 1595:, engine exhaust 1567:, engine exhaust 1501: 1497: 1205:Heinrich Himmler 1056: 867:prisoners of war 810:emigration taxes 665:forced abortions 575:racial community 466:Orthodox Judaism 464:, and practiced 428:November pogroms 392:Soviet civilians 334:Jewish survivors 225:six million Jews 145:ethnic cleansing 88: 68: 67: 65: 21: 27348: 27347: 27343: 27342: 27341: 27339: 27338: 27337: 27323:Nazi war crimes 27273:1940s in Europe 27258: 27257: 27256: 27252:from Wikivoyage 27246: 27241: 27239: 27229: 27224: 27222: 27212: 27207: 27205: 27201:from Wikisource 27195: 27190: 27188: 27178: 27173: 27171: 27161: 27156: 27154: 27144: 27139: 27137: 27133:from Wiktionary 27127: 27122: 27120: 27117: 27113:sister projects 27110:at Knowledge's 27104: 27099: 27098: 27093: 27086: 27079: 27065: 27063: 27051: 27042: 27035: 27028: 27021: 27012: 27005: 26998: 26989: 26984:Atomic bombings 26982: 26975: 26968: 26961: 26954: 26945: 26938: 26931: 26924: 26917: 26910: 26903: 26896: 26889: 26882: 26875: 26868: 26861: 26854: 26847: 26840: 26827: 26820: 26809: 26802: 26795: 26786: 26779: 26772: 26765: 26758: 26751: 26742: 26733: 26726: 26717: 26710: 26703: 26696: 26687: 26680: 26675:Eastern Romania 26673: 26668:Warsaw Uprising 26666: 26661:Tannenberg Line 26659: 26652: 26647:Western Ukraine 26645: 26636: 26629: 26620: 26611: 26602: 26595: 26588: 26577: 26568: 26555: 26548: 26539: 26532: 26525: 26518: 26511: 26504: 26497: 26488: 26481: 26474: 26465: 26458: 26451: 26444: 26439:Battle of Kursk 26437: 26430: 26423: 26416: 26409: 26396: 26389: 26380: 26373: 26366: 26357: 26350: 26343: 26336: 26327: 26318: 26311: 26304: 26297: 26290: 26283: 26276: 26269: 26262: 26255: 26250:St Nazaire Raid 26248: 26241: 26234: 26221: 26214: 26207: 26200: 26193: 26186: 26179: 26172: 26165: 26158: 26151: 26144: 26137: 26130: 26123: 26116: 26109: 26102: 26095: 26088: 26074: 26065: 26058: 26051: 26044: 26037: 26032:Anglo-Iraqi War 26030: 26023:Battle of Crete 26021: 26014: 26007: 26000: 25993: 25980: 25971: 25964: 25957: 25952:Eastern Romania 25950: 25943: 25936: 25929: 25922: 25915: 25908: 25901: 25894: 25887: 25880: 25873: 25866: 25859: 25852: 25845: 25832: 25825: 25818: 25811: 25804: 25797: 25790: 25783: 25770: 25761: 25754: 25747: 25740: 25733: 25726: 25717: 25710: 25703: 25694: 25687: 25661: 25654: 25647: 25638: 25631: 25626: 25617: 25610: 25603: 25594: 25587: 25578: 25571: 25566: 25559: 25546: 25539: 25530: 25523: 25518: 25513:Western Ukraine 25511: 25504: 25497: 25490: 25483: 25476: 25469: 25462: 25457:Northeast China 25455: 25448: 25441: 25434: 25427: 25420: 25411: 25404: 25397: 25390: 25383: 25376: 25369: 25362: 25355: 25348: 25341: 25334: 25327: 25320: 25313: 25306: 25299: 25292: 25285: 25272: 25265: 25258: 25251: 25244: 25237: 25230: 25223: 25216: 25209: 25202: 25195: 25182: 25175: 25168: 25161: 25156:Slovak Republic 25154: 25146: 25139: 25132: 25127:Empire of Japan 25125: 25116: 25108: 25101: 25094: 25087: 25080: 25073: 25065: 25058: 25051: 25043: 25036: 25023: 25016: 25007: 25000: 24991: 24984: 24977: 24970: 24963: 24956: 24949: 24937: 24930: 24923: 24916: 24909: 24902: 24895: 24888: 24881: 24869: 24862: 24855: 24848: 24841: 24829: 24821: 24814: 24807: 24800: 24793: 24786: 24779: 24767: 24760: 24753: 24746: 24739: 24713: 24704: 24697: 24690: 24683: 24672: 24657: 24650: 24643: 24639:Sexual violence 24638: 24631: 24622: 24615: 24608: 24599: 24592: 24585: 24578: 24571: 24562: 24553: 24546: 24539: 24532: 24525: 24518: 24509: 24502: 24495: 24488: 24475: 24468: 24461: 24454: 24445: 24438: 24431: 24424: 24417: 24408: 24399: 24392: 24385: 24378: 24369: 24362: 24357:Greek Civil War 24355: 24348: 24341: 24334: 24327: 24320: 24313: 24300: 24293: 24284: 24277: 24270: 24261: 24254: 24247: 24240: 24231: 24224: 24217: 24208: 24201: 24194: 24187: 24182:South-East Asia 24180: 24173: 24166: 24153: 24146: 24139: 24132: 24125: 24118: 24111: 24104: 24095: 24088: 24081: 24074: 24067: 24060: 24053: 24046: 24041:Military awards 24039: 24030: 24023: 24016: 24007: 24000: 23993: 23986: 23979: 23972: 23965: 23958: 23951: 23944: 23935: 23928: 23908: 23901: 23894: 23885: 23878: 23871: 23866: 23857: 23850: 23843: 23835: 23830: 23800: 23795: 23785: 23779: 23715:Yazidi genocide 23621:Revival Process 23557:Thích Quảng Đức 23545:Buddhist crisis 23539:Istanbul pogrom 23407:1970–1987 23402:1958–1964 23397:1928–1941 23392:1921–1928 23387:1917–1921 23272:Goa Inquisition 23206:Battle of Tours 23196:(c.550–c. 1200) 23190:(c. 324–c. 491) 23170: 23071:Ethnic violence 23066:Ethnic conflict 23014: 23013: 23012: 22967:minority Muslim 22849: 22840: 22810: 22805: 22767: 22746:Racism in sport 22644: 22638:White supremacy 22477: 22245: 22181:Ethnic conflict 22153: 22147: 22041:Types of racism 22036: 22031: 22001: 21996: 21982: 21981: 21980: 21966:Racial theories 21949:Generalplan Ost 21896: 21890: 21870: 21864: 21863: 21862: 21834:Nazi ideologues 21816: 21815: 21814: 21783: 21778:(United States) 21777: 21764: 21690: 21684: 21681:Romani genocide 21648: 21641: 21640: 21639: 21556: 21555: 21554: 21546:Strasser (Otto) 21436: 21435: 21434: 21409:Gleichschaltung 21402:Totalitarianism 21287:One-party state 21095:Anti-liberalism 21065: 21064: 21063: 20988:Tripartite Pact 20901:Machtergreifung 20869: 20868: 20867: 20753: 20748: 20718: 20709: 20701: 20693: 20685: 20678: 20671: 20664: 20657: 20650: 20643: 20636: 20629: 20622: 20615: 20608: 20595: 20587: 20579: 20568: 20560: 20552: 20544: 20536: 20528: 20520: 20512: 20504: 20496: 20488: 20480: 20472: 20464: 20449: 20441: 20433: 20425: 20417: 20402: 20395: 20388: 20381: 20374: 20367: 20360: 20353: 20338: 20331: 20324: 20317: 20310: 20303: 20296: 20289: 20282: 20275: 20260: 20253: 20246: 20213: 20205: 20197: 20189: 20181: 20173: 20165: 20157: 20149: 20134: 20126: 20118: 20110: 20102: 20094: 20088:Antwerp bombing 20086: 20078: 20070: 20055: 20047: 20039: 20031: 20023: 20015: 20007: 20001:Munich massacre 19999: 19991: 19976: 19968: 19960: 19952: 19944: 19936: 19921: 19914: 19899: 19892: 19885: 19878: 19871: 19864: 19849: 19842: 19835: 19828: 19821: 19814: 19799: 19792: 19785: 19778: 19756: 19749: 19742: 19735: 19728: 19721: 19706: 19698: 19691: 19684: 19677: 19662: 19655: 19648: 19641: 19626: 19619: 19612: 19605: 19590: 19582: 19575: 19568: 19561: 19554: 19547: 19540: 19533: 19526: 19519: 19512: 19505: 19498: 19491: 19484: 19477: 19470: 19463: 19456: 19441: 19434: 19419: 19412: 19405: 19398: 19383: 19376: 19369: 19349: 19334: 19330: 19322: 19314: 19306: 19298: 19292:Campbell pogrom 19290: 19284:Hebron massacre 19282: 19274: 19263: 19259: 19251: 19243: 19236: 19229: 19222: 19215: 19208: 19201: 19194: 19187: 19180: 19166: 19159: 19152: 19144: 19136: 19128: 19120: 19112: 19104: 19096: 19088: 19080: 19072: 19064: 19056: 19050:Zablotov pogrom 19048: 19040: 19032: 19010: 19002: 18994: 18986: 18979: 18972: 18965: 18951: 18943: 18935: 18929:Damascus affair 18927: 18919: 18911: 18903: 18895: 18887: 18879: 18871: 18863: 18855: 18847: 18839: 18831: 18820: 18812: 18804: 18796: 18790:Lisbon massacre 18788: 18780: 18772: 18764: 18756: 18748: 18740: 18732: 18724: 18716: 18709: 18702: 18695: 18688: 18681: 18667: 18659: 18651: 18643: 18621: 18613: 18605: 18597: 18589: 18582: 18575: 18568: 18554: 18546: 18538: 18530: 18515: 18507: 18499: 18491: 18483: 18475: 18464: 18456: 18448: 18430: 18417: 18387: 18382: 18372: 18364: 18353:Israeli history 18296:Jewish question 18284: 18197: 18126:Rabbinic period 18116: 18068: 18050:Diaspora revolt 18045:Siege of Masada 18003: 17955: 17897: 17868:Genetic history 17836: 17831: 17801: 17796: 17743: 17712: 17681: 17676:Richard Wendler 17654:(older brother) 17646:Hedwig Potthast 17622: 17548:Romani genocide 17533: 17527: 17491: 17482:(personal aide) 17450:Hedwig Potthast 17402:Reichsführer-SS 17395: 17382:Reichsführer-SS 17372: 17367: 17337: 17328: 17320: 17312: 17304: 17296: 17288: 17282:Uyghur Tribunal 17280: 17272: 17264: 17256: 17248: 17245: 17235: 17227: 17219: 17211: 17201: 17193: 17185: 17177: 17169: 17161: 17153: 17145: 17137: 17129: 17126: 17116: 17108: 17102:Fedorenko trial 17100: 17092: 17084: 17076: 17068: 17060: 17052: 17044: 17036: 17028: 17020: 17012: 17004: 16998:Stutthof trials 16996: 16988: 16980: 16974:Nuremberg trial 16972: 16964: 16956: 16948: 16940: 16934:Majdanek trials 16932: 16924: 16916: 16910:Krasnodar trial 16908: 16900: 16894: 16881: 16874: 16867: 16860: 16853: 16846: 16839: 16832: 16823: 16816: 16809: 16802: 16791: 16784: 16777: 16770: 16763: 16756: 16749: 16742: 16733: 16726: 16713: 16706: 16699: 16692: 16685: 16676: 16669: 16662: 16655: 16648: 16641: 16634: 16627: 16616: 16609: 16602: 16595: 16588: 16581: 16574: 16567: 16560: 16553: 16546: 16535: 16528: 16521: 16512: 16505: 16490: 16482: 16474: 16466: 16458: 16450: 16442: 16436:Southern Kaduna 16434: 16426: 16417: 16409: 16401: 16393: 16388: 16378: 16370: 16362: 16353: 16345: 16337: 16329: 16321: 16313: 16305: 16297: 16289: 16281: 16273: 16265: 16257: 16249: 16240: 16233: 16228: 16220: 16212: 16204: 16196: 16188: 16180: 16172: 16164: 16156: 16151: 16141: 16133: 16125: 16117: 16109: 16101: 16093: 16085: 16077: 16069: 16061: 16053: 16045: 16037: 16029: 16021: 16015:Simele massacre 16013: 16005: 15997: 15989: 15981: 15973: 15965: 15957: 15949: 15941: 15933: 15925: 15915: 15907: 15899: 15891: 15883: 15874: 15866: 15859: 15851: 15846: 15836: 15826: 15819: 15811: 15805:Herero and Nama 15803: 15795: 15787: 15779: 15771: 15763: 15755: 15747: 15739: 15729: 15721: 15713: 15705: 15698: 15690: 15682: 15672: 15664: 15657: 15649: 15641: 15633: 15625: 15615: 15607: 15600: 15592: 15584: 15576: 15568: 15560: 15552: 15544: 15536: 15528: 15520: 15512: 15507: 15497: 15489: 15481: 15473: 15465: 15457: 15449: 15441: 15433: 15424: 15416: 15410:Asiatic Vespers 15408: 15400: 15392: 15387: 15374: 15366: 15361: 15331: 15326: 15297:Commissar Order 15271: 15223: 15205: 15182: 15150: 15112: 15108:Liepāja (Šķēde) 15069: 15051: 15012: 14940: 14915:Ordnungspolizei 14859: 14840:Herberts Cukurs 14823: 14777: 14773:Udo von Woyrsch 14738:Hermann Schaper 14733:Emanuel Schäfer 14708:Josef Meisinger 14693:Wolfgang Kügler 14618:Helmut Bischoff 14585:Sonderkommandos 14583: 14578: 14572: 14513:Erich Ehrlinger 14488: 14482: 14454: 14441: 14411: 14406: 14386: 14365: 14274: 14175: 14171:Private library 14158: 14152: 14088:Religious views 14055: 14004: 13998:Führersonderzug 13996:Special train ( 13986:Wolfsschlucht I 13910: 13904: 13858:Military career 13846: 13779:Political views 13751: 13746: 13711: 13703: 13698: 13480: 13434: 13432: 13425: 13306: 13295:The Right Stuff 13252:Bible Believers 13240: 13120: 13118: 13111: 13029: 13005:Self-hating Jew 12882: 12863:Nation of Islam 12829: 12699: 12694: 12664: 12651: 12566: 12482: 12476: 12465:Madagascar Plan 12458:Kindertransport 12407: 12406: 12376: 12318: 12290: 12275:Ordnungspolizei 12231: 12218: 12197: 12140: 12092: 12045: 12016:Maly Trostenets 11987:Mass executions 11982: 11952: 11890: 11849: 11824: 11794: 11753: 11691: 11653: 11612: 11601: 11579: 11561: 11542: 11524: 11512: 11469: 11343: 11322: 11242: 11233:Hidden children 11211: 11069:Czechoslovakia 11034: 11029: 10999: 10850: 10845: 10839: 10813: 10791: 10760: 10759: 10750: 10749: 10745: 10718: 10696: 10694: 10684: 10649: 10627: 10608: 10589: 10563: 10540: 10510: 10491: 10468: 10442: 10415: 10389: 10367: 10353:Dean, Martin C. 10345: 10319: 10297: 10279:Assmann, Aleida 10273: 10268: 10262: 10236: 10213: 10187: 10151: 10122: 10096: 10078:, eds. (2002). 10067: 10042: 10015: 9989: 9961: 9936: 9892: 9866: 9819: 9791: 9771:Cesarani, David 9763: 9731: 9706: 9688:Bloxham, Donald 9680: 9654: 9628: 9602: 9574: 9548: 9543: 9538: 9528: 9526: 9525:. 25 April 2022 9517: 9516: 9512: 9504: 9500: 9493: 9476: 9472: 9464: 9460: 9452: 9448: 9440: 9436: 9428: 9424: 9417: 9400: 9396: 9389: 9375: 9371: 9355: 9354: 9350: 9339: 9331: 9327: 9305: 9301: 9294: 9280: 9276: 9270:Kansteiner 2017 9268: 9264: 9237: 9233: 9225: 9221: 9213: 9209: 9203:Kansteiner 2017 9201: 9194: 9188:Kansteiner 2017 9186: 9182: 9174: 9170: 9162: 9158: 9150: 9146: 9138: 9134: 9126: 9122: 9114: 9110: 9102: 9098: 9090: 9086: 9078: 9069: 9062: 9043: 9039: 9032: 9016: 9012: 9005: 8986: 8982: 8975: 8958: 8954: 8946: 8942: 8934: 8930: 8922: 8918: 8910: 8906: 8898: 8894: 8882: 8878: 8866: 8862: 8854: 8850: 8838: 8834: 8826: 8822: 8812: 8810: 8800: 8799: 8795: 8787: 8783: 8775: 8768: 8760: 8756: 8748: 8744: 8736: 8732: 8724: 8720: 8712: 8708: 8700: 8696: 8688: 8684: 8676: 8672: 8664: 8660: 8652: 8648: 8640: 8636: 8628: 8624: 8616: 8612: 8604: 8597: 8589: 8585: 8577: 8573: 8565: 8561: 8553: 8546: 8526: 8525: 8521: 8511: 8494: 8490: 8480: 8478: 8463: 8462: 8458: 8450: 8446: 8438: 8434: 8426: 8422: 8414: 8410: 8363:(1): eaau7292. 8347: 8343: 8333: 8331: 8321: 8317: 8282: 8278: 8270: 8266: 8258: 8254: 8246: 8242: 8234: 8230: 8220: 8218: 8208: 8207: 8203: 8195: 8191: 8183: 8176: 8168: 8164: 8157: 8141:. p. 278. 8126: 8122: 8115: 8092: 8088: 8081: 8065: 8061: 8053: 8046: 8038: 8029: 8021: 8017: 8009: 8005: 7997: 7993: 7985: 7981: 7973: 7969: 7961: 7957: 7949: 7945: 7937: 7933: 7925: 7918: 7910: 7903: 7895: 7888: 7880: 7876: 7868: 7864: 7856: 7852: 7844: 7840: 7832: 7828: 7820: 7816: 7808: 7804: 7796: 7792: 7784: 7780: 7772: 7768: 7760: 7756: 7748: 7744: 7736: 7732: 7724: 7720: 7712: 7708: 7700: 7696: 7688: 7681: 7673: 7669: 7661: 7657: 7649: 7645: 7635: 7633: 7618: 7617: 7613: 7605: 7601: 7593: 7589: 7581: 7577: 7573:, p. 1074. 7569: 7565: 7557: 7553: 7545: 7541: 7533: 7529: 7521: 7517: 7509: 7505: 7497: 7493: 7485: 7481: 7473: 7469: 7461: 7457: 7449: 7442: 7434: 7430: 7426:, p. 1066. 7422: 7418: 7410: 7406: 7398: 7394: 7386: 7382: 7374: 7370: 7362: 7358: 7350: 7346: 7342:, p. 1064. 7338: 7334: 7326: 7322: 7314: 7310: 7302: 7293: 7286: 7278:. p. 369. 7268: 7264: 7257: 7241:. p. 155. 7228: 7224: 7217: 7199: 7192: 7179: 7178: 7174: 7153: 7149: 7141: 7127: 7123: 7112: 7110: 7108: 7089: 7081: 7077: 7069: 7065: 7057: 7053: 7045: 7041: 7033: 7029: 7021: 7017: 7009: 7005: 6997: 6993: 6985: 6981: 6973: 6969: 6961: 6957: 6949: 6945: 6937: 6933: 6925: 6921: 6913: 6909: 6901: 6897: 6889: 6885: 6877: 6873: 6865: 6861: 6853: 6846: 6838: 6834: 6826: 6822: 6814: 6810: 6802: 6798: 6790: 6786: 6778: 6774: 6766: 6762: 6754: 6747: 6739: 6735: 6727: 6723: 6715: 6711: 6703: 6699: 6691: 6687: 6683:, p. 1067. 6679: 6675: 6667: 6663: 6655: 6651: 6643: 6639: 6631: 6624: 6616: 6612: 6604: 6600: 6592: 6588: 6580: 6576: 6570:Westermann 2020 6568: 6564: 6556: 6552: 6546:Westermann 2020 6544: 6540: 6532: 6528: 6524:, p. 1055. 6520: 6516: 6510:Westermann 2020 6508: 6497: 6489: 6485: 6477: 6473: 6465: 6461: 6453: 6449: 6441: 6437: 6429: 6425: 6417: 6413: 6405: 6401: 6393: 6389: 6381: 6377: 6369: 6365: 6357: 6353: 6345: 6341: 6333: 6329: 6321: 6317: 6309: 6305: 6295: 6293: 6280: 6276: 6268: 6264: 6256: 6252: 6244: 6240: 6232: 6228: 6220: 6211: 6203: 6199: 6191: 6187: 6179: 6175: 6167: 6163: 6155: 6151: 6143: 6139: 6131: 6127: 6119: 6115: 6107: 6103: 6095: 6091: 6083: 6079: 6071: 6067: 6059: 6055: 6047: 6043: 6035: 6028: 6020: 6016: 6008: 6001: 5993: 5989: 5981: 5977: 5969: 5965: 5957: 5950: 5942: 5938: 5930: 5923: 5915: 5908: 5902:Lehnstaedt 2021 5900: 5891: 5883: 5874: 5866: 5827: 5819: 5815: 5807: 5803: 5795: 5791: 5783: 5779: 5771: 5767: 5759: 5755: 5747: 5743: 5690: 5686: 5679: 5661: 5657: 5649: 5645: 5637: 5630: 5622: 5618: 5610: 5606: 5598: 5594: 5586: 5582: 5574: 5567: 5559: 5555: 5547: 5543: 5535: 5531: 5523: 5516: 5508: 5504: 5496: 5492: 5484: 5480: 5469: 5462: 5452:Peter Longerich 5450: 5446: 5438: 5431: 5423: 5419: 5411: 5407: 5399: 5392: 5384: 5380: 5372: 5365: 5357: 5353: 5345: 5341: 5333: 5329: 5321: 5310: 5302: 5298: 5290: 5286: 5278: 5274: 5266: 5257: 5249: 5245: 5237: 5233: 5225: 5221: 5213: 5206: 5198: 5194: 5186: 5182: 5174: 5170: 5162: 5158: 5150: 5146: 5138: 5134: 5126: 5122: 5114: 5110: 5102: 5098: 5090: 5086: 5078: 5074: 5066: 5062: 5054: 5050: 5042: 5038: 5030: 5026: 5018: 5011: 5003: 4999: 4991: 4987: 4979: 4970: 4962: 4958: 4950: 4946: 4938: 4934: 4926: 4917: 4909: 4905: 4897: 4893: 4885: 4881: 4873: 4869: 4861: 4857: 4849: 4842: 4834: 4830: 4822: 4818: 4810: 4806: 4798: 4794: 4786: 4782: 4770: 4766: 4758: 4754: 4746: 4742: 4734: 4730: 4722: 4718: 4710: 4703: 4695: 4688: 4680: 4676: 4668: 4661: 4653: 4649: 4641: 4637: 4629: 4625: 4617: 4613: 4605: 4601: 4593: 4589: 4581: 4577: 4569: 4565: 4557: 4553: 4545: 4541: 4533: 4529: 4521: 4517: 4509: 4505: 4497: 4493: 4485: 4481: 4473: 4469: 4461: 4457: 4449: 4445: 4437: 4433: 4425: 4421: 4413: 4409: 4401: 4397: 4389: 4385: 4379:Westermann 2020 4377: 4373: 4365: 4361: 4353: 4349: 4341: 4337: 4329: 4325: 4317: 4308: 4300: 4296: 4288: 4284: 4276: 4272: 4264: 4260: 4252: 4248: 4240: 4236: 4228: 4221: 4213: 4209: 4201: 4197: 4189: 4185: 4177: 4170: 4162: 4153: 4145: 4141: 4133: 4129: 4121: 4117: 4109: 4105: 4097: 4093: 4085: 4081: 4073: 4069: 4061: 4054: 4046: 4042: 4034: 4030: 4022: 4018: 4010: 4006: 3998: 3994: 3986: 3982: 3974: 3970: 3962: 3958: 3950: 3943: 3935: 3931: 3923: 3919: 3911: 3907: 3899: 3895: 3887: 3883: 3875: 3868: 3860: 3851: 3843: 3839: 3831: 3827: 3819: 3815: 3807: 3803: 3795: 3791: 3783: 3779: 3771: 3767: 3759: 3755: 3745: 3743: 3737: 3730: 3722: 3718: 3710: 3706: 3698: 3694: 3686: 3682: 3674: 3670: 3662: 3658: 3650: 3646: 3638: 3634: 3626: 3622: 3614: 3610: 3602: 3598: 3590: 3586: 3578: 3574: 3566: 3559: 3551: 3547: 3539: 3532: 3524: 3520: 3512: 3505: 3497: 3493: 3485: 3481: 3473: 3466: 3458: 3454: 3446: 3442: 3434: 3430: 3422: 3418: 3410: 3403: 3395: 3391: 3383: 3379: 3371: 3367: 3359: 3350: 3342: 3338: 3330: 3326: 3318: 3314: 3306: 3299: 3291: 3287: 3279: 3275: 3267: 3263: 3255: 3248: 3240: 3236: 3228: 3224: 3216: 3212: 3204: 3200: 3192: 3188: 3180: 3176: 3168: 3164: 3156: 3152: 3144: 3140: 3132: 3123: 3115: 3111: 3103: 3096: 3088: 3084: 3076: 3072: 3064: 3060: 3052: 3048: 3040: 3036: 3028: 3024: 3016: 3012: 3004: 3000: 2992: 2988: 2980: 2976: 2968: 2964: 2956: 2952: 2944: 2940: 2932: 2928: 2920: 2916: 2908: 2904: 2896: 2889: 2881: 2877: 2869: 2865: 2861:, p. xxix. 2857: 2850: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2829: 2828: 2811: 2807: 2802: 2795: 2767: 2763: 2698: 2694: 2689: 2571:in Berlin, 2016 2562: 2521: 2512:tried in Israel 2496:23 Nazi leaders 2471:, November 1945 2461: 2455: 2453:Criminal trials 2438: 2433: 2427: 2377:Jewish children 2370: 2369: 2365: 2363: 2359: 2357: 2353: 2351: 2347: 2345: 2341: 2339: 2335: 2333: 2329: 2327: 2323: 2321: 2317: 2308: 2302: 2273: 2197: 2192: 2144: 2138: 2098: 2081: 2009: 2003: 1934: 1928: 1852:the Netherlands 1827:Lublin District 1811: 1732:Security Police 1679: 1673: 1658: 1616:780,863–951,800 1612:Warsaw District 1588:170,618–238,900 1584:Lublin District 1560:440,823–596,200 1556:Lublin District 1516:Planning began 1430:Odilo Globocnik 1399: 1393: 1336: 1292:shot in Ukraine 1195:by April 1942. 1158: 1148: 1070: 1016:Lublin District 990:Krakow District 986:Frysztak Ghetto 978: 972: 921:the Netherlands 853:(armed forces) 830: 713: 707: 701: 609: 476:and usually an 474:Jewish question 412: 364: 358: 261:occupied Poland 137: 107: 66: 50: 46: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 27346: 27336: 27335: 27330: 27325: 27320: 27315: 27310: 27305: 27300: 27295: 27290: 27285: 27280: 27275: 27270: 27255: 27254: 27237: 27220: 27218:from Wikibooks 27203: 27186: 27184:from Wikiquote 27169: 27152: 27135: 27106: 27101: 27100: 27095: 27094: 27092: 27091: 27084: 27077: 27060: 27057: 27056: 27053: 27052: 27050: 27049: 27048: 27047: 27040: 27033: 27019: 27018: 27017: 27003: 27000:South Sakhalin 26996: 26995: 26994: 26980: 26973: 26966: 26959: 26952: 26951: 26950: 26936: 26929: 26922: 26915: 26908: 26901: 26894: 26887: 26880: 26873: 26866: 26859: 26852: 26845: 26837: 26835: 26829: 26828: 26826: 26825: 26818: 26817: 26816: 26800: 26793: 26792: 26791: 26777: 26770: 26763: 26756: 26749: 26740: 26731: 26724: 26715: 26708: 26701: 26694: 26685: 26678: 26671: 26664: 26657: 26650: 26643: 26634: 26627: 26618: 26609: 26600: 26593: 26586: 26575: 26565: 26563: 26557: 26556: 26554: 26553: 26546: 26545: 26544: 26537: 26523: 26516: 26509: 26502: 26495: 26494: 26493: 26479: 26472: 26463: 26456: 26449: 26442: 26435: 26428: 26425:Battle of Attu 26421: 26414: 26406: 26404: 26398: 26397: 26395: 26394: 26387: 26378: 26371: 26364: 26355: 26348: 26341: 26334: 26325: 26324: 26323: 26316: 26302: 26295: 26288: 26281: 26274: 26267: 26260: 26253: 26246: 26239: 26231: 26229: 26223: 26222: 26220: 26219: 26212: 26205: 26198: 26191: 26184: 26177: 26174:Battle of Guam 26170: 26163: 26156: 26149: 26142: 26135: 26128: 26121: 26114: 26107: 26100: 26097:Battle of Kiev 26093: 26086: 26072: 26071: 26070: 26056: 26049: 26042: 26035: 26028: 26027: 26026: 26012: 26005: 25998: 25990: 25988: 25982: 25981: 25979: 25978: 25969: 25962: 25955: 25948: 25941: 25934: 25927: 25920: 25913: 25906: 25899: 25892: 25885: 25878: 25871: 25864: 25857: 25850: 25842: 25840: 25834: 25833: 25831: 25830: 25823: 25816: 25809: 25802: 25795: 25788: 25780: 25778: 25772: 25771: 25769: 25768: 25767: 25766: 25759: 25752: 25745: 25738: 25724: 25723: 25722: 25715: 25701: 25700: 25699: 25684: 25682: 25673: 25667: 25666: 25663: 25662: 25660: 25659: 25652: 25645: 25644: 25643: 25636: 25624: 25623: 25622: 25608: 25601: 25600: 25599: 25596:United Kingdom 25592: 25585: 25584: 25583: 25564: 25556: 25554: 25548: 25547: 25545: 25544: 25537: 25536: 25535: 25528: 25516: 25509: 25502: 25495: 25488: 25481: 25474: 25467: 25460: 25453: 25446: 25439: 25432: 25425: 25418: 25417: 25416: 25409: 25395: 25388: 25381: 25374: 25367: 25360: 25353: 25346: 25339: 25332: 25325: 25318: 25311: 25304: 25297: 25290: 25282: 25280: 25274: 25273: 25271: 25270: 25263: 25256: 25249: 25242: 25235: 25228: 25221: 25214: 25207: 25200: 25192: 25190: 25184: 25183: 25181: 25180: 25173: 25166: 25159: 25152: 25144: 25137: 25130: 25123: 25122: 25121: 25106: 25099: 25092: 25085: 25078: 25071: 25063: 25056: 25049: 25041: 25033: 25031: 25025: 25024: 25022: 25021: 25014: 25013: 25012: 24998: 24997: 24996: 24993:British Empire 24986:United Kingdom 24982: 24975: 24968: 24961: 24954: 24947: 24935: 24928: 24921: 24914: 24907: 24900: 24893: 24886: 24879: 24867: 24860: 24853: 24846: 24839: 24827: 24819: 24812: 24805: 24802:Czechoslovakia 24798: 24791: 24784: 24777: 24765: 24758: 24751: 24744: 24736: 24734: 24725: 24719: 24718: 24715: 24714: 24712: 24711: 24710: 24709: 24702: 24699:Rape of Manila 24695: 24688: 24681: 24670: 24655: 24648: 24636: 24629: 24628: 24627: 24620: 24606: 24605: 24604: 24597: 24590: 24576: 24569: 24568: 24567: 24560: 24559: 24558: 24551: 24537: 24530: 24516: 24515: 24514: 24507: 24500: 24485: 24483: 24477: 24476: 24474: 24473: 24470:United Nations 24466: 24459: 24452: 24451: 24450: 24443: 24436: 24429: 24415: 24406: 24397: 24390: 24383: 24376: 24367: 24360: 24353: 24346: 24339: 24332: 24329:Decolonization 24325: 24318: 24310: 24308: 24302: 24301: 24299: 24298: 24291: 24290: 24289: 24275: 24268: 24267: 24266: 24259: 24252: 24238: 24237: 24236: 24229: 24215: 24214: 24213: 24206: 24199: 24192: 24185: 24178: 24163: 24161: 24155: 24154: 24152: 24151: 24144: 24137: 24130: 24123: 24116: 24109: 24102: 24101: 24100: 24093: 24079: 24072: 24065: 24058: 24051: 24044: 24037: 24036: 24035: 24021: 24014: 24013: 24012: 24005: 24002:United Kingdom 23998: 23984: 23977: 23970: 23963: 23956: 23949: 23942: 23941: 23940: 23925: 23923: 23914: 23910: 23909: 23907: 23906: 23899: 23892: 23891: 23890: 23883: 23876: 23864: 23863: 23862: 23848: 23840: 23837: 23836: 23829: 23828: 23821: 23814: 23806: 23797: 23796: 23784: 23781: 23780: 23778: 23777: 23771: 23766: 23760: 23754: 23748: 23742: 23741:(2016–ongoing) 23736: 23735:(2014–ongoing) 23730: 23724: 23723:(2014–ongoing) 23718: 23712: 23706: 23700: 23699:(2009–ongoing) 23694: 23693:(2004–ongoing) 23688: 23682: 23676: 23670: 23664: 23663: 23662: 23656: 23650: 23638: 23632: 23631: 23630: 23618: 23612: 23606: 23600: 23599:(1971–ongoing) 23594: 23588: 23587: 23586: 23580: 23568: 23567: 23566: 23560: 23554: 23542: 23536: 23535:(1953–ongoing) 23530: 23524: 23523:(1950–ongoing) 23518: 23517:(1949–ongoing) 23512: 23506: 23500: 23499:(1947–ongoing) 23494: 23493:(1947–ongoing) 23488: 23487:(1947–ongoing) 23482: 23476: 23470: 23464: 23461:Noakhali riots 23458: 23452: 23446: 23440: 23434: 23428: 23422: 23416: 23415: 23414: 23409: 23404: 23399: 23394: 23389: 23378: 23372: 23366: 23360: 23359: 23358: 23350:Greek genocide 23347: 23341: 23338:Adana massacre 23335: 23329: 23323: 23317: 23311: 23305: 23299: 23293: 23287: 23281: 23275: 23269: 23263: 23257: 23251: 23245: 23239: 23233: 23227: 23221: 23215: 23209: 23203: 23202:(c.184–c. 205) 23197: 23191: 23185: 23178: 23176: 23172: 23171: 23169: 23168: 23163: 23158: 23153: 23151:State religion 23148: 23143: 23138: 23133: 23128: 23123: 23118: 23113: 23108: 23103: 23098: 23093: 23088: 23083: 23078: 23073: 23068: 23063: 23058: 23056:Discrimination 23053: 23048: 23043: 23038: 23033: 23028: 23022: 23020: 23016: 23015: 23011: 23010: 23008:Zoroastrianism 23005: 23000: 22995: 22990: 22985: 22984: 22983: 22973: 22972: 22971: 22970: 22969: 22964: 22959: 22954: 22949: 22934: 22933: 22932: 22930:Untouchability 22927: 22917: 22912: 22911: 22910: 22905: 22900: 22895: 22890: 22880: 22875: 22870: 22865: 22859: 22858: 22857: 22855: 22851: 22850: 22847:discrimination 22839: 22838: 22831: 22824: 22816: 22807: 22806: 22804: 22803: 22793: 22783: 22772: 22769: 22768: 22766: 22765: 22760: 22758:Reverse racism 22755: 22754: 22753: 22743: 22738: 22733: 22731:Racial figleaf 22728: 22723: 22718: 22713: 22708: 22703: 22698: 22693: 22688: 22683: 22678: 22673: 22668: 22663: 22658: 22652: 22650: 22649:Related topics 22646: 22645: 22643: 22642: 22641: 22640: 22630: 22625: 22620: 22615: 22610: 22608:Middle Eastern 22605: 22600: 22599: 22598: 22593: 22583: 22582: 22581: 22571: 22566: 22565: 22564: 22559: 22549: 22548: 22547: 22542: 22541: 22540: 22530: 22529: 22528: 22523: 22513: 22512: 22511: 22506: 22491: 22485: 22483: 22479: 22478: 22476: 22475: 22474: 22473: 22468: 22463: 22453: 22452: 22451: 22446: 22441: 22431: 22430: 22429: 22424: 22419: 22414: 22404: 22403: 22402: 22400:United Kingdom 22397: 22392: 22387: 22382: 22377: 22372: 22367: 22362: 22357: 22352: 22342: 22337: 22336: 22335: 22330: 22325: 22315: 22314: 22313: 22308: 22303: 22298: 22293: 22288: 22278: 22277: 22276: 22271: 22261: 22255: 22253: 22247: 22246: 22244: 22243: 22238: 22233: 22228: 22223: 22218: 22213: 22208: 22203: 22198: 22193: 22188: 22183: 22178: 22173: 22168: 22163: 22157: 22155: 22152:Manifestations 22149: 22148: 22146: 22145: 22140: 22135: 22130: 22125: 22120: 22115: 22110: 22105: 22100: 22095: 22090: 22085: 22080: 22075: 22070: 22065: 22060: 22055: 22050: 22044: 22042: 22038: 22037: 22030: 22029: 22022: 22015: 22007: 21998: 21997: 21987: 21984: 21983: 21979: 21978: 21973: 21968: 21963: 21958: 21953: 21944: 21935: 21930: 21925: 21923:Beefsteak Nazi 21920: 21919: 21918: 21913: 21902: 21901: 21900: 21898: 21892: 21891: 21889: 21884: 21879: 21874: 21872: 21871:German society 21866: 21865: 21861: 21856: 21851: 21846: 21841: 21836: 21831: 21826: 21825: 21824: 21822: 21818: 21817: 21813: 21812: 21807: 21802: 21797: 21792: 21787: 21780: 21773: 21768: 21761: 21756: 21751: 21746: 21741: 21730: 21729: 21728: 21727: 21722: 21714: 21713: 21712: 21707: 21696: 21695: 21694: 21692: 21686: 21685: 21683: 21678: 21673: 21671:Final Solution 21668: 21663: 21658: 21653: 21651: 21649:and war crimes 21643: 21642: 21638: 21633: 21628: 21623: 21618: 21613: 21611:von Liebenfels 21608: 21603: 21598: 21593: 21588: 21583: 21578: 21573: 21568: 21567: 21566: 21564: 21558: 21557: 21553: 21548: 21543: 21538: 21533: 21528: 21523: 21521:von Ribbentrop 21518: 21513: 21508: 21503: 21498: 21493: 21488: 21483: 21478: 21473: 21468: 21463: 21458: 21453: 21448: 21447: 21446: 21444: 21438: 21437: 21433: 21424: 21415: 21414: 21413: 21399: 21394: 21389: 21384: 21379: 21374: 21369: 21368: 21367: 21362: 21357: 21348: 21339: 21334: 21329: 21324: 21319: 21314: 21304: 21299: 21294: 21289: 21284: 21279: 21274: 21273: 21272: 21267: 21262: 21257: 21247: 21242: 21240:Indoctrination 21237: 21236: 21235: 21230: 21221: 21217:Heim ins Reich 21212: 21202: 21193: 21184: 21179: 21174: 21169: 21168: 21167: 21153: 21148: 21143: 21142: 21141: 21136: 21122: 21117: 21112: 21110:Blood and soil 21107: 21102: 21097: 21092: 21087: 21085:Anti-communism 21082: 21077: 21076: 21075: 21073: 21067: 21066: 21062: 21061: 21056: 21051: 21046: 21041: 21036: 21031: 21026: 21024:Doctors' Trial 21021: 21016: 21008:Final solution 21005: 21000: 20995: 20993:Denazification 20990: 20985: 20982: 20977: 20968: 20959: 20954: 20952:Nuremberg Laws 20949: 20944: 20939: 20934: 20929: 20920: 20915: 20910: 20905: 20896: 20891: 20886: 20884:Early timeline 20881: 20880: 20879: 20877: 20871: 20870: 20866: 20865: 20855: 20850:Sturmabteilung 20845: 20840: 20831: 20826: 20821: 20816: 20811: 20806: 20801: 20796: 20791: 20782: 20773: 20763: 20762: 20761: 20759: 20755: 20754: 20747: 20746: 20739: 20732: 20724: 20715: 20714: 20711: 20710: 20708: 20707: 20699: 20690: 20687: 20686: 20684: 20683: 20676: 20669: 20662: 20655: 20648: 20641: 20634: 20627: 20620: 20613: 20605: 20603: 20594: 20593: 20585: 20576: 20574: 20570: 20569: 20567: 20566: 20558: 20550: 20542: 20534: 20526: 20518: 20510: 20502: 20494: 20486: 20478: 20470: 20461: 20459: 20455: 20454: 20451: 20450: 20448: 20447: 20439: 20431: 20423: 20414: 20412: 20404: 20403: 20401: 20400: 20393: 20386: 20379: 20372: 20365: 20358: 20350: 20348: 20340: 20339: 20337: 20336: 20329: 20326:Matzuva attack 20322: 20315: 20308: 20301: 20294: 20287: 20280: 20272: 20270: 20262: 20261: 20259: 20258: 20251: 20243: 20241: 20234: 20227: 20223: 20222: 20219: 20218: 20215: 20214: 20212: 20211: 20203: 20195: 20191:Purim massacre 20187: 20179: 20171: 20163: 20155: 20146: 20144: 20136: 20135: 20133: 20132: 20128:Purim stabbing 20124: 20116: 20108: 20100: 20092: 20084: 20076: 20067: 20065: 20057: 20056: 20054: 20053: 20045: 20037: 20029: 20021: 20013: 20005: 19997: 19988: 19986: 19978: 19977: 19975: 19974: 19966: 19962:Tripoli pogrom 19958: 19950: 19942: 19933: 19931: 19923: 19922: 19920: 19919: 19911: 19909: 19901: 19900: 19898: 19897: 19890: 19887:Cairo bombings 19883: 19876: 19869: 19861: 19859: 19851: 19850: 19848: 19847: 19840: 19833: 19826: 19819: 19811: 19809: 19801: 19800: 19798: 19797: 19790: 19783: 19775: 19773: 19766: 19762: 19761: 19758: 19757: 19755: 19754: 19747: 19740: 19733: 19726: 19718: 19716: 19708: 19707: 19705: 19704: 19696: 19689: 19686:Luduș massacre 19682: 19674: 19672: 19664: 19663: 19661: 19660: 19653: 19646: 19638: 19636: 19628: 19627: 19625: 19624: 19621:Sarny massacre 19617: 19610: 19602: 19600: 19592: 19591: 19589: 19588: 19580: 19573: 19566: 19559: 19552: 19545: 19538: 19531: 19524: 19517: 19510: 19503: 19496: 19489: 19482: 19475: 19468: 19461: 19453: 19451: 19443: 19442: 19440: 19439: 19436:Dorohoi pogrom 19431: 19429: 19421: 19420: 19418: 19417: 19410: 19407:Dynów massacre 19403: 19395: 19393: 19385: 19384: 19382: 19381: 19374: 19366: 19364: 19357: 19351: 19350: 19348: 19347: 19328: 19324:Przytyk pogrom 19320: 19312: 19308:Thrace pogroms 19304: 19296: 19288: 19280: 19276:Safed massacre 19272: 19257: 19248: 19245: 19244: 19242: 19241: 19234: 19227: 19220: 19213: 19206: 19199: 19192: 19185: 19177: 19175: 19165: 19164: 19157: 19150: 19142: 19134: 19126: 19118: 19110: 19102: 19094: 19090:Siedlce pogrom 19086: 19078: 19070: 19062: 19054: 19046: 19038: 19029: 19027: 19020: 19016: 19015: 19012: 19011: 19009: 19008: 19000: 18991: 18988: 18987: 18985: 18984: 18977: 18970: 18962: 18960: 18957:Russian Empire 18950: 18949: 18941: 18933: 18925: 18917: 18913:Safed massacre 18909: 18901: 18893: 18885: 18877: 18869: 18865:Tétouan pogrom 18861: 18853: 18845: 18841:Safed massacre 18837: 18828: 18826: 18822: 18821: 18819: 18818: 18810: 18802: 18794: 18786: 18778: 18770: 18762: 18758:Cordoba pogrom 18754: 18746: 18738: 18730: 18721: 18718: 18717: 18715: 18714: 18707: 18700: 18693: 18686: 18678: 18676: 18666: 18665: 18657: 18653:Navarre pogrom 18649: 18640: 18638: 18631: 18627: 18626: 18623: 18622: 18620: 18619: 18611: 18603: 18594: 18591: 18590: 18588: 18587: 18580: 18573: 18565: 18563: 18553: 18552: 18544: 18536: 18527: 18525: 18521: 18520: 18517: 18516: 18514: 18513: 18505: 18497: 18489: 18481: 18472: 18470: 18469:Jewish revolts 18463: 18462: 18454: 18445: 18443: 18436: 18432: 18431: 18416: 18415: 18408: 18401: 18393: 18384: 18383: 18381: 18380: 18375: 18369: 18366: 18365: 18363: 18362: 18361: 18360: 18350: 18349: 18348: 18343: 18333: 18328: 18323: 18318: 18316:Reform Judaism 18313: 18308: 18303: 18298: 18292: 18290: 18286: 18285: 18283: 18282: 18277: 18275:Ottoman Empire 18272: 18271: 18270: 18260: 18255: 18250: 18249: 18248: 18243: 18233: 18232: 18231: 18226: 18221: 18216: 18207: 18205: 18199: 18198: 18196: 18195: 18190: 18185: 18180: 18179: 18178: 18173: 18168: 18163: 18153: 18148: 18143: 18142: 18141: 18130: 18128: 18122: 18121: 18118: 18117: 18115: 18114: 18109: 18104: 18099: 18094: 18089: 18084: 18078: 18076: 18070: 18069: 18067: 18066: 18065: 18064: 18059: 18058: 18057: 18047: 18042: 18037: 18032: 18022: 18017: 18011: 18009: 18002: 18001: 17996: 17991: 17986: 17984:Yehud Medinata 17981: 17976: 17971: 17965: 17963: 17957: 17956: 17954: 17953: 17948: 17943: 17938: 17933: 17928: 17923: 17918: 17913: 17907: 17905: 17899: 17898: 17896: 17895: 17890: 17885: 17880: 17875: 17870: 17865: 17860: 17855: 17850: 17848:Historiography 17844: 17842: 17838: 17837: 17834:Jewish history 17830: 17829: 17822: 17815: 17807: 17798: 17797: 17795: 17794: 17788: 17782: 17776: 17770: 17764: 17758: 17751: 17749: 17745: 17744: 17742: 17741: 17736: 17731: 17726: 17724:Václav Morávek 17720: 17718: 17714: 17713: 17711: 17710: 17705: 17700: 17695: 17689: 17687: 17683: 17682: 17680: 17679: 17673: 17667: 17664:Katrin Himmler 17661: 17655: 17652:Gebhard Ludwig 17649: 17643: 17640:Gudrun Burwitz 17637: 17630: 17628: 17624: 17623: 17621: 17620: 17615: 17613:Posen speeches 17610: 17605: 17600: 17595: 17590: 17585: 17580: 17575: 17570: 17565: 17560: 17555: 17550: 17545: 17539: 17537: 17529: 17528: 17526: 17525: 17520: 17515: 17510: 17505: 17499: 17497: 17493: 17492: 17490: 17489: 17483: 17477: 17471: 17470:(aide-de-camp) 17465: 17459: 17453: 17447: 17441: 17435: 17429: 17424: 17418: 17413: 17407: 17405: 17397: 17396: 17394: 17393: 17388: 17385: 17377: 17374: 17373: 17366: 17365: 17358: 17351: 17343: 17334: 17333: 17330: 17329: 17327: 17326: 17318: 17310: 17302: 17294: 17286: 17278: 17270: 17262: 17253: 17250: 17249: 17237: 17236: 17234: 17233: 17225: 17217: 17209: 17208: 17207: 17199: 17191: 17175: 17167: 17159: 17151: 17143: 17134: 17131: 17130: 17118: 17117: 17115: 17114: 17106: 17098: 17090: 17082: 17074: 17066: 17062:Eichmann trial 17058: 17050: 17042: 17034: 17026: 17018: 17010: 17002: 16994: 16986: 16978: 16970: 16962: 16954: 16946: 16942:Chełmno trials 16938: 16930: 16922: 16914: 16905: 16902: 16901: 16887: 16883: 16882: 16880: 16879: 16872: 16865: 16858: 16851: 16844: 16837: 16830: 16829: 16828: 16821: 16814: 16799: 16797: 16793: 16792: 16790: 16789: 16782: 16775: 16768: 16761: 16754: 16747: 16740: 16739: 16738: 16735:Trivialization 16723: 16721: 16715: 16714: 16712: 16711: 16704: 16697: 16690: 16683: 16682: 16681: 16674: 16671:Killing Fields 16660: 16653: 16646: 16639: 16632: 16624: 16622: 16618: 16617: 16615: 16614: 16607: 16600: 16593: 16586: 16579: 16572: 16565: 16558: 16551: 16544: 16543: 16542: 16541: 16540: 16519: 16518: 16517: 16502: 16500: 16496: 16495: 16492: 16491: 16489: 16488: 16480: 16472: 16464: 16456: 16448: 16440: 16432: 16424: 16423: 16422: 16407: 16398: 16395: 16394: 16380: 16379: 16377: 16376: 16368: 16360: 16359: 16358: 16343: 16335: 16327: 16319: 16311: 16303: 16299:Kuwaiti Bedoon 16295: 16287: 16279: 16271: 16263: 16255: 16247: 16246: 16245: 16238: 16226: 16218: 16210: 16202: 16194: 16186: 16178: 16170: 16161: 16158: 16157: 16143: 16142: 16140: 16139: 16135:Crimean Tatars 16131: 16123: 16115: 16107: 16099: 16091: 16083: 16075: 16067: 16059: 16051: 16043: 16035: 16027: 16019: 16011: 16003: 15995: 15987: 15979: 15971: 15963: 15959:Kantō Massacre 15955: 15947: 15939: 15931: 15923: 15922: 15921: 15913: 15905: 15897: 15889: 15881: 15880: 15879: 15856: 15853: 15852: 15838: 15837: 15835: 15834: 15833: 15832: 15817: 15809: 15801: 15793: 15785: 15777: 15769: 15761: 15753: 15745: 15737: 15736: 15735: 15727: 15719: 15715:Trail of Tears 15711: 15707:Indian removal 15696: 15688: 15680: 15679: 15678: 15670: 15655: 15647: 15639: 15631: 15623: 15622: 15621: 15613: 15598: 15590: 15582: 15574: 15566: 15558: 15550: 15546:Kashmiri Shias 15542: 15534: 15526: 15517: 15514: 15513: 15499: 15498: 15496: 15495: 15487: 15479: 15471: 15463: 15455: 15447: 15439: 15431: 15430: 15429: 15414: 15406: 15397: 15394: 15393: 15380: 15368: 15367: 15360: 15359: 15352: 15345: 15337: 15328: 15327: 15325: 15324: 15319: 15314: 15312:Korherr Report 15309: 15304: 15299: 15294: 15292:The Black Book 15289: 15283: 15281: 15277: 15276: 15273: 15272: 15270: 15269: 15264: 15259: 15254: 15249: 15244: 15239: 15233: 15231: 15225: 15224: 15222: 15221: 15215: 15213: 15207: 15206: 15204: 15203: 15198: 15192: 15190: 15184: 15183: 15181: 15180: 15173: 15166: 15160: 15158: 15152: 15151: 15149: 15148: 15143: 15138: 15133: 15128: 15122: 15120: 15114: 15113: 15111: 15110: 15105: 15100: 15095: 15090: 15085: 15079: 15077: 15071: 15070: 15068: 15067: 15061: 15059: 15053: 15052: 15050: 15049: 15044: 15039: 15033: 15031: 15022: 15018: 15017: 15014: 15013: 15011: 15010: 15003: 14998: 14990: 14985: 14977: 14948: 14946: 14942: 14941: 14939: 14938: 14931: 14924: 14919: 14911: 14903: 14895: 14887: 14878: 14876: 14869: 14865: 14864: 14861: 14860: 14858: 14857: 14852: 14850:Konrāds Kalējs 14847: 14842: 14837: 14831: 14829: 14825: 14824: 14822: 14821: 14819:Albert Widmann 14816: 14814:Heinz Schubert 14811: 14806: 14804:Emil Haussmann 14801: 14799:Joachim Hamann 14796: 14794:Lothar Fendler 14791: 14785: 14783: 14779: 14778: 14776: 14775: 14770: 14765: 14763:Eduard Strauch 14760: 14755: 14750: 14745: 14740: 14735: 14730: 14725: 14720: 14715: 14710: 14705: 14700: 14695: 14690: 14685: 14680: 14675: 14670: 14665: 14663:Gerhard Flesch 14660: 14655: 14650: 14645: 14640: 14638:Otto Bradfisch 14635: 14630: 14625: 14620: 14615: 14610: 14605: 14600: 14595: 14589: 14587: 14574: 14573: 14571: 14570: 14565: 14560: 14555: 14550: 14545: 14543:Otto Ohlendorf 14540: 14535: 14530: 14525: 14520: 14515: 14510: 14505: 14500: 14494: 14492: 14490:Einsatzgruppen 14487:Commanders of 14484: 14483: 14481: 14480: 14475: 14469: 14467: 14460: 14456: 14455: 14445:Einsatzgruppen 14440: 14439: 14432: 14425: 14417: 14408: 14407: 14405: 14404: 14391: 14388: 14387: 14385: 14384: 14379: 14373: 14371: 14367: 14366: 14364: 14363: 14357: 14351: 14345: 14339: 14333: 14327: 14321: 14315: 14309: 14303: 14297: 14291: 14284: 14282: 14276: 14275: 14273: 14272: 14265: 14258: 14251: 14244: 14237: 14235:Hitler Diaries 14232: 14225: 14218: 14211: 14204: 14199: 14194: 14189: 14183: 14181: 14177: 14176: 14174: 14173: 14168: 14166:Hitler's Globe 14162: 14160: 14154: 14153: 14151: 14150: 14145: 14140: 14135: 14130: 14125: 14120: 14115: 14113:August Kubizek 14110: 14105: 14100: 14095: 14090: 14085: 14080: 14079: 14078: 14067: 14065: 14061: 14060: 14057: 14056: 14054: 14053: 14043: 14033: 14023: 14018: 14016:Braunau am Inn 14012: 14010: 14006: 14005: 14003: 14002: 13993: 13988: 13983: 13978: 13973: 13968: 13963: 13958: 13953: 13937: 13926: 13924: 13912: 13906: 13905: 13903: 13902: 13901: 13900: 13890: 13885: 13880: 13875: 13870: 13868:Hitler cabinet 13865: 13860: 13854: 13852: 13848: 13847: 13845: 13844: 13839: 13834: 13829: 13822: 13821: 13820: 13815: 13803: 13798: 13793: 13792: 13791: 13781: 13776: 13775: 13774: 13759: 13757: 13753: 13752: 13745: 13744: 13737: 13730: 13722: 13716: 13713: 13712: 13700: 13699: 13697: 13696: 13691: 13690: 13689: 13684: 13674: 13669: 13664: 13659: 13654: 13649: 13644: 13639: 13638: 13637: 13636: 13635: 13630: 13623:United Kingdom 13620: 13615: 13610: 13605: 13604: 13603: 13598: 13588: 13583: 13578: 13573: 13568: 13563: 13558: 13557: 13556: 13546: 13541: 13531: 13526: 13521: 13516: 13511: 13506: 13501: 13500: 13499: 13488: 13486: 13482: 13481: 13479: 13478: 13473: 13468: 13463: 13458: 13453: 13448: 13443: 13437: 13435: 13430: 13427: 13426: 13424: 13423: 13418: 13417: 13416: 13406: 13401: 13396: 13391: 13386: 13384:Nuremberg Laws 13381: 13376: 13369: 13364: 13359: 13354: 13353: 13352: 13347: 13340:Jewish quarter 13337: 13332: 13327: 13322: 13316: 13314: 13308: 13307: 13305: 13304: 13299: 13291: 13286: 13281: 13276: 13271: 13266: 13261: 13254: 13248: 13246: 13242: 13241: 13239: 13238: 13236:ZOG conspiracy 13233: 13228: 13223: 13218: 13213: 13208: 13203: 13202: 13201: 13196: 13194:Final Solution 13186: 13181: 13180: 13179: 13169: 13164: 13159: 13154: 13149: 13144: 13139: 13134: 13129: 13127:Ghetto benches 13123: 13121: 13116: 13113: 13112: 13110: 13109: 13104: 13097: 13092: 13087: 13082: 13077: 13072: 13071: 13070: 13065: 13060: 13050: 13048:Jewish deicide 13045: 13039: 13037: 13031: 13030: 13028: 13027: 13022: 13017: 13012: 13007: 13002: 12995: 12994: 12993: 12981: 12976: 12969: 12964: 12963: 12962: 12957: 12945: 12940: 12935: 12934: 12933: 12923: 12916: 12911: 12906: 12901: 12896: 12890: 12888: 12887:Related topics 12884: 12883: 12881: 12880: 12875: 12870: 12865: 12860: 12855: 12850: 12849: 12848: 12837: 12835: 12831: 12830: 12828: 12827: 12826: 12825: 12820: 12815: 12802: 12797: 12792: 12787: 12782: 12781: 12780: 12775: 12765: 12764: 12763: 12758: 12753: 12743: 12738: 12733: 12728: 12723: 12718: 12713: 12707: 12705: 12701: 12700: 12693: 12692: 12685: 12678: 12670: 12661: 12660: 12657: 12656: 12653: 12652: 12650: 12649: 12642: 12637: 12632: 12627: 12622: 12617: 12612: 12607: 12602: 12601: 12600: 12590: 12585: 12580: 12574: 12572: 12568: 12567: 12565: 12564: 12563: 12562: 12560:trivialization 12552: 12551: 12550: 12540: 12538:Eichmann trial 12535: 12530: 12525: 12520: 12519: 12518: 12513: 12508: 12498: 12492: 12490: 12484: 12483: 12481: 12480: 12472: 12467: 12462: 12461: 12460: 12450: 12445: 12440: 12435: 12433:Nuremberg Laws 12430: 12425: 12419: 12417: 12416:Early elements 12409: 12408: 12405: 12404: 12401: 12398: 12397:Early elements 12394: 12386: 12385: 12382: 12381: 12378: 12377: 12375: 12374: 12369: 12364: 12359: 12354: 12349: 12344: 12339: 12334: 12332:Arajs Kommando 12328: 12326: 12320: 12319: 12317: 12316: 12311: 12306: 12303:Einsatzgruppen 12298: 12296: 12292: 12291: 12289: 12288: 12283: 12278: 12272: 12266: 12265: 12264: 12253: 12245: 12239: 12237: 12230: 12229: 12223: 12220: 12219: 12216:Responsibility 12207: 12206: 12203: 12202: 12199: 12198: 12196: 12195: 12190: 12185: 12180: 12175: 12170: 12165: 12160: 12154: 12152: 12146: 12145: 12142: 12141: 12139: 12138: 12133: 12128: 12123: 12118: 12113: 12108: 12102: 12100: 12094: 12093: 12091: 12090: 12089: 12088: 12083: 12078: 12068: 12067: 12066: 12055: 12053: 12047: 12046: 12044: 12043: 12038: 12033: 12028: 12023: 12018: 12013: 12008: 12003: 11998: 11995:Einsatzgruppen 11990: 11988: 11984: 11983: 11981: 11980: 11975: 11970: 11964: 11962: 11959:Final Solution 11954: 11953: 11951: 11950: 11949: 11948: 11938: 11937: 11936: 11931: 11921: 11916: 11911: 11906: 11898: 11896: 11892: 11891: 11889: 11888: 11883: 11878: 11872: 11870: 11861: 11851: 11850: 11838: 11837: 11834: 11833: 11830: 11829: 11826: 11825: 11823: 11822: 11820:Ústredňa Židov 11817: 11812: 11806: 11804: 11796: 11795: 11793: 11792: 11787: 11785:Theresienstadt 11782: 11777: 11772: 11767: 11761: 11759: 11755: 11754: 11752: 11751: 11746: 11741: 11736: 11731: 11726: 11721: 11715: 11713: 11704: 11693: 11692: 11690: 11689: 11682: 11675: 11670: 11661: 11659: 11655: 11654: 11652: 11651: 11646: 11641: 11636: 11631: 11626: 11624:Einsatzgruppen 11620: 11618: 11614: 11613: 11611: 11610: 11605: 11598: 11593: 11588: 11583: 11576: 11571: 11566: 11557: 11552: 11547: 11538: 11533: 11528: 11520: 11518: 11514: 11513: 11511: 11510: 11505: 11500: 11495: 11490: 11485: 11479: 11477: 11471: 11470: 11468: 11467: 11462: 11457: 11452: 11447: 11442: 11437: 11432: 11430:Mittelbau-Dora 11427: 11418: 11413: 11411:Kraków-Płaszów 11408: 11403: 11398: 11393: 11388: 11383: 11378: 11373: 11368: 11363: 11357: 11355: 11345: 11344: 11328: 11327: 11324: 11323: 11321: 11320: 11319: 11318: 11313: 11308: 11301:Rescue of Jews 11298: 11297: 11296: 11291: 11286: 11281: 11276: 11271: 11266: 11261: 11250: 11248: 11244: 11243: 11241: 11240: 11235: 11230: 11225: 11219: 11217: 11213: 11212: 11210: 11209: 11208: 11207: 11202: 11194: 11193: 11192: 11187: 11182: 11172: 11167: 11162: 11157: 11152: 11147: 11142: 11137: 11136: 11135: 11124: 11119: 11118: 11117: 11107: 11102: 11097: 11092: 11087: 11086: 11085: 11080: 11075: 11067: 11062: 11057: 11052: 11046: 11044: 11036: 11035: 11028: 11027: 11020: 11013: 11005: 10998: 10997: 10987:(4): 459–478. 10970: 10958:(2): 222–242. 10941: 10913:(132): 62–70. 10899: 10889:(2–3): 73–94. 10873: 10851: 10849: 10846: 10844: 10843: 10837: 10817: 10811: 10795: 10789: 10773:Weitz, Eric D. 10769: 10761:|journal= 10743: 10722: 10716: 10703: 10682: 10653: 10647: 10631: 10625: 10612: 10606: 10593: 10587: 10567: 10561: 10544: 10538: 10514: 10508: 10495: 10489: 10472: 10466: 10446: 10440: 10432:Berghahn Books 10419: 10413: 10393: 10387: 10371: 10365: 10349: 10343: 10323: 10317: 10301: 10295: 10274: 10272: 10269: 10267: 10266: 10260: 10240: 10234: 10217: 10211: 10191: 10185: 10163: 10149: 10126: 10120: 10100: 10094: 10071: 10065: 10046: 10040: 10019: 10013: 9993: 9987: 9965: 9959: 9940: 9934: 9912: 9896: 9890: 9870: 9864: 9849: 9823: 9817: 9795: 9789: 9767: 9761: 9735: 9729: 9710: 9704: 9684: 9678: 9658: 9652: 9632: 9626: 9606: 9600: 9578: 9572: 9549: 9547: 9544: 9542: 9539: 9537: 9536: 9510: 9498: 9492:978-0801486814 9491: 9470: 9466:Sutcliffe 2022 9458: 9456:, p. 119. 9454:Rosenfeld 2015 9446: 9434: 9422: 9415: 9403:Moses, A. Dirk 9394: 9387: 9369: 9348: 9325: 9299: 9292: 9274: 9272:, p. 305. 9262: 9231: 9229:, p. 103. 9219: 9207: 9205:, p. 308. 9192: 9180: 9178:, p. 191. 9168: 9164:Rosenfeld 2015 9156: 9144: 9140:Rosenfeld 2015 9132: 9130:, p. 185. 9120: 9116:Rosenfeld 2015 9108: 9106:, p. 104. 9096: 9092:Sutcliffe 2022 9084: 9082:, p. 288. 9067: 9060: 9046:Benz, Wolfgang 9037: 9030: 9010: 9003: 8980: 8973: 8961:Moses, A. Dirk 8952: 8950:, p. 110. 8940: 8936:Rosenfeld 2015 8928: 8916: 8904: 8902:, p. 556. 8892: 8890:, p. 485. 8876: 8874:, p. 487. 8860: 8858:, p. 552. 8848: 8832: 8820: 8793: 8781: 8779:, p. 548. 8766: 8754: 8742: 8730: 8718: 8716:, p. 184. 8706: 8704:, p. 534. 8694: 8692:, p. 525. 8682: 8680:, p. 177. 8670: 8668:, p. 176. 8658: 8656:, p. 524. 8646: 8644:, p. 174. 8634: 8632:, p. 521. 8622: 8610: 8608:, p. 509. 8595: 8583: 8571: 8559: 8544: 8519: 8509: 8497:Martin Gilbert 8488: 8477:on 4 June 2024 8456: 8454:, p. 210. 8444: 8442:, p. 191. 8432: 8430:, p. 207. 8420: 8418:, p. 100. 8408: 8341: 8315: 8276: 8264: 8252: 8240: 8238:, p. 407. 8228: 8201: 8199:, p. 404. 8189: 8187:, p. 155. 8174: 8162: 8155: 8120: 8113: 8095:Benz, Wolfgang 8086: 8079: 8059: 8057:, p. 214. 8044: 8042:, p. 215. 8027: 8025:, p. 178. 8015: 8003: 8001:, p. 418. 7999:Longerich 2010 7991: 7989:, p. 235. 7979: 7977:, p. 233. 7967: 7965:, p. 272. 7955: 7951:Longerich 2010 7943: 7941:, p. 116. 7931: 7929:, p. 415. 7927:Longerich 2010 7916: 7914:, p. 234. 7901: 7899:, p. 414. 7897:Longerich 2010 7886: 7882:Longerich 2010 7874: 7872:, p. 188. 7862: 7860:, p. 457. 7858:Wachsmann 2015 7850: 7848:, p. 114. 7838: 7836:, p. 193. 7826: 7814: 7812:, p. 103. 7802: 7800:, p. 221. 7790: 7786:Longerich 2010 7778: 7776:, p. 302. 7766: 7764:, p. 102. 7754: 7752:, p. 113. 7742: 7738:Longerich 2010 7730: 7728:, p. 391. 7726:Longerich 2010 7718: 7716:, p. 196. 7706: 7704:, p. 266. 7694: 7692:, p. 408. 7690:Longerich 2010 7679: 7667: 7655: 7643: 7611: 7609:, p. 393. 7607:Messenger 2020 7599: 7587: 7585:, p. 140. 7575: 7563: 7561:, p. 243. 7551: 7539: 7537:, p. 242. 7527: 7525:, p. 648. 7515: 7513:, p. 290. 7503: 7501:, p. 417. 7491: 7479: 7467: 7465:, p. 269. 7455: 7453:, p. 206. 7440: 7438:, p. 360. 7428: 7416: 7414:, p. 382. 7412:Longerich 2010 7404: 7402:, p. 423. 7392: 7390:, p. 420. 7380: 7378:, p. 419. 7368: 7356: 7354:, p. 413. 7344: 7332: 7330:, p. 236. 7320: 7308: 7306:, p. 117. 7291: 7285:978-0896728370 7284: 7262: 7255: 7222: 7215: 7190: 7172: 7147: 7139: 7121: 7106: 7075: 7063: 7061:, p. 195. 7051: 7039: 7037:, p. 189. 7027: 7025:, p. 187. 7015: 7013:, p. 194. 7003: 6991: 6989:, p. 265. 6979: 6967: 6965:, p. 293. 6963:Wachsmann 2015 6955: 6953:, p. 274. 6943: 6941:, p. 456. 6939:Wachsmann 2015 6931: 6929:, p. 290. 6927:Wachsmann 2015 6919: 6907: 6903:Longerich 2010 6895: 6893:, p. 270. 6883: 6881:, p. 143. 6871: 6869:, p. 207. 6859: 6857:, p. 142. 6844: 6832: 6820: 6808: 6796: 6794:, p. 383. 6792:Messenger 2020 6784: 6772: 6770:, p. 166. 6760: 6758:, p. 349. 6745: 6743:, p. 450. 6733: 6731:, p. 340. 6721: 6719:, p. 379. 6717:Wachsmann 2015 6709: 6705:Wachsmann 2015 6697: 6685: 6673: 6661: 6659:, p. 281. 6649: 6637: 6635:, p. 260. 6622: 6620:, p. 280. 6610: 6608:, p. 211. 6598: 6596:, p. 213. 6586: 6584:, p. 269. 6574: 6572:, p. 121. 6562: 6560:, p. 265. 6550: 6538: 6536:, p. 264. 6526: 6514: 6512:, p. 117. 6495: 6483: 6471: 6469:, p. 105. 6459: 6457:, p. 387. 6447: 6445:, p. 396. 6443:Longerich 2010 6435: 6423: 6421:, p. 392. 6419:Longerich 2010 6411: 6407:Longerich 2010 6399: 6387: 6375: 6371:Longerich 2010 6363: 6351: 6339: 6335:Longerich 2010 6327: 6325:, p. 257. 6315: 6303: 6274: 6272:, p. 366. 6262: 6250: 6238: 6236:, p. 460. 6226: 6209: 6207:, p. 321. 6205:Longerich 2010 6197: 6193:Longerich 2010 6185: 6183:, p. 214. 6173: 6169:Longerich 2010 6161: 6159:, p. 110. 6149: 6137: 6133:Longerich 2010 6125: 6121:Longerich 2010 6113: 6111:, p. 352. 6109:Longerich 2010 6101: 6089: 6087:, p. 343. 6085:Longerich 2010 6077: 6075:, p. 337. 6073:Longerich 2010 6065: 6063:, p. 203. 6053: 6049:Longerich 2010 6041: 6039:, p. 209. 6026: 6024:, p. 338. 6022:Longerich 2010 6014: 6012:, p. 339. 6010:Longerich 2010 5999: 5997:, p. 340. 5995:Longerich 2010 5987: 5985:, p. 220. 5975: 5973:, p. 342. 5971:Longerich 2010 5963: 5961:, p. 200. 5948: 5946:, p. 243. 5936: 5921: 5906: 5889: 5872: 5870:, p. 120. 5825: 5823:, p. 208. 5813: 5811:, p. 111. 5801: 5799:, p. 247. 5789: 5787:, p. 121. 5777: 5775:, p. 274. 5765: 5763:, p. 209. 5753: 5751:, p. 273. 5741: 5684: 5677: 5655: 5653:, p. 211. 5643: 5641:, p. 199. 5628: 5616: 5614:, p. 330. 5612:Longerich 2010 5604: 5592: 5590:, p. 283. 5580: 5578:, p. 204. 5565: 5553: 5541: 5529: 5525:Longerich 2010 5514: 5502: 5498:Longerich 2010 5490: 5486:Longerich 2010 5478: 5460: 5444: 5442:, p. 210. 5429: 5425:Longerich 2010 5417: 5415:, p. 209. 5405: 5390: 5388:, p. 279. 5386:Longerich 2010 5378: 5363: 5361:, p. 202. 5351: 5339: 5337:, p. 306. 5335:Longerich 2010 5327: 5325:, p. 199. 5308: 5296: 5294:, p. 303. 5292:Longerich 2010 5284: 5282:, p. 204. 5272: 5255: 5253:, p. 120. 5243: 5231: 5229:, p. 200. 5219: 5217:, p. 128. 5204: 5192: 5180: 5178:, p. 142. 5168: 5166:, p. 300. 5164:Longerich 2010 5156: 5152:Longerich 2010 5144: 5142:, p. 286. 5140:Longerich 2010 5132: 5120: 5116:Longerich 2010 5108: 5096: 5094:, p. 224. 5092:Longerich 2010 5084: 5082:, p. 380. 5072: 5070:, p. 371. 5060: 5048: 5046:, p. 207. 5036: 5034:, p. 372. 5024: 5009: 5007:, p. 203. 4997: 4995:, p. 203. 4985: 4968: 4956: 4944: 4942:, p. 207. 4940:Longerich 2010 4932: 4930:, p. 132. 4915: 4903: 4891: 4889:, p. 190. 4887:Longerich 2010 4879: 4877:, p. 129. 4867: 4865:, p. 185. 4855: 4840: 4838:, p. 202. 4828: 4826:, p. 107. 4816: 4804: 4792: 4780: 4778:, p. 128. 4764: 4752: 4740: 4738:, p. 182. 4728: 4716: 4714:, p. 298. 4701: 4686: 4674: 4672:, p. 190. 4659: 4657:, p. 288. 4647: 4645:, p. 161. 4635: 4623: 4621:, p. 294. 4611: 4599: 4587: 4585:, p. 125. 4575: 4573:, pp. 65. 4563: 4551: 4539: 4527: 4523:Longerich 2010 4515: 4503: 4491: 4489:, p. 180. 4487:Longerich 2010 4479: 4467: 4455: 4453:, p. 179. 4451:Longerich 2010 4443: 4431: 4419: 4417:, p. 172. 4407: 4405:, p. 351. 4395: 4383: 4371: 4359: 4347: 4345:, p. 272. 4343:Longerich 2010 4335: 4333:, p. 240. 4323: 4321:, p. 254. 4306: 4294: 4292:, p. 253. 4282: 4280:, p. 252. 4270: 4268:, p. 117. 4258: 4246: 4244:, p. 115. 4234: 4232:, p. 116. 4219: 4207: 4195: 4183: 4181:, p. 164. 4179:Longerich 2010 4168: 4166:, p. 201. 4151: 4139: 4137:, p. 108. 4127: 4125:, p. 148. 4123:Longerich 2010 4115: 4103: 4101:, p. 207. 4091: 4089:, p. 254. 4079: 4067: 4052: 4050:, p. 284. 4040: 4028: 4026:, p. 162. 4016: 4004: 3992: 3990:, p. 362. 3980: 3968: 3956: 3941: 3939:, p. 241. 3929: 3917: 3905: 3893: 3881: 3866: 3849: 3845:Longerich 2010 3837: 3825: 3813: 3801: 3789: 3777: 3765: 3753: 3728: 3726:, p. 655. 3716: 3712:Longerich 2010 3704: 3702:, p. 200. 3692: 3690:, p. 112. 3688:Longerich 2010 3680: 3668: 3656: 3644: 3632: 3620: 3608: 3596: 3584: 3582:, p. 106. 3572: 3557: 3553:Longerich 2010 3545: 3541:Longerich 2010 3530: 3518: 3503: 3499:Longerich 2010 3491: 3479: 3464: 3452: 3450:, p. 148. 3440: 3428: 3424:Longerich 2010 3416: 3401: 3389: 3377: 3373:Wachsmann 2015 3365: 3348: 3336: 3334:, p. 151. 3324: 3312: 3297: 3285: 3273: 3261: 3246: 3234: 3222: 3210: 3198: 3186: 3184:, p. 143. 3174: 3172:, p. 197. 3162: 3160:, p. 135. 3150: 3148:, p. 133. 3138: 3121: 3109: 3094: 3082: 3070: 3068:, p. 196. 3058: 3056:, p. 146. 3046: 3034: 3022: 3020:, p. 195. 3010: 2998: 2986: 2974: 2962: 2950: 2938: 2926: 2914: 2902: 2887: 2885:, p. 311. 2875: 2863: 2848: 2835: 2833: 2830: 2827: 2826: 2820:(SS-WVHA) was 2805: 2793: 2761: 2725:Sahlstrom 2021 2691: 2690: 2688: 2685: 2561: 2558: 2553:European Union 2520: 2517: 2508:Adolf Eichmann 2498:primarily for 2454: 2451: 2437: 2434: 2429:Main article: 2426: 2423: 2364: 2358: 2352: 2346: 2340: 2334: 2328: 2322: 2316: 2315: 2304:Main article: 2301: 2298: 2272: 2269: 2196: 2193: 2191: 2188: 2140:Main article: 2137: 2134: 2080: 2077: 2037:IG-Farbenwerke 2002: 1999: 1927: 1924: 1810: 1807: 1765:Radom District 1672: 1669: 1666: 1665: 1662: 1657:September 1941 1655: 1645: 1642: 1637: 1631: 1630: 1627: 1624: 1617: 1614: 1609: 1603: 1602: 1599: 1596: 1589: 1586: 1581: 1575: 1574: 1571: 1568: 1561: 1558: 1553: 1547: 1546: 1543: 1540: 1535: 1532: 1527: 1521: 1520: 1517: 1514: 1511: 1508: 1505: 1422:Arthur Greiser 1414:Einsatzgruppen 1395:Main article: 1392: 1389: 1378:, head of the 1340:explicit order 1335: 1332: 1319:Einsatzgruppen 1282:to ghettos in 1200:Einsatzgruppen 1186:eastern Poland 1147: 1144: 1124:Masha Bruskina 1069: 1066: 1024:deporting Jews 971: 968: 872:Einsatzgruppen 855:invaded Poland 829: 826: 730:Nuremberg Laws 703:Main article: 700: 697: 653:homosexual men 649:Roma and Sinti 608: 605: 523:. Germany had 411: 408: 404:Final Solution 380:Roma and Sinti 372:burnt offering 360:Main article: 357: 354: 329:in May 1945. 327:end of the war 296:invaded Poland 276:their ideology 233:mass shootings 196: 195: 182: 178: 177: 172: 168: 167: 138: 135: 132: 131: 128: 124: 123: 113: 109: 108: 89: 81: 80: 73: 72: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 27345: 27334: 27331: 27329: 27326: 27324: 27321: 27319: 27316: 27314: 27311: 27309: 27306: 27304: 27301: 27299: 27296: 27294: 27291: 27289: 27286: 27284: 27281: 27279: 27276: 27274: 27271: 27269: 27268:The Holocaust 27266: 27265: 27263: 27251: 27250: 27249:Travel guides 27238: 27234: 27233: 27221: 27217: 27216: 27204: 27200: 27199: 27187: 27183: 27182: 27170: 27167:from Wikinews 27166: 27165: 27153: 27149: 27148: 27136: 27132: 27131: 27119: 27118: 27115: 27109: 27108:The Holocaust 27089: 27085: 27082: 27078: 27075: 27074: 27069: 27062: 27061: 27058: 27045: 27041: 27038: 27034: 27031: 27027: 27026: 27024: 27020: 27015: 27011: 27010: 27008: 27007:Kuril Islands 27004: 27001: 26997: 26992: 26988: 26987: 26985: 26981: 26978: 26974: 26971: 26967: 26964: 26960: 26957: 26953: 26948: 26944: 26943: 26941: 26937: 26934: 26930: 26927: 26923: 26920: 26916: 26913: 26909: 26906: 26902: 26899: 26895: 26892: 26888: 26885: 26881: 26878: 26874: 26871: 26867: 26864: 26860: 26857: 26853: 26850: 26846: 26843: 26839: 26838: 26836: 26834: 26830: 26823: 26819: 26814: 26813: 26808: 26807: 26805: 26801: 26798: 26794: 26789: 26785: 26784: 26782: 26778: 26775: 26774:Syrmian Front 26771: 26768: 26764: 26761: 26757: 26754: 26750: 26747: 26746: 26741: 26738: 26737: 26732: 26729: 26725: 26722: 26721: 26720:Market Garden 26716: 26713: 26709: 26706: 26702: 26699: 26695: 26692: 26691: 26686: 26683: 26679: 26676: 26672: 26669: 26665: 26662: 26658: 26655: 26651: 26648: 26644: 26641: 26640: 26635: 26632: 26628: 26625: 26624: 26619: 26616: 26615: 26610: 26607: 26606: 26601: 26598: 26594: 26591: 26587: 26584: 26580: 26579:Monte Cassino 26576: 26573: 26572: 26567: 26566: 26564: 26562: 26558: 26551: 26547: 26542: 26538: 26535: 26531: 26530: 26528: 26524: 26521: 26517: 26514: 26510: 26507: 26503: 26500: 26496: 26491: 26487: 26486: 26484: 26480: 26477: 26473: 26470: 26469: 26464: 26461: 26457: 26454: 26450: 26447: 26443: 26440: 26436: 26433: 26429: 26426: 26422: 26419: 26415: 26412: 26408: 26407: 26405: 26403: 26399: 26392: 26388: 26385: 26384: 26379: 26376: 26372: 26369: 26365: 26362: 26361: 26356: 26353: 26349: 26346: 26342: 26339: 26335: 26332: 26331: 26326: 26321: 26317: 26314: 26310: 26309: 26307: 26303: 26300: 26296: 26293: 26289: 26286: 26282: 26279: 26275: 26272: 26268: 26265: 26261: 26258: 26254: 26251: 26247: 26244: 26240: 26237: 26233: 26232: 26230: 26228: 26224: 26217: 26213: 26210: 26206: 26203: 26199: 26196: 26192: 26189: 26185: 26182: 26178: 26175: 26171: 26168: 26164: 26161: 26157: 26154: 26150: 26147: 26143: 26140: 26136: 26133: 26129: 26126: 26122: 26119: 26115: 26112: 26108: 26105: 26101: 26098: 26094: 26091: 26087: 26083: 26082: 26077: 26073: 26068: 26064: 26063: 26061: 26057: 26054: 26050: 26047: 26043: 26040: 26036: 26033: 26029: 26024: 26020: 26019: 26017: 26013: 26010: 26006: 26003: 25999: 25996: 25992: 25991: 25989: 25987: 25983: 25976: 25975: 25970: 25967: 25963: 25960: 25956: 25953: 25949: 25946: 25945:Baltic states 25942: 25939: 25935: 25932: 25928: 25925: 25921: 25918: 25914: 25911: 25907: 25904: 25900: 25897: 25893: 25890: 25886: 25883: 25879: 25876: 25872: 25869: 25865: 25862: 25858: 25855: 25851: 25848: 25844: 25843: 25841: 25839: 25835: 25828: 25824: 25821: 25817: 25814: 25810: 25807: 25803: 25800: 25796: 25793: 25789: 25786: 25782: 25781: 25779: 25777: 25773: 25764: 25760: 25757: 25753: 25750: 25746: 25743: 25739: 25736: 25732: 25731: 25729: 25725: 25720: 25716: 25713: 25709: 25708: 25706: 25702: 25697: 25693: 25692: 25690: 25686: 25685: 25683: 25681: 25677: 25674: 25672: 25668: 25657: 25653: 25650: 25646: 25641: 25637: 25634: 25630: 25629: 25625: 25620: 25616: 25615: 25613: 25609: 25606: 25602: 25597: 25593: 25590: 25589:United States 25586: 25581: 25577: 25576: 25574: 25570: 25569: 25565: 25562: 25558: 25557: 25555: 25553: 25549: 25542: 25538: 25533: 25529: 25526: 25525:Quốc dân Đảng 25522: 25521: 25517: 25514: 25510: 25507: 25503: 25500: 25496: 25493: 25489: 25486: 25482: 25479: 25475: 25472: 25468: 25465: 25461: 25458: 25454: 25451: 25447: 25444: 25440: 25437: 25433: 25430: 25426: 25423: 25419: 25414: 25410: 25407: 25403: 25402: 25400: 25396: 25393: 25389: 25386: 25382: 25379: 25375: 25372: 25368: 25365: 25361: 25358: 25354: 25351: 25347: 25344: 25340: 25337: 25333: 25330: 25326: 25323: 25319: 25316: 25312: 25309: 25305: 25302: 25298: 25295: 25291: 25288: 25284: 25283: 25281: 25279: 25275: 25268: 25264: 25261: 25257: 25254: 25250: 25247: 25243: 25240: 25236: 25233: 25229: 25226: 25225:Liechtenstein 25222: 25219: 25215: 25212: 25208: 25205: 25201: 25198: 25194: 25193: 25191: 25189: 25185: 25178: 25177:Collaboration 25174: 25171: 25167: 25164: 25160: 25157: 25153: 25149: 25145: 25142: 25138: 25135: 25131: 25128: 25124: 25119: 25115: 25114: 25111: 25107: 25104: 25100: 25097: 25093: 25090: 25086: 25083: 25079: 25076: 25072: 25068: 25064: 25061: 25057: 25054: 25050: 25046: 25042: 25039: 25035: 25034: 25032: 25030: 25026: 25019: 25015: 25010: 25006: 25005: 25003: 25002:United States 24999: 24994: 24990: 24989: 24987: 24983: 24980: 24976: 24973: 24969: 24966: 24962: 24959: 24955: 24952: 24948: 24944: 24940: 24936: 24933: 24929: 24926: 24922: 24919: 24915: 24912: 24908: 24905: 24901: 24898: 24894: 24891: 24887: 24884: 24880: 24876: 24872: 24868: 24865: 24861: 24858: 24854: 24851: 24847: 24844: 24840: 24836: 24832: 24828: 24824: 24820: 24817: 24813: 24810: 24806: 24803: 24799: 24796: 24792: 24789: 24785: 24782: 24778: 24774: 24770: 24766: 24763: 24759: 24756: 24752: 24749: 24745: 24742: 24738: 24737: 24735: 24733: 24729: 24726: 24724: 24720: 24707: 24703: 24700: 24696: 24693: 24692:Comfort women 24689: 24686: 24682: 24679: 24676: / 24675: 24671: 24668: 24665: / 24664: 24661: / 24660: 24656: 24653: 24652:Camp brothels 24649: 24646: 24642: 24641: 24637: 24634: 24630: 24625: 24621: 24618: 24614: 24613: 24611: 24607: 24602: 24598: 24595: 24591: 24588: 24584: 24583: 24581: 24577: 24574: 24570: 24565: 24561: 24556: 24552: 24549: 24545: 24544: 24542: 24541:The Holocaust 24538: 24535: 24531: 24528: 24527:forced labour 24524: 24523: 24521: 24517: 24512: 24508: 24505: 24501: 24498: 24494: 24493: 24491: 24487: 24486: 24484: 24482: 24478: 24471: 24467: 24464: 24460: 24457: 24453: 24448: 24444: 24441: 24437: 24434: 24430: 24427: 24423: 24422: 24420: 24416: 24413: 24412: 24407: 24404: 24403: 24398: 24395: 24391: 24388: 24384: 24381: 24380:Marshall Plan 24377: 24374: 24373: 24368: 24365: 24361: 24358: 24354: 24351: 24347: 24344: 24340: 24337: 24333: 24330: 24326: 24323: 24319: 24316: 24312: 24311: 24309: 24307: 24303: 24296: 24292: 24287: 24283: 24282: 24280: 24276: 24273: 24269: 24264: 24260: 24257: 24253: 24250: 24246: 24245: 24243: 24239: 24234: 24233:Eastern Front 24230: 24227: 24226:Western Front 24223: 24222: 24220: 24216: 24211: 24207: 24204: 24200: 24197: 24193: 24190: 24186: 24183: 24179: 24176: 24172: 24171: 24169: 24165: 24164: 24162: 24160: 24156: 24149: 24145: 24142: 24138: 24135: 24131: 24128: 24124: 24121: 24120:Puppet states 24117: 24114: 24110: 24107: 24103: 24098: 24094: 24091: 24087: 24086: 24084: 24080: 24077: 24073: 24070: 24066: 24063: 24062:Naval history 24059: 24056: 24052: 24049: 24045: 24042: 24038: 24033: 24029: 24028: 24026: 24022: 24019: 24015: 24010: 24009:United States 24006: 24003: 23999: 23996: 23992: 23991: 23989: 23985: 23982: 23978: 23975: 23971: 23968: 23964: 23961: 23957: 23954: 23950: 23947: 23943: 23938: 23934: 23933: 23931: 23927: 23926: 23924: 23922: 23918: 23915: 23911: 23904: 23900: 23897: 23893: 23888: 23884: 23881: 23877: 23874: 23870: 23869: 23865: 23860: 23856: 23855: 23853: 23849: 23846: 23842: 23841: 23838: 23834: 23827: 23822: 23820: 23815: 23813: 23808: 23807: 23804: 23794: 23789: 23782: 23775: 23772: 23770: 23767: 23764: 23761: 23758: 23755: 23752: 23749: 23746: 23743: 23740: 23737: 23734: 23731: 23728: 23725: 23722: 23719: 23716: 23713: 23710: 23707: 23704: 23701: 23698: 23695: 23692: 23689: 23686: 23683: 23680: 23677: 23674: 23671: 23668: 23665: 23660: 23657: 23654: 23651: 23648: 23645: 23644: 23642: 23641:Yugoslav Wars 23639: 23636: 23633: 23628: 23627:Big Excursion 23625: 23624: 23622: 23619: 23616: 23613: 23610: 23607: 23604: 23601: 23598: 23595: 23592: 23589: 23584: 23581: 23578: 23575: 23574: 23572: 23569: 23564: 23561: 23558: 23555: 23552: 23549: 23548: 23546: 23543: 23540: 23537: 23534: 23531: 23528: 23525: 23522: 23519: 23516: 23513: 23510: 23507: 23504: 23501: 23498: 23495: 23492: 23489: 23486: 23483: 23480: 23477: 23474: 23471: 23468: 23465: 23462: 23459: 23456: 23453: 23450: 23447: 23444: 23441: 23438: 23437:The Holocaust 23435: 23432: 23429: 23426: 23423: 23420: 23417: 23413: 23410: 23408: 23405: 23403: 23400: 23398: 23395: 23393: 23390: 23388: 23385: 23384: 23382: 23379: 23376: 23373: 23370: 23367: 23364: 23361: 23357: 23354: 23353: 23351: 23348: 23345: 23342: 23339: 23336: 23333: 23332:Dungan Revolt 23330: 23327: 23324: 23321: 23318: 23315: 23312: 23309: 23306: 23303: 23300: 23297: 23294: 23291: 23288: 23285: 23282: 23279: 23276: 23273: 23270: 23267: 23264: 23261: 23258: 23255: 23252: 23249: 23246: 23243: 23240: 23237: 23234: 23231: 23228: 23225: 23222: 23219: 23216: 23213: 23210: 23207: 23204: 23201: 23198: 23195: 23192: 23189: 23186: 23183: 23180: 23179: 23177: 23173: 23167: 23164: 23162: 23159: 23157: 23154: 23152: 23149: 23147: 23146:State atheism 23144: 23142: 23139: 23137: 23134: 23132: 23129: 23127: 23124: 23122: 23119: 23117: 23114: 23112: 23109: 23107: 23104: 23102: 23099: 23097: 23094: 23092: 23089: 23087: 23084: 23082: 23079: 23077: 23074: 23072: 23069: 23067: 23064: 23062: 23059: 23057: 23054: 23052: 23049: 23047: 23044: 23042: 23041:Deprogramming 23039: 23037: 23034: 23032: 23029: 23027: 23024: 23023: 23021: 23017: 23009: 23006: 23004: 23001: 22999: 22996: 22994: 22993:Protestantism 22991: 22989: 22986: 22982: 22979: 22978: 22977: 22974: 22968: 22965: 22963: 22960: 22958: 22955: 22953: 22950: 22948: 22945: 22944: 22943: 22940: 22939: 22938: 22935: 22931: 22928: 22926: 22923: 22922: 22921: 22918: 22916: 22913: 22909: 22906: 22904: 22903:LDS or Mormon 22901: 22899: 22896: 22894: 22891: 22889: 22886: 22885: 22884: 22881: 22879: 22876: 22874: 22871: 22869: 22866: 22864: 22861: 22860: 22856: 22852: 22848: 22844: 22837: 22832: 22830: 22825: 22823: 22818: 22817: 22814: 22802: 22794: 22792: 22784: 22782: 22774: 22773: 22770: 22764: 22761: 22759: 22756: 22752: 22749: 22748: 22747: 22744: 22742: 22739: 22737: 22734: 22732: 22729: 22727: 22724: 22722: 22719: 22717: 22714: 22712: 22709: 22707: 22704: 22702: 22699: 22697: 22694: 22692: 22689: 22687: 22684: 22682: 22679: 22677: 22674: 22672: 22669: 22667: 22664: 22662: 22659: 22657: 22654: 22653: 22651: 22647: 22639: 22636: 22635: 22634: 22631: 22629: 22628:Wine industry 22626: 22624: 22621: 22619: 22616: 22614: 22611: 22609: 22606: 22604: 22601: 22597: 22594: 22592: 22589: 22588: 22587: 22584: 22580: 22577: 22576: 22575: 22572: 22570: 22567: 22563: 22560: 22558: 22555: 22554: 22553: 22550: 22546: 22543: 22539: 22536: 22535: 22534: 22531: 22527: 22524: 22522: 22519: 22518: 22517: 22514: 22510: 22507: 22505: 22502: 22501: 22500: 22497: 22496: 22495: 22492: 22490: 22487: 22486: 22484: 22480: 22472: 22469: 22467: 22464: 22462: 22459: 22458: 22457: 22456:South America 22454: 22450: 22447: 22445: 22444:United States 22442: 22440: 22437: 22436: 22435: 22434:North America 22432: 22428: 22425: 22423: 22420: 22418: 22415: 22413: 22410: 22409: 22408: 22405: 22401: 22398: 22396: 22393: 22391: 22388: 22386: 22383: 22381: 22378: 22376: 22373: 22371: 22368: 22366: 22363: 22361: 22358: 22356: 22353: 22351: 22348: 22347: 22346: 22343: 22341: 22338: 22334: 22331: 22329: 22326: 22324: 22321: 22320: 22319: 22316: 22312: 22309: 22307: 22304: 22302: 22299: 22297: 22294: 22292: 22289: 22287: 22284: 22283: 22282: 22279: 22275: 22272: 22270: 22267: 22266: 22265: 22262: 22260: 22257: 22256: 22254: 22252: 22248: 22242: 22239: 22237: 22234: 22232: 22229: 22227: 22224: 22222: 22221:Racialization 22219: 22217: 22214: 22212: 22209: 22207: 22204: 22202: 22199: 22197: 22194: 22192: 22189: 22187: 22186:Ethnic hatred 22184: 22182: 22179: 22177: 22174: 22172: 22169: 22167: 22164: 22162: 22159: 22158: 22156: 22150: 22144: 22141: 22139: 22136: 22134: 22131: 22129: 22126: 22124: 22121: 22119: 22116: 22114: 22111: 22109: 22106: 22104: 22103:Laissez-faire 22101: 22099: 22096: 22094: 22091: 22089: 22088:Institutional 22086: 22084: 22081: 22079: 22076: 22074: 22073:Environmental 22071: 22069: 22066: 22064: 22061: 22059: 22056: 22054: 22051: 22049: 22046: 22045: 22043: 22039: 22035: 22028: 22023: 22021: 22016: 22014: 22009: 22008: 22005: 21995: 21985: 21977: 21974: 21972: 21969: 21967: 21964: 21962: 21959: 21957: 21954: 21951: 21950: 21945: 21942: 21941: 21936: 21934: 21931: 21929: 21926: 21924: 21921: 21917: 21914: 21912: 21909: 21908: 21907: 21904: 21903: 21899: 21893: 21888: 21885: 21883: 21880: 21878: 21877:The Wehrmacht 21875: 21873: 21867: 21860: 21857: 21855: 21852: 21850: 21847: 21845: 21842: 21840: 21837: 21835: 21832: 21830: 21827: 21823: 21819: 21811: 21808: 21806: 21803: 21801: 21798: 21796: 21793: 21791: 21788: 21786: 21781: 21779: 21774: 21772: 21769: 21767: 21762: 21760: 21757: 21755: 21752: 21750: 21747: 21745: 21742: 21740: 21737: 21736: 21735: 21734: 21726: 21723: 21721: 21718: 21717: 21715: 21711: 21708: 21706: 21703: 21702: 21701: 21698: 21697: 21693: 21687: 21682: 21679: 21677: 21674: 21672: 21669: 21667: 21664: 21662: 21659: 21657: 21654: 21652: 21650: 21644: 21637: 21634: 21632: 21629: 21627: 21624: 21622: 21619: 21617: 21614: 21612: 21609: 21607: 21604: 21602: 21599: 21597: 21594: 21592: 21589: 21587: 21584: 21582: 21579: 21577: 21574: 21572: 21569: 21565: 21563: 21559: 21552: 21549: 21547: 21544: 21542: 21539: 21537: 21534: 21532: 21531:Seyss-Inquart 21529: 21527: 21524: 21522: 21519: 21517: 21514: 21512: 21509: 21507: 21504: 21502: 21499: 21497: 21494: 21492: 21489: 21487: 21484: 21482: 21479: 21477: 21474: 21472: 21469: 21467: 21464: 21462: 21459: 21457: 21454: 21452: 21449: 21445: 21443: 21439: 21431: 21430: 21425: 21422: 21421: 21416: 21411: 21410: 21405: 21404: 21403: 21400: 21398: 21395: 21393: 21390: 21388: 21385: 21383: 21380: 21378: 21375: 21373: 21370: 21366: 21363: 21361: 21358: 21355: 21354: 21353:Untermenschen 21349: 21346: 21345: 21344:Rassenschande 21340: 21338: 21335: 21333: 21330: 21328: 21325: 21323: 21320: 21318: 21315: 21313: 21310: 21309: 21308: 21305: 21303: 21300: 21298: 21295: 21293: 21290: 21288: 21285: 21283: 21280: 21278: 21275: 21271: 21268: 21266: 21263: 21261: 21258: 21256: 21253: 21252: 21251: 21248: 21246: 21243: 21241: 21238: 21234: 21233:Pan-Germanism 21231: 21228: 21227: 21222: 21219: 21218: 21213: 21211: 21208: 21207: 21206: 21203: 21200: 21199: 21194: 21191: 21190: 21185: 21183: 21180: 21178: 21175: 21173: 21172:Direct action 21170: 21165: 21164: 21163:Führerprinzip 21159: 21158: 21157: 21154: 21152: 21149: 21147: 21144: 21140: 21137: 21134: 21133: 21128: 21127: 21126: 21123: 21121: 21118: 21116: 21113: 21111: 21108: 21106: 21103: 21101: 21100:Anti-pacifism 21098: 21096: 21093: 21091: 21088: 21086: 21083: 21081: 21078: 21074: 21072: 21068: 21060: 21057: 21055: 21052: 21050: 21047: 21045: 21042: 21040: 21037: 21035: 21032: 21030: 21027: 21025: 21022: 21020: 21017: 21015: 21012: 21011: 21010: 21009: 21004: 21001: 20999: 20996: 20994: 20991: 20989: 20986: 20984:The Holocaust 20983: 20981: 20978: 20975: 20974: 20969: 20966: 20965: 20964:Kristallnacht 20960: 20958: 20955: 20953: 20950: 20948: 20945: 20943: 20940: 20938: 20935: 20933: 20930: 20927: 20926: 20921: 20919: 20916: 20914: 20911: 20909: 20906: 20903: 20902: 20897: 20895: 20892: 20890: 20887: 20885: 20882: 20878: 20876: 20872: 20862: 20861: 20860:Schutzstaffel 20856: 20852: 20851: 20846: 20844: 20841: 20838: 20837: 20832: 20830: 20827: 20825: 20822: 20820: 20817: 20815: 20812: 20810: 20807: 20805: 20802: 20800: 20797: 20795: 20792: 20789: 20788: 20783: 20780: 20779: 20774: 20771: 20770: 20765: 20764: 20760: 20756: 20752: 20745: 20740: 20738: 20733: 20731: 20726: 20725: 20722: 20704: 20700: 20696: 20692: 20691: 20681: 20677: 20674: 20670: 20667: 20663: 20660: 20656: 20653: 20652:Netiv HaAsara 20649: 20646: 20642: 20639: 20635: 20632: 20628: 20625: 20621: 20618: 20617:Ein HaShlosha 20614: 20611: 20607: 20606: 20604: 20602: 20598: 20590: 20586: 20582: 20578: 20577: 20575: 20571: 20563: 20559: 20555: 20551: 20547: 20543: 20539: 20535: 20531: 20527: 20523: 20519: 20515: 20511: 20507: 20503: 20499: 20495: 20491: 20487: 20483: 20479: 20475: 20471: 20467: 20466:Itamar attack 20463: 20462: 20460: 20456: 20444: 20440: 20436: 20432: 20428: 20424: 20420: 20416: 20415: 20413: 20409: 20398: 20394: 20391: 20387: 20384: 20380: 20377: 20373: 20370: 20366: 20363: 20359: 20356: 20352: 20351: 20349: 20345: 20334: 20333:Hebron ambush 20330: 20327: 20323: 20320: 20316: 20313: 20309: 20306: 20302: 20299: 20295: 20292: 20288: 20285: 20284:Hadera attack 20281: 20278: 20274: 20273: 20271: 20267: 20256: 20252: 20249: 20245: 20244: 20242: 20238: 20235: 20231: 20228: 20224: 20208: 20204: 20200: 20196: 20192: 20188: 20184: 20180: 20176: 20172: 20168: 20164: 20160: 20156: 20152: 20148: 20147: 20145: 20141: 20129: 20125: 20121: 20117: 20113: 20109: 20105: 20101: 20097: 20093: 20089: 20085: 20081: 20077: 20073: 20069: 20068: 20066: 20062: 20050: 20046: 20042: 20038: 20034: 20030: 20026: 20022: 20018: 20014: 20010: 20006: 20002: 19998: 19994: 19990: 19989: 19987: 19983: 19971: 19967: 19963: 19959: 19955: 19951: 19947: 19943: 19939: 19935: 19934: 19932: 19928: 19917: 19913: 19912: 19910: 19906: 19895: 19891: 19888: 19884: 19881: 19877: 19874: 19870: 19867: 19863: 19862: 19860: 19856: 19845: 19841: 19838: 19834: 19831: 19827: 19824: 19820: 19817: 19813: 19812: 19810: 19806: 19795: 19791: 19788: 19784: 19781: 19777: 19776: 19774: 19770: 19767: 19763: 19752: 19748: 19745: 19741: 19738: 19737:Kraków pogrom 19734: 19731: 19727: 19724: 19720: 19719: 19717: 19713: 19701: 19697: 19694: 19690: 19687: 19683: 19680: 19676: 19675: 19673: 19669: 19658: 19654: 19651: 19647: 19644: 19640: 19639: 19637: 19633: 19622: 19618: 19615: 19611: 19608: 19604: 19603: 19601: 19597: 19585: 19584:The Holocaust 19581: 19578: 19574: 19571: 19567: 19564: 19563:Švenčionėliai 19560: 19557: 19553: 19550: 19546: 19543: 19539: 19536: 19532: 19529: 19525: 19522: 19518: 19515: 19511: 19508: 19504: 19501: 19497: 19494: 19490: 19487: 19483: 19480: 19479:Kaunas (June) 19476: 19473: 19469: 19466: 19462: 19459: 19455: 19454: 19452: 19448: 19437: 19433: 19432: 19430: 19426: 19415: 19414:Silc massacre 19411: 19408: 19404: 19401: 19397: 19396: 19394: 19390: 19379: 19378:Kristallnacht 19375: 19372: 19368: 19367: 19365: 19361: 19358: 19356: 19352: 19342: 19338: 19333: 19329: 19325: 19321: 19317: 19313: 19309: 19305: 19301: 19297: 19293: 19289: 19285: 19281: 19277: 19273: 19267: 19262: 19261:Oradea pogrom 19258: 19254: 19250: 19249: 19239: 19235: 19232: 19228: 19225: 19221: 19218: 19214: 19211: 19207: 19204: 19200: 19197: 19193: 19190: 19186: 19183: 19179: 19178: 19176: 19173: 19169: 19162: 19158: 19155: 19151: 19147: 19143: 19139: 19138:Kielce pogrom 19135: 19131: 19127: 19123: 19119: 19115: 19111: 19107: 19103: 19099: 19098:Shiraz pogrom 19095: 19091: 19087: 19083: 19079: 19075: 19071: 19067: 19063: 19059: 19055: 19051: 19047: 19043: 19039: 19035: 19031: 19030: 19028: 19024: 19021: 19017: 19005: 19001: 18997: 18993: 18992: 18982: 18978: 18975: 18971: 18968: 18964: 18963: 18961: 18958: 18954: 18946: 18942: 18938: 18934: 18930: 18926: 18922: 18918: 18914: 18910: 18906: 18905:Hebron pogrom 18902: 18898: 18894: 18890: 18886: 18882: 18881:Hep-Hep riots 18878: 18874: 18870: 18866: 18862: 18858: 18854: 18850: 18846: 18842: 18838: 18834: 18830: 18829: 18827: 18823: 18815: 18811: 18807: 18803: 18799: 18798:Hebron pogrom 18795: 18791: 18787: 18783: 18779: 18775: 18771: 18767: 18763: 18759: 18755: 18751: 18747: 18743: 18739: 18735: 18731: 18727: 18723: 18722: 18712: 18708: 18705: 18701: 18698: 18694: 18691: 18687: 18684: 18680: 18679: 18677: 18674: 18670: 18662: 18658: 18654: 18650: 18646: 18642: 18641: 18639: 18635: 18632: 18628: 18616: 18612: 18608: 18604: 18600: 18596: 18595: 18585: 18581: 18578: 18574: 18571: 18567: 18566: 18564: 18561: 18557: 18549: 18545: 18541: 18537: 18533: 18529: 18528: 18526: 18522: 18510: 18506: 18502: 18498: 18494: 18490: 18486: 18482: 18478: 18474: 18473: 18471: 18467: 18459: 18455: 18451: 18447: 18446: 18444: 18440: 18437: 18433: 18429: 18425: 18421: 18414: 18409: 18407: 18402: 18400: 18395: 18394: 18391: 18379: 18376: 18371: 18370: 18367: 18359: 18356: 18355: 18354: 18351: 18347: 18344: 18342: 18341:The Holocaust 18339: 18338: 18337: 18334: 18332: 18331:United States 18329: 18327: 18324: 18322: 18319: 18317: 18314: 18312: 18311:Enlightenment 18309: 18307: 18304: 18302: 18299: 18297: 18294: 18293: 18291: 18287: 18281: 18278: 18276: 18273: 18269: 18266: 18265: 18264: 18261: 18259: 18256: 18254: 18251: 18247: 18244: 18242: 18239: 18238: 18237: 18234: 18230: 18227: 18225: 18222: 18220: 18217: 18215: 18212: 18211: 18209: 18208: 18206: 18204: 18200: 18194: 18191: 18189: 18186: 18184: 18181: 18177: 18174: 18172: 18169: 18167: 18164: 18162: 18159: 18158: 18157: 18154: 18152: 18149: 18147: 18144: 18140: 18137: 18136: 18135: 18132: 18131: 18129: 18127: 18123: 18113: 18110: 18108: 18105: 18103: 18100: 18098: 18095: 18093: 18090: 18088: 18085: 18083: 18080: 18079: 18077: 18075: 18071: 18063: 18060: 18056: 18053: 18052: 18051: 18048: 18046: 18043: 18041: 18038: 18036: 18033: 18031: 18028: 18027: 18026: 18023: 18021: 18018: 18016: 18013: 18012: 18010: 18006: 18000: 17997: 17995: 17992: 17990: 17987: 17985: 17982: 17980: 17977: 17975: 17972: 17970: 17967: 17966: 17964: 17962: 17958: 17952: 17949: 17947: 17944: 17942: 17939: 17937: 17934: 17932: 17929: 17927: 17924: 17922: 17919: 17917: 17914: 17912: 17909: 17908: 17906: 17904: 17900: 17894: 17891: 17889: 17886: 17884: 17881: 17879: 17876: 17874: 17871: 17869: 17866: 17864: 17861: 17859: 17856: 17854: 17851: 17849: 17846: 17845: 17843: 17839: 17835: 17828: 17823: 17821: 17816: 17814: 17809: 17808: 17805: 17792: 17791:Sidney Excell 17789: 17786: 17785:Hugo Blaschke 17783: 17780: 17779:Felix Kersten 17777: 17774: 17773:Karl Gebhardt 17771: 17768: 17767:Falk Zipperer 17765: 17762: 17759: 17756: 17755:Erhard Heiden 17753: 17752: 17750: 17746: 17740: 17737: 17735: 17732: 17730: 17727: 17725: 17722: 17721: 17719: 17715: 17709: 17706: 17704: 17701: 17699: 17696: 17694: 17691: 17690: 17688: 17684: 17677: 17674: 17671: 17668: 17666:(great-niece) 17665: 17662: 17659: 17656: 17653: 17650: 17647: 17644: 17641: 17638: 17635: 17632: 17631: 17629: 17625: 17619: 17616: 17614: 17611: 17609: 17606: 17604: 17601: 17599: 17596: 17594: 17591: 17589: 17586: 17584: 17581: 17579: 17576: 17574: 17571: 17569: 17566: 17564: 17561: 17559: 17556: 17554: 17551: 17549: 17546: 17544: 17543:The Holocaust 17541: 17540: 17538: 17536: 17535:the Holocaust 17530: 17524: 17521: 17519: 17516: 17514: 17511: 17509: 17506: 17504: 17503:Schutzstaffel 17501: 17500: 17498: 17496:Organizations 17494: 17487: 17484: 17481: 17478: 17475: 17472: 17469: 17466: 17463: 17462:Hermann Gauch 17460: 17457: 17456:Rudolf Brandt 17454: 17451: 17448: 17445: 17442: 17439: 17436: 17433: 17430: 17428: 17425: 17422: 17419: 17417: 17414: 17412: 17409: 17408: 17406: 17404: 17403: 17398: 17392: 17389: 17386: 17384: 17383: 17379: 17378: 17375: 17371: 17364: 17359: 17357: 17352: 17350: 17345: 17344: 17341: 17323: 17319: 17315: 17311: 17307: 17303: 17299: 17295: 17291: 17287: 17283: 17279: 17275: 17271: 17267: 17263: 17259: 17255: 17254: 17251: 17242: 17230: 17226: 17222: 17218: 17214: 17210: 17204: 17200: 17196: 17192: 17188: 17184: 17183: 17180: 17176: 17172: 17168: 17164: 17160: 17156: 17152: 17148: 17144: 17140: 17136: 17135: 17132: 17123: 17111: 17107: 17103: 17099: 17095: 17094:Sobibor trial 17091: 17087: 17083: 17079: 17075: 17071: 17067: 17063: 17059: 17055: 17051: 17047: 17043: 17039: 17035: 17031: 17027: 17023: 17019: 17015: 17011: 17007: 17003: 16999: 16995: 16991: 16987: 16983: 16979: 16975: 16971: 16967: 16963: 16959: 16958:Belsen trials 16955: 16951: 16950:Dachau trials 16947: 16943: 16939: 16935: 16931: 16927: 16923: 16919: 16918:Kharkov trial 16915: 16911: 16907: 16906: 16903: 16897: 16891: 16888: 16884: 16877: 16873: 16870: 16866: 16863: 16862:Justification 16859: 16856: 16852: 16849: 16845: 16842: 16838: 16835: 16831: 16826: 16822: 16819: 16815: 16812: 16808: 16807: 16805: 16801: 16800: 16798: 16794: 16787: 16783: 16780: 16776: 16773: 16769: 16766: 16762: 16759: 16755: 16752: 16748: 16745: 16741: 16736: 16732: 16731: 16729: 16728:The Holocaust 16725: 16724: 16722: 16720: 16716: 16709: 16705: 16702: 16698: 16695: 16691: 16688: 16687:Death marches 16684: 16679: 16675: 16672: 16668: 16667: 16665: 16661: 16658: 16654: 16651: 16647: 16644: 16640: 16637: 16633: 16630: 16626: 16625: 16623: 16619: 16612: 16608: 16605: 16601: 16598: 16594: 16591: 16587: 16584: 16580: 16577: 16573: 16570: 16566: 16563: 16559: 16556: 16552: 16549: 16545: 16538: 16534: 16533: 16531: 16527: 16526: 16524: 16520: 16515: 16511: 16510: 16508: 16504: 16503: 16501: 16497: 16485: 16481: 16477: 16473: 16469: 16465: 16461: 16457: 16453: 16449: 16445: 16444:Iraqi Turkmen 16441: 16437: 16433: 16429: 16425: 16420: 16416: 16415: 16412: 16408: 16404: 16400: 16399: 16396: 16391: 16385: 16373: 16369: 16365: 16361: 16356: 16352: 16351: 16348: 16344: 16340: 16336: 16332: 16328: 16324: 16320: 16316: 16312: 16308: 16304: 16300: 16296: 16292: 16288: 16284: 16280: 16276: 16272: 16268: 16264: 16260: 16256: 16252: 16248: 16243: 16239: 16236: 16232: 16231: 16227: 16223: 16219: 16215: 16211: 16207: 16203: 16199: 16195: 16191: 16187: 16183: 16179: 16175: 16171: 16167: 16163: 16162: 16159: 16154: 16148: 16136: 16132: 16128: 16124: 16120: 16116: 16112: 16108: 16104: 16100: 16096: 16092: 16088: 16084: 16080: 16076: 16072: 16071:The Holocaust 16068: 16064: 16060: 16056: 16052: 16048: 16044: 16040: 16036: 16032: 16028: 16024: 16020: 16016: 16012: 16008: 16004: 16000: 15996: 15992: 15988: 15984: 15980: 15976: 15972: 15968: 15964: 15960: 15956: 15953:(1920s–1930s) 15952: 15951:Ingrian Finns 15948: 15944: 15940: 15936: 15932: 15928: 15924: 15918: 15914: 15910: 15906: 15902: 15898: 15894: 15890: 15886: 15882: 15877: 15876:Pontic Greeks 15873: 15872: 15869: 15865: 15864: 15862: 15858: 15857: 15854: 15849: 15843: 15829: 15825: 15824: 15822: 15818: 15814: 15810: 15806: 15802: 15798: 15794: 15791:(1890s–1900s) 15790: 15786: 15782: 15778: 15774: 15770: 15766: 15762: 15758: 15754: 15750: 15746: 15742: 15738: 15732: 15728: 15724: 15720: 15716: 15712: 15708: 15704: 15703: 15701: 15697: 15693: 15689: 15685: 15681: 15675: 15671: 15667: 15663: 15662: 15660: 15656: 15652: 15648: 15644: 15640: 15636: 15632: 15628: 15624: 15618: 15614: 15611:(1700s–1800s) 15610: 15606: 15605: 15603: 15599: 15595: 15591: 15587: 15583: 15579: 15575: 15571: 15567: 15563: 15559: 15555: 15551: 15547: 15543: 15539: 15535: 15531: 15527: 15523: 15519: 15518: 15515: 15510: 15504: 15492: 15488: 15484: 15480: 15476: 15472: 15468: 15464: 15461:(1200s–1360s) 15460: 15456: 15452: 15448: 15444: 15440: 15436: 15432: 15427: 15423: 15422: 15419: 15415: 15411: 15407: 15403: 15399: 15398: 15395: 15390: 15384: 15381: 15378: 15373: 15369: 15365: 15358: 15353: 15351: 15346: 15344: 15339: 15338: 15335: 15323: 15320: 15318: 15315: 15313: 15310: 15308: 15305: 15303: 15300: 15298: 15295: 15293: 15290: 15288: 15285: 15284: 15282: 15278: 15268: 15265: 15263: 15262:Mizocz Ghetto 15260: 15258: 15255: 15253: 15250: 15248: 15245: 15243: 15242:Drobytsky Yar 15240: 15238: 15235: 15234: 15232: 15230: 15226: 15220: 15217: 15216: 15214: 15212: 15208: 15202: 15199: 15197: 15194: 15193: 15191: 15189: 15185: 15179: 15178: 15174: 15172: 15171: 15167: 15165: 15162: 15161: 15159: 15157: 15153: 15147: 15144: 15142: 15139: 15137: 15134: 15132: 15129: 15127: 15124: 15123: 15121: 15119: 15115: 15109: 15106: 15104: 15101: 15099: 15096: 15094: 15091: 15089: 15086: 15084: 15081: 15080: 15078: 15076: 15072: 15066: 15063: 15062: 15060: 15058: 15054: 15048: 15047:Slutsk Affair 15045: 15043: 15040: 15038: 15037:Łachwa Ghetto 15035: 15034: 15032: 15030: 15026: 15023: 15019: 15009: 15008: 15004: 15002: 14999: 14997: 14995: 14991: 14989: 14986: 14984: 14983: 14978: 14975: 14971: 14967: 14963: 14959: 14955: 14954: 14950: 14949: 14947: 14943: 14937: 14936: 14932: 14930: 14929: 14925: 14923: 14920: 14917: 14916: 14912: 14909: 14908: 14904: 14901: 14900: 14896: 14893: 14892: 14888: 14885: 14884: 14883:Schutzstaffel 14880: 14879: 14877: 14873: 14870: 14866: 14856: 14853: 14851: 14848: 14846: 14843: 14841: 14838: 14836: 14835:Viktors Arājs 14833: 14832: 14830: 14828:Collaborators 14826: 14820: 14817: 14815: 14812: 14810: 14807: 14805: 14802: 14800: 14797: 14795: 14792: 14790: 14789:August Becker 14787: 14786: 14784: 14782:Other members 14780: 14774: 14771: 14769: 14766: 14764: 14761: 14759: 14758:Eugen Steimle 14756: 14754: 14751: 14749: 14746: 14744: 14741: 14739: 14736: 14734: 14731: 14729: 14726: 14724: 14721: 14719: 14716: 14714: 14711: 14709: 14706: 14704: 14701: 14699: 14696: 14694: 14691: 14689: 14686: 14684: 14681: 14679: 14676: 14674: 14671: 14669: 14666: 14664: 14661: 14659: 14656: 14654: 14651: 14649: 14646: 14644: 14643:Werner Braune 14641: 14639: 14636: 14634: 14631: 14629: 14626: 14624: 14621: 14619: 14616: 14614: 14611: 14609: 14606: 14604: 14601: 14599: 14596: 14594: 14591: 14590: 14588: 14586: 14581: 14577:Commanders of 14575: 14569: 14566: 14564: 14561: 14559: 14556: 14554: 14551: 14549: 14546: 14544: 14541: 14539: 14536: 14534: 14533:Erich Naumann 14531: 14529: 14526: 14524: 14521: 14519: 14518:Wilhelm Fuchs 14516: 14514: 14511: 14509: 14506: 14504: 14501: 14499: 14496: 14495: 14493: 14491: 14485: 14479: 14476: 14474: 14471: 14470: 14468: 14464: 14461: 14457: 14453: 14452: 14447: 14446: 14438: 14433: 14431: 14426: 14424: 14419: 14418: 14415: 14403: 14402: 14393: 14392: 14389: 14383: 14380: 14378: 14375: 14374: 14372: 14368: 14361: 14358: 14355: 14352: 14350:(half-nephew) 14349: 14346: 14344:(half-nephew) 14343: 14340: 14337: 14334: 14332:(half-nephew) 14331: 14328: 14325: 14322: 14320:(half-sister) 14319: 14318:Angela Hitler 14316: 14314:(grandmother) 14313: 14310: 14308:(grandfather) 14307: 14304: 14301: 14298: 14295: 14292: 14289: 14286: 14285: 14283: 14281: 14277: 14271: 14270: 14266: 14264: 14263: 14259: 14257: 14256: 14252: 14250: 14249: 14245: 14243: 14242: 14238: 14236: 14233: 14231: 14230: 14226: 14224: 14223: 14219: 14217: 14216: 14212: 14210: 14209: 14205: 14203: 14200: 14198: 14195: 14193: 14190: 14188: 14185: 14184: 14182: 14178: 14172: 14169: 14167: 14164: 14163: 14161: 14155: 14149: 14146: 14144: 14143:50th birthday 14141: 14139: 14136: 14134: 14131: 14129: 14126: 14124: 14121: 14119: 14116: 14114: 14111: 14109: 14106: 14104: 14101: 14099: 14098:Vegetarianism 14096: 14094: 14091: 14089: 14086: 14084: 14081: 14077: 14074: 14073: 14072: 14069: 14068: 14066: 14064:Personal life 14062: 14051: 14047: 14044: 14041: 14037: 14034: 14031: 14027: 14024: 14022: 14019: 14017: 14014: 14013: 14011: 14007: 14001: 13999: 13994: 13992: 13989: 13987: 13984: 13982: 13979: 13977: 13974: 13972: 13969: 13967: 13964: 13962: 13959: 13957: 13954: 13951: 13947: 13946: 13941: 13938: 13935: 13934:Kehlsteinhaus 13931: 13928: 13927: 13925: 13923: 13921: 13916: 13913: 13907: 13899: 13896: 13895: 13894: 13891: 13889: 13886: 13884: 13883:The Holocaust 13881: 13879: 13876: 13874: 13871: 13869: 13866: 13864: 13863:Rise to power 13861: 13859: 13856: 13855: 13853: 13849: 13843: 13840: 13838: 13835: 13833: 13830: 13828: 13827: 13823: 13819: 13816: 13814: 13811: 13810: 13809: 13808: 13804: 13802: 13799: 13797: 13794: 13790: 13787: 13786: 13785: 13782: 13780: 13777: 13773: 13772: 13771:Führerprinzip 13768: 13767: 13766: 13765: 13761: 13760: 13758: 13754: 13750: 13743: 13738: 13736: 13731: 13729: 13724: 13723: 13720: 13714: 13707: 13695: 13692: 13688: 13685: 13683: 13680: 13679: 13678: 13677:United States 13675: 13673: 13670: 13668: 13665: 13663: 13660: 13658: 13655: 13653: 13650: 13648: 13645: 13643: 13640: 13634: 13631: 13629: 13626: 13625: 13624: 13621: 13619: 13616: 13614: 13611: 13609: 13606: 13602: 13599: 13597: 13594: 13593: 13592: 13589: 13587: 13584: 13582: 13579: 13577: 13574: 13572: 13569: 13567: 13564: 13562: 13559: 13555: 13552: 13551: 13550: 13547: 13545: 13542: 13540: 13537: 13536: 13535: 13532: 13530: 13527: 13525: 13522: 13520: 13517: 13515: 13512: 13510: 13507: 13505: 13502: 13498: 13495: 13494: 13493: 13490: 13489: 13487: 13483: 13477: 13474: 13472: 13469: 13467: 13464: 13462: 13459: 13457: 13454: 13452: 13449: 13447: 13444: 13442: 13439: 13438: 13436: 13428: 13422: 13419: 13415: 13412: 13411: 13410: 13407: 13405: 13402: 13400: 13397: 13395: 13392: 13390: 13387: 13385: 13382: 13380: 13377: 13375: 13374: 13370: 13368: 13365: 13363: 13360: 13358: 13357:The Holocaust 13355: 13351: 13348: 13346: 13343: 13342: 13341: 13338: 13336: 13333: 13331: 13328: 13326: 13323: 13321: 13318: 13317: 13315: 13313: 13309: 13303: 13300: 13298: 13296: 13292: 13290: 13287: 13285: 13282: 13280: 13277: 13275: 13272: 13270: 13267: 13265: 13262: 13260: 13259: 13255: 13253: 13250: 13249: 13247: 13243: 13237: 13234: 13232: 13229: 13227: 13224: 13222: 13221:Doctors' plot 13219: 13217: 13216:Slánský trial 13214: 13212: 13209: 13207: 13204: 13200: 13199:The Holocaust 13197: 13195: 13192: 13191: 13190: 13187: 13185: 13182: 13178: 13175: 13174: 13173: 13172:Farhud (Iraq) 13170: 13168: 13165: 13163: 13160: 13158: 13155: 13153: 13150: 13148: 13145: 13143: 13140: 13138: 13135: 13133: 13132:Hep-Hep riots 13130: 13128: 13125: 13124: 13122: 13114: 13108: 13105: 13103: 13102: 13098: 13096: 13093: 13091: 13088: 13086: 13083: 13081: 13080:Martin Luther 13078: 13076: 13073: 13069: 13066: 13064: 13061: 13059: 13056: 13055: 13054: 13051: 13049: 13046: 13044: 13041: 13040: 13038: 13036: 13032: 13026: 13023: 13021: 13018: 13016: 13015:Weaponization 13013: 13011: 13008: 13006: 13003: 13001: 13000: 12996: 12992: 12989: 12988: 12987: 12986: 12982: 12980: 12979:Philosemitism 12977: 12975: 12974: 12970: 12968: 12965: 12961: 12958: 12956: 12953: 12952: 12951: 12950: 12946: 12944: 12941: 12939: 12938:Khazar theory 12936: 12932: 12929: 12928: 12927: 12924: 12922: 12921: 12917: 12915: 12912: 12910: 12907: 12905: 12902: 12900: 12897: 12895: 12892: 12891: 12889: 12885: 12879: 12876: 12874: 12871: 12869: 12868:Olympic Games 12866: 12864: 12861: 12859: 12856: 12854: 12851: 12847: 12846:New Testament 12844: 12843: 12842: 12839: 12838: 12836: 12832: 12824: 12821: 12819: 12816: 12814: 12808: 12807: 12806: 12803: 12801: 12798: 12796: 12793: 12791: 12788: 12786: 12783: 12779: 12776: 12774: 12771: 12770: 12769: 12766: 12762: 12759: 12757: 12754: 12752: 12749: 12748: 12747: 12744: 12742: 12739: 12737: 12734: 12732: 12729: 12727: 12724: 12722: 12719: 12717: 12714: 12712: 12709: 12708: 12706: 12702: 12698: 12691: 12686: 12684: 12679: 12677: 12672: 12671: 12668: 12647: 12643: 12641: 12638: 12636: 12633: 12631: 12628: 12626: 12623: 12621: 12618: 12616: 12613: 12611: 12608: 12606: 12603: 12599: 12596: 12595: 12594: 12591: 12589: 12586: 12584: 12581: 12579: 12576: 12575: 12573: 12569: 12561: 12558: 12557: 12556: 12553: 12549: 12546: 12545: 12544: 12541: 12539: 12536: 12534: 12531: 12529: 12526: 12524: 12521: 12517: 12514: 12512: 12509: 12507: 12504: 12503: 12502: 12499: 12497: 12494: 12493: 12491: 12489: 12485: 12479: 12473: 12471: 12468: 12466: 12463: 12459: 12456: 12455: 12454: 12451: 12449: 12446: 12444: 12441: 12439: 12436: 12434: 12431: 12429: 12428:Nazi eugenics 12426: 12424: 12421: 12420: 12418: 12414: 12410: 12402: 12399: 12396: 12395: 12391: 12387: 12373: 12370: 12368: 12365: 12363: 12360: 12358: 12357:Topf and Sons 12355: 12353: 12350: 12348: 12345: 12343: 12340: 12338: 12335: 12333: 12330: 12329: 12327: 12325: 12324:Collaborators 12321: 12315: 12312: 12310: 12307: 12305: 12304: 12300: 12299: 12297: 12293: 12287: 12284: 12282: 12279: 12276: 12273: 12270: 12267: 12263: 12262:Referat IV B4 12260: 12259: 12258: (RSHA) 12257: 12254: 12252: 12250: 12249:Schutzstaffel 12246: 12244: 12241: 12240: 12238: 12236:Organizations 12234: 12228: 12225: 12224: 12221: 12217: 12212: 12208: 12194: 12191: 12189: 12186: 12184: 12181: 12179: 12178:Romani people 12176: 12174: 12171: 12169: 12166: 12164: 12161: 12159: 12156: 12155: 12153: 12151: 12147: 12137: 12134: 12132: 12131:Working Group 12129: 12127: 12124: 12122: 12119: 12117: 12116:Kastner train 12114: 12112: 12109: 12107: 12104: 12103: 12101: 12099: 12095: 12087: 12084: 12082: 12079: 12077: 12074: 12073: 12072: 12069: 12065: 12062: 12061: 12060: 12057: 12056: 12054: 12052: 12048: 12042: 12039: 12037: 12034: 12032: 12029: 12027: 12024: 12022: 12019: 12017: 12014: 12012: 12009: 12007: 12004: 12002: 11999: 11997: 11996: 11992: 11991: 11989: 11985: 11979: 11976: 11974: 11971: 11969: 11966: 11965: 11963: 11960: 11955: 11947: 11944: 11943: 11942: 11939: 11935: 11932: 11930: 11927: 11926: 11925: 11922: 11920: 11917: 11915: 11912: 11910: 11907: 11905: 11904: 11903:Kristallnacht 11900: 11899: 11897: 11893: 11887: 11884: 11882: 11879: 11877: 11874: 11873: 11871: 11869: 11865: 11862: 11860: 11856: 11852: 11848: 11843: 11839: 11821: 11818: 11816: 11813: 11811: 11808: 11807: 11805: 11803: 11802: 11797: 11791: 11788: 11786: 11783: 11781: 11778: 11776: 11773: 11771: 11768: 11766: 11763: 11762: 11760: 11756: 11750: 11747: 11745: 11742: 11740: 11737: 11735: 11732: 11730: 11727: 11725: 11722: 11720: 11717: 11716: 11714: 11712: 11708: 11705: 11702: 11698: 11694: 11688: 11687: 11686:Sanitätswesen 11683: 11681: 11680: 11676: 11674: 11671: 11669: 11668: 11663: 11662: 11660: 11656: 11650: 11649:Death marches 11647: 11645: 11642: 11640: 11637: 11635: 11632: 11630: 11627: 11625: 11622: 11621: 11619: 11615: 11609: 11606: 11604: 11599: 11597: 11594: 11592: 11589: 11587: 11584: 11582: 11577: 11575: 11572: 11570: 11567: 11565: 11564: 11558: 11556: 11553: 11551: 11548: 11546: 11545: 11539: 11537: 11534: 11532: 11529: 11527: 11522: 11521: 11519: 11515: 11509: 11506: 11504: 11501: 11499: 11496: 11494: 11491: 11489: 11486: 11484: 11481: 11480: 11478: 11476: 11475:Extermination 11472: 11466: 11463: 11461: 11458: 11456: 11453: 11451: 11450:Sachsenhausen 11448: 11446: 11443: 11441: 11438: 11436: 11433: 11431: 11428: 11426: 11422: 11419: 11417: 11414: 11412: 11409: 11407: 11404: 11402: 11399: 11397: 11394: 11392: 11391:Herzogenbusch 11389: 11387: 11384: 11382: 11379: 11377: 11374: 11372: 11369: 11367: 11366:Bergen-Belsen 11364: 11362: 11359: 11358: 11356: 11354: 11353:Concentration 11350: 11346: 11342: 11338: 11333: 11329: 11317: 11314: 11312: 11309: 11307: 11304: 11303: 11302: 11299: 11295: 11292: 11290: 11289:United States 11287: 11285: 11282: 11280: 11277: 11275: 11272: 11270: 11267: 11265: 11262: 11260: 11257: 11256: 11255: 11252: 11251: 11249: 11245: 11239: 11236: 11234: 11231: 11229: 11226: 11224: 11221: 11220: 11218: 11214: 11206: 11203: 11201: 11198: 11197: 11195: 11191: 11188: 11186: 11183: 11181: 11178: 11177: 11176: 11173: 11171: 11168: 11166: 11163: 11161: 11158: 11156: 11153: 11151: 11148: 11146: 11143: 11141: 11138: 11134: 11131: 11130: 11129:and colonies 11128: 11125: 11123: 11120: 11116: 11113: 11112: 11111: 11108: 11106: 11103: 11101: 11098: 11096: 11093: 11091: 11088: 11084: 11081: 11079: 11076: 11074: 11071: 11070: 11068: 11066: 11063: 11061: 11058: 11056: 11053: 11051: 11048: 11047: 11045: 11041: 11037: 11033: 11032:The Holocaust 11026: 11021: 11019: 11014: 11012: 11007: 11006: 11003: 10994: 10990: 10986: 10982: 10981: 10976: 10971: 10966: 10961: 10957: 10953: 10952: 10947: 10942: 10938: 10934: 10930: 10926: 10921: 10916: 10912: 10908: 10904: 10900: 10896: 10892: 10888: 10884: 10883: 10878: 10874: 10870: 10866: 10862: 10858: 10853: 10852: 10840: 10834: 10830: 10826: 10822: 10818: 10814: 10808: 10804: 10800: 10796: 10792: 10786: 10782: 10778: 10774: 10770: 10766: 10754: 10746: 10740: 10736: 10732: 10728: 10723: 10719: 10713: 10709: 10704: 10693: 10689: 10685: 10679: 10675: 10671: 10667: 10663: 10659: 10654: 10650: 10644: 10640: 10636: 10632: 10628: 10622: 10618: 10613: 10609: 10603: 10599: 10594: 10590: 10584: 10580: 10576: 10572: 10568: 10564: 10558: 10554: 10550: 10545: 10541: 10535: 10531: 10527: 10523: 10519: 10518:King, Charles 10515: 10511: 10505: 10501: 10496: 10492: 10486: 10482: 10478: 10473: 10469: 10463: 10459: 10455: 10451: 10447: 10443: 10437: 10433: 10429: 10425: 10424:Ther, Philipp 10420: 10416: 10410: 10406: 10402: 10398: 10394: 10390: 10384: 10380: 10376: 10372: 10368: 10362: 10358: 10354: 10350: 10346: 10340: 10336: 10332: 10328: 10324: 10320: 10314: 10310: 10306: 10302: 10298: 10292: 10288: 10284: 10280: 10276: 10275: 10271:Book chapters 10263: 10257: 10253: 10249: 10245: 10241: 10237: 10231: 10227: 10223: 10218: 10214: 10208: 10204: 10200: 10196: 10192: 10188: 10182: 10178: 10174: 10173: 10168: 10164: 10160: 10156: 10152: 10146: 10142: 10138: 10134: 10133: 10127: 10123: 10117: 10113: 10109: 10105: 10101: 10097: 10091: 10087: 10083: 10082: 10077: 10072: 10068: 10062: 10058: 10057: 10052: 10047: 10043: 10041:0-7006-1280-7 10037: 10033: 10029: 10025: 10020: 10016: 10010: 10006: 10002: 9998: 9994: 9990: 9984: 9980: 9976: 9975: 9970: 9966: 9962: 9956: 9952: 9948: 9947: 9941: 9937: 9931: 9927: 9923: 9922: 9917: 9913: 9909: 9905: 9901: 9897: 9893: 9887: 9883: 9879: 9875: 9871: 9867: 9861: 9857: 9856: 9850: 9846: 9842: 9838: 9834: 9833: 9828: 9824: 9820: 9814: 9810: 9806: 9805: 9800: 9796: 9792: 9786: 9782: 9778: 9777: 9772: 9768: 9764: 9758: 9754: 9750: 9746: 9745: 9740: 9736: 9732: 9726: 9722: 9718: 9717: 9711: 9707: 9701: 9697: 9693: 9689: 9685: 9681: 9675: 9671: 9667: 9663: 9662:Bergen, Doris 9659: 9655: 9649: 9645: 9641: 9637: 9633: 9629: 9623: 9619: 9615: 9611: 9607: 9603: 9597: 9593: 9589: 9588: 9583: 9579: 9575: 9569: 9565: 9561: 9560: 9555: 9551: 9550: 9524: 9520: 9514: 9507: 9502: 9494: 9488: 9484: 9480: 9474: 9467: 9462: 9455: 9450: 9443: 9438: 9431: 9426: 9418: 9412: 9408: 9404: 9398: 9390: 9384: 9380: 9373: 9365: 9359: 9351: 9345: 9338: 9337: 9329: 9321: 9317: 9313: 9309: 9303: 9295: 9289: 9285: 9278: 9271: 9266: 9258: 9254: 9250: 9246: 9242: 9235: 9228: 9223: 9216: 9211: 9204: 9199: 9197: 9189: 9184: 9177: 9172: 9166:, p. 22. 9165: 9160: 9153: 9148: 9142:, p. 93. 9141: 9136: 9129: 9124: 9118:, p. 14. 9117: 9112: 9105: 9100: 9093: 9088: 9081: 9076: 9074: 9072: 9063: 9061:0-231-11215-7 9057: 9053: 9052: 9047: 9041: 9033: 9027: 9023: 9022: 9014: 9006: 9000: 8996: 8995: 8990: 8989:Straus, Scott 8984: 8976: 8970: 8966: 8962: 8956: 8949: 8944: 8937: 8932: 8925: 8920: 8914:, p. 97. 8913: 8908: 8901: 8896: 8889: 8887: 8880: 8873: 8871: 8864: 8857: 8852: 8845: 8843: 8836: 8829: 8824: 8809: 8808: 8803: 8797: 8790: 8785: 8778: 8773: 8771: 8763: 8758: 8751: 8746: 8739: 8734: 8727: 8726:Wittmann 2010 8722: 8715: 8710: 8703: 8702:Wittmann 2010 8698: 8691: 8690:Wittmann 2010 8686: 8679: 8674: 8667: 8662: 8655: 8654:Wittmann 2010 8650: 8643: 8638: 8631: 8626: 8619: 8614: 8607: 8602: 8600: 8592: 8587: 8580: 8575: 8568: 8563: 8556: 8551: 8549: 8541: 8535: 8534: 8529: 8523: 8516: 8512: 8506: 8502: 8498: 8492: 8476: 8472: 8471: 8466: 8460: 8453: 8448: 8441: 8436: 8429: 8424: 8417: 8412: 8404: 8400: 8395: 8390: 8386: 8382: 8378: 8374: 8370: 8366: 8362: 8358: 8357: 8352: 8345: 8330: 8326: 8319: 8311: 8307: 8303: 8299: 8295: 8291: 8287: 8280: 8273: 8268: 8261: 8256: 8249: 8244: 8237: 8232: 8217: 8216: 8211: 8205: 8198: 8193: 8186: 8181: 8179: 8171: 8166: 8158: 8152: 8148: 8144: 8140: 8136: 8135: 8130: 8124: 8116: 8110: 8106: 8102: 8101: 8100:Der Holocaust 8096: 8090: 8082: 8076: 8072: 8071: 8063: 8056: 8051: 8049: 8041: 8036: 8034: 8032: 8024: 8019: 8013:, p. 69. 8012: 8007: 8000: 7995: 7988: 7983: 7976: 7971: 7964: 7959: 7952: 7947: 7940: 7935: 7928: 7923: 7921: 7913: 7908: 7906: 7898: 7893: 7891: 7883: 7878: 7871: 7866: 7859: 7854: 7847: 7842: 7835: 7830: 7823: 7818: 7811: 7806: 7799: 7794: 7787: 7782: 7775: 7770: 7763: 7758: 7751: 7746: 7739: 7734: 7727: 7722: 7715: 7710: 7703: 7698: 7691: 7686: 7684: 7676: 7671: 7665:, p. 61. 7664: 7659: 7653:, p. 55. 7652: 7647: 7631: 7627: 7626: 7621: 7615: 7608: 7603: 7596: 7591: 7584: 7579: 7572: 7571:Burzlaff 2020 7567: 7560: 7555: 7548: 7543: 7536: 7531: 7524: 7523:Cesarani 2016 7519: 7512: 7507: 7500: 7495: 7488: 7487:Burzlaff 2020 7483: 7476: 7471: 7464: 7459: 7452: 7447: 7445: 7437: 7432: 7425: 7424:Burzlaff 2020 7420: 7413: 7408: 7401: 7396: 7389: 7384: 7377: 7372: 7365: 7360: 7353: 7348: 7341: 7340:Burzlaff 2020 7336: 7329: 7324: 7317: 7312: 7305: 7300: 7298: 7296: 7287: 7281: 7277: 7273: 7266: 7258: 7256:9780191676697 7252: 7248: 7244: 7240: 7236: 7232: 7226: 7218: 7216:9780399118456 7212: 7208: 7204: 7197: 7195: 7186: 7182: 7176: 7168: 7164: 7163: 7158: 7151: 7142: 7140:1-57181-775-1 7136: 7132: 7125: 7109: 7107:0-8143-2920-9 7103: 7099: 7093: 7088: 7087: 7079: 7072: 7067: 7060: 7055: 7048: 7043: 7036: 7031: 7024: 7019: 7012: 7007: 7000: 6995: 6988: 6983: 6976: 6971: 6964: 6959: 6952: 6947: 6940: 6935: 6928: 6923: 6916: 6911: 6904: 6899: 6892: 6887: 6880: 6875: 6868: 6863: 6856: 6851: 6849: 6841: 6836: 6829: 6824: 6817: 6812: 6805: 6800: 6793: 6788: 6781: 6776: 6769: 6764: 6757: 6752: 6750: 6742: 6737: 6730: 6725: 6718: 6713: 6706: 6701: 6695:, p. 13. 6694: 6689: 6682: 6681:Burzlaff 2020 6677: 6670: 6665: 6658: 6653: 6646: 6645:Burzlaff 2020 6641: 6634: 6629: 6627: 6619: 6614: 6607: 6602: 6595: 6590: 6583: 6578: 6571: 6566: 6559: 6554: 6547: 6542: 6535: 6530: 6523: 6522:Burzlaff 2020 6518: 6511: 6506: 6504: 6502: 6500: 6492: 6487: 6480: 6475: 6468: 6463: 6456: 6451: 6444: 6439: 6432: 6427: 6420: 6415: 6408: 6403: 6396: 6391: 6385:, p. 35. 6384: 6379: 6372: 6367: 6360: 6355: 6348: 6343: 6336: 6331: 6324: 6319: 6312: 6307: 6291: 6290: 6285: 6278: 6271: 6266: 6259: 6254: 6247: 6242: 6235: 6230: 6224:, p. 97. 6223: 6218: 6216: 6214: 6206: 6201: 6194: 6189: 6182: 6177: 6170: 6165: 6158: 6153: 6146: 6141: 6134: 6129: 6122: 6117: 6110: 6105: 6098: 6093: 6086: 6081: 6074: 6069: 6062: 6057: 6050: 6045: 6038: 6033: 6031: 6023: 6018: 6011: 6006: 6004: 5996: 5991: 5984: 5979: 5972: 5967: 5960: 5955: 5953: 5945: 5940: 5934:, p. 91. 5933: 5928: 5926: 5918: 5913: 5911: 5904:, p. 63. 5903: 5898: 5896: 5894: 5886: 5881: 5879: 5877: 5869: 5864: 5862: 5860: 5858: 5856: 5854: 5852: 5850: 5848: 5846: 5844: 5842: 5840: 5838: 5836: 5834: 5832: 5830: 5822: 5817: 5810: 5805: 5798: 5793: 5786: 5781: 5774: 5769: 5762: 5757: 5750: 5745: 5737: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5719: 5715: 5711: 5707: 5703: 5699: 5695: 5688: 5680: 5674: 5669: 5668: 5659: 5652: 5647: 5640: 5635: 5633: 5625: 5620: 5613: 5608: 5601: 5596: 5589: 5584: 5577: 5572: 5570: 5562: 5557: 5550: 5545: 5538: 5537:Browning 2004 5533: 5526: 5521: 5519: 5511: 5506: 5499: 5494: 5487: 5482: 5475: 5472: 5467: 5465: 5457: 5453: 5448: 5441: 5436: 5434: 5426: 5421: 5414: 5409: 5403:, p. 74. 5402: 5397: 5395: 5387: 5382: 5376:, p. 99. 5375: 5370: 5368: 5360: 5355: 5348: 5343: 5336: 5331: 5324: 5319: 5317: 5315: 5313: 5305: 5300: 5293: 5288: 5281: 5276: 5270:, p. 78. 5269: 5264: 5262: 5260: 5252: 5247: 5240: 5235: 5228: 5223: 5216: 5211: 5209: 5202:, p. 71. 5201: 5196: 5189: 5184: 5177: 5172: 5165: 5160: 5153: 5148: 5141: 5136: 5130:, p. 76. 5129: 5124: 5117: 5112: 5105: 5100: 5093: 5088: 5081: 5076: 5069: 5064: 5058:, p. 36. 5057: 5052: 5045: 5040: 5033: 5028: 5022:, p. 79. 5021: 5016: 5014: 5006: 5001: 4994: 4989: 4983:, p. 70. 4982: 4977: 4975: 4973: 4965: 4960: 4953: 4948: 4941: 4936: 4929: 4924: 4922: 4920: 4912: 4907: 4901:, p. 66. 4900: 4895: 4888: 4883: 4876: 4871: 4864: 4859: 4853:, p. 69. 4852: 4847: 4845: 4837: 4832: 4825: 4824:Kopstein 2023 4820: 4813: 4812:Kopstein 2023 4808: 4801: 4796: 4789: 4784: 4777: 4773: 4768: 4761: 4756: 4749: 4744: 4737: 4732: 4725: 4720: 4713: 4708: 4706: 4698: 4693: 4691: 4683: 4678: 4671: 4666: 4664: 4656: 4651: 4644: 4639: 4632: 4627: 4620: 4615: 4608: 4603: 4597:, p. 72. 4596: 4591: 4584: 4579: 4572: 4567: 4560: 4555: 4548: 4543: 4536: 4531: 4524: 4519: 4513:, p. 67. 4512: 4507: 4500: 4495: 4488: 4483: 4477:, p. 68. 4476: 4471: 4464: 4459: 4452: 4447: 4440: 4435: 4428: 4423: 4416: 4411: 4404: 4403:Cesarani 2016 4399: 4393:, p. 67. 4392: 4387: 4380: 4375: 4368: 4363: 4356: 4355:Cesarani 2016 4351: 4344: 4339: 4332: 4327: 4320: 4315: 4313: 4311: 4303: 4298: 4291: 4286: 4279: 4274: 4267: 4262: 4255: 4250: 4243: 4238: 4231: 4226: 4224: 4216: 4211: 4204: 4199: 4192: 4187: 4180: 4175: 4173: 4165: 4160: 4158: 4156: 4148: 4143: 4136: 4131: 4124: 4119: 4113:, p. 40. 4112: 4107: 4100: 4095: 4088: 4083: 4076: 4071: 4065:, p. 59. 4064: 4059: 4057: 4049: 4048:Cesarani 2016 4044: 4038:, p. 37. 4037: 4032: 4025: 4020: 4014:, p. 38. 4013: 4008: 4001: 3996: 3989: 3988:Cesarani 2016 3984: 3978:, p. 86. 3977: 3972: 3965: 3960: 3954:, p. 58. 3953: 3948: 3946: 3938: 3933: 3926: 3921: 3914: 3909: 3902: 3897: 3891:, p. 98. 3890: 3885: 3879:, p. 57. 3878: 3873: 3871: 3864:, p. 56. 3863: 3858: 3856: 3854: 3846: 3841: 3835:, p. 49. 3834: 3829: 3822: 3817: 3811:, p. 51. 3810: 3805: 3799:, p. 50. 3798: 3793: 3787:, p. 52. 3786: 3781: 3774: 3769: 3763:, p. 48. 3762: 3757: 3741: 3735: 3733: 3725: 3720: 3713: 3708: 3701: 3700:Cesarani 2016 3696: 3689: 3684: 3678:, p. 44. 3677: 3672: 3665: 3664:Cesarani 2016 3660: 3653: 3652:Cesarani 2016 3648: 3642:, p. 46. 3641: 3636: 3630:, p. 45. 3629: 3624: 3617: 3612: 3605: 3600: 3594:, p. 42. 3593: 3588: 3581: 3580:Cesarani 2016 3576: 3570:, p. 41. 3569: 3564: 3562: 3554: 3549: 3543:, p. 52. 3542: 3537: 3535: 3527: 3522: 3516:, p. 96. 3515: 3510: 3508: 3501:, p. 43. 3500: 3495: 3488: 3487:Cesarani 2016 3483: 3477:, p. 40. 3476: 3471: 3469: 3462:, p. 65. 3461: 3456: 3449: 3444: 3438:, p. 35. 3437: 3432: 3425: 3420: 3414:, p. 55. 3413: 3408: 3406: 3399:, p. 67. 3398: 3393: 3387:, p. 66. 3386: 3381: 3374: 3369: 3363:, p. 39. 3362: 3357: 3355: 3353: 3345: 3340: 3333: 3328: 3322:, p. 33. 3321: 3316: 3309: 3304: 3302: 3295:, p. 18. 3294: 3289: 3283:, p. 59. 3282: 3277: 3270: 3265: 3259:, p. 17. 3258: 3253: 3251: 3243: 3238: 3231: 3226: 3220:, p. 42. 3219: 3214: 3207: 3202: 3196:, p. 57. 3195: 3190: 3183: 3178: 3171: 3166: 3159: 3154: 3147: 3142: 3136:, p. 65. 3135: 3130: 3128: 3126: 3119:, p. 24. 3118: 3113: 3106: 3101: 3099: 3092:, p. 37. 3091: 3086: 3080:, p. 62. 3079: 3074: 3067: 3062: 3055: 3050: 3044:, p. 25. 3043: 3038: 3031: 3026: 3019: 3014: 3007: 3002: 2995: 2990: 2984:, p. 58. 2983: 2978: 2971: 2966: 2960:, p. 22. 2959: 2954: 2948:, p. 15. 2947: 2942: 2935: 2930: 2923: 2918: 2911: 2910:Calimani 2018 2906: 2899: 2894: 2892: 2884: 2879: 2872: 2867: 2860: 2859:Cesarani 2016 2855: 2853: 2846:, p. 14. 2845: 2840: 2836: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2809: 2800: 2798: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2765: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2737:Cesarani 2016 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2705: 2701: 2696: 2692: 2684: 2682: 2677: 2675: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2657: 2655: 2651: 2646: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2635:seeking entry 2632: 2627: 2622: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2587:Wolfgang Benz 2583: 2579: 2578:A. Dirk Moses 2570: 2566: 2557: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2529: 2527: 2516: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2488: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2470: 2465: 2460: 2450: 2448: 2443: 2442:Kielce pogrom 2432: 2422: 2420: 2416: 2411: 2409: 2405: 2400: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2380: 2378: 2312: 2307: 2297: 2295: 2289: 2282: 2281:Bergen-Belsen 2277: 2268: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2249: 2247: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2217:were deported 2210: 2206: 2201: 2187: 2183: 2181: 2177: 2172: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2143: 2133: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2103: 2097: 2090: 2085: 2076: 2074: 2073:camp brothels 2070: 2066: 2065: 2058: 2054: 2051: 2046: 2038: 2033: 2032: 2025: 2018: 2013: 2008: 1998: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1983:puppet states 1978: 1976: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1958: 1955: 1947: 1943: 1938: 1933: 1923: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1868: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1839: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1815: 1806: 1804: 1803:Wola Massacre 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1768: 1766: 1761: 1753: 1749: 1744: 1740: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1720: 1718: 1713: 1709: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1683: 1678: 1663: 1656: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1643: 1641: 1638: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1625: 1622: 1618: 1615: 1613: 1610: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1597: 1594: 1590: 1587: 1585: 1582: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1569: 1566: 1562: 1559: 1557: 1554: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1541: 1539: 1536: 1533: 1531: 1528: 1526: 1522: 1502: 1496: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1473: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1460:the camps in 1457: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1403: 1398: 1388: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1372: 1370: 1369:1939 prophecy 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1331: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1315: 1313: 1312:another 1,000 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1272: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1244: 1237: 1232: 1228: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1213:Schutzstaffel 1210: 1206: 1201: 1196: 1194: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1167: 1162: 1157: 1153: 1143: 1141: 1137: 1132: 1125: 1120: 1116: 1114: 1109: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1065: 1063: 1058: 1055: 1054: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1035: 1031: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1006: 1002: 1001:Warsaw Ghetto 997: 991: 987: 982: 977: 967: 965: 960: 958: 957:military rule 954: 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 922: 917: 913: 909: 905: 900: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 873: 868: 864: 860: 856: 852: 851: 843: 839: 834: 825: 823: 819: 813: 811: 807: 803: 799: 794: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 775: 774:Kristallnacht 770: 766: 758: 757: 756:Kristallnacht 752: 747: 743: 741: 740: 735: 731: 727: 726:civil service 723: 718: 712: 706: 696: 694: 690: 686: 682: 678: 674: 668: 666: 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 637: 633: 629: 625: 617: 613: 604: 602: 598: 594: 590: 589: 584: 580: 577:unbounded by 576: 572: 568: 564: 560: 553: 549: 544: 540: 538: 534: 530: 526: 522: 518: 514: 510: 506: 501: 499: 495: 491: 487: 483: 479: 475: 471: 467: 463: 459: 455: 451: 447: 443: 439: 435: 429: 425: 421: 416: 407: 405: 401: 397: 393: 389: 385: 382:, as well as 381: 377: 373: 369: 363: 353: 351: 347: 343: 339: 335: 330: 328: 324: 320: 316: 311: 309: 305: 301: 297: 293: 289: 285: 281: 277: 272: 270: 266: 262: 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 234: 230: 226: 222: 218: 214: 210: 209:European Jews 206: 202: 201:The Holocaust 194: 190: 186: 183: 179: 176: 173: 169: 166: 162: 158: 157:death marches 154: 153:mass shooting 150: 146: 142: 139: 133: 129: 125: 122: 118: 114: 110: 105: 102:to go to the 101: 97: 93: 87: 82: 79: 74: 71:The Holocaust 69: 63: 59: 58: 54: 48: 44: 40: 33: 19: 27328:Vichy France 27247: 27230: 27213: 27196: 27179: 27162: 27150:from Commons 27145: 27128: 27107: 27081:Bibliography 27064: 26877:Project Hula 26842:Vistula–Oder 26811: 26744: 26735: 26719: 26689: 26638: 26622: 26613: 26604: 26570: 26467: 26382: 26358: 26328: 26079: 25972: 25917:North Africa 25619:Soviet Union 25573:Soviet Union 25499:Soviet Union 25267:Vatican City 25170:Vichy France 25075:German Reich 24972:Soviet Union 24958:South Africa 24951:Sierra Leone 24904:Newfoundland 24723:Participants 24706:Marocchinate 24540: 24410: 24401: 24371: 24249:North Africa 24210:Indian Ocean 24069:Nazi plunder 23960:Cryptography 23833:World War II 23643:(1991–2001) 23623:(1984–1989) 23583:Famen Temple 23573:(1966–1976) 23436: 23383:(1922–1991) 23352:(1913–1922) 22883:Christianity 22873:Baháʼí Faith 22751:in Australia 22741:Racial quota 22385:Soviet Union 22328:Saudi Arabia 22269:South Africa 22196:Ethnic slurs 22191:Ethnic jokes 22093:Internalized 21911:Architecture 21859:SS personnel 21800:SUMKA (Iran) 21731: 21387:Social order 21312:Antisemitism 21265:Palingenetic 21156:Dictatorship 21125:Conspiracism 21049:Labour camps 21019:Deportations 21006: 20980:World War II 20925:Kirchenkampf 20913:Nazi Germany 20794:Hitler Youth 20758:Organisation 20581:Israel riots 20573:2020–present 20226:21st century 20167:AMIA bombing 19751:Cairo pogrom 19583: 19354: 19332:Brest pogrom 19122:Skver pogrom 19019:20th century 18996:Corfu pogrom 18897:Tzfat pogrom 18806:Safed pogrom 18782:Arles pogrom 18734:1391 pogroms 18599:Ham massacre 18540:Fez massacre 18340: 18336:World War II 18326:Soviet Union 18306:Emancipation 18301:Disabilities 18082:Roman Empire 17999:Roman Judaea 17729:Thomas Sneum 17670:Heinz Kokott 17542: 17534: 17474:Heinz Macher 17427:Adolf Hitler 17400: 17380: 17246:21st century 17203:Ratko Mladić 17127:20th century 17070:Belzec trial 16834:Genocide law 16694:Death squads 16604:Mass killing 16514:Autogenocide 16390:21st century 16153:1946 to 1999 16070: 16025:(1935–1945) 15983:Libyan Arabs 15848:1913 to 1945 15509:1490 to 1913 15307:Jäger Report 15257:Lviv pogroms 15176: 15168: 15065:Kalevi-Liiva 15042:Minsk Ghetto 15005: 14994:Rollkommando 14993: 14981: 14951: 14935:Sonderdienst 14933: 14926: 14913: 14905: 14897: 14894: (RSHA) 14889: 14881: 14809:Felix Landau 14768:Martin Weiss 14748:Erwin Schulz 14723:Walter Rauff 14703:Rudolf Lange 14658:Ernst Damzog 14648:Karl Brunner 14628:Walter Blume 14598:Gerhard Bast 14584: 14579: 14528:Bruno Müller 14489: 14449: 14443: 14399: 14348:Heinz Hitler 14338:(half-niece) 14324:Paula Hitler 14300:Klara Hitler 14294:Alois Hitler 14267: 14260: 14253: 14246: 14239: 14227: 14220: 14213: 14206: 14046:Obersalzberg 13997: 13945:Führerbunker 13944: 13922:Headquarters 13919: 13882: 13878:World War II 13873:Nazi Germany 13826:Zweites Buch 13824: 13805: 13769: 13762: 13749:Adolf Hitler 13687:21st century 13667:South Africa 13633:Labour Party 13554:21st century 13497:Saudi Arabia 13421:Yellow badge 13371: 13367:Jewish quota 13356: 13294: 13256: 13231:Yellow badge 13198: 13099: 13043:Anti-Judaism 12997: 12983: 12971: 12947: 12943:Ku Klux Klan 12918: 12894:Anti-Zionism 12878:Universities 12841:Christianity 12751:Adolf Hitler 12697:Antisemitism 12640:Yizkor books 12301: 12248: 11993: 11941:in Lithuania 11901: 11799: 11684: 11677: 11666: 11600: 11578: 11559: 11540: 11523: 11306:by Catholics 11175:Soviet Union 11043:By territory 11031: 10984: 10978: 10955: 10949: 10910: 10886: 10880: 10877:Láníček, Jan 10860: 10856: 10824: 10802: 10776: 10726: 10707: 10695:. Retrieved 10661: 10638: 10616: 10597: 10574: 10548: 10525: 10499: 10476: 10453: 10450:Hayes, Peter 10427: 10400: 10378: 10375:Engel, David 10356: 10330: 10308: 10305:Bartov, Omer 10282: 10247: 10221: 10198: 10171: 10131: 10107: 10080: 10055: 10030:. New York: 10027: 10000: 9973: 9969:Kay, Alex J. 9945: 9920: 9916:Hayes, Peter 9906:. New York: 9903: 9900:Hayes, Peter 9877: 9854: 9831: 9803: 9799:Engel, David 9774: 9743: 9720: 9715: 9691: 9665: 9639: 9613: 9586: 9582:Bartov, Omer 9558: 9527:. Retrieved 9522: 9513: 9501: 9482: 9479:Bartov, Omer 9473: 9468:, p. 2. 9461: 9449: 9437: 9432:, p. 6. 9425: 9406: 9397: 9378: 9372: 9335: 9328: 9319: 9315: 9308:Rummel, R.J. 9302: 9283: 9277: 9265: 9248: 9244: 9234: 9227:Assmann 2010 9222: 9215:Assmann 2010 9210: 9183: 9176:Bartov 2023b 9171: 9159: 9152:Bartov 2023b 9147: 9135: 9128:Priemel 2020 9123: 9111: 9104:Assmann 2010 9099: 9094:, p. 8. 9087: 9050: 9040: 9020: 9013: 8993: 8983: 8964: 8955: 8948:Assmann 2010 8943: 8931: 8924:Assmann 2010 8919: 8912:Assmann 2010 8907: 8895: 8885: 8879: 8869: 8863: 8851: 8841: 8835: 8823: 8811:. Retrieved 8805: 8796: 8784: 8764:, p. 7. 8757: 8750:Bartov 2023b 8745: 8738:Priemel 2020 8733: 8721: 8714:Priemel 2020 8709: 8697: 8685: 8678:Priemel 2020 8673: 8666:Priemel 2020 8661: 8649: 8642:Priemel 2020 8637: 8630:Kochavi 2010 8625: 8618:Kochavi 2010 8613: 8606:Kochavi 2010 8591:Gerlach 2016 8586: 8574: 8562: 8557:, p. 3. 8555:Gerlach 2016 8531: 8522: 8514: 8500: 8491: 8479:. 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Many died 1458: 1438:gas chambers 1413: 1408: 1373: 1359:after Japan 1346:, plans for 1337: 1323:Order Police 1318: 1316: 1284:Transnistria 1273: 1253:buried alive 1249: 1221:in Lithuania 1217:death squads 1212: 1199: 1197: 1171: 1166:Lviv pogroms 1129: 1110: 1071: 1059: 1039:Nazi ghettos 1036: 1032: 1009: 961: 901: 870: 848: 846: 814: 795: 772: 765:free of Jews 761: 754: 737: 714: 687:(1938), and 669: 659:. 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Detroit: 6292:(in French) 6289:Le Parisien 5549:Bergen 2016 5227:Bergen 2016 4024:Bergen 2016 3746:29 November 3230:Bergen 2016 2970:Bergen 2016 2669:Omer Bartov 2519:Reparations 2396:Alex J. Kay 2031:Ostarbeiter 2027:Woman with 1760:was cleared 1717:Polish Jews 1649:gas chamber 1647:Stationary 1621:gas chamber 1619:Stationary 1593:gas chamber 1591:Stationary 1565:gas chamber 1563:Stationary 1096:project to 847:The German 791:Reichsmarks 717:German Jews 685:Sudetenland 527:and lost a 517:World War I 458:small towns 438:Middle Ages 342:reparations 187:along with 149:mass murder 136:Attack type 51:‹ The 27262:Categories 27181:Quotations 26912:West Hunan 26745:Pointblank 26081:Silver Fox 26067:Summer War 25820:Winter War 25799:Phoney War 25580:Azerbaijan 25541:Yugoslavia 25436:Luxembourg 25278:Resistance 25018:Yugoslavia 24883:Luxembourg 24685:Sook Ching 24481:War crimes 24083:Technology 24076:Opposition 24018:Lend-Lease 23995:Australian 23988:Home front 23946:Blitzkrieg 23896:Casualties 23887:Commanders 23859:Operations 23226:(643–1526) 23101:Iconoclasm 23096:Hate crime 23026:Censorship 22915:Falun Gong 22545:Vietnamese 22318:Arab world 22216:Hate group 22206:Hate crime 22143:Xenophobia 22123:Scientific 22108:Linguistic 21647:Atrocities 21562:Ideologues 21397:Syncretism 21322:Aryan race 21297:Propaganda 21245:Militarism 21226:Lebensraum 21189:Geopolitik 21115:Chauvinism 21003:Neo-Nazism 20843:Nazi Party 19787:Kunmadaras 19196:Justingrad 18704:Strasbourg 18358:New Yishuv 18346:Resistance 17911:Israelites 17761:Karl Hanke 17648:(mistress) 17642:(daughter) 17518:Lebensborn 17464:(adjutant) 17444:Karl Wolff 16990:Riga trial 16841:Prevention 16786:Indigenous 16701:Incitement 16569:Gendercide 16530:Classicide 16523:Politicide 16484:Gaza Strip 16251:East Timor 16222:Bangladesh 16182:Guatemalan 16103:Sook Ching 15999:La Matanza 15723:California 15435:Bar Kokhba 15126:Ninth Fort 14970:Lithuanian 14958:Belarusian 14945:Non-German 14678:Karl Jäger 14553:Otto Rasch 14523:Heinz Jost 14159:belongings 14050:Kampfhäusl 13971:Tannenberg 13966:Felsennest 13961:Anlage Süd 13956:Adlerhorst 13909:Places of 13818:in English 13807:Mein Kampf 13529:Costa Rica 13492:Arab world 13476:Yad Vashem 13399:Refuseniks 13362:Jewish hat 13335:Expulsions 13302:Stormfront 13010:Xenophobia 12960:in English 12949:Mein Kampf 12931:Żydokomuna 12761:Propaganda 12635:Yad Vashem 12615:Uniqueness 12470:Nisko Plan 12243:Nazi Party 12051:Resistance 12021:Ninth Fort 11886:Vel' d'Hiv 11658:Nazi units 11596:Westerbork 11586:Amersfoort 11440:Neuengamme 11421:Mauthausen 11401:Kaiserwald 11371:Buchenwald 11150:Luxembourg 10697:28 January 10195:Stone, Dan 9845:1041397012 9753:Yad Vashem 9506:Stone 2010 9442:Stone 2010 9430:Stone 2010 9080:Stone 2010 8900:Hayes 2010 8856:Hayes 2010 8828:Hayes 2010 8777:Hayes 2010 8579:Beorn 2018 8567:Beorn 2018 8452:Stone 2023 8440:Stone 2023 8170:Beorn 2018 8105:C. H. Beck 8011:Stone 2020 7834:Beorn 2018 7798:Beorn 2018 7583:Evans 2019 7559:Beorn 2018 7547:Beorn 2018 7535:Beorn 2018 7475:Beorn 2018 7463:Beorn 2018 7364:Beorn 2018 7328:Beorn 2018 7113:12 January 6768:Beorn 2020 6669:Beorn 2018 6633:Beorn 2018 6383:Stone 2010 6347:Stone 2010 6234:Welch 2020 6145:Engel 2020 5983:Beorn 2018 5624:Stone 2010 5440:Beorn 2018 5413:Beorn 2018 5359:Beorn 2018 5251:Evans 2019 5239:Beorn 2018 5215:Beorn 2018 5176:Beorn 2018 5056:Stone 2010 4928:Beorn 2018 4911:Beorn 2018 4875:Beorn 2018 4863:Beorn 2018 4776:Beorn 2018 4760:Beorn 2020 4583:Beorn 2018 4511:Beorn 2018 4463:Beorn 2018 4427:Beorn 2018 4367:Miron 2020 4331:Engel 2020 4319:Miron 2020 4302:Miron 2020 4290:Miron 2020 4278:Miron 2020 4266:Beorn 2018 4254:Miron 2020 4242:Beorn 2018 4230:Beorn 2018 4215:Beorn 2018 4191:Beorn 2018 4147:Beorn 2018 4135:Beorn 2018 4099:Beorn 2018 4000:Beorn 2018 3976:Beorn 2018 3964:Beorn 2018 3937:Hayes 2017 3925:Beorn 2018 3901:Beorn 2018 3889:Beorn 2018 3514:Beorn 2018 3460:Stone 2020 3436:Beorn 2018 3397:Stone 2020 3385:Stone 2020 3344:Beorn 2018 3320:Beorn 2018 3293:Stone 2010 3281:Beorn 2018 3269:Evans 2019 3257:Stone 2010 3242:Stone 2020 3218:Beorn 2018 3206:Stone 2020 3194:Beorn 2018 3134:Weitz 2010 3117:Beorn 2018 3105:Weitz 2010 3078:Weitz 2010 3042:Beorn 2018 3030:Beorn 2018 2982:Weitz 2010 2934:Beorn 2018 2898:Stone 2023 2832:References 2777:Engel 2021 2749:Stone 2010 2741:Hayes 2015 2733:Beorn 2018 2717:Engel 2021 2713:Stone 2023 2709:Smith 2023 2704:imaginaire 2300:Death toll 2203:Jews from 2164:the Allies 1940:Auschwitz 1900:Yugoslavia 1880:from March 1878:to Poland 1626:April 1942 1530:Wartheland 1428:of Lublin 1225:in Belarus 1136:commissars 1062:was common 1037:The first 1020:Hans Frank 929:Luxembourg 885:Wartheland 779:synagogues 739:Mischlinge 693:propaganda 677:rearmament 588:Lebensraum 559:Nazi Party 454:assimilate 410:Background 239:, chiefly 165:hate crime 161:poison gas 27232:Resources 27215:Textbooks 26977:Manchuria 26863:Indochina 26639:Bagration 26090:Lithuania 25735:Anschluss 25532:Viet Minh 25429:Lithuania 25371:Hong Kong 25134:Manchukuo 25089:Azad Hind 24748:Australia 24548:Aftermath 24411:Paperclip 24306:Aftermath 24106:Total war 23974:Diplomacy 23937:In Europe 23577:Four Olds 23290:Test Acts 23156:Terrorism 22998:Rastafari 22947:Ahmadiyya 22726:Race card 22661:Alt-right 22461:Argentina 22422:Palestine 22340:Australia 22166:Apartheid 22154:of racism 21656:Action T4 21626:Rosenberg 21606:Haushofer 21551:Streicher 21337:Nordicism 21282:New Order 20973:Anschluss 20769:Ahnenerbe 20458:2010–2019 20411:2004–2009 20233:2000–2009 19765:1946–1999 19486:Szczuczyn 19458:Bucharest 19355:1938–1945 19231:Proskurov 19189:Radomyshl 19106:The Tritl 19026:1900–1937 18825:1600–1899 18637:1300–1599 18524:1000–1299 18503:(614–617) 18495:(351–352) 18487:(132–136) 18420:Massacres 18253:Byzantium 18151:Sanhedrin 18055:Kitos War 17873:Languages 17841:Overviews 17787:(dentist) 17513:Ahnenerbe 16779:Cambodian 16772:Holodomor 16664:Massacres 16548:Ethnocide 16537:Eliticide 16259:Cambodian 16007:Holodomor 15901:Armenians 15893:Assyrians 15666:Black War 15554:Huguenots 15437:(132–136) 15420:(50s BCE) 15404:(146 BCE) 15372:Genocides 15247:Drohobycz 15177:AB-Aktion 15118:Lithuania 14974:Ukrainian 14753:Franz Six 14288:Eva Braun 14157:Personal 14138:Paintings 14108:Bodyguard 14093:Sexuality 13950:Vorbunker 13911:residence 13813:in Arabic 13694:Venezuela 13509:Australia 13504:Argentina 13485:By region 13414:Expulsion 13274:Metapedia 13269:Jew Watch 12955:in Arabic 12721:Geography 12716:Economics 12593:Education 12488:Aftermath 12400:Aftermath 12362:Trawnikis 12286:Wehrmacht 12281:Waffen-SS 12081:Białystok 11909:Bucharest 11881:Marseille 11758:Elsewhere 11719:Białystok 11531:Breendonk 11508:Treblinka 11361:Auschwitz 11145:Lithuania 10937:256347577 10929:2031-4183 10763:ignored ( 10753:cite book 10692:229432191 10159:151138604 9809:Routledge 9584:(2023a). 9564:Routledge 9358:cite book 9251:(3): 32. 8385:2375-2548 8302:0014-3006 8139:Routledge 7963:Dean 2020 6999:Dean 2020 6987:Dean 2020 6975:Dean 2020 6951:Dean 2020 6915:Dean 2020 6891:Dean 2020 6804:Dean 2020 5718:0160-9327 5698:Endeavour 2769:King 2023 2639:Apartheid 2603:memorials 2368: Low 2246:destroyed 1946:Solahütte 1798:Glubokoje 1794:Białystok 1699:Treblinka 1607:Treblinka 1542:July 1941 1507:Location 1489:Treblinka 1481:Treblinka 1442:Aktion T4 1327:Waffen-SS 1265:Białystok 1238:, Belarus 1182:Lithuania 964:Aktion T4 893:resettled 850:Wehrmacht 838:free city 622:Amidst a 571:modernity 376:Holocaust 368:Holocaust 366:The term 308:were shot 265:Holocaust 245:Treblinka 130:1941–1945 60:is being 27088:Category 27037:document 26947:document 26804:Ardennes 26788:Budapest 26736:Crossbow 26614:Overlord 26453:Smolensk 25671:Timeline 25506:Slovakia 25492:Thailand 25343:Ethiopia 25308:Bulgaria 25232:Portugal 25163:Thailand 25045:Bulgaria 24823:Eswatini 24816:Ethiopia 24769:Bulgaria 24594:Unit 731 24555:Response 24372:Keelhaul 24322:Cold War 24295:Americas 24286:timeline 24279:Atlantic 24159:Theaters 23793:Religion 23314:Utah War 23184:(64–313) 23161:Violence 23051:Domicide 23003:Yazidism 22920:Hinduism 22878:Buddhism 22854:By group 22781:Category 22696:Lynching 22671:Casteism 22516:Japanese 22375:Portugal 22306:Thailand 22274:Zimbabwe 22138:Symbolic 22128:Societal 22118:Romantic 22083:Gendered 22063:Cultural 22053:Colorism 22048:Aversive 21994:Category 21933:Glossary 21887:Nobility 21700:Americas 21616:von List 21571:Baeumler 21506:Goebbels 21491:Heydrich 21471:Eichmann 21327:Aryanism 21292:Populism 21182:Eugenics 21071:Ideology 21034:Genocide 20645:Nahal Oz 20638:Kissufim 20631:Kfar Aza 20355:Istanbul 19549:Babi Yar 19514:Jedwabne 18921:Allahdad 18511:(628 CE) 18426:against 18373:See also 18258:Crusades 18246:Kairouan 18171:Savoraim 18097:Carthage 18074:Diaspora 17893:Timeline 17686:Military 17608:Hegewald 16744:Armenian 16611:Domicide 16590:Policide 16562:Eugenics 16507:Democide 16476:Rohingya 16119:Volhynia 15943:Cossacks 15789:Selk'nam 15651:Chechens 15643:Dzungars 15570:Lameyans 15562:Kalinago 15532:(1500s–) 15491:Guanches 15426:Eburones 15412:(88 BCE) 15364:Genocide 15237:Babi Yar 15211:Slovakia 14982:Kommando 14962:Estonian 14466:Director 14401:Category 14326:(sister) 14302:(mother) 14296:(father) 14255:Downfall 13801:Prophecy 13796:Speeches 13756:Politics 13662:Pakistan 13596:Imperial 13373:Judensau 13330:Boycotts 13289:Redwatch 13279:Podblanc 13142:May Laws 13101:Judensau 12805:Timeline 12773:Three Ds 12756:Americas 12578:Academia 12031:Piaśnica 12001:Babi Yar 11929:Jedwabne 11868:Roundups 11801:Judenrat 11765:Budapest 11536:Mechelen 11498:Majdanek 11455:Stutthof 11416:Majdanek 11311:by Poles 11269:Portugal 11247:Response 11238:Timeline 11216:Overview 11078:Slovakia 11065:Bulgaria 10905:(2021). 10246:(2015). 10197:(2010). 10169:(2023). 10106:(2015). 10053:(2000). 10026:(2000). 9999:(2010). 9971:(2021). 9918:(2015). 9902:(2017). 9876:(2016). 9829:(1968). 9801:(2021). 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