38:
556:
1472:
683:
Hence, Deccani experienced cultivation into a literary language under the
Sultanates, alongside its usage as a common vernacular. It also continued to be used by saints and Sufis for preaching. However, the Sultanates did not use Deccani for official purposes, preferring the prestige language Persian
679:
As the language of court and culture, Persian nevertheless served as the model for poetic forms, and a good amount of
Persian and Arabic vocabulary was present in the works of these writers. Hence Deccani attempted to strike a balance between Indian and Persian influences, though it did always retain
435:
The term "Deccani" and its variants are often used in two different contexts: a historical, obsolete one, referring to the medieval-era literary predecessor of Hindi-Urdu; and an oral one, referring to the Urdu dialects spoken in many areas of the Deccan today. Both contexts have intricate historical
696:
in the 17th century connected the southern regions of the subcontinent to the north, and introduced a hegemony of northern tastes. This began the decline of
Deccani poetry, as literary patronage in the region decreased. The sociopolitical context of the period is reflected in Hashmi Bijapuri's poem,
529:
for the linguistically diverse people of the region, primarily where the
Muslims had settled permanently. The Bahmanids greatly promoted Persian, and did not show any notable patronage for Deccani. However, their 150-year rule saw the burgeoning of a local Deccani literary culture outside the court,
2009:
Deccani finds a cultural core in and around
Hyderabad, where the highest concentration of speakers are; Telangana is one of the only four states of India to provide "Urdu" official status. Deccani Urdu in Hyderabad has found a vehicle of expression through humour and wit, which manifests in events
2080:
Deccani is often considered a predecessor of
Hindustani. The Deccani literary tradition is largely responsible for the development of modern Hindustani since contact with southern poets led to a shift in northern tastes and the development of Urdu as a literary language. Deccani also imparted the
1487:
Deccani dialect, and inherits many features from it. The term
Deccani distinguishes the lect from standard Urdu - however, it is commonly considered a "variety" of Urdu, and often gets subsumed under this name, both by its own speakers and the official administration. The demise of the literary
637:
roots of
Deccani without overshadowing it, and borrowed from neighbouring languages (especially Marathi; Matthews states that Dravidian influence was much less). In this regard, Shaheen and Shahid note that literary Deccani has historically been very close to spoken Deccani, unlike the northern
2374:
The
Deccani language developed between the fourteenth and seventeenth centuries in the Deccan—it is known to be an old form of Hindi and Urdu. Deccani was influenced by the other languages of the region, that is, it borrowed some words from Telugu, Kannada and Marathi. Deccani was known as the
742:
slowed this down, but despite their patronage of regional culture, Deccani Urdu's literary tradition died. However, the spoken variety has lived on in the
Deccani Muslims, retaining some of its historical features and continuing to be influenced by the neighbouring Dravidian languages.
546:
by Fakhruddin Nizami in the region around Bidar. It is the earliest available manuscript of the Hindavi/Dehlavi/Deccani language, and contains loanwords from local languages such as Telugu and Marathi. Digby suggests that it was not produced in courtly settings.
1997:
in the spoken region. He further divides Telugu Deccani into two linguistic categories, corresponding to Andhra Pradesh, which he says has more Telugu influence; and Telangana, with more influence from standard Urdu. The latter is seen especially in Hyderabad.
1992:
These features are used to different degrees among speakers, as there tends to be regional variation. Mustafa names some varieties of Deccani as "Telugu Dakkhni, Kannada Dakkhni, and Tamil Dakkhni", based on their influence from the dominant
498:, Maharashtra), causing a mass migration; governors, soldiers and common people moved south, bringing the dialect with them. At this time (and for the next few centuries) the cultural centres of the northern Indian subcontinent were under
3335:
632:
Although the poets of this era were well-versed in Persian, they were characterised by a preference for indigenous cultures, and a drive to stay independent of esoteric language. As a result, the language they cultivated emphasised the
534:
in the region (such as Shah Miranji) were an important vehicle of Deccani; they used it in their preachings since regional languages were more accessible (than Persian) to the general population. This era also saw production of the
1516:
Deccani retains some features of medieval Hindustani that have disappeared in contemporary Hindi-Urdu. It is also distinguished by grammar and vocabulary influences from Marathi, Kannada, and Telugu, due to its prolonged use as a
3290:
680:
mutual intelligibility with the northern Dehlavi. This contributed to the cultivation of a distinct Deccani identity, separate from the rulers from the north; many poets proudly extolled the Deccan region and its culture.
571:. These were also Persianate in culture, but were characterised by an affinity towards regional languages. They are largely responsible for the development of the Deccani literary tradition, which became concentrated at
37:
734:
in this variety. His work inspired the Persianate poets of the north to compose in the local dialect, which in their hands became an intermediate predecessor of Hindustani known as
3318:
3328:
2375:
language from the South and it later travelled to the north of India and influenced Khari Boli. It also had a significant influence on the development of Hindi and Urdu.
3323:
724:
The literary centres of the Deccan had been replaced by the capital of the Mughals, so poets migrated to Delhi for better opportunities. A notable example is that of
1504:, especially those with large Muslim populations such as Aurangabad, Nanded, Akola, Amravati, Bijapur, Gulbarga, Mysore and Bangalore. In addition to members of the
1479:
The term Deccani today is given to a Hindustani lect spoken natively by many Muslims from Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Maharashtra (who are known as the
2081:
practice of writing the local vernacular in the Perso-Arabic script, which eventually became the standard practice for Urdu all over the Indian subcontinent.
2001:
Deccani's use of Urdu as a standard register, and contact with Hindustani (widespread in India), has led to some of its distinctive features disappearing.
579:. Numerous Deccani poets were patronised in this time. According to Shaheen and Shahid, Golconda was the literary home of Asadullah Wajhi (author of
559:
Illustrated page from ibn-e-Nishati's "Phulban" (Flower Garden), a Deccani Urdu rendition of an unknown Persian work. Written under the patronage of
3117:
697:
composed two years after the fall of Bijapur, in a time when many southern poets were pressured to change their language and style for patronage:
738:. This accelerated the downfall of Deccani literature, as Rekhta came to dominate the competing dialects of Mughal Hindustan. The advent of the
3638:
2620:
1500:
Deccani speakers centre around Hyderabad, the capital of Telangana. Deccani is also spoken in many other urban areas of the Deccan region and
3605:
2362:
1842:
Common to Deccani and Urdu but largely restricted to classic literature and rarely used in the standard spoken registers of the latter
2591:
A History of the Freedom Movement:Being the Story of Muslim Struggle for the Freedom of Hind-Pakistan, 1707-1947 · Volume 3, Issue 2
3255:
357:, and due to this, Deccani has had an influence from the Persian language. In the modern era, it has mostly survived as a spoken
2388:
3184:
2415:
5479:
3388:
3197:
3171:
2452:
2425:
2398:
2338:
2328:
2311:
2301:
2248:
2223:
1373:
5459:
1981:
Southern dialects of Deccani preserve diphthongs where northern dialects and standard Urdu have shifted to open-mid vowels
1247:
2270:
Deccani Hindi is indebted for its development to the Muslim poets and writers chiefly belonging to the kingdom of Bijapur.
2473:
1240:
2575:
3631:
3227:
1382:
5164:
3245:
3040:
2991:
2801:
2589:
3600:
1103:
919:
2442:
5474:
2213:
2067:(also called Dollywood) is based in Hyderabad and produces movies in Deccani, especially the Hyderabadi dialect.
1396:
1087:
2215:
Urdu/Hindi: An Artificial Divide: African Heritage, Mesopotamian Roots, Indian Culture & Britiah Colonialism
4037:
2838:
1233:
4816:
3854:
3624:
1011:
3236:
Shaheen, Shagufta; Shahid, Sajjad (2018), Azam, Kousar J (ed.), "The Unique Literary Traditions of Dakhnī",
4787:
4607:
4453:
3773:
1410:
1094:
137:
1459:
1453:
1449:
1443:
1436:
1315:
1311:
1304:
5484:
5350:
5318:
5174:
1489:
1355:
1117:
912:
2014:", poetic symposiums with comedic themes. An example of Deccani, spoken in such a context at Hyderabad:
5489:
4884:
3512:
3270:
1426:
1254:
905:
898:
1521:
in the Deccan. Below is a non-exhaustive list of its unique features, with standard Urdu equivalents:
5499:
5464:
5323:
5024:
4998:
4437:
4321:
3585:
3381:
2132:
1135:
1110:
3102:
3062:
2860:
555:
5219:
3983:
1364:
1004:
3560:
5494:
3084:
997:
990:
926:
599:
510:
491:
142:
122:
5469:
5427:
5296:
4572:
4366:
4193:
3721:
3544:
1471:
1146:
830:
781:
127:
3159:
5097:
4910:
4396:
4361:
4356:
4188:
3701:
2288:
The Deccani Hindi Poetry in its earlier phase was not so much Persianised as it became later.
2123:
2064:
1180:
1173:
823:
816:
536:
2636:"Before Timur Came: Provincialization of the Delhi Sultanate through the Fourteenth Century"
5385:
5360:
5229:
5199:
5056:
4836:
4826:
4636:
4215:
3647:
3590:
3433:
3428:
3374:
1018:
614:
479:
370:
132:
47:
8:
5432:
5239:
4960:
4945:
4877:
4851:
4841:
4766:
4483:
4273:
4200:
4183:
3928:
3758:
3408:
3076:
1994:
1074:
972:
965:
958:
951:
944:
937:
885:
776:
542:
450:
362:
331:
297:
293:
147:
728:(1667–1707), who adapted his Deccani sensibilities to the northern style and produced a
5244:
5157:
5122:
4894:
4412:
4150:
3840:
3768:
3763:
3595:
3507:
3423:
3355:
3050:
3033:
A Tentative Paradigm for the Study of Languages and Literary Cultures in Hyderabad City
2848:
2655:
2614:
2095:
839:
771:
642:. Poet San'ati is a particular example of such conscious efforts to retain simplicity:
618:
603:
572:
560:
595:
Bijapur played host to Hashmi Bijapuri, San‘ati, and Mohammed Nusrati over the years.
256:
5437:
5251:
4920:
4889:
4867:
4831:
4673:
4631:
4536:
4478:
4243:
4175:
4163:
4072:
3993:
3973:
3895:
3820:
3737:
3670:
3531:
3359:
3324:
Bulletin of the Deccan College Post-Graduate and Research Institute, Volume 22 (1963)
3307:
3299:
3241:
3223:
3193:
3167:
3036:
2987:
2834:
2797:
2448:
2421:
2394:
2334:
2307:
2244:
2219:
2011:
1508:
community, some Hindu Rajputs and Marathas in the Deccan speak Deccani Urdu as well.
1403:
1226:
1220:
1164:
1126:
983:
809:
796:
786:
626:
576:
568:
506:
339:
327:
5281:
5267:
3203:
2796:. The New Cambridge History of India. Cambridge University Press. pp. 142–144.
5355:
5345:
5291:
5224:
5127:
5102:
5092:
5071:
5066:
5041:
4980:
4872:
4846:
4809:
4804:
4758:
4704:
4657:
4616:
4567:
4473:
4422:
4341:
4311:
4258:
4248:
4109:
4104:
4096:
4082:
4032:
3988:
3900:
3706:
3655:
3575:
3570:
3347:
2647:
766:
761:
499:
454:
386:
354:
3295:
42:
A folio from the Kitab-i-Navras, a collection of Deccani poetry attributed to the
5400:
5234:
5189:
5076:
5046:
5003:
4955:
4915:
4821:
4771:
4742:
4720:
4652:
4562:
4522:
4488:
4432:
4427:
4386:
4371:
4351:
4346:
4336:
4326:
4316:
4288:
4278:
4268:
4263:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4205:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4077:
3998:
3923:
3879:
3835:
3830:
3815:
3810:
3753:
3716:
3711:
3565:
3481:
3413:
3215:
2128:
2118:
2090:
2053:
1154:
803:
791:
483:
475:
429:
425:
418:
414:
374:
323:
309:
305:
195:
114:
2698:
5410:
5152:
5061:
4993:
4988:
4970:
4950:
4737:
4730:
4699:
4593:
4541:
4381:
4376:
4331:
4306:
4298:
4253:
4223:
4168:
4044:
3953:
3918:
3910:
3874:
3825:
3691:
880:
729:
471:
394:
378:
366:
335:
212:
86:
3351:
5453:
5395:
5051:
4965:
4940:
4725:
4067:
3968:
3539:
3476:
3466:
3418:
3311:
2651:
1629:
1337:
1290:
1281:
1274:
1267:
1204:
1195:
1158:
1080:
1064:
1057:
1050:
1043:
1036:
1029:
891:
864:
857:
850:
410:
317:
313:
223:
219:
1844:
Still commonly used in Deccani, roughly meaning 'that', 'which', or 'hence'
613:
It is widely considered to be the earliest Urdu poetry of a secular nature.
5390:
4158:
3443:
3180:
2888:
A descriptive study of Dakhni Urdu as spoken in the Chittoor District, A. P
725:
2567:
4468:
4283:
3789:
3580:
1439:
can have lax allophones of when preceding consonants in medial position.
1332:
406:
74:
2659:
2635:
1719:
Emphasis marker, Matthews comments that this is "probably from Marathi"
4577:
4546:
4517:
3616:
3517:
1349:
1342:
739:
495:
432:
is the closest of these dialects to Standard Urdu and the most spoken.
398:
90:
43:
2810:
5367:
5276:
5256:
3948:
3943:
3675:
1418:
1390:
693:
639:
608:
567:
In the early 16th century, the Bahmani Sultanate splintered into the
464:
402:
390:
338:. It later developed a literary tradition under the patronage of the
249:
237:
82:
78:
5405:
5147:
4498:
3963:
3958:
3938:
3696:
3438:
2108:
2100:
1505:
1480:
634:
598:
The rulers themselves participated in these cultural developments.
514:
105:
2444:
Cultural Fusion of Sufi Islam: Alternative Paths to Mystical Faith
2303:
Cultural Fusion of Sufi Islam: Alternative Paths to Mystical Faith
1488:
tradition has meant that Deccani uses standard Urdu as its formal
5339:
5210:
4683:
4417:
3933:
3471:
2363:"Language and Cinema: Schisms in the Representation of Hyderabad"
2112:
684:
as well as regional languages like Marathi, Kannada, and Telugu.
459:
382:
2867:
2773:
2749:
2737:
1693:
Third person plural pronoun, often used in first person as well
304:
region of south-central India and is the native language of the
4678:
4527:
4502:
4062:
4054:
3978:
3869:
3794:
3491:
3486:
1501:
735:
531:
301:
69:
2914:
2912:
2387:
Emeneau, Murray B.; Fergusson, Charles A. (21 November 2016).
470:
In the early 14th century, this dialect was introduced in the
361:
and is not a literary language. Deccani differs from northern
4493:
4391:
3220:
Encyclopaedia of the Linguistic Sciences: Issues and Theories
2104:
2040:
1307:
can be heard as either voiceless or voiced across dialects.
518:
487:
373:
with and loanwords from the Deccan's regional languages like
347:
59:
3164:
Pluricentric Languages: Differing Norms in Different Nations
2725:
2678:
2666:
1628:
First and second person possessive pronouns often used with
1483:). It is considered to be the modern, spoken variety of the
308:. The historical form of Deccani sparked the development of
5194:
4507:
3397:
2963:
2909:
358:
343:
180:
2833:. University of California Press. pp. 837 & 839.
2327:
Kellman, Steven G.; Lvovich, Natasha (30 September 2021).
1903:
1890:
424:
There are three primary dialects of Deccani spoken today:
5286:
3118:"Deccanwood: An Indian film industry taking on Bollywood"
2530:
2528:
716:
Your poetry is Dakhni, and only in it should you narrate
629:), a work of musical poetry written entirely in Deccani.
94:
3333:
2640:
Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient
3366:
3012:
2951:
2829:
Faruqi, Shamsur Rahman (2003). Pollock, Sheldon (ed.).
2761:
2713:
2515:
2513:
3135:
3098:
3077:"Ghouse Khamakhan (Part 1): Dakhani Mazahiya Mushaira"
3000:
2939:
2525:
2500:
2498:
1876:
Conjunctive participle, all three are used in Deccani
714:
Why bother about patrons, in your own words do state;
525:
from the name of the region itself, and had become a
2935:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 22 & 426.
2510:
2483:
2037:
It was but me who did something different altogether
2495:
606:wrote poetry in Deccani, which was compiled into a
353:The official language of the Deccan Sultanates was
342:. Deccani itself came to influence modern standard
330:, as trade and migration from the north introduced
3319:Urban culture of Medieval Deccan (1300 AD-1650 AD)
3289:
3269:
3186:From Hindi to Urdu: A Social and Political History
2540:
2330:The Routledge Handbook of Literary Translingualism
671:For them Dakhnī is a readily understood language.
530:as religious texts were made in the language. The
521:. By this time, the dialect had acquired the name
2266:Social, Economic, and Cultural History of Bijapur
5451:
2386:
2035:It's a coward who fears death while still alive,
2326:
409:. Deccani has been increasingly influenced by
365:sociolects due to archaisms retained from the
3632:
3382:
3263:(in Hindi), Allahabad: Hindi Sahitya Sammelan
3235:
2873:
2816:
2779:
2755:
2743:
2731:
2684:
2672:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2350:
3238:Languages and Literary Cultures in Hyderabad
2468:
2466:
2464:
2360:
2284:A Comparative Phonology of Hindi and Panjabi
2241:Languages and Literary Cultures in Hyderabad
1495:
664:I have restricted the use of Sanskrit words,
3031:Sharma, R.S. (2018). Azam, Kousar J (ed.).
2986:. Cambridge University Press. p. 413.
2022:buzdil hai woh jo jīte jī marne se ḍar gayā
3639:
3625:
3389:
3375:
2619:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2347:
2268:. Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli. p. 141.
2024:ek mai-ich thā jo kām hī kuch aur kar gayā
1974:
1972:
1961:
1959:
1946:
1944:
1933:
1931:
1902:
1900:
1889:
1887:
1551:First and second person singular pronouns
277:
269:
36:
29:
2903:Dakhini Urdu : history and structure
2794:A Social History of the Deccan, 1300–1761
2607:Dakhini Urdu : History and Structure
2461:
1492:(i.e. for writing, news, education etc).
3646:
3287:
3267:
3018:
2969:
2957:
2945:
2918:
2767:
2719:
2696:
2286:. Panjabi Sahitya Akademi. p. xii.
2257:
1567:First and second person plural pronouns
1470:
554:
513:as its capital. This was later moved to
474:region through the military exploits of
3222:, Allied Publishers, pp. 185–186,
3213:
3160:"Hindi-Urdu as a pluricentric language"
3006:
2900:
2885:
2604:
2534:
2275:
2232:
669:Those who have no knowledge of Persian;
5452:
3253:
3179:
3087:from the original on 12 December 2021.
3030:
2981:
2930:
2828:
2519:
2504:
2489:
2393:. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG.
2028:maĩ walaikum salām bola aur mar gayā.
1462:can be heard as in initial positions.
3620:
3370:
3099:"A Tongue Tied: The Story of Dakhani"
2890:. Aligarh: Aligarh Muslim University.
2791:
2633:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2555:
2263:
692:The Mughal conquest of the Deccan by
666:And made it free of unnecessary talk.
3340:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
3276:(Thesis). SOAS University of London.
2699:"Eighty Years of Dakani Scholarship"
2594:. Pakistan Historical Society. 1957.
2565:
2440:
2413:
2299:
2281:
2238:
2211:
2026:jab maut āko mereku karne lagī salām
2016:
699:
644:
638:tradition that has always exhibited
3218:, in Prakāśaṃ, Vennelakaṇṭi (ed.),
3157:
3141:
2578:from the original on 29 April 2011.
2546:
1912:Deccani speakers have fully merged
1871:jākē/jākar, dʰōkē/dʰōkar/, ākē/ākar
563:, depicted here seated on a throne.
16:Indo-Aryan language spoken in India
13:
3329:Deccani Painting by Mark Zebrowski
3281:
3115:
3105:from the original on 6 April 2009.
2975:
2552:
2361:Kama Maclean (26 September 2021).
707:terā shēr dakhnī hai dakhnīch bōl
650:rakhiyā kam sanskrit ke is me bōl,
457:spoken around Delhi then known as
14:
5511:
3346:(2). Bombay University: 137–138.
3334:Mohammed Abdul Muid Khan (1963).
2239:Azam, Kousar J. (9 August 2017).
2045:I said "walaikum salam" and died
1792:'with', both are used in Deccani
1425:
1409:
1402:
1395:
1381:
1372:
1363:
1354:
1289:
1280:
1273:
1253:
1246:
1239:
1232:
1203:
1179:
1172:
1145:
1134:
1116:
1109:
1102:
1093:
1086:
1063:
1056:
1049:
1042:
1035:
1017:
1010:
1003:
996:
989:
971:
964:
957:
950:
943:
925:
918:
911:
904:
897:
863:
856:
838:
829:
822:
815:
453:, Deccani has its origins in the
428:, Mysore Urdu, and Madrasi Urdu.
5342:(unknown further classification)
3298:; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John;
3257:दक्खिनी हिन्दी का उद्भव और विकास
2609:. New Delhi. pp. 3 & 6.
2039:When Death came to me and said "
3336:"The Arabian Poets of Golconda"
3151:
3109:
3091:
3083:. Siasat Daily. 19 March 2011.
3069:
3024:
2924:
2894:
2879:
2822:
2785:
2690:
2627:
2598:
2582:
2474:"Urdu-Phonology and Morphology"
2441:Alam, Sarwar (19 August 2019).
2434:
2407:
2300:Alam, Sarwar (19 August 2019).
1597:Third person singular pronouns
3606:Uddin & Begum Romanisation
3306:(3rd ed.). Brill Online.
3272:Dakani Language and Literature
2380:
2320:
2293:
2264:Verma, Dinesh Chandra (1990).
2205:
2151:
1475:Areas where Deccani is spoken.
705:tuje chākrī kya tu apnīch bōl,
657:sō dakhnī zabān us kō āsān he
652:adīk bōlne te rakhiyā hũ amōl;
1:
3601:Progressive Writers' Movement
3288:Gricourt, Marguerite (2015).
3035:. Routledge. pp. 32–33.
2831:Urdu Literary Culture, Part 1
2139:
2075:
1612:Third person plural pronouns
1466:
751:
655:jise fārsī kā na kuch gyān he
5480:Central Indo-Aryan languages
2886:Mustafa, Khateeb S. (1985).
2282:Arun, Vidya Bhaskar (1961).
2198:
1750:'on' or 'at' (postposition)
1416:
1388:
1347:
746:
517:and once again, in 1430, to
7:
5460:Culture of Hyderabad, India
3268:Matthews, David J. (1976).
3192:, Oxford University Press,
2697:Matthews, David J. (1993).
2414:Imam, Syeda (14 May 2008).
2135:which goes by the same name
2084:
1827:'it seems' or 'apparently'
1777:Plural future tense marker
1511:
509:was formed in 1347 AD with
449:As a predecessor of modern
10:
5516:
3162:, in Michael Clyne (ed.),
2703:The Annual of Urdu Studies
2212:Khan, Abdul Jamil (2006).
2004:
687:
439:
5419:
5376:
5332:
5309:
5265:
5208:
5182:
5173:
5140:
5115:
5085:
5034:
5023:
5016:
4979:
4933:
4903:
4860:
4797:
4786:
4751:
4713:
4692:
4666:
4645:
4624:
4615:
4606:
4586:
4555:
4461:
4452:
4405:
4297:
4214:
4149:
4142:
4095:
4053:
4025:
4018:
4011:
3909:
3888:
3862:
3853:
3803:
3782:
3746:
3730:
3684:
3663:
3654:
3553:
3530:
3500:
3459:
3452:
3404:
3352:10.1017/S0035869X00123299
2982:Masica, Colin P. (1993).
2931:Masica, Colin P. (1993).
2901:Schmidt, Ruth L. (1981).
2874:Shaheen & Shahid 2018
2817:Shaheen & Shahid 2018
2780:Shaheen & Shahid 2018
2756:Shaheen & Shahid 2018
2744:Shaheen & Shahid 2018
2732:Shaheen & Shahid 2018
2685:Shaheen & Shahid 2018
2673:Shaheen & Shahid 2018
2605:Schmidt, Ruth L. (1981).
2390:Linguistics in South Asia
2070:
1985:
1973:
1960:
1945:
1932:
1901:
1888:
1532:Standard Urdu equivalent
1496:Geographical distribution
1442:Diphthong sounds include
1424:
1348:
1322:
1219:
1153:
1115:
1073:
879:
802:
758:
550:
444:
247:
235:
230:
209:
189:
171:
111:
101:
65:
55:
35:
28:
23:
5220:Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit
3396:
2984:The Indo-Aryan Languages
2933:The Indo-Aryan Languages
2819:, p. 116 & 143.
2652:10.1163/1568520041974657
2160:is spelled variously as
2144:
1809:(first person negative)
413:, especially noticed in
389:spoken in the states of
2792:Eaton, Richard (2005).
1452:can be heard as after
1314:of Urdu is merged with
600:Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah
5475:Languages of Telangana
5428:Indo-Iranian languages
3545:Hindi-Urdu controversy
3304:Encyclopaedia of Islam
2033:
2020:
1476:
712:
703:
662:
648:
564:
417:, which serves as its
5098:Maharashtrian Konkani
3214:Mustafa, K.S (2008),
3166:, Walter de Gruyter,
3158:Dua, Hans R. (2012),
2634:Digby, Simon (2004).
2572:Encyclopaedia Iranica
2218:. Algora Publishing.
2124:Deccani film industry
2065:Deccani film industry
1772:kal jāyẽge, ab karẽge
1474:
558:
502:linguistic hegemony.
316:. Deccani arose as a
50:(16th-17th centuries)
5386:Andaman Creole Hindi
4817:Bishnupriya Manipuri
4637:Caribbean Hindustani
3648:Indo-Aryan languages
3254:Sharma, Ram (1964),
2417:The Untold Charminar
1951:(southern dialects)
1761:kal jaĩgā, ab karĩgā
1742:(southern dialects)
1620:(northern dialects)
1559:(southern dialects)
1543:(southern dialects)
615:Ibrahim Adil Shah II
480:Muhammad bin Tughluq
48:Ibrahim Adil Shah II
5433:Nuristani languages
5165:Mitanni superstrate
3774:Wotapuri-Katarqalai
3144:, pp. 383–384.
2905:. Bahri, New Delhi.
1608:un, un lōg, woh log
1525:
543:Kadam Rao Padam Rao
296:based on a form of
294:Indo-Aryan language
5485:Languages of India
5319:Proto-Indo-Iranian
5200:Early Ardhamagadhi
3294:. In Fleet, Kate;
3209:on 10 October 2014
2972:, p. 222-224.
2921:, p. 221-222.
2876:, p. 118-119.
2782:, p. 106-108.
2758:, p. 103-104.
2746:, p. 101-103.
2662:– via JSTOR.
2096:Urdu in Aurangabad
2063:Additionally, the
1995:Dravidian language
1618:mer(e)kū, ter(e)kū
1603:uno, uno logã, unõ
1582:Possessive marker
1524:
1477:
625:(Book of the Nine
604:Golconda Sultanate
583:), ibn-e-Nishati (
565:
561:Abdullah Qutb Shah
494:(near present-day
405:and some parts of
328:Bahmani Sultanates
314:late-Mughal period
5490:Deccan sultanates
5447:
5446:
5438:Iranian languages
5305:
5304:
5225:Dramatic Prakrits
5136:
5135:
5111:
5110:
5012:
5011:
4929:
4928:
4885:Rajbanshi (Nepal)
4782:
4781:
4602:
4601:
4448:
4447:
4438:list of languages
4138:
4137:
4091:
4090:
4007:
4006:
3849:
3848:
3614:
3613:
3526:
3525:
3199:978-0-19-906313-0
3173:978-3-11-088814-0
3122:www.aljazeera.com
2566:Matthews, David.
2454:978-0-429-87294-5
2427:978-81-8475-971-6
2400:978-3-11-081950-2
2340:978-1-000-44153-6
2313:978-0-429-87294-5
2250:978-1-351-39399-7
2225:978-0-87586-438-9
2061:
2060:
2012:Mazahiya Mushaira
1990:
1989:
1433:
1432:
1301:
1300:
722:
721:
677:
676:
619:Bijapur Sultanate
569:Deccan Sultanates
507:Bahmani Sultanate
340:Deccan Sultanates
263:
262:
5507:
5500:Deccani language
5465:Dialects of Urdu
5324:Proto-Indo-Aryan
5180:
5179:
5103:Canarese Konkani
5032:
5031:
5021:
5020:
4795:
4794:
4622:
4621:
4613:
4612:
4459:
4458:
4147:
4146:
4023:
4022:
4016:
4015:
3860:
3859:
3661:
3660:
3641:
3634:
3627:
3618:
3617:
3457:
3456:
3391:
3384:
3377:
3368:
3367:
3363:
3315:
3293:
3277:
3275:
3264:
3262:
3250:
3232:
3210:
3208:
3202:, archived from
3191:
3176:
3145:
3139:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3128:
3113:
3107:
3106:
3095:
3089:
3088:
3073:
3067:
3066:
3060:
3056:
3054:
3046:
3028:
3022:
3016:
3010:
3004:
2998:
2997:
2979:
2973:
2967:
2961:
2955:
2949:
2943:
2937:
2936:
2928:
2922:
2916:
2907:
2906:
2898:
2892:
2891:
2883:
2877:
2871:
2865:
2864:
2858:
2854:
2852:
2844:
2826:
2820:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2789:
2783:
2777:
2771:
2765:
2759:
2753:
2747:
2741:
2735:
2729:
2723:
2717:
2711:
2710:
2694:
2688:
2682:
2676:
2670:
2664:
2663:
2631:
2625:
2624:
2618:
2610:
2602:
2596:
2595:
2586:
2580:
2579:
2563:
2550:
2544:
2538:
2532:
2523:
2517:
2508:
2502:
2493:
2487:
2481:
2480:
2478:
2470:
2459:
2458:
2438:
2432:
2431:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2384:
2378:
2377:
2371:
2369:
2358:
2345:
2344:
2324:
2318:
2317:
2297:
2291:
2290:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2261:
2255:
2254:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2209:
2192:
2155:
2017:
1978:
1977:
1976:
1965:
1964:
1963:
1950:
1949:
1948:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1908:
1907:
1906:
1895:
1894:
1893:
1856:jāko, dʰōko, āko
1588:un, in, une, ine
1526:
1523:
1461:
1455:
1451:
1445:
1438:
1429:
1413:
1406:
1399:
1385:
1376:
1367:
1358:
1327:
1326:
1317:
1313:
1306:
1293:
1284:
1277:
1270:
1257:
1250:
1243:
1236:
1229:
1207:
1198:
1183:
1176:
1167:
1149:
1138:
1129:
1120:
1113:
1106:
1097:
1090:
1083:
1067:
1060:
1053:
1046:
1039:
1032:
1021:
1014:
1007:
1000:
993:
986:
975:
968:
961:
954:
947:
940:
929:
922:
915:
908:
901:
894:
867:
860:
853:
842:
833:
826:
819:
812:
756:
755:
700:
645:
486:'s capital from
284:; also known as
279:
271:
259:
240:
215:
117:
40:
31:
21:
20:
5515:
5514:
5510:
5509:
5508:
5506:
5505:
5504:
5450:
5449:
5448:
5443:
5442:
5415:
5378:
5372:
5328:
5311:
5301:
5261:
5204:
5190:Ashokan Prakrit
5169:
5132:
5107:
5081:
5026:
5008:
4975:
4925:
4899:
4856:
4789:
4778:
4747:
4709:
4688:
4662:
4641:
4598:
4582:
4551:
4523:Hyderabadi Urdu
4444:
4401:
4293:
4210:
4134:
4087:
4078:Pahari-Pothwari
4049:
4003:
3984:Pahari Kinnauri
3905:
3884:
3845:
3811:Indus Kohistani
3804:Hazara Division
3799:
3778:
3742:
3726:
3680:
3650:
3645:
3615:
3610:
3549:
3522:
3508:Aurangabad Urdu
3496:
3448:
3400:
3395:
3300:Rowson, Everett
3284:
3282:Further reading
3260:
3248:
3230:
3206:
3200:
3189:
3174:
3154:
3149:
3148:
3140:
3136:
3126:
3124:
3116:Mumtaz, Roase.
3114:
3110:
3097:
3096:
3092:
3075:
3074:
3070:
3058:
3057:
3048:
3047:
3043:
3029:
3025:
3017:
3013:
3005:
3001:
2994:
2980:
2976:
2968:
2964:
2956:
2952:
2944:
2940:
2929:
2925:
2917:
2910:
2899:
2895:
2884:
2880:
2872:
2868:
2856:
2855:
2846:
2845:
2841:
2827:
2823:
2815:
2811:
2804:
2790:
2786:
2778:
2774:
2766:
2762:
2754:
2750:
2742:
2738:
2730:
2726:
2718:
2714:
2695:
2691:
2683:
2679:
2671:
2667:
2632:
2628:
2612:
2611:
2603:
2599:
2588:
2587:
2583:
2564:
2553:
2545:
2541:
2533:
2526:
2518:
2511:
2503:
2496:
2488:
2484:
2476:
2472:
2471:
2462:
2455:
2439:
2435:
2428:
2412:
2408:
2401:
2385:
2381:
2367:
2365:
2359:
2348:
2341:
2325:
2321:
2314:
2298:
2294:
2280:
2276:
2262:
2258:
2251:
2237:
2233:
2226:
2210:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2195:
2156:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2133:Marathi-Konkani
2131:, a dialect of
2129:Deccani Marathi
2119:Deccani Muslims
2091:Hyderabadi Urdu
2087:
2078:
2073:
2054:Ghouse Khamakha
2047:
2044:
2038:
2036:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2007:
1704:mai idharich hũ
1514:
1498:
1469:
1325:
1266:
1225:
1194:
1163:
1125:
1079:
1028:
982:
936:
890:
884:
849:
808:
785:
770:
754:
749:
718:
715:
709:
706:
690:
673:
670:
668:
667:
665:
659:
656:
654:
653:
651:
587:), and Ghwasi (
553:
476:Alauddin Khalji
463:and now called
455:contact dialect
447:
442:
430:Hyderabadi Urdu
426:Hyderabadi Urdu
419:formal register
415:Hyderabadi Urdu
369:, as well as a
310:Urdu literature
255:
236:
216:
211:
185:
174:
167:
118:
115:Language family
113:
72:
51:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5513:
5503:
5502:
5497:
5495:Deccan Plateau
5492:
5487:
5482:
5477:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5445:
5444:
5441:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5421:
5420:
5417:
5416:
5414:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5388:
5382:
5380:
5374:
5373:
5371:
5370:
5365:
5364:
5363:
5358:
5348:
5343:
5336:
5334:
5330:
5329:
5327:
5326:
5321:
5315:
5313:
5307:
5306:
5303:
5302:
5300:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5284:
5279:
5273:
5271:
5263:
5262:
5260:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5248:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5222:
5216:
5214:
5206:
5205:
5203:
5202:
5197:
5192:
5186:
5184:
5177:
5171:
5170:
5168:
5167:
5162:
5161:
5160:
5155:
5144:
5142:
5138:
5137:
5134:
5133:
5131:
5130:
5125:
5119:
5117:
5113:
5112:
5109:
5108:
5106:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5089:
5087:
5083:
5082:
5080:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5038:
5036:
5029:
5018:
5014:
5013:
5010:
5009:
5007:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4985:
4983:
4977:
4976:
4974:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4937:
4935:
4931:
4930:
4927:
4926:
4924:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4907:
4905:
4901:
4900:
4898:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4881:
4880:
4875:
4864:
4862:
4858:
4857:
4855:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4813:
4812:
4801:
4799:
4792:
4784:
4783:
4780:
4779:
4777:
4776:
4775:
4774:
4769:
4761:
4755:
4753:
4749:
4748:
4746:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4734:
4733:
4728:
4717:
4715:
4711:
4710:
4708:
4707:
4702:
4696:
4694:
4690:
4689:
4687:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4670:
4668:
4664:
4663:
4661:
4660:
4655:
4649:
4647:
4643:
4642:
4640:
4639:
4634:
4628:
4626:
4619:
4610:
4604:
4603:
4600:
4599:
4597:
4596:
4590:
4588:
4584:
4583:
4581:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4559:
4557:
4553:
4552:
4550:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4533:
4532:
4531:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4505:
4496:
4491:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4465:
4463:
4456:
4450:
4449:
4446:
4445:
4443:
4442:
4441:
4440:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4409:
4407:
4403:
4402:
4400:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4303:
4301:
4295:
4294:
4292:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4220:
4218:
4212:
4211:
4209:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4197:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4178:
4173:
4172:
4171:
4169:Lisan ud-Dawat
4161:
4155:
4153:
4144:
4140:
4139:
4136:
4135:
4133:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4101:
4099:
4093:
4092:
4089:
4088:
4086:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4059:
4057:
4051:
4050:
4048:
4047:
4042:
4041:
4040:
4029:
4027:
4020:
4013:
4009:
4008:
4005:
4004:
4002:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3915:
3913:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3903:
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3386:
3379:
3371:
3365:
3364:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3296:Krämer, Gudrun
3291:"Dakhinī Urdū"
3283:
3280:
3279:
3278:
3265:
3251:
3246:
3233:
3229:978-1139465502
3228:
3211:
3198:
3177:
3172:
3153:
3150:
3147:
3146:
3134:
3108:
3090:
3068:
3041:
3023:
3021:, p. 179.
3011:
3009:, p. 186.
2999:
2992:
2974:
2962:
2960:, p. 215.
2950:
2938:
2923:
2908:
2893:
2878:
2866:
2839:
2821:
2809:
2802:
2784:
2772:
2770:, p. 283.
2760:
2748:
2736:
2734:, p. 116.
2724:
2722:, p. 170.
2712:
2689:
2687:, p. 124.
2677:
2675:, p. 100.
2665:
2646:(3): 333–335.
2626:
2597:
2581:
2551:
2549:, p. 383.
2539:
2537:, p. 185.
2524:
2509:
2494:
2482:
2460:
2453:
2433:
2426:
2420:. Penguin UK.
2406:
2399:
2379:
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2077:
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2006:
2003:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1982:
1979:
1952:
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1859:
1847:
1846:
1840:
1835:
1829:
1828:
1825:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1810:
1805:(imperative),
1800:
1794:
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1790:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1775:
1764:
1752:
1751:
1748:
1743:
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1720:
1717:
1714:mẽ idhar hī hũ
1707:
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1686:
1680:
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1678:Plural marker
1676:
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1650:
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719:
710:
689:
686:
675:
674:
660:
623:Kitab-e-Navras
552:
549:
478:. In 1327 AD,
446:
443:
441:
438:
395:Andhra Pradesh
306:Deccani people
300:spoken in the
261:
260:
253:
245:
244:
241:
233:
232:
231:Language codes
228:
227:
217:
213:Writing system
210:
207:
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198:
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173:Standard forms
172:
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160:
159:
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155:
121:
119:
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87:Andhra Pradesh
67:
63:
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57:
56:Native to
53:
52:
41:
33:
32:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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5493:
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5470:Urdu in India
5468:
5466:
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5455:
5439:
5436:
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5399:
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5396:Haflong Hindi
5394:
5392:
5389:
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5384:
5383:
5381:
5375:
5369:
5366:
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5359:
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5351:Chinali–Lahul
5349:
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5320:
5317:
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5297:Khasa Prakrit
5295:
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4573:Chhattisgarhi
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4383:
4380:
4378:
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4373:
4370:
4368:
4367:Rathwi Bareli
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
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3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3969:Mahasu Pahari
3967:
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3808:
3806:
3802:
3796:
3793:
3791:
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3787:
3785:
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3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3689:
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3672:
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3668:
3666:
3662:
3659:
3657:
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3649:
3642:
3637:
3635:
3630:
3628:
3623:
3622:
3619:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3552:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3540:Urdu movement
3538:
3537:
3535:
3533:
3529:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3505:
3503:
3499:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3467:Standard Urdu
3465:
3464:
3462:
3458:
3455:
3451:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
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3412:
3410:
3407:
3406:
3403:
3399:
3392:
3387:
3385:
3380:
3378:
3373:
3372:
3369:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3292:
3286:
3285:
3274:
3273:
3266:
3259:
3258:
3252:
3249:
3247:9781351393997
3243:
3240:, Routledge,
3239:
3234:
3231:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3212:
3205:
3201:
3195:
3188:
3187:
3182:
3181:Rahman, Tariq
3178:
3175:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3156:
3155:
3143:
3138:
3123:
3119:
3112:
3104:
3100:
3094:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3072:
3064:
3052:
3044:
3042:9781351393997
3038:
3034:
3027:
3020:
3019:Matthews 1976
3015:
3008:
3003:
2995:
2993:9780521299442
2989:
2985:
2978:
2971:
2970:Matthews 1976
2966:
2959:
2958:Matthews 1976
2954:
2948:, p. 74.
2947:
2946:Matthews 1976
2942:
2934:
2927:
2920:
2919:Matthews 1976
2915:
2913:
2904:
2897:
2889:
2882:
2875:
2870:
2862:
2850:
2842:
2836:
2832:
2825:
2818:
2813:
2805:
2803:9780521254847
2799:
2795:
2788:
2781:
2776:
2769:
2768:Matthews 1976
2764:
2757:
2752:
2745:
2740:
2733:
2728:
2721:
2720:Matthews 1976
2716:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2693:
2686:
2681:
2674:
2669:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2630:
2622:
2616:
2608:
2601:
2593:
2592:
2585:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2548:
2543:
2536:
2531:
2529:
2522:, p. 27.
2521:
2516:
2514:
2506:
2501:
2499:
2492:, p. 22.
2491:
2486:
2475:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2456:
2450:
2447:. Routledge.
2446:
2445:
2437:
2429:
2423:
2419:
2418:
2410:
2402:
2396:
2392:
2391:
2383:
2376:
2364:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2342:
2336:
2333:. Routledge.
2332:
2331:
2323:
2315:
2309:
2306:. Routledge.
2305:
2304:
2296:
2289:
2285:
2278:
2271:
2267:
2260:
2252:
2246:
2243:. Routledge.
2242:
2235:
2227:
2221:
2217:
2216:
2208:
2204:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2154:
2150:
2134:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2082:
2068:
2066:
2057:
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1519:lingua franca
1509:
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1444:/əi,əe,əu,əo/
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287:
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68:
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39:
34:
27:
22:
19:
5391:Bombay Hindi
5333:Unclassified
5230:Ardhamagadhi
5057:Berar Deccan
4911:Chittagonian
4904:Chittagonian
4512:
4397:Vaagri Booli
4362:Pauri Bareli
4357:Palya Bareli
4322:Dhodia–Kukna
4012:Northwestern
3702:Kundal Shahi
3513:British Urdu
3343:
3339:
3303:
3271:
3256:
3237:
3219:
3204:the original
3185:
3163:
3152:Bibliography
3137:
3125:. Retrieved
3121:
3111:
3093:
3080:
3071:
3032:
3026:
3014:
3007:Mustafa 2008
3002:
2983:
2977:
2965:
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2902:
2896:
2887:
2881:
2869:
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2812:
2793:
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2727:
2715:
2706:
2702:
2692:
2680:
2668:
2643:
2639:
2629:
2606:
2600:
2590:
2584:
2571:
2542:
2535:Mustafa 2008
2507:, p. 4.
2485:
2443:
2436:
2416:
2409:
2389:
2382:
2373:
2366:. Retrieved
2329:
2322:
2302:
2295:
2287:
2283:
2277:
2269:
2265:
2259:
2240:
2234:
2214:
2207:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2079:
2062:
2034:
2021:
2008:
2000:
1991:
1968:
1967:
1955:
1954:
1940:
1939:
1927:
1926:
1918:
1917:
1913:
1882:
1881:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1855:
1851:
1843:
1837:
1832:
1822:
1817:
1806:
1802:
1797:
1787:
1782:
1771:
1767:
1760:
1756:
1745:
1739:
1729:
1724:
1713:
1709:
1703:
1699:
1688:
1683:
1673:
1669:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1624:mujhe, tujhe
1623:
1617:
1607:
1602:
1592:
1587:
1577:
1572:
1562:
1556:
1546:
1540:
1518:
1515:
1499:
1484:
1478:
730:
726:Wali Deccani
723:
713:
704:
691:
682:
678:
663:
649:
631:
622:
607:
597:
592:
588:
584:
580:
566:
541:
537:
526:
522:
504:
482:shifted his
467:
458:
448:
434:
423:
367:medieval era
352:
318:
289:
286:Deccani Urdu
285:
281:
273:
265:
264:
248:
220:Perso-Arabic
152:
138:Central Zone
128:Indo-Iranian
18:
5379:and creoles
5361:Lahul Lohar
5240:Maharashtri
4837:Mal Paharia
4827:Kharia Thar
4469:Braj Bhasha
3571:Informatics
3127:23 February
3059:|work=
2857:|work=
2520:Rahman 2011
2505:Rahman 2011
2490:Rahman 2011
2368:12 February
1807:nahĩ cāhiye
1221:Approximant
407:Maharashtra
371:convergence
312:during the
75:Maharashtra
5454:Categories
5282:Apabhraṃśa
5268:Apabhraṃśa
5245:Shauraseni
4961:Bodo Parja
4946:Sambalpuri
4878:Goalpariya
4852:Tanchangya
4842:Noakhailla
4767:Bote-Darai
4578:Fiji Hindi
4547:Sadhukkadi
4518:Judeo-Urdu
4484:Hindustani
4274:Shekhawati
4216:Rajasthani
4201:Saurashtra
3929:Bhadarwahi
3759:Gawar-Bati
3566:Literature
3518:Roman Urdu
3482:Hyderabadi
3434:Vocabulary
3409:Hindustani
2840:0520228219
2140:References
2076:Hindustani
1557:hame, tume
1485:historical
1467:Modern era
752:Consonants
740:Asaf Jahis
635:Sanskritic
511:Daulatabad
496:Aurangabad
492:Daulatabad
451:Hindustani
399:Tamil Nadu
363:Hindustani
346:and later
336:the Deccan
332:Hindustani
322:under the
298:Hindustani
196:Hyderabadi
148:Hindustani
133:Indo-Aryan
91:Tamil Nadu
44:Adil Shahi
5368:Sheikhgal
5312:languages
5277:Abahattha
5257:Paishachi
5158:Classical
5123:Maldivian
4895:Surjapuri
4861:Kamarupic
4763:Kuswaric
4625:Bhojpuric
4413:Khandeshi
3949:Chambeali
3944:Bilaspuri
3841:Mankiyali
3769:Shumashti
3764:Nangalami
3676:Kishtwari
3453:Varieties
3429:Phonology
3360:163860407
3312:1873-9830
3216:"Dakkhni"
3061:ignored (
3051:cite book
2859:ignored (
2849:cite book
2615:cite book
2199:Citations
2101:Nawayathi
1986:Sources:
1725:kaiku, ki
1573:kane, kan
1081:voiceless
1075:Fricative
938:aspirated
892:voiceless
886:Affricate
782:Post-alv.
777:Retroflex
747:Phonology
694:Aurangzeb
640:diglossia
621:produced
609:kulliyyāt
484:Sultanate
465:Old Hindi
403:Karnataka
391:Telangana
250:Glottolog
238:ISO 639-3
102:Ethnicity
83:Telangana
79:Karnataka
5424:See also
5406:Nefamese
5401:Nagamese
5292:Kamarupi
5252:Gāndhārī
5209:Middle (
5148:Sanskrit
5086:Konkanic
5035:Marathic
5025:Marathi–
5017:Southern
4921:Rohingya
4890:Rangpuri
4868:Assamese
4832:Kurmukar
4810:dialects
4790:Kamarupa
4674:Maithili
4667:Maithili
4632:Bhojpuri
4537:Kannauji
4499:Hinglish
4479:Haryanvi
4244:Dhundari
4194:Wadiyara
4176:Jandavra
4164:Gujarati
4151:Gujarati
4073:Khetrani
4038:dialects
3994:Sirmauri
3974:Jaunsari
3964:Mandeali
3959:Pangwali
3939:Bhateali
3896:Garhwali
3855:Northern
3821:Chilisso
3697:Brokskat
3671:Kashmiri
3664:Kashmiri
3532:Politics
3477:Dhakaiya
3460:Dialects
3439:Nastaliq
3419:Alphabet
3302:(eds.).
3183:(2011),
3142:Dua 2012
3103:Archived
3085:Archived
2709:: 92–93.
2660:25165052
2576:Archived
2547:Dua 2012
2186:Dakkhini
2182:Dakkhani
2109:Honnavar
2085:See also
2010:called "
1962:(ـَے)
1934:(ـَے)
1861:suffix -
1850:suffix -
1823:lagta hē
1755:suffix -
1698:suffix -
1653:suffix -
1529:Deccani
1512:Features
1490:register
1481:Deccanis
772:Alveolar
589:Tutinama
573:Golconda
515:Gulbarga
292:) is an
257:dakh1244
190:Dialects
106:Deccanis
5377:Pidgins
5356:Chinali
5346:Bazigar
5340:Badeshi
5235:Magadhi
5211:Prakrit
5128:Sinhala
5116:Insular
5093:Konkani
5072:Katkari
5067:Phudagi
5047:Varhadi
5042:Marathi
5027:Konkani
4999:Bhunjia
4873:Kamrupi
4847:Sylheti
4805:Bengali
4798:Bengali
4759:Kumhali
4726:Kochila
4714:Tharuic
4705:Kurmali
4693:Sadanic
4684:Bajjika
4658:Khortha
4608:Eastern
4568:Bagheli
4556:Eastern
4513:Deccani
4489:Kauravi
4474:Bundeli
4462:Western
4454:Central
4423:Dawoodi
4418:Lambadi
4342:Bhilori
4312:Bhilali
4259:Marwari
4249:Harauti
4189:Parkari
4143:Western
4110:Kholosi
4105:Jadgali
4083:Saraiki
4033:Punjabi
4026:Eastern
4019:Punjabi
3989:Hinduri
3934:Churahi
3911:Western
3901:Kumaoni
3889:Central
3863:Eastern
3790:Kalasha
3783:Chitral
3738:Pashayi
3731:Pashayi
3707:Kalkoti
3591:Writers
3472:Dakhini
3444:Braille
3424:Grammar
3414:History
3081:YouTube
2190:Dakkani
2178:Dakhini
2174:Dakhani
2158:Deccani
2113:Bhatkal
2005:Culture
1788:ke sātʰ
1746:par, pē
1684:ap(p)an
1563:ham, āp
1547:mẽ, tum
1541:mai, tu
1506:Deccani
1338:Central
1268:breathy
1196:breathy
1030:breathy
851:breathy
797:Glottal
787:Palatal
688:Decline
617:of the
602:of the
585:Phulban
581:Sab Ras
577:Bijapur
538:masnavi
523:Dakhni,
500:Persian
460:Dehlavi
440:History
387:Marathi
383:Kannada
355:Persian
282:dakhanī
266:Deccani
203:Madrasi
153:Deccani
24:Deccani
5310:Proto-
5266:Late (
5175:Middle
5077:Kadodi
5004:Nahari
4981:Halbic
4956:Bhatri
4916:Chakma
4822:Hajong
4788:Gauda–
4772:Danwar
4752:Others
4743:Musasa
4679:Angika
4653:Magahi
4646:Magahi
4617:Bihari
4587:Others
4563:Awadhi
4528:Rekhta
4503:Urdish
4433:Romani
4428:Domari
4406:Others
4387:Vasavi
4372:Pardhi
4352:Magari
4347:Mawchi
4337:Bauria
4327:Dhanki
4317:Chodri
4289:Nimadi
4279:Dhatki
4269:Mewari
4264:Mewati
4239:Gujari
4234:Loarki
4229:Goaria
4206:Vaghri
4130:Sindhi
4125:Memoni
4120:Luwati
4115:Kutchi
4097:Sindhi
4063:Hindko
4055:Lahnda
3999:Sarazi
3979:Kullui
3924:Kangri
3880:Nepali
3870:Doteli
3836:Tirahi
3831:Kalami
3816:Bateri
3795:Khowar
3754:Dameli
3717:Palula
3712:Ushoji
3656:Dardic
3581:Poetry
3576:Cinema
3561:Awards
3492:Urdish
3487:Rekhta
3358:
3310:
3244:
3226:
3196:
3170:
3039:
2990:
2837:
2800:
2658:
2568:"Urdu"
2451:
2424:
2397:
2337:
2310:
2247:
2222:
2170:Dakhni
2166:Dakani
2071:Legacy
1975:(ـَو)
1947:(ـَو)
1803:mat/na
1783:sangāt
1734:'why'
1689:āp lōg
1593:us, is
1535:Notes
1502:Mumbai
1323:Vowels
1227:voiced
1165:voiced
1127:voiced
984:voiced
810:voiced
767:Dental
762:Labial
736:Rekhta
551:Growth
472:Deccan
445:Origin
436:ties.
375:Telugu
302:Deccan
274:dakanī
200:Mysore
70:Deccan
66:Region
5411:Vedda
5183:Early
5153:Vedic
5062:Varli
4994:Kamar
4989:Halbi
4971:Kupia
4951:Desia
4738:Majhi
4731:Buksa
4721:Tharu
4700:Sadri
4594:Parya
4542:Sansi
4494:Hindi
4392:Wagdi
4382:Kalto
4377:Gamit
4332:Dubli
4307:Bhili
4254:Malvi
4224:Bagri
4184:Kachi
4180:Koli
4045:Sansi
3954:Gaddi
3919:Dogri
3875:Jumli
3826:Gowro
3747:Kunar
3692:Shina
3685:Shina
3596:Poets
3586:Music
3501:Forms
3356:S2CID
3261:(PDF)
3207:(PDF)
3190:(PDF)
2656:JSTOR
2477:(PDF)
2162:Dakni
2145:Notes
2105:Kumta
2041:salam
1916:with
1798:nakko
1663:mardã
1437:/e,o/
1333:Front
1155:Trill
804:Nasal
792:Velar
731:divan
627:Rasas
532:Sufis
519:Bidar
488:Delhi
379:Tamil
348:Hindi
324:Delhi
288:and
278:دکھنی
60:India
46:king
5195:Pāli
5052:Andh
4966:Reli
4941:Odia
4934:Odia
4508:Urdu
4299:Bhil
4068:Inku
3722:Sawi
3554:Arts
3398:Urdu
3308:ISSN
3242:ISBN
3224:ISBN
3194:ISBN
3168:ISBN
3129:2018
3063:help
3037:ISBN
2988:ISBN
2861:help
2835:ISBN
2798:ISBN
2621:link
2449:ISBN
2422:ISBN
2395:ISBN
2370:2024
2335:ISBN
2308:ISBN
2245:ISBN
2220:ISBN
2188:and
1865:or -
1818:kate
1659:logã
1642:tera
1634:mera
1460:/əu/
1450:/əi/
1350:High
1343:Back
1310:The
881:Stop
575:and
505:The
359:lect
344:Urdu
326:and
270:دکنی
30:دکنی
5287:Elu
5141:Old
4159:Aer
3348:doi
2648:doi
2043:",
1909:)
1896:)
1867:kar
1768:ẽge
1757:ĩgā
1730:kyũ
1700:ich
1672:, -
1578:pās
1454:/h/
1419:Low
1391:Mid
1316:/x/
1312:/q/
1305:/h/
1159:Tap
1058:dʒʱ
966:tʃʰ
490:to
334:to
276:or
95:Goa
5456::
4284:Od
3354:.
3344:96
3342:.
3338:.
3120:.
3101:.
3079:.
3055::
3053:}}
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