Decembrist revolt - Knowledge

951:, near Nerchinsk. This group, sentenced to hard labor, included principal leaders of the Decembrist movement as well as the members of the United Slavs. Siberian Governor-General Lavinsky argued that it was easiest to control a large, concentrated group of convicts, and Emperor Nicholas I pursued this policy in order to maximize surveillance and to limit revolutionaries’ contact with local populations. Concentration facilitated the guarding of prisoners, but it also allowed the Decembrists to continue to exist as a community. This was especially true at Chita. The move to Petrovsky Zavod, however, forced Decembrists to divide into smaller groups; the new location was compartmentalized with an oppressive sense of order. Convicts could no longer congregate casually. Although nothing could destroy the Decembrists’ conception of fraternity, Petrovsky Zavod forced them to live more private lives. Owing to a number of imperial sentence reductions, exiles started to complete their labor terms years ahead of schedule. The labor was of minimal travail; Stanislav Leparsky, commandant of Petrovsky Zavod, failed to enforce Decembrists’ original labor sentences, and criminal convicts carried out much of the work in place of the revolutionaries. Most Decembrists left Petrovsky Zavod between 1835 and 1837, settling in or near Irkutsk, Minusinsk, Kurgan, Tobol’sk, Turinsk, and Yalutorovsk. Those Decembrists who had already lived in or visited Siberia, such as Dimitri Zavalishin, prospered upon leaving Petrovsky Zavod's confines, but most found it physically arduous and more psychologically unnerving than prison life. 1010:

other foreign languages, arts and crafts, and musical instruments. They established "academies" made up of libraries, schools, and symposia. In their settlements, Decembrists were fierce advocates of education, and founded many schools for natives, the first of which opened at Nerchinsk. Schools were also founded for women, and soon exceeded capacity. Decembrists contributed greatly to the field of agriculture, introducing previously unknown crops such as vegetables, tobacco, rye, buckwheat, and barley, and advanced agricultural methods such as hothouse cultivation. Trained doctors among the political exiles promoted and organized medical aid. The homes of prominent exiles like Prince Sergei Volkonsky and Prince Sergei Trubetskoi became social centers of their locales. All throughout Siberia, the Decembrists sparked an intellectual awakening: literary writings, propaganda, newspapers, and books from European Russia began to circulate the eastern provinces, the local population developing a capacity for critical political observation. The Decembrists even held a certain influence within Siberian administration; Dimitry Zavalishin played a critical role in developing and advocating Russian Far East policy. Although the Decembrists lived in isolation, their scholarly activities encompassed Siberia at large, including its culture, economy, administration, population, geography, botany, and ecology. Despite restricted circumstances, the Decembrists accomplished an extraordinary amount, and their work was deeply appreciated by Siberians.

649: 971:

lieutenant. Not only were political and social activities carefully monitored and prevented, there was interference regarding religious convictions. Local clergy accused Prince Shakhovskoi of "heresy", due to his interest in natural sciences. Authorities investigated and restrained other Decembrists for not attending church. The regime thoroughly censored all correspondences, especially communication with relatives. Messages were scrupulously reviewed by both officials in Siberia and the Third Division of the political intelligence service at Saint Petersburg. This screening process necessitated dry, careful wording on the part of Decembrists. In the words of Bestuzhev, correspondence bore a "lifeless ... imprint of officiality." Under the settlement regime, allowances were extremely meager. Certain Decembrists, including the Volkonskys, the Murav’yovs, and the Trubetskoys, were rich, but the majority of exiles had no money, and were forced to live off a mere 15

1002:'s reforms and salon fashion), wearing peasant dress and socialising with many of his peasant associates with whom he worked the land at his farm in Urik. Maria, equally, established schools, a foundling hospital and a theater for the local population. Sergei returned after 30 years of his exile had elapsed, though his titles and land remained under royal possession. Other exiles preferred to remain in Siberia after their sentences were served, preferring its relative freedom to the stifling intrigues of Moscow and Saint Petersburg, and after years of exile there was not much for them to return to. Many Decembrists thrived in exile, in time becoming landowners and farmers. In later years, they became idols of the populist movement of the 1860s and the 1870s as the Decembrists' advocacy of reform (including the abolition of serfdom) won them many admirers, including the writer 991:

including the right of husbands to live with their wives in privacy. Decembrists managed to gain transfers and allowances through persuasive petitions as well as through the intervention of family members. This process of petitioning, and the resultant concessions made by the tsar and officials, was and would continue to be a standard practice of political exiles in Siberia. The chain of bureaucratic procedures and orders linking Saint Petersburg to Siberian administration was often circumvented or ignored. These breaks in bureaucracy afforded exiles a small capacity for betterment and activism.

53: 1018:

financially inhibited, others had no family, and many were weak with old age. To many, Siberia had become home. Those that did return to European Russia did so with enthusiasm for the enforcement of the Emancipation Reforms of 1861. The exile of the Decembrists led to the permanent implantation of an intelligentsia in Siberia. For the first time, a cultural, intellectual, and political elite came to Siberian society as permanent residents; they integrated with the country and participated alongside natives in its development.

758: 955: 769: 699:, where they refused to swear allegiance to the new tsar, Nicholas I, proclaiming instead their loyalty to Konstantin. They expected to be joined by the rest of the troops stationed in Saint Petersburg, but they were disappointed. The revolt was hampered when it was deserted by its supposed leader Prince Trubetskoy. His second-in-command, Colonel Bulatov, also vanished from the scene. After a hurried consultation, the rebels appointed Prince Eugene Obolensky as a replacement leader. 189: 179: 169: 1039:

change on the regime. Their dissatisfaction forced Nicholas I to turn his attention inward to address the issues of the empire. He included many Decembrists who had joined his forces on the Senate Square and did not ultimately support the revolt in spite of their participation in Decembrist meetings into his government (such as Benkendorf, appointed to supervise the human rights, Muraviev-Vilensky and others). In 1826, Speransky was appointed by Nicholas I to head the

210: 199: 133: 998:("Decembrist wife") is a Russian symbol of the devotion of a wife to her husband. Maria Volkonskaya, the wife of the Decembrist leader Sergei Volkonsky, notably followed her husband to his exile in Irkutsk. Despite the spartan conditions of this banishment, Sergei Volkonsky and his wife Maria took opportunities to celebrate the liberalising mode of their exile. Sergei took to wearing an untrimmed beard (rejecting 884:. The journey eastward was fraught with hardship, yet for some it offered refreshing changes in scenery and peoples following imprisonment. Decembrist Nikolay Vasil’yevich Basargin was unwell when he set out from Saint Petersburg, but he recovered his strength on the move; his memoirs depict the journey to Siberia in a cheerful light, full of praise for the "common people" and commanding landscapes. 419:, the reform of ecclesiastic education, and strengthening the government's role in the country's economic development. Speransky's role increased greatly in 1808. From then until 1812, when they feared him as a liberal similar to Napoleon and his invasion, Speransky developed plans for the reorganization of Russia's government. Because of increasing hostility, he was forced to flee into exile. 526:, and to liberate all peasants without the consent of Russian landlords. They would not be able to influence a government based in Warsaw. Yakushkin intended to kill the emperor even before the revolution. When the society consisting of Russian landlords had refused to kill the emperor based on such rumors, Yakushkin left the society. The more liberal 816:. It took two weeks for the Southern Society to learn of the events in the capital. Meanwhile, other members of the leadership were arrested. The Southern Society, and a nationalistic group called the United Slavs, discussed revolt. When learning of the location of some of the arrested men, the United Slavs freed them by force. One of the freed men, 1038:

and the parliaments in Russia and Finland would be established in 1905. Finland had a parliament since Alexander I, but the number of electors was limited. The Russian Constitution of 1905 was called "The basic laws" as the Decembrists had called it. Though defeated, the Decembrists did effect some

978:

Despite extensive restrictions, limitations, and hardships, Decembrists believed that they could improve their situation through personal initiative. A constant stream of petitions came out of Petrovsky Zavod addressed to General Leparskii and Emperor Nicholas I. Most of the petitions were written by

887:

Not all Decembrists could identify with Basargin's positive experience. Because of their lower social standing, "soldier-Decembrists" experienced the emperor's vengeance in full. Sentenced by court-martial, many of these "commoners" received thousands of lashes. Those that survived went to Siberia on

1009:

During their time in exile, the Decembrists fundamentally influenced Siberian life. Their presence was most definitely felt culturally and economically, political activity being so far removed from the "pulse of national life" so as to be negligible. While in Petrovsky Zavod, Decembrists taught each

461:

was considered from the very beginning; for that purpose, a majority of the nobility was to be invited in order to petition the Emperor about it. This was later thought of on many occasions, but we soon came to realize that the nobility could not be persuaded. And as time went on we became even more

365:

the throne from Konstantin. On December 26th, Northern Society members led a force of approximately 3,000 troops into Senate Square to prevent the loyalty-swearing ceremony and to rally additional soldiers and officers to their cause. This group of rebels, although disorganized due to indecision and

990:

who had cast aside social privileges and comfort to follow their husbands into exile. These wives joined under the leadership of Princess Mariia Volkonskaia, and by 1832, through relentless petitions, managed to secure for their men formal cancellation of labor requirements, and several privileges,

742:

to the north. However, they were targeted by the artillery and suffered many casualties. As the ice was broken by the cannon fire, many sank. The revolt in the north came to an end. There was a rumor that during the nighttime, police and loyal army units were detached to clean the city and the Neva

702:

For hours, there was a stand-off between the 3,000 rebels and the 9,000 loyal troops stationed outside the Senate building, with some desultory shooting from the rebel side. A vast crowd of civilian on-lookers began fraternizing with the rebels but did not join the action. Eventually, Nicholas (the

1136:

confederation-advocating revolutionaries of the "Society of United Slavs". The majority of Decembrists were not members of illegal organizations similar to the participants of palace revolutions. Some were members of the Union of Prosperity only, sympathetic to an official, pro-governmental fairly

966:

The Siberian population met the Decembrists with great hospitality. Natives played central roles in keeping lines of communication open among Decembrists, friends, and relatives. Most merchants and state employees were also sympathetic. To the masses, the Decembrist exiles were "generals who had

831:

3 January] 1826, the rebels met defeat, and the surviving leaders were sent to Saint Petersburg to stand trial with the northern leaders. The Decembrists were taken to the Winter Palace to be interrogated, tried, and convicted. Kakhovsky was executed by hanging, together with four other

679:

public, and Nicholas stepped forward to assume the throne, the Northern Society acted. With the capital in temporary confusion, and one oath to Konstantin having already been sworn, the society scrambled in secret meetings to convince regimental leaders not to swear allegiance to Nicholas. These

589:

of serfdom in Baltic provinces. They also supported equality before the law. The Southern Society, under Pestel's influence, was more radical and wanted to abolish the monarchy, establish a republic, similar to the Union of Salvation, and contrary to the Union of Salvation plans, to redistribute

970:

Upon arrival at places of settlement, exiles had to comply with extensive regulations under a strict governmental regime. Local police watched, regulated, and notated every move that Decembrists attempted to make. Dimitri Zavalishin was thrown into prison for failing to remove his hat before a

442:

and realization of the suffering of peasant soldiers resulted in Decembrist officers and sympathizers being attracted to reform changes in society. They displayed their contempt of court by rejecting the court lifestyle, wearing their cavalry swords at balls (to indicate their unwillingness to

318:. Neither the Russian government nor the general public were initially aware of Konstantin’s renouncement, and as a result, parts of the military took a premature oath of loyalty to Konstantin. A general swearing of loyalty to the true emperor Nicholas was scheduled for 26 December [ 1017:

to the throne, the Decembrists received amnesty, and their rights, privileges were restored. Their children obtained rights, privileges and even titles of their fathers (such as princes) even if their fathers' titles were not restored. However, not all chose to return to the West. Some were

975:(about 16 hectares) of land, the allotment granted to each settler. Decembrists, with little to no knowledge of the land, attempted to eke out a living on wretched soil with next to no equipment. Financial aid from relatives and wealthier comrades saved many; others perished. 967:

refused to take the oath to Nicholas I." They were great figures that had suffered political persecution for their loyalty to the people. On the whole, indigenous Siberian populations greatly respected the Decembrists and were extremely hospitable in their reception of them.

581:. They envisioned that it could be replaced with a republic in the future but only according to the will of the people. They also believed there should be a legislative assembly and did not call for the execution of the imperial family. They supported the abolition of 879:

13 July] 1826, the first party of Decembrist convicts began its exodus to Siberia. Among this group were Prince Trubetskoi, Prince Obolensky, Peter and Andrei Borisov, Prince Volkonsky, and Artamon Muraviev, all of them bound for the mines at

1455:Горбачевский И. И. Записки. Письма. – М., 1963. Нечкина М. В. Общество соединенных славян. – М.; Л., 1927. Оксман Ю. Г. Из истории агитационно-пропагандистской литературы 20-х гг. XIX в. // Очерки из истории движения декабристов: Сб. ст. – М., 1954. 648: 1776:", he also reformed aristocratic culture. Bureaucrats now served the state, wore European dress and had to conform to certain presentational standards (i.e., they must not wear a beard, which was associated with the old aristocracy, or the 1137:

conservative program. But their revolt, unlike previous Romanov palace revolutions, has been considered the beginning of a revolutionary movement. The uprising was the first open breach between the government and reformist elements of the

820:, assumed leadership of the revolt. After converting the soldiers of Vasilkov to the cause, Muraviev-Apostol easily captured the city. The rebelling army was confronted by superior forces that were heavily armed with artillery loaded with 495:

would not agree to participate in establishing a federation. They wanted a United States-style republic or other state, with Lithuania, Belarus and Ukraine to be included in a unitary Poland (i.e., more or less the territory of the former

434:

was instituted between 1816 and 1819. However, internal and external unrest, which the tsar believed stemmed from political liberalization, led to a series of repressions and a return to a former government of restraint and conservatism.

490:

in peaceful times as threatening to the would-be Russian/United Slavic federation; they only approved the US revolutionary model. While agreeing with Pestel that the American revolutionary model could be the best form for Russia, the

443:

dance), and committing themselves to academic study. These new practices captured the spirit of the times as a willingness by the Decembrists to embrace both the peasant (i.e., the fundamental Russian people) and ongoing

1051:

Russian law. Under his leadership, the committee produced a publication of the complete collection of laws of the Russian Empire, containing 35,993 enactments. This codification called the "Full Collection of Laws"

1123:

To some extent, the Decembrists were in the tradition of a long line of palace revolutionaries of 1725–1825 who wanted to place their candidate on the throne, but many Decembrists also wanted to implement either

374:, was assassinated. The loyalists eventually opened fire with heavy artillery, scattering the rebels. In the aftermath of the coup attempt, many of the rebels were sentenced to hanging, imprisonment, or exile to 313:

privately renounced his claim to the throne two years prior to Alexander’s death on 1 December 1825. The line of succession therefore fell to their younger brother Nicholas, who would ascend to the throne as

891:

Fifteen out of 124 Decembrists were convicted of "state-crimes" by the Supreme Criminal Court, and sentenced to "exile-to-settlement". These men were sent directly to isolated locales, such as Berezov,

2262: 2267: 634:, in the future. This society joined the Southern Society and adopted its program in exchange for the recognition of the Slavic federation zeal by the Southern society in September 1825. 598:) in Ukraine in 1823. Its never-written program was similar to that of the Southern Society but the main emphasis was on the equal federation of Russia (including Ukraine), Poland, 407:'s early liberal reformation of Russian society and politics. Liberalism was encouraged on an official level, creating high expectations during the period of rapprochement between 467: 855:

Suspicion also fell on several eminent persons who were on friendly terms with the Decembrist leaders and could have been aware of their clandestine organizations, notably

808:

While the Northern Society scrambled in the days leading up to the revolt, the Southern Society (based in Tulchin) took a serious blow. The day before (25 December [

492: 980: 422:

Returning from exile in 1819, Speransky was appointed as the governor of Siberia, with the task of reforming local government. In 1818, the tsar asked

734:

that slipped on the icy cobbles and retired in disorder. Eventually, at the end of the day, Nicholas ordered three artillery pieces to open fire with

1442: 738:

ammunition to devastating effect. To avoid the slaughter, the rebels broke and ran. Some attempted to regroup on the frozen surface of the river

2247: 590:

land, taking half into state ownership and dividing the rest among the peasants. The Society of United Slavs (also known as the Slavic Union –

1515: 901: 777:На этом месте, 13/25 Июля 1826 года, были казнены Декабристы П. Пестель, К. Рылеев, П. Каховский, С. Муравьев-Апостол, М. Бестужев-Рюмин. 534:. It did not have revolutionary plans and the society was called the Union of Prosperity. It was still considered illegal and similar to 486:. They worked to free any slaves and serfs from all countries in Russia immediately. Pestel and his followers opposed the United States' 522:

Pestel was supported by Yakushkin when there were rumors that the emperor had intended to transfer the capital from Saint Petersburg to

985: 511:, or of the Faithful and True Sons of the Fatherland. The society acquired a revolutionary cast after it was joined by the idealistic 1383:Дружинин Н. М. Революционное движение в России в XIX веке. М., 1985. С.323. Нечкина М. В. Движение декабристов. Т.1. М., 1955. С.134. 1358: 1044: 672: 310: 1877: 1967: 2237: 2277: 2034: 1993: 416: 1064:), the positive law valid for the Russian Empire. Speransky's liberal ideas were subsequently scrutinized and elaborated by 730:

After spending most of the day in fruitless attempts to parley with the rebel force, Nicholas ordered a cavalry charge by

2242: 585:, according to the interests of Russian landlords, i.e. with land to be retained by landlords, in a style similar to the 562: 550: 334: 1759:

Andrew A. Gentes, "Other Decembrists: The Chizov Case and Lutskii Affair as Signifiers of The Decembrists in Siberia",

1733:

Andrew A. Gentes, "Other Decembrists: The Chizov Case and Lutskii Affair As Signifiers of The Decembrists in Siberia",

1639:

Andrew A. Gentes, "Other Decembrists: The Chizov Case and Lutskii Affair As Signifiers of The Decembrists in Siberia",

1590:

Andrew A. Gentes, "Other Decembrists: The Chizov Case and Lutskii Affair as Signifiers of The Decembrists in Siberia",

1577:

Andrew A. Gentes, "Other Decembrists: The Chizov Case and Lutskii Affair As Signifiers of The Decembrists in Siberia",

497: 2040: 1424: 1203: 916:, among others. Few Russians inhabited these places: The populations consisted mainly of Siberian aborigines, such as 2092: 2026: 1985: 1944: 1368: 1237: 20: 2232: 696: 323: 1270:

A similar liberal reaction followed the Crimean War in 1854 and resulted in the emancipation of the serfs in 1861.

549:

in 1820, the society decided to suspend activity in 1821. Two groups, however, continued to function secretly: a

487: 125: 1088:, whose father served together with Decembrists in Ukraine, wrote a long poem about the Decembrist wives; and 840:. A further 31 Decembrists facing the death penalty were instead imprisoned. Other Decembrists were exiled to 2272: 2257: 1968:

Soldaty – uchastniki zagovora i vosstaniya dekabristov (Солдаты – участники заговора и восстания декабристов)

876: 828: 809: 688: 671:

19 November] 1825, the royal guards swore allegiance to the presumed successor, Alexander's brother

668: 319: 296: 74: 994:

Wives of many Decembrists, as well as some nieces and sisters, followed their husbands into exile. The term

1113: 1085: 681: 573:

and Prince Eugene Obolensky. The political aims of the more moderate Northern Society were a British-style

570: 483: 44: 1035: 948: 643: 330: 151: 27: 462:

convinced, when the Ukrainian nobility absolutely rejected a similar project of their military governor.

2227: 2222: 2107:

The First Russian Revolution, 1825: The Decembrist movement, its origins, development, and significance

1977:

The first Russian revolution, 1825: the Decembrist movement, its origins, development, and significance

864: 539: 479: 1158:, the Decembrist revolt is briefly mencioned in chapter V, book II, part I, as a time reference mark. 2204: 2179: 1537: 752: 527: 370:

building in the presence of a large civilian crowd. A standoff ensued, during which Nicholas' envoy,

1261:

David Moon. "The Abolition of Serfdom in Russia". Harlow: Pearson Education Limited, 2001. Page xiv

837: 799: 731: 1772:

When Peter introduced a more systematic form of administration in the Russian Empire through the "

615: 1104: 959: 944: 817: 795: 574: 354: 258: 1151: 1014: 586: 504: 427: 2252: 860: 692: 542:, also joined the Union of Prosperity, together with the members of the Union of Salvation.) 474:

may also have influenced Decembrists, as they did other nations. The constitution written by

404: 300: 52: 2115: 1125: 1057: 704: 657: 444: 371: 315: 214: 203: 378:. The individuals who participated in the conspiracy and coup attempt became known as the 8: 2074: 772:

Inscription on the monument to the Decembrists at the execution site in Saint Petersburg.

546: 471: 431: 423: 415:. During his early years in the regime, Speransky helped inspire the organization of the 270: 1976: 2132: 2113:

Rabow-Edling, Susanna (May 2007). "The Decembrists and the Concept of a Civic Nation".

1895: 1436: 1409: 1310: 1183:

Baumann, Robert (2009). "The Decembrist Revolt and its Aftermath: Values in Conflict".

1155: 1129: 1065: 680:

efforts culminated in the Decembrist Revolt. The leaders of the society elected Prince

631: 508: 58: 2136: 2088: 2069: 2030: 2022: 2012: 2006: 1989: 1981: 1940: 1364: 1233: 1081: 1031: 856: 716: 412: 155: 1343: 276: 2124: 2054: 1939:]. Translated by Garnett, Constance. New York: The Modern Library. p. 75. 1302: 1138: 1076:

placed the profiles of executed Decembrists on the cover of his radical periodical

1073: 833: 787: 762: 611: 367: 307: 292: 249: 218: 183: 86: 2017: 1117: 1069: 999: 925: 791: 712: 661: 566: 475: 439: 173: 159: 2191: 1092:

started writing a novel on that liberal movement, which would later evolve into

695:, Grenadier Life Guards Regiment, and Naval Equipage of the Guard) assembled in 2064: 2001: 1773: 1410:"Павел Иванович Пестель | Государственное управление в России в портретах" 757: 338: 288: 209: 198: 138: 90: 2128: 691:

14 December], a group of officers commanding about 3,000 men (elements of

366:

dissension among its leaders, confronted troops loyal to Nicholas outside the

2216: 2080: 1099: 1094: 954: 768: 724: 535: 358: 188: 178: 168: 1971:, in: Dekabristy i ih vremya (Декабристы и их время), vol. 4. Moscow: VOPSP. 1913: 1327: 1191:(3): 21–32 – via Arthur D. Simons Center for Interagency Cooperation. 1060:, and formed the basis for the "Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire" ( 813: 783: 676: 653: 630:, i.e. all Slavic & Vlach countries with the exception of Bulgaria and 512: 450: 163: 2098:

Grey, Ian. (1973) "The Decembrists: Russia's First Revolutionaries, 1825"

1516:"Декабрист Евгений Оболенский о подготовке восстания на Сенатской площади" 732:

Her Sovereign Majesty Empress Maria Theodorovna's Chevalier Guard Regiment

19:

This article is about the Russian revolt. For the Argentinian revolt, see

1133: 1089: 1003: 591: 2059:

The Shadow of the Winter Palace: Russia's Drift to Revolution, 1825–1917

1048: 500:), without any Russian involvement in the affairs of these territories. 1503: 1314: 845: 531: 411:

and Alexander. The major advocate for reform in Alexander's regime was

346: 342: 280: 1290: 743:

river, as many of the dead, dying, and wounded had been cast into it.

538:. (The small Order of Russian knights, excepting its prominent member 1072:. Although the revolt was a proscribed topic during Nicholas’ reign, 1027: 972: 881: 821: 812:

13 December]), acting on reports of treason, the police arrested

735: 720: 607: 603: 517: 350: 284: 1306: 2159:

Russia's Failed Revolutions: From the Decembrists to the Dissidents

1109: 913: 849: 619: 599: 578: 408: 937: 933: 909: 905: 841: 627: 623: 595: 582: 558: 554: 375: 362: 107: 943:

Of all those exiled, the largest group of prisoners was sent to

2196: 929: 921: 917: 897: 782:"At this place, 13/25 July 1826, were executed the Decembrists 708: 523: 711:

with the rebels. Miloradovich was fatally shot in the back by

515:. The charter was similar to charters of the organizations of 2263:

Wars of succession involving the states and peoples of Europe

1777: 893: 398: 345:

revolutionaries, nobles, and military officials, organized a

2268:

Wars of succession involving the states and peoples of Asia

2077:, 294 p. (Translation from the Russian by Cynthia Carlile.) 1854:, 1825 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1937), 256–260 1828:, 1825 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1937), 252–255 1815:, 1825 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1937), 243–247 1695:, 1825 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1937), 231–232 1554:. London: James R. Osgood, McIlvaine & Co. p. 280. 739: 458: 2070:

Conspiracy Against the Tsar: A Portrait of the Decembrists

1721:(Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1974), 303–304 703:

new tsar) appeared in person at the square and sent Count

299:

14 December] 1825, following the sudden death of

1604: 1602: 1600: 1288: 2164:

Whittock, Michael. "Russia's December Revolution, 1825"

2041:

Notes of Prince S.P. Trubetskoy (Saint Petersburg, 1906)

1635: 1633: 1631: 1841:, 1825 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1937), 259 1802:, 1825 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1937), 244 1750:, 1825 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1937), 243 1708:, 1825 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1937), 233 1682:, 1825 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1937), 228 1625:, 1825 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1937), 213 1612:, 1825 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1937), 227 1423:в 20:42, Александр Федотиков 12 09 2016 (4 July 2020). 606:, Transylvania, Hungary (including Slovakia, Slovenia, 361:, it sought to convince the military that Nicholas was 1669:(Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1974), 209 1656:(Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1974), 274 1597: 1568:(Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1974), 210 1360:

The Decembrist Pavel Pestel: Russia's First Republican

667:

When Emperor Alexander I died on 1 December [

1628: 1504:Материалы следственного дела С. И. Муравьёва-Апостола 1391: 1389: 1291:"The Declaration of Independence: A View from Russia" 761:

Monument to the Decembrists at the execution site in

390: 357:. To seize control of the government and implement a 263: 561:, in which Pestel was the outstanding figure, and a 275:'Uprising of the Decembrists') was a failed 16:

1825 revolt and attempted coup in the Russian Empire

1425:"Общество соединённых славян – народные декабристы" 715:while delivering a public address, then stabbed by 565:, based at Saint Petersburg, led by guard officers 1386: 26:"Decembrist" redirects here. For other uses, see 2214: 2102:(Sept 1973), Vol. 23 Issue 9, pp 656–663 online. 1344:"Опыт США и конституционные проекты декабристов" 1128:or a moderate conservatism contrary to the more 723:, led by Lieutenant Nikolay Panov, entered the 1132:, centralizing program of Pavel Pestel or the 1108:(The Decembrists), about the revolt, with the 1030:would continue for almost a century, although 1026:With the failure of the Decembrists, Russia's 602:(including Bessarabia) with the attachment of 2143:Sherman, Russell & Pearce, Robert (2002) 2085:Natasha's Dance: a Cultural History of Russia 1914:"Декабристы: Становление // Николай Троицкий" 1729: 1727: 775: 2112: 1230:A People's History of the Russian Revolution 832:leading Decembrists: Pavel Pestel; the poet 594:) was established in Novohrad-Volynsky (now 457:The desirability of granting freedom to the 1930: 1441:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 1356: 1201: 1084:addressed poems to his Decembrist friends; 403:At first, many officers were encouraged by 1724: 1279:Pestel, quoted in A.G. Mazour (1937), p. 8 888:foot, chained alongside common criminals. 399:Union of Salvation and Union of Prosperity 870: 719:. At the same time, a rebelling squad of 530:created a new charter similar to that of 468:United States Declaration of Independence 331:confusing transition into Nicholas' reign 2205:Online Museum of the Decembrist movement 1227: 953: 767: 756: 647: 1863:Arthur Jacobs and Stanley Sadie (1996) 1422: 1182: 2215: 2152:The Decembrist myth in Russian culture 1999:Nechkina, Militsa (1984, in Russian). 1980:. Stanford University Press. Reissue: 1549: 1543: 1252:Sherman, R and Pearce, R (2002) Pg. 23 1144: 1045:His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery 1013:On 26 August 1856, with the ascent of 727:but failed to seize it and retreated. 424:Count Nikolay Nikolayevich Novosiltsev 2248:Rebellions against the Russian Empire 1508: 1202:Riasanovsky, Nicholas (2 July 2024). 1204:"Ascent to the Throne of Nicholas I" 1178: 1176: 1174: 1172: 746: 413:Count Mikhail Mikhailovich Speransky 106:Decembrists executed or deported to 1965:Gabayev, G. S. (1932, in Russian). 1497: 947:, transferred three years later to 687:On the morning of 26 December [ 637: 482:. But the Decembrists were against 13: 2047: 1289:Bolkhovitinov, Nikolai N. (1999). 1141:, which would subsequently widen. 438:Meanwhile, the experiences of the 14: 2289: 2185: 1221: 1169: 652:Decembrist Revolt, a painting by 503:In 1816, several officers of the 21:Decembrist revolution (Argentina) 1357:O'Meara, P. (17 February 2016). 349:to replace the Russian Empire's 208: 197: 187: 177: 167: 131: 51: 1924: 1906: 1888: 1870: 1857: 1844: 1831: 1818: 1805: 1792: 1783: 1766: 1753: 1740: 1711: 1698: 1685: 1672: 1659: 1646: 1615: 1584: 1571: 1558: 1526: 1492:The Shadow of the Winter Palace 1484: 1479:The Shadow of the Winter Palace 1471: 1466:The Shadow of the Winter Palace 1458: 1449: 1416: 1402: 1377: 1350: 1336: 1295:The Journal of American History 1232:. Pluto Press. pp. 27–51. 836:; Sergey Muravyov-Apostol; and 507:founded a society known as the 466:Historians have noted that the 453:identified reasons for reform: 426:to draw up a constitution. The 311:Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich 126:Northern Society of Decembrists 57:Decembrists at Peter's Square ( 2238:Politics of the Russian Empire 1321: 1282: 1273: 1264: 1255: 1246: 1195: 1062:Svod Zakonov Rossiskoy Imperii 498:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 322:14 December] 1825 in 1: 2018:The Russian empire, 1801–1917 1882:www.encyclopediaofukraine.com 1763:, Vol. 13, No. 2, (2007): 139 1737:, Vol. 13, No. 2, (2007): 137 1643:, Vol. 13, No. 2, (2007): 136 1594:, Vol. 13, No. 2, (2007): 135 1581:, Vol. 13, No. 2, (2007): 140 1162: 1021: 2278:Revolutions during the 1820s 2109:, Stanford University Press. 1931:Dostoyevsky, Fyodor (1879). 1865:The Wordsworth Book of Opera 1852:The First Russian Revolution 1839:The First Russian Revolution 1826:The First Russian Revolution 1813:The First Russian Revolution 1800:The First Russian Revolution 1748:The First Russian Revolution 1706:The First Russian Revolution 1693:The First Russian Revolution 1680:The First Russian Revolution 1623:The First Russian Revolution 1610:The First Russian Revolution 1552:Siberia and the Exile System 1534:The First Russian Revolution 1114:Aleksey Nikolayevich Tolstoy 1036:officially abolished in 1861 484:slavery in the United States 45:Revolutions during the 1820s 7: 2197:Decembrist exile in Siberia 2192:Decembrist exile in Irkutsk 2173: 2021:. Oxford University Press. 1102:produced an opera entitled 693:Life-Guards Moscow Regiment 675:. When Konstantin made his 644:Russian interregnum of 1825 557:, a small garrison town in 447:from intellectuals abroad. 391: 264: 28:Decembrist (disambiguation) 10: 2294: 2243:1825 in the Russian Empire 1958: 1397:Russia: A Complete History 750: 641: 540:Alexander von Benckendorff 480:United States Constitution 478:was highly similar to the 77:14 December] 1825 25: 18: 2180:Union of Salvation (film) 2168:(Aug 1957) 7#8 pp530–537. 2150:Trigos, Ludmilla. (2009) 2147:, Hodder & Stoughton. 2129:10.1080/00905990701254391 2061:, New York, Viking Press. 1538:Stanford University Press 1373:– via Google Books. 1054:Polnoye Sobraniye Zakonov 781: 776: 753:Chernigov Regiment revolt 528:Mikhail Muravyov-Vilensky 383: 295:on 26 December [ 253: 229: 144: 119: 65: 50: 42: 37: 1974:Mazour, Anatole (1937). 1494:. London, Penguin: 13–18 1490:Edward Crankshaw (1978) 1481:. London, Penguin: 15–16 1477:Edward Crankshaw (1978) 1468:. London, Penguin: 14–16 1464:Edward Crankshaw (1978) 1047:, a committee formed to 838:Mikhail Bestuzhev-Ryumin 827:On 15 January [ 493:Polish patriotic society 417:Ministry of the Interior 306:Alexander’s brother and 2233:19th-century rebellions 2002:Dekabristy (Декабристы) 1550:Kennan, George (1891). 1228:Faulkner, Neil (2017). 960:Chita, Zabaykalsky Krai 945:Chita, Zabaykalsky Krai 818:Sergey Muravyov-Apostol 656:showing the killing of 575:constitutional monarchy 571:Prince S. P. Trubetskoy 355:constitutional monarchy 283:military and political 1937:The Brothers Karamazov 1152:The Brothers Karamazov 1116:. It premiered at the 963: 871:Decembrists in Siberia 805: 765: 664: 545:After a mutiny in the 505:Imperial Russian Guard 464: 265:Vosstaniye dekabristov 145:Commanders and leaders 73:26 December [ 2157:Ulam, Adam B. (1981) 1878:"Decembrist movement" 1789:Figes, O (2002) p. 97 1395:Peter Neville (2003) 957: 875:On 25 July [ 861:Aleksander Griboyedov 771: 760: 751:Further information: 651: 622:, the Czech lands of 455: 329:In the midst of this 254:Восстание декабристов 2273:Nicholas I of Russia 2258:December 1825 events 2116:Nationalities Papers 2105:Mazour, A.G. (1937) 1126:classical liberalism 1098:. In the Soviet era 705:Mikhail Miloradovich 658:Mikhail Miloradovich 618:), Croatia, Serbia, 428:abolition of serfdom 372:Mikhail Miloradovich 326:, Saint Petersburg. 215:Mikhail Miloradovich 2075:Progress Publishers 1933:Бра́тья Карама́зовы 1850:Anatole G. Mazour, 1837:Anatole G. Mazour, 1824:Anatole G. Mazour, 1811:Anatole G. Mazour, 1798:Anatole G. Mazour, 1746:Anatole G. Mazour, 1704:Anatole G. Mazour, 1691:Anatole G. Mazour, 1678:Anatole G. Mazour, 1621:Anatole G. Mazour, 1608:Anatole G. Mazour, 1532:Anatole G. Mazour, 1185:InterAgency Journal 1154:(1879), written by 1145:Cultural references 1056:) was presented to 800:M. Bestuzhev-Ryumin 796:S. Muravyov-Apostol 547:Semenovsky Regiment 472:American Revolution 301:Emperor Alexander I 291:. It took place in 102:Government victory 2013:Seton-Watson, Hugh 1717:G. R. V. Barratt, 1665:G. R. V. Barratt, 1652:G. R. V. Barratt, 1564:G. R. V. Barratt, 1536:, 1825 (Stanford: 1346:. 3 December 2011. 1317:– via JSTOR. 1156:Fyodor Dostoyevsky 1066:Konstantin Kavelin 981:Decembrists' wives 964: 806: 766: 684:as interim ruler. 665: 509:Union of Salvation 316:Emperor Nicholas I 59:Georg Wilhelm Timm 2228:Conflicts in 1825 2223:Decembrist revolt 2035:978-0-19-822152-4 1994:978-0-8047-0081-8 1120:on 23 June 1953. 1082:Alexander Pushkin 857:Alexander Pushkin 747:Arrests and trial 717:Yevgeny Obolensky 682:Sergei Trubetskoy 389: 351:autocratic regime 274: 262: 246:Decembrist Revolt 242: 241: 156:Yevgeny Obolensky 152:Sergei Trubetskoy 115: 114: 38:Decembrist Revolt 2285: 2209: 2201: 2140: 1952: 1950: 1928: 1922: 1921: 1910: 1904: 1903: 1892: 1886: 1885: 1874: 1868: 1861: 1855: 1848: 1842: 1835: 1829: 1822: 1816: 1809: 1803: 1796: 1790: 1787: 1781: 1770: 1764: 1757: 1751: 1744: 1738: 1731: 1722: 1715: 1709: 1702: 1696: 1689: 1683: 1676: 1670: 1663: 1657: 1650: 1644: 1637: 1626: 1619: 1613: 1606: 1595: 1588: 1582: 1575: 1569: 1562: 1556: 1555: 1547: 1541: 1530: 1524: 1523: 1512: 1506: 1501: 1495: 1488: 1482: 1475: 1469: 1462: 1456: 1453: 1447: 1446: 1440: 1432: 1420: 1414: 1413: 1406: 1400: 1393: 1384: 1381: 1375: 1374: 1354: 1348: 1347: 1340: 1334: 1325: 1319: 1318: 1301:(4): 1389–1398. 1286: 1280: 1277: 1271: 1268: 1262: 1259: 1253: 1250: 1244: 1243: 1225: 1219: 1218: 1216: 1214: 1199: 1193: 1192: 1180: 1139:Russian nobility 1086:Nikolai Nekrasov 1074:Alexander Herzen 989: 865:Aleksey Yermolov 834:Kondraty Ryleyev 803: 779: 778: 774:The text reads: 763:Saint Petersburg 638:At Senate Square 612:Carpatho-Ukraine 563:Northern Society 551:Southern Society 445:reform movements 432:Baltic provinces 405:Tsar Alexander I 394: 388:romanized: 387: 385: 335:Northern Society 308:heir-presumptive 293:Saint Petersburg 269: 267: 257: 255: 225: 223: 213: 212: 202: 201: 192: 191: 184:Kondraty Ryleyev 181: 171: 137: 135: 134: 87:Saint Petersburg 67: 66: 55: 35: 34: 2293: 2292: 2288: 2287: 2286: 2284: 2283: 2282: 2213: 2212: 2207: 2199: 2188: 2176: 2171: 2065:Eidelman, Natan 2050: 2048:Further reading 2045: 1961: 1956: 1955: 1947: 1929: 1925: 1912: 1911: 1907: 1900:www.krotov.info 1894: 1893: 1889: 1876: 1875: 1871: 1862: 1858: 1849: 1845: 1836: 1832: 1823: 1819: 1810: 1806: 1797: 1793: 1788: 1784: 1771: 1767: 1758: 1754: 1745: 1741: 1732: 1725: 1719:Voices in Exile 1716: 1712: 1703: 1699: 1690: 1686: 1677: 1673: 1667:Voices in Exile 1664: 1660: 1654:Voices in Exile 1651: 1647: 1638: 1629: 1620: 1616: 1607: 1598: 1589: 1585: 1576: 1572: 1566:Voices in Exile 1563: 1559: 1548: 1544: 1531: 1527: 1514: 1513: 1509: 1502: 1498: 1489: 1485: 1476: 1472: 1463: 1459: 1454: 1450: 1434: 1433: 1421: 1417: 1408: 1407: 1403: 1394: 1387: 1382: 1378: 1371: 1355: 1351: 1342: 1341: 1337: 1330:Another freedom 1326: 1322: 1307:10.2307/2568261 1287: 1283: 1278: 1274: 1269: 1265: 1260: 1256: 1251: 1247: 1240: 1226: 1222: 1212: 1210: 1200: 1196: 1181: 1170: 1165: 1147: 1118:Bolshoi Theatre 1070:Boris Chicherin 1024: 1000:Peter the Great 983: 958:Decembrists in 949:Petrovsky Zavod 873: 773: 755: 749: 713:Pyotr Kakhovsky 662:Pyotr Kakhovsky 646: 640: 577:with a limited 567:Nikita Muraviev 476:Nikita Muravyov 440:Napoleonic Wars 401: 219: 207: 206: 196: 195: 182: 174:Pyotr Kakhovsky 172: 162: 160:Nikita Muravyov 158: 154: 150: 132: 130: 93: 56: 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 2291: 2281: 2280: 2275: 2270: 2265: 2260: 2255: 2250: 2245: 2240: 2235: 2230: 2225: 2211: 2210: 2202: 2194: 2187: 2186:External links 2184: 2183: 2182: 2175: 2172: 2170: 2169: 2162: 2155: 2148: 2145:Russia 1815–81 2141: 2123:(2): 369–391. 2110: 2103: 2096: 2081:Figes, Orlando 2078: 2062: 2051: 2049: 2046: 2044: 2043: 2038: 2010: 1997: 1972: 1962: 1960: 1957: 1954: 1953: 1945: 1923: 1905: 1887: 1869: 1856: 1843: 1830: 1817: 1804: 1791: 1782: 1774:table of ranks 1765: 1752: 1739: 1723: 1710: 1697: 1684: 1671: 1658: 1645: 1627: 1614: 1596: 1583: 1570: 1557: 1542: 1525: 1507: 1496: 1483: 1470: 1457: 1448: 1415: 1401: 1385: 1376: 1369: 1349: 1335: 1320: 1281: 1272: 1263: 1254: 1245: 1238: 1220: 1194: 1167: 1166: 1164: 1161: 1160: 1159: 1146: 1143: 1041:Second Section 1023: 1020: 872: 869: 748: 745: 642:Main article: 639: 636: 536:masonic lodges 400: 397: 339:secret society 289:Russian Empire 240: 239: 238:9,000 soldiers 236: 235:3,000 soldiers 232: 231: 227: 226: 193: 147: 146: 142: 141: 139:Russian Empire 128: 122: 121: 117: 116: 113: 112: 111: 110: 99: 95: 94: 91:Russian Empire 85: 83: 79: 78: 71: 63: 62: 48: 47: 40: 39: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2290: 2279: 2276: 2274: 2271: 2269: 2266: 2264: 2261: 2259: 2256: 2254: 2251: 2249: 2246: 2244: 2241: 2239: 2236: 2234: 2231: 2229: 2226: 2224: 2221: 2220: 2218: 2206: 2203: 2198: 2195: 2193: 2190: 2189: 2181: 2178: 2177: 2167: 2166:History Today 2163: 2160: 2156: 2153: 2149: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2117: 2111: 2108: 2104: 2101: 2100:History Today 2097: 2094: 2093:0-7139-9517-3 2090: 2086: 2082: 2079: 2076: 2072: 2071: 2066: 2063: 2060: 2056: 2055:Crankshaw, E. 2053: 2052: 2042: 2039: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2027:0-19-822152-5 2024: 2020: 2019: 2014: 2011: 2008: 2004: 2003: 1998: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1986:0-8047-0081-8 1983: 1979: 1978: 1973: 1970: 1969: 1964: 1963: 1948: 1946:9781199828491 1942: 1938: 1934: 1927: 1919: 1915: 1909: 1901: 1897: 1896:"krotov.info" 1891: 1883: 1879: 1873: 1866: 1860: 1853: 1847: 1840: 1834: 1827: 1821: 1814: 1808: 1801: 1795: 1786: 1779: 1775: 1769: 1762: 1756: 1749: 1743: 1736: 1730: 1728: 1720: 1714: 1707: 1701: 1694: 1688: 1681: 1675: 1668: 1662: 1655: 1649: 1642: 1636: 1634: 1632: 1624: 1618: 1611: 1605: 1603: 1601: 1593: 1587: 1580: 1574: 1567: 1561: 1553: 1546: 1539: 1535: 1529: 1521: 1517: 1511: 1505: 1500: 1493: 1487: 1480: 1474: 1467: 1461: 1452: 1444: 1438: 1430: 1426: 1419: 1411: 1405: 1398: 1392: 1390: 1380: 1372: 1370:9780230504608 1366: 1362: 1361: 1353: 1345: 1339: 1333: 1331: 1324: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1285: 1276: 1267: 1258: 1249: 1241: 1239:9780745399034 1235: 1231: 1224: 1209: 1205: 1198: 1190: 1186: 1179: 1177: 1175: 1173: 1168: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1148: 1142: 1140: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1121: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1106: 1101: 1100:Yuri Shaporin 1097: 1096: 1095:War and Peace 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1019: 1016: 1011: 1007: 1005: 1001: 997: 992: 987: 982: 976: 974: 968: 961: 956: 952: 950: 946: 941: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 889: 885: 883: 878: 868: 866: 862: 858: 853: 851: 847: 843: 839: 835: 830: 825: 823: 819: 815: 811: 801: 797: 793: 789: 785: 770: 764: 759: 754: 744: 741: 737: 733: 728: 726: 725:Winter Palace 722: 718: 714: 710: 706: 700: 698: 697:Senate Square 694: 690: 685: 683: 678: 674: 670: 663: 659: 655: 650: 645: 635: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 609: 605: 601: 597: 593: 588: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 560: 556: 552: 548: 543: 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 519: 514: 510: 506: 501: 499: 494: 489: 488:federal model 485: 481: 477: 473: 469: 463: 460: 454: 452: 448: 446: 441: 436: 433: 429: 425: 420: 418: 414: 410: 406: 396: 393: 381: 377: 373: 369: 364: 360: 359:regime change 356: 352: 348: 344: 340: 336: 332: 327: 325: 324:Senate Square 321: 317: 312: 309: 304: 302: 298: 294: 290: 286: 282: 278: 272: 266: 260: 251: 247: 237: 234: 233: 228: 224: 222: 216: 211: 205: 200: 194: 190: 185: 180: 175: 170: 165: 161: 157: 153: 149: 148: 143: 140: 129: 127: 124: 123: 118: 109: 105: 104: 103: 100: 97: 96: 92: 88: 84: 81: 80: 76: 72: 69: 68: 64: 60: 54: 49: 46: 41: 36: 33: 29: 22: 2253:Conspiracies 2208:(in Russian) 2200:(in Russian) 2165: 2158: 2151: 2144: 2120: 2114: 2106: 2099: 2084: 2068: 2058: 2016: 2000: 1975: 1966: 1936: 1932: 1926: 1917: 1908: 1899: 1890: 1881: 1872: 1864: 1859: 1851: 1846: 1838: 1833: 1825: 1820: 1812: 1807: 1799: 1794: 1785: 1768: 1760: 1755: 1747: 1742: 1734: 1718: 1713: 1705: 1700: 1692: 1687: 1679: 1674: 1666: 1661: 1653: 1648: 1640: 1622: 1617: 1609: 1591: 1586: 1578: 1573: 1565: 1560: 1551: 1545: 1540:, 1937), 221 1533: 1528: 1519: 1510: 1499: 1491: 1486: 1478: 1473: 1465: 1460: 1451: 1428: 1418: 1404: 1396: 1379: 1363:. Springer. 1359: 1352: 1338: 1329: 1323: 1298: 1294: 1284: 1275: 1266: 1257: 1248: 1229: 1223: 1211:. Retrieved 1207: 1197: 1188: 1184: 1122: 1103: 1093: 1077: 1061: 1053: 1040: 1025: 1015:Alexander II 1012: 1008: 995: 993: 977: 969: 965: 942: 890: 886: 874: 854: 826: 814:Pavel Pestel 807: 792:P. Kakhovsky 729: 701: 686: 677:renunciation 666: 654:Vasily Perov 544: 516: 513:Pavel Pestel 502: 465: 456: 451:Pavel Pestel 449: 437: 421: 402: 379: 328: 305: 287:against the 245: 243: 220: 164:Pavel Pestel 120:Belligerents 101: 43:Part of the 32: 1918:scepsis.net 1328:A. Etkind. 1112:written by 1090:Leo Tolstoy 1004:Leo Tolstoy 996:Dekabristka 984: [ 616:Zakarpattia 592:Pan-Slavism 553:, based at 380:Decembrists 277:coup d'état 2217:Categories 2154:(Springer) 2087:, London, 2073:, Moscow, 2005:. Moscow: 1429:histerl.ru 1208:Britannica 1163:References 1134:pan-Slavic 1105:Dekabristi 1078:Polar Star 1058:Nicholas I 1022:Assessment 848:, and the 846:Kazakhstan 788:K. Ryleyev 780:(English: 721:grenadiers 673:Konstantin 532:Tugendbund 392:dekabristy 384:декабристы 382:(Russian: 347:conspiracy 285:dissidents 204:Nicholas I 2137:145454166 1761:Slavonica 1735:Slavonica 1641:Slavonica 1592:Slavonica 1579:Slavonica 1437:cite news 1034:would be 1028:autocracy 973:desyatins 882:Nerchinsk 822:grapeshot 784:P. Pestel 736:grapeshot 632:Macedonia 608:Vojvodina 604:Wallachia 587:abolition 579:franchise 518:carbonari 259:romanized 2174:See also 2015:(1988). 1110:libretto 918:Tunguses 914:Vilyuysk 850:Far East 620:Dalmatia 600:Moldavia 470:and the 409:Napoleon 363:usurping 230:Strength 82:Location 2083:(2002) 2067:(1985) 2057:(1976) 1959:Sources 1399:: 120-1 1315:2568261 1213:11 July 1130:Jacobin 1032:serfdom 938:Buryats 934:Mongols 930:Ostyaks 910:Yakutsk 906:Irkutsk 842:Siberia 628:Moravia 624:Bohemia 596:Zviahel 583:serfdom 559:Ukraine 555:Tulchin 430:in the 376:Siberia 353:with a 343:liberal 281:liberal 279:led by 273: 261:: 250:Russian 221:† 108:Siberia 61:, 1853) 2135: 2091: 2033: 2025: 1992: 1984: 1943: 1367: 1313: 1236: 1049:codify 962:, 1885 936:, and 926:Tatars 922:Yakuts 912:, and 898:Surgut 863:, and 709:parley 610:, the 524:Warsaw 368:Senate 333:, the 217: 186: 176: 166: 136: 98:Result 2161:ch 1. 2133:S2CID 2007:Nauka 1935:[ 1867:: 555 1778:Boyar 1520:homsk 1311:JSTOR 988:] 902:Pelym 894:Narym 459:serfs 2089:ISBN 2031:ISBN 2023:ISBN 1990:ISBN 1982:ISBN 1941:ISBN 1443:link 1365:ISBN 1234:ISBN 1215:2024 1068:and 877:O.S. 829:O.S. 810:O.S. 798:and 740:Neva 689:O.S. 669:O.S. 626:and 614:aka 337:, a 320:O.S. 297:O.S. 271:lit. 244:The 75:O.S. 70:Date 2125:doi 1303:doi 1150:In 1043:of 707:to 660:by 395:). 341:of 2219:: 2131:. 2121:35 2119:. 2029:, 1988:, 1916:. 1898:. 1880:. 1726:^ 1630:^ 1599:^ 1518:. 1439:}} 1435:{{ 1427:. 1388:^ 1309:. 1299:85 1297:. 1293:. 1206:. 1189:10 1187:. 1171:^ 1080:. 1006:. 986:ru 940:. 932:, 928:, 924:, 920:, 908:, 904:, 900:, 896:, 867:. 859:, 852:. 844:, 824:. 794:, 790:, 786:, 569:, 386:, 303:. 268:, 256:, 252:: 89:, 2139:. 2127:: 2095:. 2037:. 2009:. 1996:. 1951:. 1949:. 1920:. 1902:. 1884:. 1780:) 1522:. 1445:) 1431:. 1412:. 1332:. 1305:: 1242:. 1217:. 1052:( 804:) 802:" 520:. 248:( 30:. 23:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index