356:
limited to locations where days become short and nights are cool. The New
England region of the United States and southeastern Canada tend to produce particularly good autumn colors for this reason, with Europe producing generally poorer colors due to the humid maritime climate and lower overall species diversity . It is also a factor that the continental United States and southern Canada are at a lower latitude than northern Europe, so the sun during the fall months is higher and stronger. This combination of strong sun and cool temperatures leads to more intense fall colors. The Southern United States also has poor fall colors due to warm temperatures during the fall months and the Western United States as it has more evergreen and fewer deciduous plants, combined with the West Coast and its maritime climate. (
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autumn, and dormancy during cold winters. These seasonally distinctive communities have diverse life forms that are impacted greatly by the seasonality of their climate, mainly temperature and precipitation rates. These varying and regionally different ecological conditions produce distinctive forest plant communities in different regions.
635:
time of year and varies by region of the world. Even within a small local area there can be variations in the timing and duration of leaf drop; different sides of the same mountain and areas that have high water tables or areas along streams and rivers can produce a patchwork of leafy and leafless trees.
391:" whereby dead leaves are not shed in the fall and remain on the tree until being blown off by the weather. This is caused by incomplete development of the abscission layer. It is mainly seen in the seedling and sapling stage, although mature trees may have marcescence of leaves on the lower branches.
627:
biomes are plant communities distributed in North and South
America, Asia, Southern slopes of the Himalayas, Europe and for cultivation purposes in Oceania. They have formed under climatic conditions which have great seasonable temperature variability. Growth occurs during warm summers, leaf drop in
346:
arrives and the days are shorter or when plants are drought-stressed, the chlorophyll steadily breaks down, allowing other pigments present in the leaf to become apparent and resulting in non-green colored foliage. The brightest leaf colors are produced when days grow short and nights are cool, but
634:
biomes have developed in response not to seasonal temperature variations but to seasonal rainfall patterns. During prolonged dry periods the foliage is dropped to conserve water and prevent death from drought. Leaf drop is not seasonally dependent as it is in temperate climates. It can occur any
355:
pigments produce red and purple colors, though they are not always present in the leaves. Rather, they are produced in the foliage in late summer, when sugars are trapped in the leaves after the process of abscission begins. Parts of the world that have showy displays of bright autumn colors are
383:
that is produced by the leaf and other parts of the plant. When auxin coming from the leaf is produced at a rate consistent with that from the body of the plant, the cells of the abscission layer remain connected; in autumn, or when under stress, the auxin flow from the leaf decreases or stops,
187:
Generally, the term "deciduous" means "the dropping of a part that is no longer needed or useful" and the "falling away after its purpose is finished". In plants, it is the result of natural processes. "Deciduous" has a similar meaning when referring to animal parts, such as deciduous
341:
involves complex physiological signals and changes within plants. When leafout is completed (marked by the transition from bright green spring leaves to dark green summer ones) the chlorophyll level in the leaves remains stable until cool temperatures arrive in autumn. When
384:
triggering cellular elongation within the abscission layer. The elongation of these cells breaks the connection between the different cell layers, allowing the leaf to break away from the plant. It also forms a layer that seals the break, so the plant does not lose sap.
329:
can only grow in warm, frost-free conditions so they need at least 13 hours of daylight and air temperatures of around 70 °F (21 °C) to leaf out. They will be among the earliest trees to lose their leaves in the fall. In sub-Arctic climates such as
435:, especially when small. Deciduous trees experience much less branch and trunk breakage from glaze ice storms when leafless, and plants can reduce water loss due to the reduction in availability of liquid water during cold winter days.
613:
Forests where a majority of the trees lose their foliage at the end of the typical growing season are called deciduous forests. These forests are found in many areas worldwide and have distinctive ecosystems, understory growth, and
428:
Since deciduous plants lose their leaves to conserve water or to better survive winter weather conditions, they must regrow new foliage during the next suitable growing season; this uses resources which evergreens do not need to
334:, leaves begin turning colors as early as August. However, for most temperate regions it takes place in late September through early November and in subtropical climates such as the southern US, it may be November into December.
270:, where foliage is shed on a different schedule from deciduous plants, therefore appearing to remain green year round because not all the leaves are shed at the same time. Plants that are intermediate may be called
364:) Most of the Southern Hemisphere lacks deciduous plants due to its milder winters and smaller landmass, most of which is nearer the equator with only far southern South America and the southern island of
550:
Periods of leaf fall often coincide with seasons: winter in the case of cool-climate plants or the dry-season in the case of tropical plants, however there are no deciduous species among tree-like
672:
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Losing leaves in winter may reduce damage from insects; repairing leaves and keeping them functional may be more costly than just losing and regrowing them. Removing leaves also reduces
375:
and the stem. This layer is formed in the spring during active new growth of the leaf; it consists of layers of cells that can separate from each other. The cells are sensitive to a
656:
317:
leaf drop are triggered by a combination of daylight and air temperatures. The exact conditions required will vary with the species, but generally more cold-tolerant genera such as
274:; they lose old foliage as new growth begins. Other plants are semi-evergreen and lose their leaves before the next growing season, retaining some during winter or dry periods.
307:
in insect-pollinated plants. This strategy is not without risks, as the flowers can be damaged by frost or, in dry season regions, result in water stress on the plant.
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cells in the roots and the inner bark. In the spring, these proteins are used as a nitrogen source during the growth of new leaves or flowers.
1228:
Bullock, Stephen H.; J. Arturo Solis-Magallanes (March 1990). "Phenology of Canopy Trees of a
Tropical Deciduous Forest in Mexico".
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vessels in plants. This then allows deciduous plants to have xylem vessels with larger diameters and therefore a greater rate of
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1121:"Ninety-seven million years of angiosperm-insect association: paleobiological insights into the meaning of coevolution"
255:. In other parts of the world, including tropical, subtropical, and arid regions, plants lose their leaves during the
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improves wind transmission of pollen for wind-pollinated plants and increases the visibility of the flowers to
929:. The Illinois - North Carolina Collaborative Environment for Botanical Resources: Openkey Project. p. 22
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Plants with deciduous foliage have advantages and disadvantages compared to plants with evergreen foliage.
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Evergreens suffer greater water loss during the winter and they also can experience greater
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The deciduous characteristic has developed repeatedly among woody plants. Trees include
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The beginnings of leaf drop starts when an abscission layer is formed between the leaf
535:, etc. The characteristic is useful in plant identification; for instance in parts of
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during the period when they are leafless, as this increases the effectiveness of
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Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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Two distinctive types of deciduous forests are found growing around the world.
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before they are shed and store them in the form of proteins in the vacuoles of
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African rain forest ecology and conservation an interdisciplinary perspective
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544:
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152:) means "falling off at maturity" and "tending to fall off", in reference to
519:, and many others. Most temperate woody vines are also deciduous, including
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948:
Weber, William; Lee J. T. White; Amy Vedder; Lisa
Naughton-Treves (2001).
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Some trees, particularly oaks and beeches, exhibit a behavior known as "
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will leaf-out earlier and lose their leaves later, while genera such as
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Labandeira, C. C.; Dilcher, D. L.; Davis, D. R.; Wagner, D. L. (1994).
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Four deciduous forests shown in spring, summer, autumn and winter.
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A number of deciduous plants remove nitrogen and carbon from the
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A natural history guide to Great Smoky
Mountains National Park
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794:. A Crowell reference book. New York: Crowell. p. 465.
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Mixed tropical and subtropical deciduous forest in spring,
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247:. In some cases leaf loss coincides with winter—namely in
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Plant growth and development. Hormones and environment
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Lemon, P. C. (1961). "Forest ecology of ice storms".
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remain above freezing. These other pigments include
200:(baby teeth) in some mammals (including humans); or
117:
1207:. Ecosystems of the world, 7. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
963:
861:"Reference article : "Deciduous" in Knowledge"
123:
1060:Ecological Climatology: Concepts and Applications
204:, the uterine lining that sheds off after birth.
1302:
997:
1180:Flora: The Gardener's Bible: Over 20,000 Plants
952:. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 15.
172:, after flowering; and to the shedding of ripe
1203:Röhrig, Ernst; Ulrich, Bernhard, eds. (1991).
1112:
957:
892:"Evergreen Shrubs and Trees for Pennsylvania"
259:or other seasons, depending on variations in
243:for part of the year. This process is called
239:perennials, are those that lose all of their
1202:
1063:. Cambridge University Press. p. 294.
733:– via OxfordLearnersDictionaries.com.
458:are open) during the summer growth period.
138:
1182:. Ultimo, NSW, Australia: ABC Publishing.
1036:. Amsterdam: Academic Press. p. 476.
1031:
991:
418:shed their leaves as temperatures drop in
1154:
1144:
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632:Tropical and subtropical deciduous forest
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281:Like a number of other deciduous plants,
1004:. Univ. of Tennessee Press. p. 27.
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409:
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1177:
494:, among others, as well as a number of
180:of deciduous in the botanical sense is
14:
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833:"Falling Tree Leaves: Leaf Abscission"
758:
1086:Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club
1083:
1056:
789:
746:The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia
730:Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary
570:is a deciduous woody shrub found in
351:that are yellow, brown, and orange.
743:
287:flowers during the leafless season.
24:
863:. sciencedaily.com. Archived from
838:. forestry.uga.edu. Archived from
812:. botany.uwc.ac.za. Archived from
27:Plants that shed leaves seasonally
25:
1337:
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998:Donald W. Linzey (1 April 2008).
414:Deciduous plants in mid- to high
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368:producing distinct fall colors.
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547:species may grow side by side.
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820:
810:"Trees that lose their leaves"
806:University of the Western Cape
798:
783:
752:
737:
717:
697:
13:
1:
1279:The dictionary definition of
1032:Srivastava, Lalit M. (2002).
924:"Glossary of Botanical Terms"
888:Pennsylvania State University
690:
266:The converse of deciduous is
964:Mohammad Pessarakli (2005).
7:
1205:Temperate deciduous forests
790:Gause, John Taylor (1955).
511:. Deciduous shrubs include
454:uptake as this occurs when
405:
10:
1342:
970:. CRC Press. p. 725.
967:Handbook of photosynthesis
625:Temperate deciduous forest
577:
32:Deciduous (disambiguation)
29:
897:. psu.edu. Archived from
759:Housel, Debra J. (2009).
744:Whitney, William Dwight.
710:Dictionary.com Unabridged
682:in southern India in the
207:
1146:10.1073/pnas.91.25.12278
792:The Complete Word Hunter
1178:Cundall, Peter (2005).
725:"deciduous (adjective)"
684:Mudumalai Tiger Reserve
597:where they are used as
589:were introduced to the
1057:Bonan, Gordon (2015).
610:
462:Deciduous woody plants
423:
291:Many deciduous plants
288:
829:University of Georgia
680:dry deciduous forests
647:Dry-season deciduous
585:
413:
280:
168:; to the shedding of
160:that seasonally shed
1297:at Wikimedia Commons
601:, as seen here at a
30:For other uses, see
1242:1990Biotr..22...22B
1137:1994PNAS...9112278L
1131:(25): 12278–12282.
904:on 6 September 2006
767:Capstone Publishers
537:Southern California
1316:Periodic phenomena
827:Dr. Kim D. Coder;
611:
541:American Southeast
433:predation pressure
424:
289:
1295:Deciduous forests
1293:Media related to
1011:978-1-57233-612-4
977:978-0-8247-5839-4
816:on 25 March 2013.
599:ornamental plants
442:which can damage
362:Autumn leaf color
299:. The absence of
164:, usually in the
97:In the fields of
16:(Redirected from
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227:, including
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218:horticulture
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99:horticulture
96:
36:
705:"deciduous"
593:regions of
513:honeysuckle
508:Metasequoia
389:marcescence
366:New Zealand
353:Anthocyanin
349:carotenoids
297:pollination
105:, the term
1305:Categories
1230:Biotropica
762:Ecosystems
691:References
618:dynamics.
525:poison ivy
501:, such as
496:coniferous
476:nothofagus
440:cavitation
400:parenchyma
339:abscission
257:dry season
245:abscission
237:herbaceous
222:deciduous
1282:deciduous
1017:9 October
983:9 October
678:Tropical
595:Australia
591:temperate
564:dracaenas
416:latitudes
284:Forsythia
268:evergreen
249:temperate
182:evergreen
108:deciduous
1165:11607501
933:23 March
908:23 March
890:(2007).
871:23 March
831:(1999).
539:and the
533:wisteria
517:viburnum
406:Function
358:See also
323:Fraxinus
261:rainfall
1258:2388716
1238:Bibcode
1133:Bibcode
1106:2482410
578:Regions
470:, many
456:stomata
429:expend.
396:foliage
379:called
373:petiole
327:Juglans
305:insects
202:decidua
190:antlers
178:antonym
1326:Winter
1321:Autumn
1311:Botany
1256:
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566:. The
562:, and
560:yuccas
521:grapes
499:genera
490:, and
420:autumn
344:autumn
332:Alaska
311:Spring
301:leaves
293:flower
241:leaves
233:shrubs
224:plants
214:botany
208:Botany
176:. The
170:petals
166:autumn
162:leaves
158:shrubs
103:botany
1254:JSTOR
1156:45420
1102:JSTOR
927:(PDF)
902:(PDF)
895:(PDF)
843:(PDF)
836:(PDF)
664:Texas
572:Japan
556:palms
503:larch
492:birch
488:aspen
484:beech
468:maple
444:xylem
381:auxin
319:Salix
229:trees
174:fruit
154:trees
1209:ISBN
1184:ISBN
1161:PMID
1065:ISBN
1038:ISBN
1019:2010
1006:ISBN
985:2010
972:ISBN
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873:2020
771:ISBN
616:soil
505:and
474:and
472:oaks
325:and
315:fall
235:and
216:and
194:deer
156:and
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480:elm
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