31:
203:, and some historical sources attribute part of Crassus' success to it. The total number of men killed through decimation is not known, but it varied on occasion between 1,000 from 10,000 men and 48–50 from a cohort of around 500 men. A specific instance saw 500 men selected by Crassus from the survivors of two legions which had broken and run in combat against the rebel slaves. They were divided into groups of ten, one of whom was chosen by lot regardless of actual behaviour in the battle. The nine remaining legionaries in each party were then forced to club their former comrade to death. The dual purpose intended was to stiffen discipline amongst the army at large and to demoralise the enemy.
396:
General
Piccolomini. When they had obeyed this command, their ensigns (flags) were torn in pieces; and the general, having mentioned the causes of their degradation, and erased the regiment from the register of the imperial troops, pronounced the sentence that had been agreed upon in the council of war, condemning the colonel, captains and lieutenants to be beheaded, the ensigns (junior officers) to be hanged, the soldiers to be decimated and the survivors to be driven in disgrace out of the army.
411:, the famous executioner from Prague. On the first day of the execution, the regiment's cords were broken by the executioner. On the second day, officers were beheaded and selected men hanged on the trees on the road from Rokycany to Litohlavy. Another version says that the soldiers were shot, and their bodies hanged from the trees. Their mass grave is said to be on the Black Mound in Rokycany, which commemorates the decimation to this day.
502:. According to some accounts, the Whites ordered all the captured Reds to assemble in a single row on the ice of Lake Huruslahti, selected every tenth prisoner, and executed him on the spot. The selection was not entirely random though, as some prisoners (primarily Red leaders) were specifically selected for execution and other individuals were intentionally spared.
272:" – that is, an excessive love for ancient customs – and notes, "Decimation itself, however, was ultimately doomed, for though the army might be prepared to assist in the execution of innocent slaves, professional soldiers could hardly be expected to cooperate in the indiscriminate execution of their own comrades." The emperor
357:, appointed a court martial, which directed the execution of the officer in command, Colonel Hagen, together with Lt Col Hofkirchen, ten other officers and five troopers. They were beheaded with the sword, while two men found guilty of looting the baggage were sentenced to a less honourable death, by
522:
starting in the 17th century, the word evolved to refer to any extreme reduction in the number of a population or force, or an overall sense of destruction and ruin, not strictly in the punitive sense or to a reduction by one-tenth. Despite its history, criticism of the broader sense has been noted
179:
If ever these same things happen to occur among a large group of men... the officers reject the idea of bludgeoning or slaughtering all the men involved . Instead they find a solution for the situation which chooses by a lottery system sometimes five, sometimes eight, sometimes twenty of these men,
459:
took the form of the summary executions of individual stragglers rather than the formalized winnowing of entire detachments. Certainly one specific instance of actual decimation did occur in the
Italian Army during the war, on May 26, 1916. This involved the execution of one in ten soldiers of a
395:
which sentenced the Madlo regiment to exemplary punishment. Six regiments, which had distinguished themselves in the battle, were assembled fully armed, and surrounded Madlo's regiment, which was severely rebuked for its cowardice and misconduct, and ordered to lay down its arms at the feet of
235:
Antony was furious and employed the punishment known as "decimation" on those who had lost their nerve. What he did was divide the whole lot of them into groups of ten, and then he killed one from each group, who was chosen by lot; the rest, on his orders were given barley rations instead of
372:, Colonel Madlo's cavalry regiment was the first that fled without striking a blow. This was followed by the massive flight of other cavalry units, an early turning point in the battle. It ended in a decisive victory for the Swedish Army under the command of Field Marshal
361:. The remaining troopers were decimated, one in every ten cavalrymen being hanged; the others were assembled beneath the gallows, beaten, branded and declared outlaws. Their standards were burned by an executioner after the emperor's monogram had been cut from the fabric.
311:
and other brutal punishments. According to him, punishments where the rank and file saw their comrades dying by the hands of their own brothers-in-arms could lead to a collapse of morale. Moreover, it could seriously deplete the manpower of the fighting unit.
180:
always calculating the number in this group with reference to the whole unit of offenders so that this group forms one-tenth of all those guilty of cowardice. And these men who are chosen by lot are bludgeoned mercilessly in the manner described above.
291:, was decimated in the third century AD. The legion had refused, to a man, to accede to an order of the emperor, and the process was repeated until none were left. They became known as the Martyrs of Agaunum.
840:
Les passions de st
Maurice d'Agaune: Essai sur l'historicité de la tradition et contribution à l'étude de l'armée pré-Dioclétienne (260-286) et des canonisations tardives de la fin du IVe siècle
133:
As the punishment fell by lot, all soldiers in a group sentenced to decimation were potentially liable for execution, regardless of individual degrees of fault, rank, or distinction.
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126:. The remaining soldiers were often given rations of barley instead of wheat (the latter being the standard soldier's diet) for a few days, and required to
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440:(colonial soldiers) refused an order to attack and was ordered decimated by the divisional commander. This involved the execution of ten men.
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98:. The procedure was an attempt to balance the need to punish serious offences with the realities of managing a large group of offenders.
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329:. When the 800 survivors arrived at La Rochelle the city officials, judging their surrender to have been premature, decimated them.
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in which every tenth man in a group was executed by members of his cohort. The discipline was used by senior commanders in the
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110:(roughly 480 soldiers) selected for punishment by decimation was divided into groups of ten. Each group drew lots (
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ordered the decimation of the battalion, which was accordingly formed into line and every tenth man shot.
114:), and the soldier on whom the lot of the shortest straw fell was executed by his nine comrades, often by
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Calendar of State Papers
Relating to English Affairs in the Archives of Venice, Volume 7, 1558-1580
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971:[November Revolution: Commemoration of those killed in the March 1919 riots in Berlin].
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574:"decimate. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000"
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120-strong company of the 141st
Catanzaro Infantry Brigade, which had mutinied. Officers,
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The
Huguenot garrison of Brouage surrendered to Royalist forces in August 1577 during the
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Thompson, G, 1869, The War in
Paraguay, London: Longmans Green and Co., pp.171-172
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gives one of the first descriptions of the practice in the early 3rd century BC:
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and beheaded, while of the remainder, one in ten was chosen by lot and executed.
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884:. Midland House, West Way, Botley, Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. p. 8.
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in AD 20. G.R. Watson notes that "its appeal was to those obsessed with
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records that Lucius
Apronius used decimation to punish a full cohort of the
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The Modern Part of an
Universal History: From the Earliest Account of Time
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P. 35, Race and War in France, Richard
Fogarty, 2008 Johns Hopkins Press
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969:"Novemberrevolution: Gedenken an Tote der März-Unruhen 1919 in Berlin"
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The earliest documented decimation occurred in 471 BC during the
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552:– measured the thread of life with her rod; her Roman equivalent was
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Decimation can be also used to punish the enemy. In 1918, during the
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In 1914, in France, there was a case in which a company of Tunisian
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842:(Fribourg 1961), Appdx I. on the historicity of the Theban Legion.
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Carnage and Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise to Western Power
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and non-mutinying soldiers had been killed during the outbreak.
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and soldiers who had cast away their weapons were individually
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allegedly applied decimation to underperforming units during
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427:, the Paraguayan 10th Battalion fled without firing a shot.
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Decimation was still being practised during the time of the
153:. In an incident where his army had been scattered, consul
150:
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outside the fortified security of the camp for some time.
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Resolutions concerning death penalty at the United Nations
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was first used in English to mean a tax of one-tenth (or
1089:
As the Romans Did: A Sourcebook in Roman Social History
399:
Ninety men (chosen by rolling dice) were executed at
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Imperial Armies of the Thirty Years' War (2) Cavalry
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around 80 captured Reds in what became known as the
1006:"The Grammarphobia Blog: Death where is thy sting?"
787:Constantine : Roman Emperor, Christian Victor
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949:Keegan, John. The First World War. pp. 375–376.
615:(Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1969), p. 119
455:records that his "judicial savagery" during the
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994:http://web.varkaus.fi/Varkaus_1918/flash.html
391:Leopold Wilhelm assembled a court-martial in
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353:in Central Europe. The imperial commander,
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909:(VOL. XXX. ed.). London. p. 260.
865:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
817:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
592:
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451:. However, the British military historian
74:to punish units or large groups guilty of
66: 'removal of a tenth') was a form of
1062:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities
157:had the culprits punished for desertion:
905:Compiled from Original Writers. (1761).
879:
789:(First ed.). New York. p. 68.
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29:
1465:Capital punishment for drug trafficking
1081:The Republican Roman Army: A Sourcebook
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14:
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709:: "Antony" ~ Internet Classics Archive
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639:
535:annual "Banished Words List" in 2008.
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343:Gottfried Heinrich Graf zu Pappenheim
94:, and for pacification of rebellious
1470:Capital punishment for homosexuality
1067:Did Julius Caesar Decimate a Legion?
838:, 9550, reproduced in Louis Dupraz,
784:
669:Spartacus and the Slave War 73-71 BC
646:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group.
523:by some language experts, including
280:, the execution of every 100th man.
248:records that it was used by Emperor
1032:"Should "Decimate" be Annihilated?"
640:Hanson, Victor Davis (2007-12-18).
382:Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria
345:'s corps fled the field during the
155:Appius Claudius Sabinus Regillensis
40:Beaver's Roman Military Punishments
24:
1496:Ancient Roman military punishments
223:describes the process in his work
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1393:Most recent executions by country
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967:Conrad, Andreas (11 March 2019).
855:. London. 1890. pp. 558–564.
419:On September 3, 1866, during the
244:, although it was very uncommon.
27:Ancient Roman military punishment
1445:Religion and capital punishment
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671:. Bloomsbury USA. p. 32.
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188:against a corps of 6,000 men.
184:The practice was also used by
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486:troops, after conquering the
667:Fields, Nic (21 July 2009).
366:Battle of Breitenfeld (1642)
191:The practice was revived by
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252:in 17 BC and later by
209:threatened to decimate the
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1030:Zimmer, Ben (2008-01-03).
880:Brnardic, Vladmir (2010).
693:Caesar: Life of a Colossus
576:. Dictionary.reference.com
145:'s early wars against the
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506:Current usage of the word
283:According to legend, the
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195:in 71 BC during the
1134:Current judicial methods
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276:instituted a less harsh
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1506:Marcus Licinius Crassus
347:Battle of LĂĽtzen (1632)
327:French Wars of Religion
213:during the war against
193:Marcus Licinius Crassus
34:Decimation. Etching by
18:Decimation (Roman Army)
836:Bibliothèque nationale
364:Similarly, during the
264:after their defeat by
43:
1060:, article in Smith's
1010:www.grammarphobia.com
500:Lottery of Huruslahti
415:19th and 20th century
33:
937:Huw Strachan (2003)
629:, book 2, chapter 59
601:, book 6, chapter 38
149:and was recorded by
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1207:Damnatio ad bestias
939:The First World War
473:Volksmarinedivision
457:Battle of Caporetto
388:, Duke of Amalfi.
386:Ottavio Piccolomini
186:Alexander the Great
68:military discipline
1501:Capital punishment
1450:Wrongful execution
1362:Suffocation in ash
1218:Blowing from a gun
1126:Capital punishment
1072:2008-10-26 at the
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471:, 29 men from the
374:Lennart Torstenson
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1079:Michael M. Sage,
832:Codex Parisiensis
678:978-1-84603-353-7
653:978-0-307-42518-8
613:The Roman Soldier
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1491:10 (number)
1408:Executioner
1248:Crucifixion
1223:Brazen bull
1213:Blood eagle
1194:Ancient and
1174:Gas chamber
975:(in German)
745:Suetonius,
732:Suetonius,
705:Plutarch's
556:(the tenth)
467:During the
462:carabinieri
453:John Keegan
449:World War I
437:tirailleurs
355:Wallenstein
349:during the
304:Strategikon
262:III Augusta
227:. After a
1485:Categories
1372:Waist chop
1336:Mazzatello
1330:Ishikozume
1325:Impalement
1320:Immurement
1310:Guillotine
1258:Decimation
1041:2024-05-23
1016:2024-05-23
719:Plutarch:
597:Polybius,
580:2014-03-22
561:References
545:Fustuarium
531:, and the
512:decimation
409:Jan Mydlář
339:cuirassier
266:Tacfarinas
211:9th Legion
159:centurions
78:, such as
72:Roman army
58:(from
56:decimation
1430:Last meal
1403:Death row
1305:Gibbeting
1179:Beheading
1058:Decimatio
979:1 January
861:cite book
813:cite book
805:489014421
758:Tacitus,
599:Histories
510:The term
309:decimatio
287:, led by
246:Suetonius
201:Spartacus
112:sortition
102:Procedure
88:desertion
80:cowardice
64:decimatio
1435:Penology
1347:Scaphism
1285:Elephant
1273:Drowning
1253:Crushing
1147:Shooting
1070:Archived
775:, p. 120
771:Watson,
734:Augustus
550:Lachesis
539:See also
490:city of
401:Rokycany
376:over an
274:Macrinus
256:, while
250:Augustus
221:Plutarch
199:against
173:Polybius
167:scourged
124:stabbing
120:clubbing
1357:Stoning
1300:Garrote
1295:Flaying
1290:Falling
1243:Burning
1228:Boiling
1198:methods
1184:Stoning
1142:Hanging
1036:OUPblog
723:, c. 39
492:Varkaus
405:Bohemia
370:Leipzig
368:, near
359:hanging
258:Tacitus
128:bivouac
116:stoning
96:legions
1342:Sawing
1238:Burial
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760:Annals
721:Antony
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554:Decima
393:Prague
380:under
236:wheat.
215:Pompey
147:Volsci
108:cohort
90:, and
84:mutiny
42:(1725)
1398:Crime
747:Galba
695:, 407
516:tithe
484:White
254:Galba
137:Usage
122:, or
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60:Latin
1413:list
981:2024
951:ISBN
886:ISBN
867:link
819:link
801:OCLC
791:ISBN
749:, 12
736:, 24
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