38:
664:
164:. Fungi decompose organic matter by releasing enzymes to break down the decaying material, after which they absorb the nutrients in the decaying material. Hyphae are used to break down matter and absorb nutrients and are also used in reproduction. When two compatible fungi hyphae grow close to each other, they will then fuse for reproduction and form another fungus.
144:. While bacteria are restricted to growing and feeding on the exposed surfaces of organic matter, fungi can use their hyphae to penetrate larger pieces of organic matter below the surface. Additionally, only
203:
275:; Janssens, Ivan A.; Ceulemans, Reinhart; Polle, Andrea; Velthorst, Eef J.; Scarascia-Mugnozza, Giuseppe; De Angelis, Paolo; Miglietta, Franco (2006-03-01).
453:
Hunt HW, Coleman DC, Ingham ER, Ingham RE, Elliot ET, Moore JC, Rose SL, Reid CPP, Morley CR (1987) "The detrital food web in a shortgrass prairie".
417:
Bear, MH; Hendrix, PF; Cheng, W (1992). "Microbial and faunal interactions and effects on litter nitrogen and decomposition in agroecosystems".
1789:
1042:
242:
1933:
2003:
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231:. Eds. M. McGinley & C. J. Cleveland. Encyclopedia of Earth. National Council for Science and the Environment. Washington DC
2013:
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2018:
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116:
are technically detritivores, not decomposers, since they are unable to absorb nutrients without ingesting them.
2423:
2296:
324:"Decomposers in disguise: mycorrhizal fungi as regulators of soil C dynamics in ecosystems under global change"
2469:
2068:
2023:
1775:
1028:
1555:
1901:
37:
2258:
1149:
17:
156:, a chemically complex substance found in wood. These two factors make fungi the primary decomposers in
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1247:
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870:
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2008:
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989:
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277:"Mycorrhizal Hyphal Turnover as a Dominant Process for Carbon Input into Soil Organic Matter"
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1998:
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613:
608:
527:
349:
300:
183:
178:
113:
53:
363:
Blanchette, Robert (September 1991). "Delignification by Wood-Decay Fungi".
276:
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2186:
2156:
2101:
1984:
1949:
1826:
1325:
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101:
1836:
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89:
69:
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173:
137:
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672:
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507:
468:
160:, where litter has high concentrations of lignin and often occurs in
125:
105:
85:
61:
430:
136:, which are unicellular organisms and are decomposers as well, most
100:
nutrients through external chemical and biological processes. Thus,
2509:
2438:
1969:
1797:
1476:
1388:
1335:
1290:
792:
680:
133:
109:
65:
49:
204:"NOAA. ACE Basin National Estuarine Research Reserve: Decomposers"
2499:
2306:
2176:
2171:
1798:
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1406:
1051:
932:
618:
598:
522:
207:
937:
927:
157:
153:
149:
81:
77:
141:
129:
57:
270:
88:
for growth and development. While the terms decomposer and
52:
that break down dead or decaying organisms; they carry out
271:
Godbold, Douglas L.; Hoosbeek, Marcel R.; Lukac, Martin;
322:
Talbot, J. M.; Allison, S. D.; Treseder, K. K. (2008).
56:, a process possible by only certain kingdoms, such as
464:. Sixth edition. Benjamin Cummings, San Francisco, CA.
321:
96:
and digest dead matter internally, while decomposers
27:
Organism that breaks down dead or decaying organisms
41:
Fungi acting as decomposers of a fallen tree branch
2586:
416:
1783:
1036:
484:
92:are often interchangeably used, detritivores
30:For The Matches album of the same name, see
2004:Latitudinal gradients in species diversity
1790:
1776:
1043:
1029:
491:
477:
388:
386:
362:
399:Introduction to the Funge=24 January 2014
392:
339:
124:The primary decomposer of litter in many
1902:Predator–prey (Lotka–Volterra) equations
1541:Tritrophic interactions in plant defense
36:
1934:Random generalized Lotka–Volterra model
383:
14:
2587:
1742:Herbivore adaptations to plant defense
498:
1771:
1024:
472:
140:fungi grow as a branching network of
1757:Predator avoidance in schooling fish
2207:Intermediate disturbance hypothesis
377:10.1146/annurev.py.29.090191.002121
24:
1960:Ecological effects of biodiversity
410:
196:
25:
2606:
1296:Generalist and specialist species
395:"Fungi: Life History and Ecology"
2019:Occupancy–abundance relationship
662:
455:Biology and Fertility of Soils 3
341:10.1111/j.1365-2435.2008.01402.x
2039:Relative abundance distribution
1752:Plant defense against herbivory
1619:Competitive exclusion principle
1331:Mesopredator release hypothesis
365:Annual Review of Phytopathology
1624:Consumer–resource interactions
356:
315:
264:
235:
221:
13:
1:
2470:Biological data visualization
2297:Environmental niche modelling
2024:Population viability analysis
393:Waggoner, Ben; Speer, Brian.
189:
1955:Density-dependent inhibition
7:
2424:Liebig's law of the minimum
2259:Resource selection function
1150:Metabolic theory of ecology
167:
10:
2611:
2324:Niche apportionment models
2044:Relative species abundance
1248:Primary nutritional groups
1145:List of feeding behaviours
460:Smith TM, Smith RL (2006)
29:
2573:
2505:Ecosystem based fisheries
2447:
2347:
2272:
2145:
2117:Interspecific competition
2082:
2009:Minimum viable population
1942:
1867:Maximum sustainable yield
1852:Intraspecific competition
1847:Effective population size
1810:
1727:Anti-predator adaptations
1712:
1591:
1518:
1475:
1397:
1364:
1261:
1238:Photosynthetic efficiency
1173:
1067:
1010:Category:Eating behaviors
985:
831:
755:
734:
671:
660:
627:
591:
515:
506:
293:10.1007/s11104-005-3701-6
2495:Ecological stoichiometry
2460:Alternative stable state
119:
72:, meaning that they use
2339:Ontogenetic niche shift
2202:Ideal free distribution
2112:Ecological facilitation
1862:Malthusian growth model
1832:Consumer-resource model
1689:Paradox of the plankton
1654:Energy systems language
1374:Chemoorganoheterotrophy
1341:Optimal foraging theory
1316:Heterotrophic nutrition
990:Antipredator adaptation
152:necessary to decompose
2485:Ecological forecasting
2429:Marginal value theorem
2227:Landscape epidemiology
2162:Cross-boundary subsidy
2097:Biological interaction
1447:Microbial intelligence
1135:Green world hypothesis
42:
2490:Ecological humanities
2389:Ecological energetics
2334:Niche differentiation
2197:Habitat fragmentation
1965:Ecological extinction
1912:Small population size
1664:Feed conversion ratio
1644:Ecological succession
1576:San Francisco Estuary
1490:Ecological efficiency
1432:Microbial cooperation
419:Ecological Monographs
273:Cotrufo, M. Francesca
40:
2515:Evolutionary ecology
2480:Ecological footprint
2475:Ecological economics
2399:Ecological threshold
2394:Ecological indicator
2264:Source–sink dynamics
2217:Land change modeling
2212:Insular biogeography
2064:Species distribution
1803:Modelling ecosystems
1462:Microbial metabolism
1301:Intraguild predation
1090:Biogeochemical cycle
1056:Modelling ecosystems
2565:Theoretical ecology
2540:Natural environment
2404:Ecosystem diversity
2374:Ecological collapse
2364:Bateman's principle
2319:Limiting similarity
2232:Landscape limnology
2054:Species homogeneity
1892:Population modeling
1887:Population dynamics
1704:Trophic state index
1005:Carnivorous protist
859:Intraguild predator
462:Elements of Ecology
2576:Outline of ecology
2525:Industrial ecology
2520:Functional ecology
2384:Ecological deficit
2329:Niche construction
2292:Ecosystem engineer
2069:Species–area curve
1990:Introduced species
1805:: Other components
1737:Deimatic behaviour
1639:Ecological network
1571:North Pacific Gyre
1556:hydrothermal vents
1495:Ecological pyramid
1442:Microbial food web
1253:Primary production
1198:Foundation species
1000:Carnivorous fungus
650:Sexual cannibalism
635:Animal cannibalism
500:Feeding behaviours
328:Functional Ecology
68:, decomposers are
43:
32:Decomposer (album)
2582:
2581:
2465:Balance of nature
2222:Landscape ecology
2107:Community ecology
2049:Species diversity
1985:Indicator species
1980:Gradient analysis
1857:Logistic function
1765:
1764:
1722:Animal coloration
1699:Trophic mutualism
1437:Microbial ecology
1228:Photoheterotrophs
1213:Myco-heterotrophy
1125:Ecosystem ecology
1110:Carrying capacity
1075:Abiotic component
1018:
1017:
995:Carnivorous plant
871:Aquatic predation
658:
657:
640:Human cannibalism
148:have evolved the
16:(Redirected from
2602:
2282:Ecological niche
2254:selection theory
2074:Umbrella species
2059:Species richness
1995:Invasive species
1975:Flagship species
1882:Population cycle
1877:Overexploitation
1842:Ecological yield
1792:
1785:
1778:
1769:
1768:
1674:Mesotrophic soil
1614:Climax community
1546:Marine food webs
1485:Biomagnification
1286:Chemoorganotroph
1140:Keystone species
1100:Biotic component
1045:
1038:
1031:
1022:
1021:
864:Pursuit predator
666:
645:Self-cannibalism
513:
512:
493:
486:
479:
470:
469:
450:
403:
402:
390:
381:
380:
360:
354:
353:
343:
319:
313:
312:
268:
262:
261:
259:
258:
249:. Archived from
247:citadel.sjfc.edu
239:
233:
225:
219:
218:
216:
215:
206:. Archived from
200:
146:wood-decay fungi
74:organic material
21:
2610:
2609:
2605:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2600:
2599:
2585:
2584:
2583:
2578:
2569:
2555:Systems ecology
2443:
2414:Extinction debt
2379:Ecological debt
2369:Bioluminescence
2350:
2343:
2312:marine habitats
2287:Ecological trap
2268:
2148:
2141:
2084:
2078:
2034:Rapoport's rule
2029:Priority effect
1970:Endemic species
1938:
1897:Population size
1813:
1806:
1796:
1766:
1761:
1714:
1708:
1694:Trophic cascade
1604:Bioaccumulation
1587:
1514:
1471:
1393:
1360:
1257:
1169:
1130:Ecosystem model
1063:
1049:
1019:
1014:
981:
972:Surplus killing
844:Ambush predator
827:
751:
730:
667:
654:
623:
587:
502:
497:
467:
431:10.2307/2937317
413:
411:Further reading
407:
406:
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384:
361:
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192:
170:
122:
98:directly absorb
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2608:
2598:
2597:
2580:
2579:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2535:Microecosystem
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2451:
2449:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2441:
2436:
2434:Thorson's rule
2431:
2426:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2359:Assembly rules
2355:
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2331:
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2321:
2316:
2315:
2314:
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2289:
2284:
2278:
2276:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2244:
2242:Patch dynamics
2239:
2237:Metapopulation
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2153:
2151:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2139:
2134:
2132:Storage effect
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2088:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2077:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2014:Neutral theory
2011:
2006:
2001:
1999:Native species
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1946:
1944:
1940:
1939:
1937:
1936:
1931:
1930:
1929:
1924:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1872:Overpopulation
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1818:
1816:
1808:
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1724:
1718:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1679:Nutrient cycle
1676:
1671:
1669:Feeding frenzy
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1649:Energy quality
1646:
1641:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1609:Cascade effect
1606:
1601:
1595:
1593:
1589:
1588:
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1583:
1578:
1573:
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1507:
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1497:
1492:
1487:
1481:
1479:
1473:
1472:
1470:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1452:Microbial loop
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1417:Lithoautotroph
1414:
1409:
1403:
1401:
1399:Microorganisms
1395:
1394:
1392:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1370:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1358:
1356:Prey switching
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
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1283:
1278:
1273:
1267:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1233:Photosynthesis
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1188:Chemosynthesis
1185:
1179:
1177:
1171:
1170:
1168:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1080:Abiotic stress
1077:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1064:
1048:
1047:
1040:
1033:
1025:
1016:
1015:
1013:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
986:
983:
982:
980:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
947:Hypercarnivore
944:
943:
942:
941:
940:
930:
923:Cattle feeding
920:
915:
914:
913:
908:
906:Feeding frenzy
903:
898:
893:
891:Suction feeder
888:
883:
878:
868:
867:
866:
861:
856:
851:
846:
835:
833:
829:
828:
826:
825:
820:
815:
810:
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800:
795:
790:
785:
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775:
770:
765:
759:
757:
753:
752:
750:
749:
744:
738:
736:
732:
731:
729:
728:
723:
718:
713:
708:
703:
701:Seed predation
698:
693:
688:
683:
677:
675:
669:
668:
661:
659:
656:
655:
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652:
647:
642:
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525:
519:
517:
510:
504:
503:
496:
495:
488:
481:
473:
466:
465:
458:
451:
425:(4): 569–591.
412:
409:
408:
405:
404:
382:
355:
334:(6): 955–963.
314:
281:Plant and Soil
263:
234:
220:
194:
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188:
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186:
181:
176:
169:
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121:
118:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2607:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2577:
2572:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2560:Urban ecology
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2446:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
2420:
2419:Kleiber's law
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2346:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2313:
2310:
2309:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2271:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2192:Foster's rule
2190:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2144:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2081:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1941:
1935:
1932:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1809:
1804:
1800:
1793:
1788:
1786:
1781:
1779:
1774:
1773:
1770:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1717:
1711:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1645:
1642:
1640:
1637:
1635:
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1600:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1590:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1511:
1510:Trophic level
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1468:
1467:Phage ecology
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1457:Microbial mat
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1412:Bacteriophage
1410:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1402:
1400:
1396:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1379:Decomposition
1377:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1363:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1326:Mesopredators
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1271:Apex predator
1269:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1105:Biotic stress
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1046:
1041:
1039:
1034:
1032:
1027:
1026:
1023:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
987:
984:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
957:Mesocarnivore
955:
953:
952:Hypocarnivore
950:
948:
945:
939:
936:
935:
934:
931:
929:
926:
925:
924:
921:
919:
916:
912:
911:Filter feeder
909:
907:
904:
902:
901:Bottom feeder
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
873:
872:
869:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
849:Apex predator
847:
845:
842:
841:
840:
837:
836:
834:
830:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
760:
758:
754:
748:
745:
743:
740:
739:
737:
733:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
678:
676:
674:
670:
665:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
632:
630:
628:cannibalistic
626:
620:
617:
615:
614:Breastfeeding
612:
610:
609:Placentophagy
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
596:
594:
590:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
528:Egg predation
526:
524:
521:
520:
518:
514:
511:
509:
505:
501:
494:
489:
487:
482:
480:
475:
474:
471:
463:
459:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
415:
414:
400:
396:
389:
387:
378:
374:
370:
366:
359:
351:
347:
342:
337:
333:
329:
325:
318:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
267:
253:on 2019-06-26
252:
248:
244:
243:"Decomposers"
238:
232:
230:
229:Trophic level
224:
210:on 2014-10-09
209:
205:
199:
195:
185:
184:Microorganism
182:
180:
179:Micro-animals
177:
175:
172:
171:
165:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
117:
115:
114:sea cucumbers
111:
107:
103:
102:invertebrates
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
76:to get their
75:
71:
70:heterotrophic
67:
63:
59:
55:
54:decomposition
51:
47:
39:
33:
19:
2595:Microbiology
2545:Regime shift
2530:Macroecology
2251:
2247:
2187:Edge effects
2157:Biogeography
2102:Commensalism
1950:Biodiversity
1827:Allee effect
1566:kelp forests
1519:Example webs
1384:Detritivores
1365:
1223:Organotrophs
1203:Kinetotrophs
1155:Productivity
977:Trophallaxis
881:Pivot feeder
876:Lunge feeder
854:Egg predator
742:Phagocytosis
592:reproductive
563:Myrmecophagy
553:Molluscivore
461:
454:
422:
418:
398:
368:
364:
358:
331:
327:
317:
287:(1): 15–24.
284:
280:
266:
255:. Retrieved
251:the original
246:
237:
228:
223:
212:. Retrieved
208:the original
198:
162:large pieces
138:saprotrophic
123:
97:
93:
45:
44:
2182:Disturbance
2085:interaction
1907:Recruitment
1837:Depensation
1629:Copiotrophs
1500:Energy flow
1422:Lithotrophy
1366:Decomposers
1346:Planktivore
1321:Insectivore
1311:Heterotroph
1276:Bacterivore
1243:Phototrophs
1193:Chemotrophs
1165:Restoration
1115:Competition
798:Planktivore
783:Detritivore
778:Coprophagia
768:Bacterivore
763:Microbivory
747:Myzocytosis
706:Nectarivore
696:Graminivore
543:Lepidophagy
538:Insectivore
533:Hematophagy
371:: 281–403.
90:detritivore
46:Decomposers
18:Decomposers
2550:Sexecology
2127:Parasitism
2092:Antibiosis
1927:Resistance
1922:Resilience
1812:Population
1732:Camouflage
1684:Oligotroph
1599:Ascendency
1561:intertidal
1551:cold seeps
1505:Food chain
1306:Herbivores
1281:Carnivores
1208:Mixotrophs
1183:Autotrophs
1062:components
962:Parasitism
896:Bait balls
886:Ram feeder
818:Plastivore
813:Lithotroph
803:Saprophagy
726:Osteophagy
716:Palynivore
673:Herbivores
604:Paedophagy
578:Spongivore
568:Ophiophagy
508:Carnivores
257:2019-05-09
214:2012-09-17
190:References
174:Chemotroph
126:ecosystems
106:earthworms
62:herbivores
2455:Allometry
2409:Emergence
2137:Symbiosis
2122:Mutualism
1917:Stability
1822:Abundance
1634:Dominance
1592:Processes
1581:tide pool
1477:Food webs
1351:Predation
1336:Omnivores
1263:Consumers
1218:Mycotroph
1175:Producers
1120:Ecosystem
1085:Behaviour
967:Scavenger
839:Predation
808:Xenophagy
788:Geophagia
773:Fungivore
721:Xylophagy
711:Mellivory
691:Frugivore
686:Florivore
583:Vermivore
573:Piscivore
558:Mucophagy
548:Man-eater
350:1365-2435
301:1573-5036
132:. Unlike
86:nutrients
66:predators
50:organisms
2589:Category
2510:Endolith
2439:Xerosere
2351:networks
2167:Ecocline
1713:Defense,
1389:Detritus
1291:Foraging
1160:Resource
918:Browsing
793:Omnivore
735:Cellular
681:Folivore
447:86031411
309:24926892
168:See also
134:bacteria
110:woodlice
104:such as
2500:Ecopath
2307:Habitat
2177:Ecotype
2172:Ecotone
2149:ecology
2147:Spatial
2083:Species
1943:Species
1814:ecology
1799:Ecology
1747:Mimicry
1715:counter
1659:f-ratio
1407:Archaea
1095:Biomass
1068:General
1060:Trophic
1052:Ecology
933:Grazing
832:Methods
619:Weaning
599:Oophagy
523:Avivore
457:: 57-68
439:2937317
158:forests
150:enzymes
60:. Like
1531:Rivers
1427:Marine
938:Forage
928:Fodder
756:Others
445:
437:
348:
307:
299:
154:lignin
142:hyphae
112:, and
94:ingest
82:carbon
78:energy
2448:Other
2349:Other
2302:Guild
2274:Niche
1526:Lakes
516:adult
443:S2CID
435:JSTOR
305:S2CID
130:fungi
120:Fungi
58:fungi
1536:Soil
823:Pica
346:ISSN
297:ISSN
84:and
64:and
48:are
427:doi
373:doi
336:doi
289:doi
285:281
128:is
2591::
1997:/
1801::
1058::
1054::
441:.
433:.
423:62
421:.
397:.
385:^
369:29
367:.
344:.
332:22
330:.
326:.
303:.
295:.
283:.
279:.
245:.
108:,
80:,
2252:K
2250:/
2248:r
1791:e
1784:t
1777:v
1044:e
1037:t
1030:v
492:e
485:t
478:v
449:.
429::
401:.
379:.
375::
352:.
338::
311:.
291::
260:.
217:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
