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adopting a higher grade of steel. If a concrete filled pipe pile is corroded, most of the load carrying capacity of the pile will remain intact due to the concrete, while it will be lost in an empty pipe pile. The structural capacity of pipe piles is primarily calculated based on steel strength and concrete strength (if filled). An allowance is made for corrosion depending on the site conditions and local building codes. Steel pipe piles can either be new steel manufactured specifically for the piling industry or reclaimed steel tubular casing previously used for other purposes such as oil and gas exploration.
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steel comprising more than 40% of their cross section. They can be used as direct structural support or as ground reinforcement elements. Due to their relatively high cost and the type of equipment used to install these elements, they are often used where access restrictions and or very difficult ground conditions (cobbles and boulders, construction debris, karst, environmental sensitivity) exists or to retrofit existing structures. Occasionally, in difficult ground, they are used for new construction foundation elements. Typical applications include
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843:. The mixing can be carried out by pumping the binder into the soil whilst mixing it with a device normally mounted on an excavator or by excavating the masses, mixing them separately with the binders and refilling them in the desired area. The technique can also be used on lightly contaminated masses as a means of binding contaminants, as opposed to excavating them and transporting to landfill or processing.
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456:, or hardpan, or other dense, strong layers. Both the diameter of the pile and the depth of the pile are highly specific to the ground conditions, loading conditions, and nature of the project. Pile depths may vary substantially across a project if the bearing layer is not level. Drilled piles can be tested using a variety of methods to verify the pile integrity during installation.
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bearing strata. When used in permanent works, these walls can be designed to resist vertical loads in addition lateral load from retaining soil. Construction of both methods is the same as for foundation bearing piles. Contiguous walls are constructed with small gaps between adjacent piles. The spacing of the piles can be varied to provide suitable bending stiffness.
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length onto the end of the leader pile. The follower pile is then simply slotted into the other end of the tube and driving continues. The steel tube is simply there to ensure that the two pieces follow each other during driving. If uplift capacity is required, the splice can incorporate bolts, coach screws, spikes or the like to give it the necessary capacity.
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pile walls are constructed such that space is left between alternate 'female' piles for the subsequent construction of 'male' piles. Construction of 'male' piles involves boring through the concrete in the 'female' piles hole in order to key 'male' piles between. The male pile is the one where steel
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Piled walls can be drivene or bored. They provide special advantages where available working space dictates and open cut excavation not feasible. Both methods offer technically effective and offer a cost efficient temporary or permanent means of retaining the sides of bulk excavations even in water
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is drilled into the ground, then concrete (and often some sort of reinforcing) is placed into the borehole to form the pile. Rotary boring techniques allow larger diameter piles than any other piling method and permit pile construction through particularly dense or hard strata. Construction methods
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The typical construction process for a wind turbine subsea monopile foundation in sand includes driving a large hollow steel pile, of some 4 m in diameter with approximately 50mm thick walls, some 25 m deep into the seabed, through a 0.5 m layer of larger stone and gravel to minimize
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Pipe piles can be driven either open end or closed end. When driven open end, soil is allowed to enter the bottom of the pipe or tube. If an empty pipe is required, a jet of water or an auger can be used to remove the soil inside following driving. Closed end pipe piles are constructed by covering
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Splicing timber piles is still quite common and is the easiest of all the piling materials to splice. The normal method for splicing is by driving the leader pile first, driving a steel tube (normally 60–100 cm long, with an internal diameter no smaller than the minimum toe diameter) half its
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level. Timber will last for a long time below the groundwater level. For timber to rot, two elements are needed: water and oxygen. Below the groundwater level, dissolved oxygen is lacking even though there is ample water. Hence, timber tends to last for a long time below the groundwater level. In
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Historically, timber has been a plentiful, locally available resource in many areas. Today, timber piles are still more affordable than concrete or steel. Compared to other types of piles (steel or concrete), and depending on the source/type of timber, timber piles may not be suitable for heavier
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Specific to marine structures, hospital piles (also known as gallow piles) are built to provide temporary support to marine structure components during refurbishment works. For example, when removing a river pontoon, the brow will be attached to hospital pile to support it. They are normal piles,
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The proportions of the pile (diameter to height) are dependent upon the soil type. Sand is difficult to penetrate but provides good holding capacity, so the height may be as short as half the diameter. Clays and muds are easy to penetrate but provide poor holding capacity, so the height may be as
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Micropiles are small diameter, generally less than 300mm diameter, elements that are drilled and grouted in place. They typically get their capacity from skin friction along the sides of the element, but can be end bearing in hard rock as well. Micropiles are usually heavily reinforced with
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mix is then pumped down the stem of the auger. While the cement grout is pumped, the auger is slowly withdrawn, conveying the soil upward along the flights. A shaft of fluid cement grout is formed to ground level. Reinforcement can be installed. Recent innovations in addition to stringent quality
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value, then there is a risk of corrosion, coal-tar epoxy or cathodic protection can be applied to slow or eliminate the corrosion process. It is common to allow for an amount of corrosion in design by simply over dimensioning the cross-sectional area of the steel pile. In this way, the corrosion
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In some cases, pipe piles are filled with concrete to provide additional moment capacity or corrosion resistance. In the United
Kingdom, this is generally not done in order to reduce the cost. In these cases corrosion protection is provided by allowing for a sacrificial thickness of steel or by
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The use of a tripod rig to install piles is one of the more traditional ways of forming piles. Although unit costs are generally higher than with most other forms of piling, it has several advantages which have ensured its continued use through to the present day. The tripod system is easy and
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on which the structure sits, sometimes with heavy column loads bearing directly on the piers. In some residential construction, the piers are extended above the ground level, and wood beams bearing on the piers are used to support the structure. This type of foundation results in a crawl space
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to join multiple segments end-to-end when the driven depth required was too long for a single pile; today, splicing is common with steel piles, though concrete piles can be spliced with mechanical and other means. Driving piles, as opposed to drilling shafts, is advantageous because the soil
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Small
Sectional Flight Auger piling rigs can also be used for piled raft foundations. These produce the same type of pile as a Continuous Flight Auger rig but using smaller, more lightweight equipment. This piling method is fast, cost-effective and suitable for the majority of ground types.
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Hydraulic hammer is removable working equipment of hydraulic excavators, hydroficated machines (stationary rock breakers, loaders, manipulators, pile driving hammers) used for processing strong materials (rock, soil, metal) or pile driving elements by impact of falling parts dispersed by
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Augercast piles cause minimal disturbance and are often used for noise-sensitive and environmentally-sensitive sites. Augercast piles are not generally suited for use in contaminated soils, because of expensive waste disposal costs. In cases such as these, a displacement pile (like
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Secant piled walls can either be true hard/hard, hard/intermediate (firm), or hard/soft, depending on design requirements. Hard refers to structural concrete and firm or soft is usually a weaker grout mix containing bentonite. All types of wall can be constructed as free standing
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In jet piling high pressure water is used to set piles. High pressure water cuts through soil with a high-pressure jet flow and allows the pile to be fitted. One advantage of Jet Piling: the water jet lubricates the pile and softens the ground. The method is in use in Norway.
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Under-reamed piles have mechanically formed enlarged bases that are as much as 6 m in diameter. The form is that of an inverted cone and can only be formed in stable soils or rocks. The larger base diameter allows greater bearing capacity than a straight-shaft pile.
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much as eight times the diameter. The open nature of gravel means that water would flow through the ground during installation, causing 'piping' flow (where water boils up through weaker paths through the soil). Therefore, suction piles cannot be used in gravel seabeds.
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Cement, lime/quick lime, flyash, sludge and/or other binders (sometimes called stabilizer) are mixed into the soil to increase bearing capacity. The result is not as solid as concrete, but should be seen as an improvement of the bearing capacity of the original soil.
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Soldier piles are most suitable in conditions where well constructed walls will not result in subsidence such as over-consolidated clays, soils above the water table if they have some cohesion, and free draining soils which can be effectively dewatered, like sands.
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Suction piles are used underwater to secure floating platforms. Tubular piles are driven into the seabed (or more commonly dropped a few metres into a soft seabed) and then a pump sucks water out at the top of the tubular, pulling the pile further down.
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A "composite pile" is a pile made of steel and concrete members that are fastened together, end to end, to form a single pile. It is a combination of different materials or different shaped materials such as pipe and H-beams or steel and concrete.
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is minimized by installing the lagging immediately after excavation to avoid soil loss. Lagging can be constructed by timber, precast concrete, shotcrete and steel plates depending on spacing of the soldier piles and the type of soils.
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This type of soil expands when it comes in contact with water and contraction occurs when water is removed. So that cracks appear in the construction done on such clay. An under reamed pile is used in the base to remove this defect.
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Adfreeze pile foundations are particularly sensitive in conditions which cause the permafrost to melt. If a building is constructed improperly then it can melt the ground below, resulting in a failure of the foundation system.
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Unsuitable soils include soft clays and weak running soils that allow large movements such as loose sands. It is also not possible to extend the wall beyond the bottom of the excavation, and dewatering is often required.
330:. Driven piles are also considered to be "tested" for weight-bearing ability because of their method of installation; thus the motto of the Pile Driving Contractors' Association is "A Driven Pile...Is a Tested Pile!".
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H-Piles are structural beams that are driven in the ground for deep foundation application. They can be easily cut off or joined by welding or mechanical drive-fit splicers. If the pile is driven into a soil with low
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was constructed on 13,659 timber piles that still survive today since they were below groundwater level. Timber that is to be used above the water table can be protected from decay and insects by numerous forms of
992:'Pile jackets' encasing old concrete piles in a saltwater environment to prevent corrosion and consequential weakening of the piles when cracks allow saltwater to contact the internal steel reinforcement rods
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These piles are suited for expansive soils which are often subjected to seasonal moisture variations, or for loose or soft strata. They are used in normal ground condition also where economics are favorable.
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Long piles can be difficult to handle and transport. Pile joints can be used to join two or more short piles to form one long pile. Pile joints can be used with both precast and prestressed concrete piles.
309:. Driven piles are constructed of wood, reinforced concrete, or steel. Wooden piles are made from the trunks of tall trees. Concrete piles are available in square, octagonal, and round cross-sections (like
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Concrete piles are typically made with steel reinforcing and prestressing tendons to obtain the tensile strength required, to survive handling and driving, and to provide sufficient bending resistance.
262:; other deep foundations are typically put in place using excavation and drilling. The naming conventions may vary between engineering disciplines and firms. Deep foundations can be made out of
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The Deep
Foundation web portal Italiantrivelle is the number one source of information regarding the Foundation Industry. (Link needs to be removed or updated, links to inappropriate content)
342:(a large concrete block into which the heads of the piles are embedded) to distribute loads that are greater than one pile can bear. Pile caps and isolated piles are typically connected with
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spaced about 2 to 3 m apart and are driven or drilled prior to excavation. As the excavation proceeds, horizontal timber sheeting (lagging) is inserted behind the H pile flanges.
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For end-bearing piles, drilling continues until the borehole has extended a sufficient depth (socketing) into a sufficiently strong layer. Depending on site geology, this can be a
396:, cable ducts for sub-marine cables, turbine tower flange, etc.) is attached to the driven pile, and the sand and water are removed from the centre of the pile and replaced with
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Sheet piling is a form of driven piling using thin interlocking sheets of steel to obtain a continuous barrier in the ground. The main application of sheet piles is in
248:. There are different terms used to describe different types of deep foundations including the pile (which is analogous to a pole), the pier (which is analogous to a
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Handbook on Under-reamed and bored compaction pile foundation, Central building research institute
Roorkee, Prepared by Devendra Sharma, M. P. Jain, Chandra Prakash
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off the coast of
England went online in 2008 with over 100 turbines, each mounted on a 4.7-metre-diameter monopile foundation in ocean depths up to 18 metres.
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Fleming, W. G. K. et al., 1985, Piling
Engineering, Surrey University Press; Hunt, R. E., Geotechnical Engineering Analysis and Evaluation, 1986, McGraw-Hill.
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utilizes a single, generally large-diameter, foundation structural element to support all the loads (weight, wind, etc.) of a large above-surface structure.
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to tie the foundation elements together; lighter structural elements bear on the grade beams, while heavier elements bear directly on the pile cap.
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The horizontal earth pressures are concentrated on the soldier piles because of their relative rigidity compared to the lagging. Soil movement and
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depend on the geology of the site; in particular, whether boring is to be undertaken in 'dry' ground conditions or through water-saturated strata.
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displaced by driving the piles compresses the surrounding soil, causing greater friction against the sides of the piles, thus increasing their
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erected to enable permanent works to proceed. Normally, vibrating hammer, t-crane and crawle drilling are used to establish sheet piles.
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Cutaway illustration. Deep inclined (battered) pipe piles support a precast segmented skyway where upper soil layers are weak muds.
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A large number of monopile foundations have been utilized in recent years for economically constructing fixed-bottom
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erosion around the pile. A transition piece (complete with pre-installed features such as boat-landing arrangement,
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321:. Steel piles are either pipe piles or some sort of beam section (like an H-pile). Historically, wood piles used
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Adfreeze piles derive their strength from the bond of the frozen ground around them to the surface of the pile.
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Press-in pile driver is a machine for sinking piles into the ground by means of static force transmission.
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underneath the building in which wiring and duct work can be laid during construction or re-modelling.
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is a vertical structural element of a deep foundation, driven or drilled deep into the ground at the
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is often used when the sides of the borehole are likely to slough off before concrete is poured.
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utilizes 80 large monopiles of 4 metres diameter sunk 25 meters deep into the seabed, while the
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reinforcement cages are installed, though in some cases the female piles are also reinforced.
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control allows reinforcing cages to be placed up to the full length of a pile when required.
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508:(CFA) pile, is formed by drilling into the ground with a hollow stemmed continuous flight
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in the surrounding soil does not collapse as the slurry balances the hydraulic pressure.
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piles are a type of steel driven pile foundation and are a good candidate for inclined (
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Horns Rev project, Elsam monopile foundation construction process, accessed 2010-04-12]
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and water to prevent the flow of groundwater. A trench that would collapse due to the
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4. Under reamed piles are used, Where lifting forces appear at the base of foundation.
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inexpensive to bring to site, making it ideal for jobs with a small number of piles.
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reinforcements in the form of piles (as mentioned above), blocks or larger volumes.
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Drilling of deep piles of diameter 150 cm in bridge 423 near Nes Ziona, Israel
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A main consideration regarding timber piles is that they should be protected from
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2. Under reamed piles are used in low bearing capacity
Outdated soil (filled soil)
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1395:"A Numerical Model for Load Transfer and Settlement of Bored Cast In-Situ Piles"
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that transfers building loads to the earth farther down from the surface than a
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1079:, also known as a lake house; an ancient, historic house type built on pilings.
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Vibratory pile driver is a machine for driving piles into sandy and clay soils.
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Sheet piles are used to restrain soft soil above the bedrock in this excavation
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to the required depth or degree of resistance. No casing is required. A cement
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Foundations relying on driven piles often have groups of piles connected by a
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Soldier piles, also known as king piles or Berlin walls, are constructed of
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would recommend a deep foundation over a shallow foundation, such as for a
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Pile driver is a device for placing piles in their designed position.
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3.Under reamed piles are used in sandy soil when water table is high.
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1219:"Implementation of Micropiles by the Federal Highway Administration"
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19:"Piling" redirects here. For the medieval Chinese city of Piling (
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Illustration of a hand-operated pile driver in
Germany after 1480
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A soldier pile wall using reclaimed railway sleepers as lagging.
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Under reamed piles foundation is used for the following soils:-
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construction; a historic method of building wooden structures.
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the bottom of the pile with a steel plate or cast steel shoe.
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Proceedings of the 35th Annual
Conference on Deep Foundations
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A slurry wall is a barrier built under ground using a mix of
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In drilled pier foundations, the piers can be connected with
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Construction machinery used to construct replacement piles:
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Construction machinery used to drive piles into the ground:
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are a ground improvement technique where columns of coarse
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1166:, Modern Power Systems, 2002-10-05, accessed 2010-04-14.
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Construction machinery for driving piles into the ground
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Sheet piling, by a bridge, was used to block a canal in
1505:"General description of the press-in pile driving unit"
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1307:"Field Study on the Waterstop of the Rodin Jet Pile"
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1. Under reamed piles are used in black cotton soil:
202:does to a subsurface layer or a range of depths. A
79:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1037:Sectional Flight Auger or Continuous Flight Auger
532:
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1565:U.S. Naval Facilities Engineering Command, 1986.
1011:is a device for hammering piles into the ground.
1563:NAVFAC DM 7.02 Foundations and Earth Structures
1473:An Encyclopaedia of the history of technolology
1305:Guan, Chengli; Yang, Yuyou (21 February 2019).
919:Cast iron may be used for piling. These may be
170:A deep foundation installation for a bridge in
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256:. Piles are generally driven into the ground
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1029:Construction machinery for replacement piles
1557:Foundation Design: Principles and Practices
244:at shallow depth, or site constraints like
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736:or bearing capacity to improve the soils.
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963:process can be prolonged up to 50 years.
814:Deep mixing/mass stabilization techniques
745:usually with a chain or hook attachment.
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305:piles are driven into the ground using a
139:Learn how and when to remove this message
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698:Adfreeze piles supporting a building in
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831:The technique is most often applied on
434:cast-in-drilled-hole piles (CIDH piles)
290:Pipe piles being driven into the ground
182:Pile driving operations in the Port of
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1425:"International Society for Micropiles"
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1224:. Federal Highway Administration (US).
1069:construction also called earthfast or
706:In high latitudes where the ground is
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1577:Pile Design and Construction Practice
1515:from the original on 25 December 2022
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1177:"Lynn and Inner Dowsing description"
1062:International Society for Micropiles
818:These are essentially variations of
504:An augercast pile, often known as a
77:adding citations to reliable sources
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1538:Italiantrivelle Foundation Industry
1217:Siel, Barry D.; Anderson, Scott A.
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1570:Pile Design and Construction Guide
1559:2nd ed., Prentice-Hall Inc., 2001.
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1125:, 2009-09-09, accessed 2010-04-12.
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1653:Offshore geotechnical engineering
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1138:Constructing a turbine foundation
1123:Offshore Wind Turbine Foundations
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64:needs additional citations for
1583:Stabilization of Organic Soils
1258:"How House Construction Works"
1256:Marshall, Brain (April 2000).
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732:are placed in soils with poor
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533:Pier and grade beam foundation
232:There are many reasons that a
42:For other uses of "pile", see
1:
2303:Mechanically stabilized earth
1531:
1493:– via Internet Archive.
1342:"Press-in with Water Jetting"
559:
2055:Hydraulic conductivity tests
1043:Ring bit concentric drilling
1040:Reverse circulation drilling
846:
550:
369:locations. For example, the
313:). They are reinforced with
31:. For the style of art, see
7:
2616:Stress distribution in soil
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1024:Universal drilling machine.
10:
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1766:Pore pressure measurement
1608:Deep Foundations Institute
1509:Concrete Pumping Melbourne
967:Prestressed concrete piles
897:alkaline copper quaternary
895:using pressure treatment (
855:
794:can be used as tie backs.
506:continuous flight augering
41:
18:
2673:
2628:
2527:
2519:Preconsolidation pressure
2491:
2482:
2455:
2275:
2224:
2211:
2126:
2080:
2071:
1994:
1914:Standard penetration test
1672:
1659:
1650:
901:chromated copper arsenate
888:Royal Palace of Amsterdam
851:
22:
2015:California bearing ratio
1813:Rotary-pressure sounding
1644:Geotechnical engineering
1588:22 February 2012 at the
1393:Omer, Joshua R. (2010).
1098:
926:
33:Chinese Piling paintings
2435:Geosynthetic clay liner
2410:Expanded clay aggregate
2030:Proctor compaction test
1971:Crosshole sonic logging
1957:Nuclear densometer test
1714:Geo-electrical sounding
914:
334:Pile foundation systems
252:), drilled shafts, and
37:Piling (disambiguation)
2698:Earthquake engineering
2509:Lateral earth pressure
2134:Hydraulic conductivity
1985:Wave equation analysis
1964:Exploration geophysics
1856:Deformation monitoring
1825:Rotary weight sounding
1368:"City Lade, Trondheim"
1237:Cite journal requires
993:
936:
766:
726:Vibrated stone columns
721:Vibrated stone columns
703:
671:screw-pile lighthouses
627:
603:
417:
299:
291:
229:
187:
175:
161:
35:. For other uses, see
1876:Settlement recordings
1801:Rock control drilling
1702:Cone penetration test
1595:Sheet piling handbook
991:
934:
862:As the name implies,
756:
697:
625:
601:
411:
328:load-bearing capacity
297:
289:
234:geotechnical engineer
220:
181:
169:
159:
44:Pile (disambiguation)
2738:Agricultural science
2440:Cellular confinement
1543:25 June 2014 at the
1470:McNeil, Ian (1990).
1264:. HowStuffWorks, Inc
1162:14 July 2011 at the
1093:Larssen sheet piling
1015:high-pressure fluid.
276:prestressed concrete
221:Deep foundations of
73:improve this article
2630:Numerical analysis
2514:Overburden pressure
2504:Pore water pressure
2284:Shoring structures
2159:Reynolds' dilatancy
2060:Water content tests
2045:Triaxial shear test
2005:Soil classification
1978:Pile integrity test
1568:Rajapakse, Ruwan.,
1511:. 13 October 2021.
1143:21 May 2011 at the
1083:Shallow foundations
708:continuously frozen
579:slope stabilization
394:cathodic protection
363:offshore wind farms
356:monopile foundation
350:Monopile foundation
272:reinforced concrete
2605:Slab stabilisation
2585:Stability analysis
1555:Coduto, Donald P.
1320:10.3390/app9081709
1009:Diesel pile hammer
994:
937:
866:piles are made of
808:hydraulic pressure
774:Secant piled walls
767:
704:
628:
604:
575:transmission tower
460:Under-reamed piles
418:
412:A pile machine in
300:
292:
282:Driven foundations
230:
225:, a skyscraper in
200:shallow foundation
188:
176:
162:
16:Type of foundation
2753:
2752:
2624:
2623:
2600:Sliding criterion
2562:Response spectrum
2478:
2477:
2308:Pressure grouting
2207:
2206:
2067:
2066:
2020:Direct shear test
1726:Permeability test
1575:Tomlinson, P.J.,
1286:. Merriam-Webster
893:wood preservation
763:Hurricane Katrina
667:screw foundations
365:in shallow-water
157:
149:
148:
141:
123:
88:"Deep foundation"
2773:
2766:Deep foundations
2612:Bearing capacity
2499:Effective stress
2489:
2488:
2390:Land reclamation
2330:Land development
2225:Natural features
2222:
2221:
2189:Specific storage
2078:
2077:
2010:Atterberg limits
1948:
1936:
1924:
1912:
1900:
1888:
1874:
1864:
1849:Screw plate test
1847:
1835:
1823:
1811:
1799:
1787:
1765:
1736:
1724:
1712:
1700:
1688:
1670:
1669:
1637:
1630:
1623:
1614:
1613:
1525:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1467:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1421:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1410:
1405:on 14 April 2021
1401:. Archived from
1390:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1338:
1332:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1322:
1311:Applied Sciences
1302:
1296:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1253:
1247:
1246:
1240:
1235:
1233:
1225:
1223:
1214:
1205:
1202:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1179:. Archived from
1173:
1167:
1157:Horns Revolution
1154:
1148:
1135:
1126:
1120:
1114:
1109:
632:steel H sections
546:Speciality piles
223:The Marina Torch
174:, United States.
172:Napa, California
158:
144:
137:
133:
130:
124:
122:
81:
57:
49:
25:
24:
2781:
2780:
2776:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2771:
2770:
2756:
2755:
2754:
2749:
2728:Earth materials
2669:
2631:
2620:
2529:
2523:
2474:
2451:
2405:Earth structure
2400:Erosion control
2298:Ground freezing
2288:Retaining walls
2271:
2213:
2203:
2164:Angle of repose
2122:
2063:
1997:
1990:
1989:
1950:Visible bedrock
1902:Simple sounding
1890:Shear vane test
1666:instrumentation
1665:
1663:
1655:
1646:
1641:
1604:
1590:Wayback Machine
1545:Wayback Machine
1534:
1529:
1528:
1518:
1516:
1503:
1502:
1498:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1468:
1461:
1451:
1449:
1448:. Geo-Institute
1444:
1443:
1439:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1422:
1418:
1408:
1406:
1391:
1387:
1377:
1375:
1366:
1365:
1361:
1351:
1349:
1340:
1339:
1335:
1325:
1323:
1303:
1299:
1289:
1287:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1267:
1265:
1262:How Stuff Works
1254:
1250:
1238:
1236:
1227:
1226:
1221:
1215:
1208:
1203:
1196:
1186:
1184:
1183:on 26 July 2011
1175:
1174:
1170:
1164:Wayback Machine
1155:
1151:
1145:Wayback Machine
1136:
1129:
1121:
1117:
1110:
1106:
1101:
1050:
1031:
999:
982:
980:Composite piles
969:
929:
917:
860:
854:
849:
816:
800:
776:
751:
742:
723:
692:
679:
656:
620:
608:retaining walls
596:
587:
562:
553:
548:
535:
502:
462:
406:
352:
336:
284:
192:deep foundation
151:
145:
134:
128:
125:
82:
80:
70:
58:
47:
40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2779:
2769:
2768:
2751:
2750:
2748:
2747:
2746:
2745:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2679:
2677:
2675:Related fields
2671:
2670:
2668:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2636:
2634:
2626:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2618:
2609:
2608:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2595:Classification
2592:
2587:
2576:
2575:
2574:
2569:
2567:Seismic hazard
2564:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2533:
2531:
2525:
2524:
2522:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2501:
2495:
2493:
2486:
2480:
2479:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2472:
2467:
2461:
2459:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2449:
2444:
2443:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2326:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2281:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2228:
2226:
2219:
2209:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2201:
2196:
2194:Shear strength
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2169:Friction angle
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2130:
2128:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2084:
2082:
2075:
2069:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2050:Oedometer test
2047:
2042:
2040:Sieve analysis
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
2000:
1992:
1991:
1988:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1974:
1973:
1967:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1953:
1952:
1941:
1940:
1929:
1928:
1926:Total sounding
1917:
1916:
1905:
1904:
1893:
1892:
1881:
1880:
1879:
1878:
1868:
1852:
1851:
1840:
1839:
1828:
1827:
1816:
1815:
1804:
1803:
1792:
1791:
1780:
1779:
1778:
1777:
1772:
1758:
1757:
1756:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1729:
1728:
1717:
1716:
1705:
1704:
1693:
1692:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1667:
1657:
1656:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1640:
1639:
1632:
1625:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1603:
1602:External links
1600:
1599:
1598:
1592:
1580:
1573:
1566:
1560:
1553:
1548:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1496:
1482:
1459:
1446:"GeoTechTools"
1437:
1416:
1385:
1359:
1333:
1297:
1275:
1248:
1239:|journal=
1206:
1194:
1168:
1149:
1127:
1115:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1074:
1067:Post in ground
1064:
1059:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1012:
1006:
998:
995:
981:
978:
968:
965:
928:
925:
916:
913:
858:Timber pilings
856:Main article:
853:
850:
848:
845:
815:
812:
799:
796:
792:ground anchors
775:
772:
750:
747:
741:
740:Hospital piles
738:
722:
719:
691:
690:Adfreeze piles
688:
678:
675:
661:, also called
655:
652:
619:
616:
595:
592:
586:
583:
561:
558:
552:
549:
547:
544:
534:
531:
501:
500:Augercast pile
498:
461:
458:
426:drilled shafts
405:
402:
351:
348:
335:
332:
317:and are often
283:
280:
246:property lines
147:
146:
61:
59:
52:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2778:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2761:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2703:Geomorphology
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2676:
2672:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2627:
2617:
2613:
2610:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2547:Consolidation
2545:
2543:
2542:Frost heaving
2540:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2526:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2494:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2481:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2454:
2448:
2445:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2422:
2421:
2420:Geosynthetics
2418:
2416:
2415:Crushed stone
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2370:Cut-and-cover
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2274:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2210:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2139:Water content
2137:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2125:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2070:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1993:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1942:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1930:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1918:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1906:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1894:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1882:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1858:
1857:
1854:
1853:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1841:
1838:
1837:Sample series
1834:
1830:
1829:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1817:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1805:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1793:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1781:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1764:
1760:
1759:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1730:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1718:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1706:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1694:
1691:
1687:
1683:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1671:
1668:
1662:
1661:Investigation
1658:
1654:
1649:
1645:
1638:
1633:
1631:
1626:
1624:
1619:
1618:
1615:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1574:
1571:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1535:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1500:
1485:
1483:9780415147927
1479:
1476:. Routledge.
1475:
1474:
1466:
1464:
1447:
1441:
1426:
1420:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1389:
1374:. Jetgrunn AS
1373:
1369:
1363:
1347:
1343:
1337:
1321:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1301:
1285:
1279:
1263:
1259:
1252:
1244:
1231:
1220:
1213:
1211:
1201:
1199:
1182:
1178:
1172:
1165:
1161:
1158:
1153:
1146:
1142:
1139:
1134:
1132:
1124:
1119:
1113:
1108:
1104:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1051:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1003:
1002:
990:
986:
977:
973:
964:
961:
955:
951:
947:
945:
941:
933:
924:
922:
912:
908:
906:
902:
898:
894:
889:
884:
880:
875:
871:
869:
865:
859:
844:
842:
838:
834:
829:
825:
823:
822:
811:
809:
805:
795:
793:
789:
783:
780:
771:
764:
760:
755:
746:
737:
735:
731:
727:
718:
714:
711:
709:
701:
696:
687:
683:
677:Suction piles
674:
672:
668:
664:
663:helical piers
660:
651:
647:
643:
640:
635:
633:
624:
618:Soldier piles
615:
613:
609:
600:
591:
582:
580:
576:
572:
568:
557:
543:
540:
530:
526:
524:
523:Olivier piles
518:
515:
511:
507:
497:
496:
492:
491:
487:
486:
482:
479:
475:
474:
470:
466:
457:
455:
450:
448:
443:
439:
435:
431:
430:drilled piers
427:
423:
415:
410:
404:Drilled piles
401:
399:
395:
389:
387:
383:
379:
375:
372:
368:
364:
359:
357:
347:
345:
341:
331:
329:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
303:Prefabricated
296:
288:
279:
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62:This article
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2723:Biogeography
2718:Hydrogeology
2708:Soil science
2688:Geochemistry
2469:
2447:Infiltration
2375:Cut and fill
2318:Soil nailing
2184:Permeability
2149:Bulk density
1866:Inclinometer
1789:Ram sounding
1674:
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1569:
1556:
1550:
1517:. Retrieved
1508:
1499:
1487:. Retrieved
1472:
1450:. Retrieved
1440:
1428:. Retrieved
1419:
1407:. Retrieved
1403:the original
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1230:cite journal
1185:. Retrieved
1181:the original
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567:underpinning
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129:October 2022
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83:
71:Please help
66:verification
63:
20:
2733:Archaeology
2457:Foundations
2430:Geomembrane
2313:Slurry wall
2252:Water table
2216:Interaction
2212:Structures
2199:Sensitivity
1996:Laboratory
1372:Jetgrunn.no
1348:. Giken Ltd
1088:Pile bridge
1077:Stilt house
883:groundwater
835:or organic
788:cantilevers
765:damaged it.
759:New Orleans
749:Piled walls
659:Screw piles
654:Screw piles
594:Sheet piles
539:grade beams
344:grade beams
319:prestressed
307:pile driver
2590:Mitigation
2572:Shear wave
2557:Earthquake
2552:Compaction
2537:Permafrost
2528:Phenomena/
2425:Geotextile
2350:Embankment
2340:Excavation
2277:Earthworks
2237:Vegetation
2232:Topography
2154:Thixotropy
2144:Void ratio
2127:Properties
2025:Hydrometer
1770:Piezometer
1690:Core drill
1532:References
1430:2 February
1284:"jet-pile"
886:1648, the
639:subsidence
612:cofferdams
581:projects.
560:Micropiles
454:rock layer
238:skyscraper
196:foundation
186:, Florida.
99:newspapers
2713:Hydrology
2693:Petrology
2581:analysis
2579:Landslide
2484:Mechanics
2395:Track bed
2380:Fill dirt
2365:Terracing
1938:Trial pit
1753:Statnamic
1738:Load test
1346:Giken.com
946:) piles.
907:, etc.).
847:Materials
804:bentonite
730:aggregate
700:Utqiaġvik
551:Jet-piles
440:piles, a
414:Amsterdam
378:North Sea
374:wind farm
371:Horns Rev
29:Changzhou
2760:Category
2743:Agrology
2632:software
2530:problems
2360:Causeway
2335:Landfill
2262:Subgrade
2179:Porosity
2174:Cohesion
1586:Archived
1541:Archived
1513:Archived
1452:15 April
1378:2 August
1352:2 August
1326:2 August
1290:2 August
1160:Archived
1141:Archived
1071:posthole
1054:Eurocode
1048:See also
944:battered
905:creosote
734:drainage
702:, Alaska
442:borehole
422:caissons
398:concrete
380:west of
340:pile cap
254:caissons
2683:Geology
2655:SVSlope
2465:Shallow
2385:Grading
2323:Tieback
2267:Subsoil
2257:Bedrock
2247:Topsoil
2242:Terrain
2035:R-value
1998:testing
1748:Dynamic
1675:in situ
1673:Field (
1519:20 July
1489:20 July
1409:20 July
1268:4 April
1187:23 July
1057:EN 1997
921:ductile
903:(CCA),
899:(ACQ),
879:rotting
874:loads.
821:in situ
382:Denmark
376:in the
323:splices
259:in situ
113:scholar
27:), see
2665:Plaxis
2660:UTEXAS
2650:SVFlux
2640:SEEP2D
2492:Forces
2345:Trench
2293:Gabion
2103:Gravel
1743:Static
1597:, 2010
1579:, 1984
1572:, 2003
1480:
881:above
864:timber
852:Timber
779:Secant
761:after
571:bridge
447:Casing
367:subsea
264:timber
250:column
208:piling
115:
108:
101:
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86:
2645:STABL
2118:Loess
2081:Types
1222:(PDF)
1099:Notes
927:Steel
839:like
837:soils
833:clays
514:grout
510:auger
315:rebar
268:steel
227:Dubai
184:Tampa
120:JSTOR
106:books
2470:Deep
2113:Loam
2108:Peat
2098:Sand
2093:Silt
2088:Clay
2073:Soil
1775:Well
1521:2022
1491:2022
1478:ISBN
1454:2022
1432:2007
1411:2011
1380:2020
1354:2020
1328:2020
1292:2020
1270:2013
1243:help
1189:2010
1112:PDCA
940:Pipe
915:Iron
868:wood
841:peat
665:and
610:and
577:and
242:soil
204:pile
92:news
2355:Cut
1664:and
1315:doi
436:or
274:or
206:or
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