Deforestation of the Amazon rainforest

294: 598: 610: 302: 1384: 19: 31: 283: 1438: 275: 445: 425:, pledged not to purchase soybeans produced in recently deforested areas of the Brazilian Amazon. Prior to the moratorium, 30% of soy field expansion was linked to deforestation, contributing to record-high deforestation rates. After eight years of the moratorium, a study conducted in 2015 found that although the soy production area had expanded by 1.3 million hectares, only about 1% of the new soy expansion had occurred at the expense of forests. In response to the moratorium, farmers opted to plant crops on already cleared land. 1568: 1682: 618: 1584:

indigenous territories and protected areas, despite these areas comprising less than 50% of the total Amazon region. Indigenous communities have historically relied on the forest for sustenance, shelter, water, materials, fuel, and medicinal resources. The forest holds significant cultural and spiritual importance for them. Consequently, deforestation rates tend to be lower within Indigenous Territories, even though pressures to clear land for other purposes persist.

6065: 6343: 6367: 6355: 5748: 547:, the importation of crude oil by the US is linked to about 20,000 sq mi (~50,000 km) of rainforest destruction in the Amazon and the emission of substantial greenhouse gases. These impacts are mostly focused in the western Amazon countries of Ecuador, Peru, and Colombia. The report also indicates that oil exploration is occurring in an additional ~100,000 sq mi (~250,000 km) of rainforest. 4425: 100:, amounting to more than 3,344 territories. Historically, indigenous Amazonian peoples have relied on the forest for various needs such as food, shelter, water, fiber, fuel, and medicines. The forest holds significant cultural and cosmological importance for them. Despite external pressures, deforestation rates are comparatively lower in indigenous territories. 1615:. If their lands are utilized for further development, numerous tribal communities will be forcibly displaced, potentially leading to the loss of lives. In addition to the mistreatment of indigenous peoples, the exploitation of the forest itself will result in the depletion of vital resources necessary for their daily lives. 441:

first twenty years. The success of this highway in opening up the forest was replicated as additional paved roads were constructed, leading to an unstoppable wave of settlement. The completion of these roads was followed by a significant influx of settlers, who also had a substantial impact on the forest.

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Covey, Kristofer; Soper, Fiona; Pangala, Sunitha; Bernardino, Angelo; Pagliaro, Zoe; Basso, Luana; Cassol, Henrique; Fearnside, Philip; Navarrete, Diego; Novoa, Sidney; Sawakuchi, Henrique; Lovejoy, Thomas; Marengo, Jose; Peres, Carlos A.; Baillie, Jonathan; Bernasconi, Paula; Camargo, Jose; Freitas,

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Bolsonaro has rebuffed European politicians' attempts to intervene in the matter of Amazon rainforest deforestation, citing it as Brazil's internal affairs. He has advocated for the opening of more areas, including those in the Amazon, for mining activities and mentioned discussions with US President

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In 2019, a group of scientists conducted research indicating that under a "business as usual" scenario, the deforestation of the Amazon rainforest will lead to a temperature increase of 1.45 degrees in Brazil. They stated that this temperature rise could have various consequences, including increased

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Economic considerations: While logging can provide economic benefits in terms of employment and revenue generation, unsustainable logging practices can deplete forest resources and undermine long-term economic sustainability. Overexploitation of forests can lead to the loss of potential future income

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Challenges arose in parts of the Amazon where poor soil conditions made plantation-based agriculture unprofitable. The crucial turning point in deforestation occurred when colonists began establishing farms within the forest during the 1960s. Their farming practices relied on crop cultivation and the

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as president. Carlos Nobre, an expert on the Amazon and climate change, warned in September 2019 that if deforestation rates continued at their current pace, the Amazon forest could reach a tipping point within 20 to 30 years, potentially resulting in large portions of the forest transforming into a

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overall. This shift is attributed to climate change impacts and human activities in the region, particularly wildfires, current land-use practices, and deforestation. These factors contribute to the release of forcing agents that are likely to result in a net warming effect. Warming temperatures and

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A 2013 paper found a correlation between rainforest logging in the Amazon and reduced precipitation in the area, resulting in lower yields per hectare. This suggests that, on a broader scale, there is no economic gain for Brazil through logging, selling trees, and using the cleared land for pastoral

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region that were paved and accessible year-round before the late 1990s. These two highways are considered to be central to the "arc of deforestation," which is presently the primary area of deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon. The Belém-Brasília highway attracted nearly two million settlers in its

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Decaëns, Thibaud; Martins, Marlúcia B.; Feijoo, Alexander; Oszwald, Johan; Dolédec, Sylvain; Mathieu, Jérôme; Arnaud De Sartre, Xavier; Bonilla, Diego; Brown, George G.; Cuellar Criollo, Yeimmy Andrea; Dubs, Florence; Furtado, Ivaneide S.; Gond, Valérie; Gordillo, Erika; Le Clec'h, Solen; Marichal,

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addressed the United Nations, reporting that Brazil had effectively reduced the deforestation rate in the Amazon by 82%. She also outlined Brazil's goals for the next 15 years, which included eliminating illegal deforestation, restoring and reforesting an area of 120,000 km (46,000 sq mi), and

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During August 2019, a prolonged forest fire occurred in the Amazon, contributing significantly to deforestation during that summer. Approximately 519 sq mi (1,340 km) of the Amazon forest was lost. It is worth noting that certain instances of deforestation in the Amazon have been attributed to

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satellite data in 2006 revealed that the clearing of land for mechanized cropland had become a significant factor in deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon. This change in land use has had an impact on the region's climate. Researchers discovered that in 2004, a peak year for deforestation, over 20%

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In the first 8 months of 2023 deforestation rate in the Brazilian Amazon declined by 48% what prevented the release of 196 million tons CO2 to the atmosphere. Financing from the Amazon Fund and cooperation between the Amazonian nations played a significant role in it. In the first 9 months of 2023

238:. Brazilian farmers clear land to accommodate the growing demand for crops such as palm oil and soy. Deforestation releases significant amounts of carbon, and if current levels continue, the remaining forests worldwide could disappear within 100 years. The Brazilian government implemented the RED ( 1773:

Based on the deforestation rates observed in 2005, projections indicated that the Amazon rainforest would experience a 40% reduction within two decades. While the rate of deforestation has slowed since the early 2000s, the forest continues to shrink annually, and satellite data analysis reveals a

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Efforts to address the impacts of logging on deforestation include implementing sustainable forest management practices, promoting reforestation and afforestation, establishing protected areas, enforcing regulations and policies, and supporting alternative livelihood options for local communities

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were converted to cropland. In 2005, when soybean prices decreased by more than 25%, certain areas of Mato Grosso showed a decline in large-scale deforestation events, suggesting that price fluctuations of other crops, beef, and timber could also have a notable influence on future land use in the

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A long-standing struggle has taken place over the control of indigenous territories in the Amazon, primarily involving the Brazilian government. The demand for these lands has stemmed, in part, from the aim of enhancing Brazil's economic standing. Various individuals, including ranchers and land

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According to Amazon Conservation's MAAP forest monitoring program, the deforestation rate in the Amazon rainforest as a whole from the 1 of January to the 8 of November 2023, in comparison to the same period in 2022, declined by 55.8%. This trend gives hope to Amazon. Deforestation reduction in

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was cited as a cause by the Brazilian environment minister, while critics highlighted the expansion of agriculture as a factor encroaching on the rainforest. Researchers warn that the forest may reach a tipping point where it cannot generate sufficient rainfall to sustain itself. In the first 9

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According to another research, complete Amazon deforestation will render the region itself (including 7 million square kilometers, 9 states in Brazil and 8 other countries) more or less uninhabitable as the temperature will rise by more than 4.5 degrees and rainfall will be reduced by a quart.

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in the Amazon. As soybean prices have risen, soy farmers have expanded their activities into forested areas of the Amazon. However, the implementation of a private sector agreement known as the Soy Moratorium has played a crucial role in significantly reducing deforestation associated with soy

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Carbon emissions and climate change: Trees play a crucial role in mitigating climate change by absorbing carbon dioxide through photosynthesis. When trees are logged, the stored carbon is released back into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide, contributing to greenhouse gas emissions and climate

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More than one-third of the Amazon forest is designated as Indigenous territory, encompassing over 4,466 formally recognized territories. Until 2015, approximately 8% of deforestation in the Amazon occurred within forests inhabited by indigenous peoples, while 88% occurred in areas outside of

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In August 2019, a substantial number of forest fires, totaling 30,901 individual fires, were reported, marking a threefold increase compared to the previous year. However, the number of fires decreased by one-third in September, and by October 7, it had dropped to approximately 10,000. It is

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According to the Woods Hole Research Institute (WHRC) in 2008, it was estimated that halting deforestation in the Brazilian rainforest would require an annual investment of US$ 100–600 million. A more recent study in 2022 suggested that the conservation of approximately 80% of the Brazilian

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is once again accelerating. Between August 2017 and July 2018, approximately 7,900 km (3,100 sq mi) of forest were deforested in Brazil, representing a 13.7% increase compared to the previous year and the largest area cleared since 2008. Deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon rainforest

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During the early 2000s, deforestation in the Amazon rainforest showed an increasing trend, with an annual rate of 27,423 km (10,588 sq mi) of forest loss recorded in 2004. Subsequently, the annual rate of forest loss generally slowed between 2004 and 2012, although there were spikes in

223:, experience limited soil productivity, leading to the continual clearing of new lands by indigenous horticulturalists. Cattle raising dominated Amazonian colonization as it required less labor, generated acceptable profits, and involved land under state ownership. While promoted as a 1747:

and a change in the policies of former guerrilla fighters that control part of the forest. It is not clear, still, what caused the decline in Bolivia (60%) and Peru (37%). Bolivia has a relatively high forest loss rate due to wildfires, but those are not occurring in the Amazon.

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Indigenous and local community impacts: Many indigenous peoples and local communities depend on forests for their livelihoods, cultural practices, and sustenance. Deforestation and logging can displace these communities, undermine their traditional way of life, and create social

641:(INPE) in Brazil estimated that at least 7,747 km (2,991 sq mi) of the Brazilian Amazon rainforest were cleared during the first half of 2019. INPE subsequently reported that deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon reached a 12-year high between August 2019 and July 2020. 505:

Loss of biodiversity: Logging often leads to the destruction of forest ecosystems, resulting in the loss of habitat for numerous plant and animal species. Deforestation disrupts the intricate web of biodiversity and can contribute to the extinction or endangerment of various

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During Jair Bolsonaro's government, certain environmental laws were weakened, accompanied by reductions in funding and personnel in key government agencies and the dismissal of agency heads and state bodies. The deforestation of the Amazon rainforest accelerated during the

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announced on September 16, 2008, that the Norwegian government would contribute a donation of US$ 1 billion to the newly established Amazon Fund. The funds from this initiative would be allocated to projects aimed at mitigating the deforestation of the Amazon rainforest.

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Disruption of water cycles: Forests act as natural water catchments, regulating water flow and maintaining water quality. Deforestation can disrupt the water cycle, resulting in reduced water availability, altered rainfall patterns, and an increased risk of droughts or

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95% of the deforestation in the Amazon Rainforest "happens within 3.4 miles of a roadway". Forest clearing always begins near new roads, after expands further. In December 2023 the lower house of the Brazilian Congress approved a bill aiming to pave again the high way

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Until the 1970s, access to the largely roadless interior of the forest was challenging, and it remained mostly intact apart from partial clearing along the rivers. Deforestation escalated after the construction of highways penetrating deep into the forest, such as the

1700:, implemented measures to combat the fires. These measures included a 60-day ban on forest clearance using fires, deploying 44,000 soldiers to fight the fires, receiving four planes from Chile for firefighting purposes, accepting a $ 12 million aid package from the 4193:

Banerjee, Onil; Cicowiez, Martin; Macedo, Marcia N; Malek, Žiga; Verburg, Peter H; Goodwin, Sean; Vargas, Renato; Rattis, Ludmila; Bagstad, Kenneth J; Brando, Paulo M; Coe, Michael T; Neill, Christopher; Marti, Octavio Damiani; Murillo, Josué Ávila (2022-12-01).

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According to a research led by Elena Shevliakova and Stephen Pacala complete deforestation of the Amazon will cause a global temperature rise of 0.25 degrees. In 2023, despite deforestation, the forest still held more than 150 billion metric tons of carbon.

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much of the agricultural activity leading to deforestation. By 1995, 70% of previously forested land in the Amazon and 91% of land deforested since 1970 had been converted for cattle ranching. The remaining deforestation primarily results from small-scale

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Soil erosion and degradation: Forests provide a protective cover for the soil, preventing erosion by wind and water. The removal of trees makes the exposed soil more vulnerable to erosion, leading to the loss of fertile topsoil and the degradation of the

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Processing and utilization: At processing facilities, the harvested logs are further processed into lumber, plywood, or other wood products. These products find applications in various industries, such as construction, furniture manufacturing, or paper

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Access and infrastructure development: Loggers establish infrastructure such as roads and trails within the forest to reach the targeted trees. This infrastructure facilitates the transportation of heavy machinery, logging equipment, and harvested

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in 2022 provided empirical evidence that more than three-quarters of the Amazon rainforest has experienced a decline in resilience since the early 2000s, posing risks of dieback that would impact biodiversity, carbon storage, and climate change.

249:, issued an executive order granting the agriculture ministry oversight over certain Amazon lands. This decision has been supported by cattle ranchers and mining companies but criticized for endangering indigenous populations and contributing to 1722:

hosts a summit in Belem with eight South American countries to coordinate policies for the Amazon basin and develop a roadmap to save the world's largest rainforest, also serving as a preparatory event for the COP30 UN climate talks in 2025.

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rainforest remains achievable, with an estimated annual cost of US$ 1.7–2.8 billion to conserve an area of 3.5 million km. By preventing deforestation, it would be possible to avoid carbon emissions at a cost of US$ 1.33 per ton of CO

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trades, has been identified as responsible for approximately 80% of deforestation in the region. This accounts for about 14% of the world's total annual deforestation, making it the largest driver of deforestation globally. The

1715:, which initially aimed to reduce deforestation by 50% by 2020 and end it by 2030, now includes Brazil as a signatory. It is worth noting that deforestation increased during the 2014–2020 period despite the previous agreement. 4303:

Raphaël; Mitja, Danielle; De Souza, Izildinha Miranda; Praxedes, Catarina; Rougerie, Rodolphe; Ruiz, Darío H.; Otero, Joel Tupac; Sanabria, Catalina; Velasquez, Alex; Zararte, Luz Elena M.; Lavelle, Patrick (December 2018).

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Carolina; Hoffman, Bruce; Nardoto, Gabriela B.; Nobre, Ismael; Mayorga, Juan; Mesquita, Rita; Pavan, Silvia; Pinto, Flavia; Rocha, Flavia; de Assis Mello, Ricardo; Thuault, Alice; Bahl, Alexis Anne; Elmore, Aurora (2021).

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Watkins and Griffiths, J. (2000). Forest Destruction and Sustainable Agriculture in the Brazilian Amazon: a Literature Review (Doctoral dissertation, The University of Reading, 2000). Dissertation Abstracts International,

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with outsiders, they are vulnerable to diseases against which they have little immunity. As a result, entire tribes can be severely impacted by epidemics, leading to significant population declines within a few years.

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The deforestation of the Amazon rainforest is influenced by various factors at local, national, and international levels. The rainforest is sought after for purposes such as cattle ranching, the extraction of valuable

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Kirby, Kathryn R.; Laurance, William F.; Albernaz, Ana K.; Schroth, Götz; Fearnside, Philip M.; Bergen, Scott; M. Venticinque, Eduardo; Costa, Carlos da (2006). "The future of deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon".

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Tree selection: Loggers identify and select specific trees for harvesting based on their species, size, and commercial value. Valuable tree species often targeted for logging include mahogany, teak, oak, and other

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Overall, 20% of the Amazon rainforest has been "transformed" (deforested) and another 6% has been "highly degraded", causing Amazon Watch to warn that the Amazonia is in the midst of a tipping point crisis.

4076: 3231: 113:, accounting for about 80% of all deforestation in the region. This makes it the world's largest single driver of deforestation, contributing to approximately 14% of the global annual deforestation. 5334: 2875: 4978: 493:

Log transportation: Extracted logs are transported from the logging site to processing facilities or storage areas using trucks, barges, or helicopters, depending on the accessibility of the area.

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During the deforestation of the Amazon, native tribes have often faced mistreatment and abuse. Encroachments by loggers onto indigenous lands have led to conflicts resulting in fatalities. Some

1506:, which has been involved in clearing the forests. In 2005, certain regions of the Amazon basin experienced the most severe drought in over a century. This can be attributed to two key factors: 5950: 3935: 560:, what can threaten the existence of the rainforest. The bill defines the road as “critical infrastructure, indispensable to national security, requiring the guarantee of its trafficability,” 5003: 4487: 576:

Climate change seriously increases the likelihood of droughts in the Amazon rainforest. The drought of 2023 for example has been made 30 times more likely. Droughts severely hurt the forest.

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Logging in deforestation refers to the practice of cutting down trees for commercial purposes, primarily for the timber industry, which contributes to the overall deforestation of an area.

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Clearing vegetation: Prior to logging, loggers often clear the understory vegetation and smaller trees surrounding the target trees to enhance access and maneuverability for machinery.

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Timber extraction: Once the trees are felled, loggers extract the timber from the forest by removing branches and cutting the tree trunks into logs of appropriate sizes for transport.

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satellite. It's important to note that these estimates may focus solely on the loss of the Amazon rainforest and may not include the loss of natural fields or savannah within the

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from 2018 revealed a decade-high rate of deforestation in the Amazon, with approximately 7,900 km (3,100 sq mi) destroyed between August 2017 and July 2018. The states of

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By the year 2022 around 26% of the forest was considered as deforested or highly degraded. According to the Council on Foreign Relations, 300,000 square miles have been lost.

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2. The rainforest contributes to rainfall and facilitates water storage, which in turn provides freshwater to the rivers that supply Brazil and other countries with water.

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experienced a significant surge in June 2019, rising more than 88% compared to the same month in 2018. and more than doubling in January 2020 compared to January 2019.

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in the Amazon rainforest have resulted in significant risks of irreversible changes. Modeling studies have suggested that deforestation may be approaching a critical "

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Graphic 2: Current State of the Amazon by country, by percentage / Source: RAISG (Red Amazónica de Información Socioambiental Georreferenciada) Elaborated by authors.

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Tree felling: The selected trees are cut down using chainsaws, harvesters, or other mechanized equipment. The felled trees are then prepared for further processing.

5605: 5468: 318:, land for housing and farming (especially soybeans), the construction of roads (including highways and smaller roads), and the collection of medicinal resources. 1727:

deforestation rate declined by 49.5% despite the worst drought in the last 40 years. Wildfires in September 2023 declined by 36% in comparison to September 2022.

5752: 2977: 1851: 356: 4958: 3177: 4457: 231:, who typically lack formal title to land. The associated law, known as Law 840, faced significant resistance and was eventually repealed as unconstitutional. 6034: 5577: 169:, certain parts of the Amazon rainforest were densely populated and cultivated. However, European colonization in the 16th century, driven by the pursuit of 5494: 5412: 3223: 1411:

could occur, leading to catastrophic consequences for the global climate. This tipping point could trigger a self-perpetuating collapse of biodiversity and

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government, and softening his stance on aid from the G7. Bolsonaro also called for a Latin American conference to address the preservation of the Amazon.

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Historically, the Amazon Basin has played a significant role as a carbon sink, absorbing approximately 25% of the carbon captured by terrestrial land.

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The perceived needs of soy farmers have been used to justify certain controversial transportation projects that have been developed in the Amazon. The

371:. They argue that the trade agreement will contribute to further deforestation of the Amazon rainforest by expanding market access for Brazilian beef. 4673: 4642: 3927: 6411: 4704: 5245: 4999: 4479: 4092: 3840: 3138: 364: 3964: 2764: 1976: 1953: 645: 4873: 1463:, and reduced ecosystem health. These impacts can disrupt the normal carbon-absorbing processes of ecosystems, leading to stress and imbalance. 568:

Mining is a significant contributor to the deforestation of the Amazon rainforest. In the years 2005-2015 it accounted for 9% of deforestation.

383:(INPE), deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon increased by more than 50% in the first three months of 2020 compared to the same period in 2019. 5814: 4351: 3746: 3565: 3253: 3198: 1600:

speculators from the southeast, have sought to claim these lands for personal financial gain. In early 2019, Brazil's newly elected president,

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In late August 2019, following an international outcry and warnings from experts about the escalating fires, the Brazilian government, led by

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reported in 2006 that 70% of previously forested land in the Amazon, as well as 91% of land deforested since 1970, is now used for livestock

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court issued an order to cease oil exploration activities in an area of 1,800 square kilometers (690 sq mi) within the Amazon rainforest.

242:) program to combat deforestation, providing support to various African countries through education programs and financial contributions. 3762: 1545:, especially in tropical regions. Additionally, local warming may cause shifts in species distributions, including those involved in the 5386: 4572: 293: 1861: 278:

Drivers of forest loss in the Brazilean Amazon. The expansion of agricultural land to raise cattle is by far the most important driver.

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has expressed the belief that other countries should compensate Brazil for the oxygen produced within its borders but used elsewhere.

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have emerged from the forests and interacted with mainstream society due to threats from outsiders. When uncontacted tribes come into

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Illegal deforestation in the Amazon increased in 2015 after decades of decline, driven primarily by consumer demand for products like

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To maintain a high level of biodiversity, research suggests that a threshold of 40% forest cover in the Amazon should be maintained.

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A. Nobre, Carlos; Sampaio, Gilvan; Borma, Laura; Carlos Castilla-Rubio, Juan; S. Silva, José; Cardoso, Manoel (September 27, 2016).

2837: 2517: 2000: 367:, which establishes one of the world's largest free trade areas, has faced criticism from environmental activists and advocates for 260:

Reports from the year 2021 indicated a 22% increase in deforestation from the previous year, reaching the highest level since 2006.

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revoked the protected status of an Amazonian nature reserve, which spanned an area equivalent to Denmark in the northern states of

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measure, the privatization of land was criticized for potentially encouraging further deforestation and disregarding the rights of

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The deforestation of the Amazon rainforest has had a significant impact on Brazil's freshwater supply, particularly affecting the

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Silva, José Maria Cardoso da; Barbosa, Luís Claudio Fernandes; Topf, Julie; Vieira, Ima Célia G.; Scarano, Fabio R. (July 2022).

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In May 2019, eight former environment ministers in Brazil expressed concerns about escalating deforestation in the Amazon during

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Williams, M. (2006). Deforesting the Earth: From Prehistory to Global Crisis. Chicago, IL: The University of Chicago Press.

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on the planet, representing over half of all rainforests. The Amazon region includes the territories of nine nations, with

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across Brazil, even in distant areas. Deforestation has exacerbated the effects of droughts in 2005, 2010, and 2015–2016.

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Deforestation in the Amazon has occurred as a result of farmers clearing land for mechanized cropland. A study based on

6128: 301: 6287: 6097: 5840: 4955: 3658: 3169: 2616: 2247: 1963: 5758: 1975:, Rigby, Claire, and White, Jeremy. "Amazon Deforestation, Once Tamed, now Comes Roaring Back." The New York Times. 1486:

changing weather patterns also lead to physiological responses in the forest, further hindering the absorption of CO

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in the region. Failing to prevent this tipping point could have severe impacts on the economy, natural capital, and

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Megevand, Carole; Mosnier, Aline; Hourticq, Joël; Sanders, Klas; Doetinchem, Nina; Streck, Charlotte (2013-01-25).

1446: 6185: 6123: 5573: 1761:, which is lower compared to the cost of reducing emissions through renewable fuel subsidies (US$ 100 per ton) or 5490: 4075:

National Institute for Space Research (INPE) (2005). The INPE deforestation figures for Brazil were cited on the

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A. Prevedello, Jayme; R. Winck, Gisele; M. Weber, Marcelo; Nichols, Elizabeth; Sinervo, Barry (March 20, 2019).

6370: 6359: 5856: 4931: 2804: 1942: 1549:. The authors of the paper assert that deforestation is already contributing to the observed temperature rise. 5294: 2685: 1941:

Scheer, Roddy, and Moss, Doug. "Deforestation and its Extreme Effects on Global Warming." Scientific America.

1743:'s environmental policy. In Columbia, the rate of deforestation fell by 66.5% probably due to the policies of 1607:

In the past, mining operations were permitted within the territory of an isolated indigenous group called the

1383: 18: 6426: 6073: 2635: 1388: 97: 5656: 5630: 6282: 5833: 5802: 4665: 4626: 3709:"The Amazon Rainforest is burning. Here's why there are so many fires and what it all means for the planet" 2930:

Hanusch, M. (2023) A Balancing Act for Brazil's Amazonian States: An Economic Memorandum - World Bank Group

2325: 1666: 1592: 368: 282: 4696: 4136:"Land-use and climate change risks in the Amazon and the need of a novel sustainable development paradigm" 1740: 1719: 330:. It is important to note that illegal logging is a common practice in tree removal during deforestation. 154: 6113: 6049: 5988: 5241: 4089: 3832: 1437: 429: 376: 6249: 3341: 269: 30: 6391: 6272: 6211: 6166: 6086: 6013: 5927: 5872: 4230: 1871: 1824: 228: 3956: 637:

important to note that deforestation is considered to have more severe consequences than burning. The

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Do trees grow on money?: the implications of deforestation research for policies to promote REDD

3284:"Scientists fear deforestation, fires and Covid-19 could create a 'perfect storm' in the Amazon" 409: 6201: 6161: 6118: 6044: 5981: 5887: 5808: 2969: 2562: 1611:. The conditions endured by these indigenous peoples resulted in many health issues, including 178: 205:

loss and weed invasion, the colonists struggled to effectively manage their fields and crops.

6406: 6401: 6176: 6138: 5912: 4564: 1845: 1783: 1503: 1421: 2335:. NASA - Goddard Space Flight Center - News. September 19, 2006. Retrieved October 21, 2015. 5528: 5106: 4845:

Wilson, E.O.; Peter, F.M., eds. (1988). "Deforestation and Indians in Brazilian Amazonia".

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capacity of the land and contribute to increased emissions through factors like wildfires,

1396: 114: 5356: 4305:"Biodiversity loss along a gradient of deforestation in Amazonian agricultural landscapes" 8: 5938: 5325:"COP26 deforestation: Brazil backtracks on forests pledge before conference is even over" 4903: 3313: 2033:"Amazon Against the Clock: A Regional Assessment on Where and How to Protect 80% by 2025" 1588: 1572: 54: 5532: 5110: 4743: 4400: 4323: 4270: 4211: 4151: 4015: 3780: 3685: 3513:

M., Kanninen; D., Murdiyarso; F., Seymour; A., Angelsen; S., Wunder; L., German (2007).

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production in the region. In 2006, several major commodity trading companies, including

297:

One consequence of forest clearing in the Amazon: thick smoke that hangs over the forest

6308: 5544: 5135: 5094: 4762: 4727: 4343: 4170: 4135: 3528: 3444:

Rates and causes of deforestation in Indonesia: towards a resolution of the ambiguities

3052: 2952: 2734: 2522: 2464: 2421: 2374: 2272: 2204:"Government Subsidies for Agriculture May Exacerbate Deforestation, says new UN report" 1911: 1888: 1876: 1546: 1534: 1530: 648:(INPE), based on satellite images captured during the dry season in the Amazon by the 444: 5722: 5548: 5140: 5122: 5034: 4767: 4414: 4335: 4284: 4235: 4175: 3898: 3532: 3495: 3421: 3386: 3023: 2981: 2956: 2942: 2772: 2656:"Peru: Government intent on privatizing the Amazon for implementing tree plantations" 2607: 2469: 2451: 2378: 2366: 2243: 1959: 1928: 1416: 602: 326:

model focused on accumulating factors, primarily land, rather than enhancing overall

166: 43: 4347: 2971: 2346: 437: 5536: 5160:"Bolsonaro rejects 'Captain Chainsaw' label as data shows deforestation 'exploded'" 5130: 5114: 4757: 4747: 4634: 4404: 4327: 4274: 4225: 4215: 4165: 4155: 3520: 3487: 3448: 3413: 3378: 2934: 2572: 2459: 2441: 2362: 2358: 1922: 1624: 58: 3637:"Brazil's Congress Passes Bill to Pave Highway Through Heart of Amazon Rainforest" 2576: 1955:"Global Shifts: Business, Politics, and Deforestation in a Changing World Economy" 1567: 46:, spanning an area of 3,000,000 km (1,200,000 sq mi), is the world's largest 6323: 5825: 5771: 5680: 5660: 5637: 5574:"Amazon Deforestation Damage and Recovery in Numbers – Amazon Investor Coalition" 4982: 4962: 4938: 4785: 4752: 4436: 4096: 3345: 3108: 2713: 2689: 2662: 2639: 2620: 2332: 2308: 2186: 2124: 1898: 1893: 1793: 1538: 1460: 1408: 649: 469:

cover from an area, often resulting in ecological, social, and economic impacts.

323: 209: 149: 62: 5540: 4846: 4728:"Impacts of forestation and deforestation on local temperature across the globe" 4385:"Carbon and Beyond: The Biogeochemistry of Climate in a Rapidly Changing Amazon" 3600:

From well to wheel: the social, environmental, and climate costs of Amazon crude

2063: 5694:"Desmatamento na Amazônia em junho é 88% maior do que no mesmo período de 2018" 5673: 4429: 4279: 4254: 4220: 4195: 4140:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

4111:"Drying of Amazon could be early warning of 'tipping point' for the rainforest" 3467: 3407: 2706: 2655: 1972: 1918: 1788: 1762: 1701: 1697: 1662: 1632: 1601: 1526: 1478: 1470: 254: 246: 220: 217: 202: 198: 96:

Over one-third of the Amazon rainforest is designated as formally acknowledged

5027:"Under Brazil's Far Right Leader, Amazon Protections Slashed and Forests Fall" 3491: 3417: 3372: 2970:

Steinfeld, Henning; Gerber, Pierre; Wassenaar, T. D.; Castel, Vincent (2006).

2938: 2632: 1910:

Bradford, Alina. "Deforestation: Facts, Causes, & Effects." Live Science.

6385: 6004: 5818: 5329: 5216:"Bolsonaro Favors Developing Parts of Amazon Forest, Even Selling its Oxygen" 5126: 5038: 4418: 4409: 4384: 4288: 4239: 3902: 3499: 3382: 2776: 2455: 2370: 1808: 1744: 1732: 1681: 462: 224: 110: 90: 4638: 4196:"Can we avert an Amazon tipping point? The economic and environmental costs" 4160: 3524: 3452: 3199:"Brazil guts environmental agencies, clears way for unchecked deforestation" 5413:"The Amazon: Once again a Model of Climate Protection, even Beyond Brazil?" 5144: 5118: 4771: 4339: 4179: 3607: 3514: 3442: 2473: 2446: 2087: 1818: 1798: 1690: 1675: 1640: 1612: 1576: 1542: 1474: 653: 629: 544: 2614: 1735:

gave 8.4 million dollars to the Amazon fund for preventing deforestation.

617: 501:

The impacts of logging on deforestation are significant and wide-ranging.

6313: 4666:"World's Water Could Become Scarce if the Amazon Rainforest Is Destroyed" 4133: 2347:"End-of-conflict deforestation: Evidence from Colombia's peace agreement" 2326:"Growth in Amazon Cropland May Impact Climate and Deforestation Patterns" 2083:"Has the Amazon rainforest been saved, or should I still worry about it?" 1866: 1848:- Mennonite colonization has been identified as a driver of deforestation 1728: 1482: 1456: 417: 413: 397: 153:

months of 2023 deforestation rate declined by 49.5% due to the policy of

141: 5723:"MAAP #112: Mennonite colonies - new deforestation driver in the Amazon" 3374:

Timber Production and Biodiversity Conservation in Tropical Rain Forests

35: 5190:"Brazil's Bolsonaro wants U.S. to join development plan for the Amazon" 4480:"The Amazon Rainforest Now Emits More Greenhouse Gases Than It Absorbs" 4331: 4255:"Pronounced loss of Amazon rainforest resilience since the early 2000s" 3928:"Deforestation in Brazil has rocketed since Bolsonaro became president" 3891:"Brazil: huge rise in Amazon destruction under Bolsonaro, figures show" 3566:"US drives rainforest destruction by importing Amazon oil, study finds" 3254:"Deforestation of the Amazon has soared under cover of the coronavirus" 3224:"Deforestation of Amazon rainforest accelerates amid COVID-19 pandemic" 2518:"Once Hidden by Forest, Carvings in Land Attest to Amazon's Lost World" 2190: 2150: 1451:

Deforestation, along with other forms of ecosystem destruction such as

466: 339: 51: 47: 5784: 2301: 3339:"Study shows Brazil's Soy Moratorium still needed to preserve Amazon" 1739:

Brazil (59%) which is the main cause of the trend is probably due to

1412: 449: 70: 5065:"Will Deforestation and Warming Push the Amazon to a Tipping Point?" 4976:

Brazil abolishes huge Amazon reserve in 'biggest attack' in 50 years

4725: 3833:"Amazon deforestation jumps in Brazil, but remains historically low" 2118:"British supermarkets accused over destruction of Amazon rainforest" 1636:

rehabilitating 150,000 km (58,000 sq mi) of degraded pastures.

148:

experienced the highest levels of deforestation during this period.

109:

in the Brazilian Amazon has been identified as the primary cause of

6318: 5439:"Climate boost: 2023 Amazon deforestation drops 55.8%, study finds" 5387:"Two-day Amazon summit to focus on climate change and human rights" 4874:"Amazon Deforestation Falls Where Land Is under Indigenous Control" 4253:

Boulton, Chris A.; Lenton, Timothy M.; Boers, Niklas (2022-03-07).

2682: 1678:

about a joint development program for the Brazilian Amazon region.

1608: 1510: 1404: 315: 287: 235: 131: 86: 3761:. World Resources Institute / Global Forest Review. 4 April 2024. 2838:"Jair Bolsonaro Launches Assault on Amazon Rainforest Protections" 1857:

Risks of using unsustainable agricultural practices in rainforests

1648: 6328: 5653: 3139:"We must not barter the Amazon rainforest for burgers and steaks" 3079:"EU urged to halt trade talks with S. America over Brazil abuses" 1830: 1655: 1452: 1375:

Value calculated from estimated forest loss, not directly known.

422: 405: 351: 213: 127: 78: 74: 23: 5973: 1670:

dry savanna, particularly in the southern and northern regions.

1644: 145: 5747: 3957:"Brazil deforestation soars in July, threatening EU trade deal" 1765:

assistance programs such as building insulation (US$ 350/ton).

1473:

published in 2021 indicates that current evidence suggests the

433: 174: 82: 5000:"Ecuador Amazon tribe win first victory against oil companies" 4596:"How Amazon forest loss may affect water—and climate—far away" 4099:. rainforests.mongabay.com, sourced from INPE and FAO figures. 3405: 2868:"Deforestation in Brazil's Amazon at highest level since 2006" 4697:"Scientists warn new Brazil president may smother rainforest" 4424: 3338: 2345:

Prem, Mounu; Saavedra, Santiago; Vargas, Juan F. (May 2020).

644:

Deforestation figures in Brazil are annually provided by the

360: 3592: 3590: 2898:"Brazil: Amazon sees worst deforestation levels in 15 years" 2763:

Tabuchi, Hiroko; Rigby, Claire; White, Jeremy (2017-02-24).

2604:

Urarina Society, Cosmology, and History in Peruvian Amazonia

1618: 472:

The logging process typically involves the following steps:

240:

reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation

5791:"Amazon Deforestation: Earth's Heart and Lungs Dismembered" 5357:"COP26: World leaders promise to end deforestation by 2030" 4848:

Chapter 15, Deforestation and Indians in Brazilian Amazonia

4381: 4377: 4375: 4373: 4371: 4301: 4192: 3109:"EU and Mercosur agree huge trade deal after 20-year talks" 392: 347: 306: 170: 123: 5647: 5269:"Bolsonaro bans land-clearing fires in Amazon for 60 days" 4047:"Deforestation in Brazilian Amazon surges to 12-year high" 1685:

Brazil promised to halt and reverse deforestation by 2030.

1509:

1. The rainforest plays a crucial role in contributing to

3587: 2973:

Livestock's Long Shadow: Environmental Issues and Options

2799: 2797: 2491:"Deforestation in Brazil's Amazon falls 57% in September" 601:

Home to much of the Amazon rainforest, Brazil's tropical

5242:"Brazil Announces 60-Day Ban on Clearing Land With Fire" 4368: 3862:"Brazil records worst annual deforestation for a decade" 3466:

Chidumayo, Emmanuel N.; Gumbo, Davison J. (April 2013).

2805:"Deforestation and Its Extreme Effect on Global Warming" 346:

in the Brazilian Amazon, supported by the international

5815:

Some people launder money. Other people launder cattle.

5517:"Minimum costs to conserve 80% of the Brazilian Amazon" 3440: 2978:

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

1852:

Population and energy consumption in Brazilian Amazonia

357:

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

5514: 4956:"How to stop deforestation? Make 'good stuff' cheaper" 3519:. Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR). 3447:. Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR). 3168:

Londoño, Ernesto; Casado, Letícia (18 November 2019).

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Deforestation and Its Extreme Effect on Global Warming

5465:"How much would it cost to end Amazon deforestation?" 3371:

Johns, Andrew Grieser; Burley, Jeffrey (1997-07-10).

2707:"ENVIRONMENT-PERU: 'For Sale' Signs in Amazon Jungle" 1924:

Amazon watershed: the new environmental investigation

436:

highway (1968) were the only federal highways in the

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Amazon Deforestation, Once Tamed, Comes Roaring Back

605:

forest loss greatly exceeds that of other countries.

305:

Illegal gold mining in the Amazon in Madre de Dios,

5674:

Saving the Amazon: Winning the war on deforestation

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The Brazilian Report 3752:● 2022 and 2023 data: 2447:10.1126/sciadv.aba2949 2064:"Amazon Deforestation" 1686: 1580: 1442: 1392: 661:Estimated loss by year 621: 614: 606: 531:dependent on forests. 453: 310: 298: 290: 279: 39: 27: 4945:. September 17, 2008. 4703:. Science X Network. 4259:Nature Climate Change 3809:. 11 September 2014. 3525:10.17528/cifor/002347 3453:10.17528/cifor/000056 3286:. CNN. 19 June 2020. 1784:2019 Brazil wildfires 1684: 1570: 1527:human mortality rates 1504:agricultural industry 1445:Further information: 1440: 1422:Nature Climate Change 1403:" where large-scale " 1386: 620: 612: 600: 447: 322:is also linked to an 304: 296: 285: 277: 34:Deforestation in the 33: 21: 6427:Environmental racism 6371:WikiProject Forestry 5755:at Wikimedia Commons 5631:"Last of the Amazon" 5333:. 10 November 2021. 4484:Smithsonian Magazine 4312:Conservation Biology 3932:www.newscientist.com 3868:. 24 November 2018. 3839:. 27 November 2015. 3783:on September 5, 2008 3606:. Oakland, CA, USA: 2904:. 19 November 2021. 2874:. 18 November 2021. 2872:Reuters/The Guardian 1709:COP26 climate summit 1541:, and the potential 1389:indigenous territory 603:primary (old-growth) 338:According to a 2004 98:indigenous territory 5822:, October 19, 2022. 5729:. 18 October 2019. 5533:2022PEcoC..20..216S 5467:. 27 January 2008. 5417:WELTHUNGERHILFE.ORG 5363:. 2 November 2021. 5301:. 2 November 2021. 5111:2018SciA....4.2340L 4878:Scientific American 4744:2019PLoSO..1413368P 4571:. 24 October 2005. 4544:Scientific American 4401:2021FrFGC...4.8401C 4324:2018ConBi..32.1380D 4271:2022NatCC..12..271B 4212:2022ERL....17l5005B 4152:2016PNAS..11310759N 4146:(39): 10759–10768. 3484:2013ESusD..17...86C 2809:Scientific American 2718:Inter Press Service 2438:2019SciA....5A2949L 1535:agricultural yields 1531:electricity demands 1453:peatbog degradation 404:The cultivation of 55:tropical rainforest 6309:Forest degradation 5770:2010-08-10 at the 5679:2018-11-05 at the 5659:2012-01-19 at the 5636:2014-09-24 at the 5604:. August 2, 2018. 5299:Human Rights Watch 5031:The New York Times 4981:2017-10-31 at the 4961:2023-04-04 at the 4943:The Norwegian Mail 4937:2011-07-08 at the 4435:2017-10-16 at the 4332:10.1111/cobi.13206 4095:2008-09-27 at the 4088:Butler, Rhett A. 3663:Forest&Finance 3553:on August 3, 2013. 3344:2015-12-15 at the 3174:The New York Times 2769:The New York Times 2712:2008-10-19 at the 2688:2009-06-16 at the 2661:2009-04-21 at the 2638:2009-06-02 at the 2619:2011-07-17 at the 2523:The New York Times 2331:2019-03-21 at the 2307:2016-04-15 at the 2185:2018-01-20 at the 2123:2016-06-10 at the 1889:Panthera onca onca 1877:Orinoco Mining Arc 1687: 1654:In April 2019, an 1581: 1443: 1417:ecosystem services 1395:Deforestation and 1393: 622: 615: 607: 454: 434:Cuiabá-Porto Velho 311: 299: 291: 280: 40: 28: 6392:Amazon rainforest 6379: 6378: 5971: 5970: 5943:other territories 5811:. March 14, 2015. 5751:Media related to 5576:. 23 April 2021. 3707:Woodward, Aylin. 3427:978-0-8213-9742-8 3392:978-0-521-57282-8 3029:978-0-8213-5691-3 2987:978-92-5-105571-7 2948:978-1-4648-1909-4 2612:978-0-8130-3378-5 2351:World Development 1950:Schleifer, Philip 1934:978-0-7181-3428-0 1573:uncontacted tribe 1397:biodiversity loss 1372: 1371: 369:indigenous rights 286:Deforestation in 173:and later by the 167:pre-Columbian era 44:Amazon rainforest 22:Deforestation in 6434: 6369: 6368: 6357: 6356: 6345: 6344: 6288:Papua New Guinea 6098:British Columbia 6067: 5998: 5991: 5984: 5975: 5974: 5963: 5951:Falkland Islands 5865:Sovereign states 5850: 5843: 5836: 5827: 5826: 5750: 5735: 5734: 5719: 5713: 5712: 5710: 5709: 5690: 5684: 5670: 5664: 5651: 5645: 5627: 5621: 5620: 5618: 5616: 5610: 5603: 5595: 5589: 5588: 5586: 5585: 5570: 5564: 5563: 5561: 5560: 5512: 5506: 5505: 5503: 5502: 5487: 5481: 5480: 5478: 5476: 5461: 5455: 5454: 5452: 5450: 5434: 5428: 5427: 5425: 5423: 5408: 5402: 5401: 5399: 5398: 5383: 5377: 5376: 5374: 5372: 5353: 5347: 5346: 5344: 5342: 5321: 5315: 5314: 5312: 5310: 5291: 5285: 5284: 5282: 5280: 5264: 5258: 5257: 5255: 5253: 5237: 5231: 5230: 5228: 5227: 5211: 5205: 5204: 5202: 5201: 5185: 5179: 5178: 5176: 5175: 5155: 5149: 5148: 5138: 5099:Science Advances 5090: 5084: 5083: 5081: 5080: 5060: 5054: 5053: 5051: 5050: 5022: 5016: 5015: 5013: 5011: 4996: 4990: 4972: 4966: 4952: 4946: 4929: 4923: 4922: 4920: 4919: 4900: 4894: 4893: 4891: 4889: 4870: 4864: 4863: 4861: 4860: 4842: 4836: 4835: 4833: 4831: 4812: 4806: 4805: 4803: 4801: 4782: 4776: 4775: 4765: 4755: 4723: 4717: 4716: 4714: 4712: 4692: 4686: 4685: 4683: 4681: 4661: 4655: 4654: 4652: 4650: 4622: 4616: 4615: 4613: 4611: 4606:on 19 April 2019 4602:. 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eaba2949. 2426:Science Advances 2417: 2408: 2407: 2405: 2404: 2389: 2383: 2382: 2342: 2336: 2323: 2312: 2298: 2289: 2288: 2282: 2278: 2276: 2268: 2266: 2264: 2258: 2241: 2230: 2224: 2223: 2221: 2219: 2200: 2194: 2177: 2168: 2167: 2165: 2163: 2141: 2132: 2114: 2105: 2104: 2102: 2100: 2078: 2072: 2071: 2060: 2054: 2053: 2048: 2037: 2029: 2020: 2019: 2017: 2016: 1996: 1969: 1938: 1625:Jens Stoltenberg 1479:greenhouse gases 665: 664: 6442: 6441: 6437: 6436: 6435: 6433: 6432: 6431: 6382: 6381: 6380: 6375: 6333: 6324:Illegal logging 6292: 6259: 6231: 6133: 6104:Central America 6068: 6059: 6016: 6007: 6002: 5972: 5967: 5961: 5944: 5942: 5932: 5859: 5854: 5783:Butler, Rhett. 5772:Wayback Machine 5743: 5738: 5721: 5720: 5716: 5707: 5705: 5692: 5691: 5687: 5681:Wayback Machine 5671: 5667: 5663:August to July. 5661:Wayback Machine 5652: 5648: 5638:Wayback Machine 5628: 5624: 5614: 5612: 5608: 5601: 5597: 5596: 5592: 5583: 5581: 5572: 5571: 5567: 5558: 5556: 5513: 5509: 5500: 5498: 5489: 5488: 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4745: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4722: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4691: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4660: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4621: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4590: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4560: 4545: 4541: 4538:BRYCE, EMMA. 4534: 4518: 4517:Wilson Center 4514: 4508: 4506: 4489: 4485: 4481: 4474: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4445: 4438: 4434: 4431: 4426: 4420: 4416: 4411: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4378: 4376: 4374: 4372: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4306: 4298: 4290: 4286: 4281: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4249: 4241: 4237: 4232: 4227: 4222: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4189: 4181: 4177: 4172: 4167: 4162: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4130: 4116: 4112: 4105: 4098: 4094: 4091: 4085: 4078: 4072: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4041: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4010: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3981: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3952: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3923: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3886: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3857: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3828: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3798: 3782: 3778: 3772: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3748: 3744: 3740: 3736:● 2021 data: 3733: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3703: 3687: 3680: 3664: 3660: 3654: 3638: 3631: 3613: 3609: 3602: 3601: 3593: 3591: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3560: 3552: 3548: 3542: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3517: 3509: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3462: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3445: 3437: 3429: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3410: 3402: 3394: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3375: 3367: 3358: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3340: 3334: 3332: 3315: 3311: 3305: 3289: 3285: 3279: 3263: 3259: 3255: 3249: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3219: 3204: 3200: 3194: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3164: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3134: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3104: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3074: 3066: 3054: 3035: 3031: 3025: 3018: 3017: 3009: 2993: 2989: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2974: 2966: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2931: 2923: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2893: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2863: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2832: 2830: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2800: 2798: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2759: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2729: 2727: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2708: 2702: 2695: 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1870: 1868: 1865: 1863: 1860: 1858: 1855: 1853: 1850: 1847: 1844: 1842: 1839: 1837: 1834: 1832: 1829: 1827: 1826: 1822: 1820: 1817: 1815: 1812: 1810: 1809:Deforestation 1807: 1805: 1802: 1800: 1797: 1795: 1792: 1790: 1787: 1785: 1782: 1781: 1775: 1766: 1764: 1749: 1746: 1745:Gustavo Petro 1742: 1736: 1734: 1733:United States 1730: 1724: 1721: 1716: 1714: 1710: 1705: 1703: 1699: 1694: 1692: 1683: 1679: 1677: 1671: 1668: 1664: 1659: 1657: 1652: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1637: 1634: 1629: 1626: 1616: 1614: 1610: 1605: 1603: 1597: 1594: 1590: 1585: 1578: 1574: 1569: 1564: 1554: 1550: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1517: 1514: 1512: 1507: 1505: 1495: 1491: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1467: 1464: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1448: 1439: 1430: 1427: 1424: 1423: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1405:savannization 1402: 1401:tipping point 1398: 1390: 1385: 1376: 1367: 1364: 1361: 1358: 1355: 1354: 1350: 1347: 1344: 1341: 1338: 1337: 1333: 1330: 1327: 1324: 1321: 1320: 1316: 1313: 1310: 1307: 1304: 1303: 1299: 1296: 1293: 1290: 1287: 1286: 1282: 1279: 1276: 1273: 1270: 1269: 1265: 1262: 1259: 1256: 1253: 1252: 1248: 1245: 1242: 1239: 1236: 1235: 1231: 1228: 1225: 1222: 1219: 1218: 1214: 1211: 1208: 1205: 1202: 1201: 1197: 1194: 1191: 1188: 1185: 1184: 1180: 1177: 1174: 1171: 1168: 1167: 1163: 1160: 1157: 1154: 1151: 1150: 1146: 1143: 1140: 1137: 1134: 1133: 1129: 1126: 1123: 1120: 1117: 1116: 1112: 1109: 1106: 1103: 1100: 1099: 1095: 1092: 1089: 1086: 1083: 1082: 1078: 1075: 1072: 1069: 1066: 1065: 1061: 1058: 1055: 1052: 1049: 1048: 1044: 1041: 1038: 1035: 1032: 1031: 1027: 1024: 1021: 1018: 1015: 1014: 1010: 1007: 1004: 1001: 998: 997: 993: 990: 987: 984: 981: 980: 976: 973: 970: 967: 964: 963: 959: 956: 953: 950: 947: 946: 942: 939: 936: 933: 930: 929: 925: 922: 919: 916: 913: 912: 908: 905: 902: 899: 896: 895: 891: 888: 885: 882: 879: 878: 874: 871: 868: 865: 862: 861: 857: 854: 851: 848: 845: 844: 840: 837: 834: 831: 828: 827: 823: 820: 817: 814: 811: 810: 806: 803: 800: 797: 794: 793: 789: 786: 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basin 6402:Amazon River 6358: 6346: 6245:Roman Empire 5939:Dependencies 5817: 5726: 5717: 5706:. Retrieved 5697: 5688: 5668: 5654:INPE figures 5649: 5644:. pp. 40–71. 5641: 5625: 5613:. Retrieved 5593: 5582:. Retrieved 5568: 5557:. Retrieved 5524: 5520: 5510: 5499:. Retrieved 5485: 5473:. Retrieved 5459: 5447:. Retrieved 5442: 5432: 5420:. Retrieved 5416: 5406: 5395:. Retrieved 5393:. 2023-08-08 5390: 5381: 5369:. Retrieved 5360: 5351: 5339:. Retrieved 5328: 5319: 5307:. Retrieved 5298: 5289: 5277:. Retrieved 5262: 5250:. Retrieved 5244:. Ecowatch. 5235: 5224:. Retrieved 5209: 5198:. Retrieved 5183: 5172:. Retrieved 5164:The Guardian 5163: 5153: 5102: 5098: 5088: 5077:. Retrieved 5068: 5058: 5047:. Retrieved 5030: 5020: 5008:. Retrieved 4994: 4986: 4970: 4950: 4942: 4927: 4916:. Retrieved 4907: 4898: 4886:. Retrieved 4877: 4868: 4857:. Retrieved 4847: 4840: 4828:. Retrieved 4819: 4810: 4798:. Retrieved 4789: 4780: 4735: 4731: 4721: 4709:. Retrieved 4700: 4690: 4678:. Retrieved 4669: 4659: 4647:. Retrieved 4630: 4620: 4608:. Retrieved 4604:the original 4599: 4589: 4577:. 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Retrieved 2149: 2129:The Guardian 2128: 2097:. Retrieved 2088:The Guardian 2086: 2076: 2067: 2058: 2050: 2040:Amazon Watch 2039: 2013:. Retrieved 2004: 1954: 1923: 1905:Bibliography 1823: 1819:Flying river 1799:Clearcutting 1772: 1755: 1737: 1725: 1717: 1706: 1695: 1691:Paulo Guedes 1688: 1676:Donald Trump 1672: 1660: 1653: 1641:Michel Temer 1638: 1630: 1622: 1613:tuberculosis 1606: 1598: 1586: 1582: 1551: 1523: 1515: 1508: 1501: 1492: 1475:Amazon basin 1468: 1465: 1450: 1428: 1420: 1394: 1374: 686:Total forest 654:Amazon biome 643: 635: 630:forest cover 627: 623: 583: 575: 567: 554: 545:Amazon Watch 542: 533: 529: 500: 471: 460: 438:Legal Amazon 427: 403: 390: 373: 337: 328:productivity 312: 259: 244: 233: 207: 195: 187: 164: 136: 105: 102: 95: 41: 15: 6314:Forestation 6283:New Zealand 6207:Philippines 5371:12 November 5341:12 November 5309:12 November 5279:1 September 5252:1 September 5192:. Reuters. 4888:24 November 4830:January 27, 4478:Fox, Alex. 4077:WWF website 3643:28 December 3320:October 29, 3061:|work= 2912:16 December 2882:16 December 2281:|work= 1867:Terra preta 1729:Switzerland 1469:However, a 1457:carbon sink 497:production. 418:forest loss 414:animal feed 398:Mato Grosso 363:. The 2019 212:, like the 142:Mato Grosso 6386:Categories 6171:Kalimantan 6114:Costa Rica 6050:Madagascar 5708:2019-07-28 5584:2023-03-20 5559:2023-04-04 5501:2023-03-20 5449:3 December 5422:30 October 5397:2023-08-15 5226:2019-08-12 5200:2019-08-12 5174:2019-08-12 5079:2019-10-05 5049:2019-07-28 4918:2019-04-29 4859:2020-11-24 4549:5 February 4523:4 February 4464:2021-05-28 4361:2021-02-28 4120:2023-10-06 4061:1 December 4030:1 December 4000:2020-02-10 3971:2019-08-17 3942:2019-08-17 3913:2019-07-03 3876:2018-11-23 3847:2016-03-08 3787:August 19, 3723:2019-12-09 3692:4 February 3639:. Ecowatch 3621:2016-09-28 3580:2016-09-28 3209:2020-02-03 3184:2020-02-03 2998:August 19, 2819:2023-01-20 2787:2023-01-20 2749:2023-01-20 2501:30 October 2403:2019-05-10 2357:: 104852. 2191:Greenpeace 2162:August 25, 2099:21 October 2015:2019-04-10 1984:References 1667:first year 1656:Ecuadorian 1561:See also: 1533:, reduced 1483:it absorbs 1413:ecosystems 1359:3,255,782 1342:3,260,097 1325:3,268,049 1308:3,279,649 1291:3,290,125 1274:3,298,551 1257:3,308,313 1240:3,315,849 1223:3,322,796 1206:3,330,689 1189:3,336,896 1172:3,341,908 1155:3,347,799 1138:3,352,370 1121:3,358,788 1104:3,365,788 1087:3,373,252 1070:3,386,163 1053:3,397,814 1036:3,412,099 1019:3,431,113 1002:3,458,885 985:3,484,281 968:3,505,932 951:3,524,097 934:3,542,323 917:3,559,582 900:3,576,965 883:3,590,192 866:3,608,353 849:3,637,412 832:3,652,308 815:3,667,204 798:3,680,990 781:3,692,020 764:3,705,750 747:3,723,520 730:3,744,570 727:1978–1987 713:3,955,870 696:4,100,001 688:loss (km) 593:Loss rates 535:purposes. 522:conflicts. 477:hardwoods. 467:vegetation 340:World Bank 52:biodiverse 48:rainforest 6273:Australia 6212:Sri Lanka 6167:Indonesia 6087:Argentina 5928:Venezuela 5873:Argentina 5549:248959685 5445:. 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