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645:(Reich Minister for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda) in charge. Sub-chambers within the Culture Chamber, representing the individual arts (music, film, literature, architecture, and the visual arts) were created; these were membership groups consisting of "racially pure" artists supportive of the Party, or willing to be compliant. Goebbels made it clear: "In future only those who are members of a chamber are allowed to be productive in our cultural life. Membership is open only to those who fulfill the entrance condition. In this way all unwanted and damaging elements have been excluded." By 1935 the Reich Culture Chamber had 100,000 members.
772:
552:, among those who made significant contributions to the German modernist movement, were Jewish. But Hitler ... took upon himself the responsibility of deciding who, in matters of culture, thought and acted like a Jew." The supposedly "Jewish" nature of all art that was indecipherable, distorted, or that represented "depraved" subject matter was explained through the concept of degeneracy, which held that distorted and corrupted art was a symptom of an inferior race. By propagating the theory of degeneracy, the Nazis combined their
22:
2011:
individual artworks. Until the V&A obtained the complete inventory in 1996, all versions of Volume 2 (G–Z) were thought to have been destroyed. The listings are arranged alphabetically by city, museum and artist. Details include artist surname, inventory number, title and medium, followed by a code indicating the fate of the artwork, then the surname of the buyer or art dealer (if any) and any price paid. The entries also include abbreviations to indicate whether the work was included in any of the various
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865:. Viewers had to reach the exhibit by means of a narrow staircase. The first sculpture was an oversized, theatrical portrait of Jesus, which purposely intimidated viewers as they literally bumped into it in order to enter. The rooms were made of temporary partitions and deliberately chaotic and overfilled. Pictures were crowded together, sometimes unframed, usually hung by cord.
805:(Reich Chamber of Visual Art), in charge of a six-man commission authorized to confiscate from museums and art collections throughout the Reich, any remaining art deemed modern, degenerate, or subversive. These works were then to be presented to the public in an exhibit intended to incite further revulsion against the "perverse Jewish spirit" penetrating German culture.
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3296:
Burt, Richard. (1994). "'Degenerate "Art"': Public
Aesthetics and the Simulation of Censorship in Postliberal Los Angeles and Berlin" in The Administration of Aesthetics: Censorship, Political Criticism and the Public Sphere. Ed. Richard Burt (Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 1994), pp. 216–59.
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despised the
Expressionists, and the result was a bitter ideological dispute, which was settled only in September 1934, when Hitler declared that there would be no place for modernist experimentation in the Reich. This edict left many artists initially uncertain as to their status. The work of the
269:
Belief in a
Germanic spirit—defined as mystical, rural, moral, bearing ancient wisdom, and noble in the face of a tragic destiny—existed long before the rise of the Nazis; Richard Wagner explored such ideas in his writings. Beginning before World War I, the well-known German architect and painter
868:
The first three rooms were grouped thematically. The first room contained works considered demeaning of religion; the second featured works by Jewish artists in particular; the third contained works deemed insulting to the women, soldiers and farmers of
Germany. The rest of the exhibit had no
2010:
The V&A's copy of the full inventory is thought to have been compiled in 1941 or 1942, after the sales and disposals were completed. Two copies of an earlier version of Volume 1 (A–G) also survive in the German
Federal Archives in Berlin, and one of these is annotated to show the fate of
1995:
by
Elfriede Fischer, the widow of the art dealer Heinrich Robert ("Harry") Fischer. Copies were made available to other libraries and research organisations at the time, and much of the information was subsequently incorporated into a database maintained by the Freie Universität Berlin.
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A few weeks after the opening of the exhibition, Goebbels ordered a second and more thorough scouring of German art collections; inventory lists indicate that the artworks seized in this second round, combined with those gathered prior to the exhibition, amounted to 16,558 works.
318:, while racially mixed modern artists produced disordered artworks and monstrous depictions of the human form. By reproducing examples of modern art next to photographs of people with deformities and diseases, he graphically reinforced the idea of modernism as a sickness.
106:
artworks that the Nazis had taken from museums, that were poorly hung alongside graffiti and text labels mocking the art and the artists. Designed to inflame public opinion against modernism, the exhibition subsequently traveled to several other cities in
Germany and
2487:"Entartete Kunst (Degenerate Art), complete inventory of over 16,000 artworks confiscated by the Nazi regime from public institutions in Germany, 1937–1938, Reichsministerium für Volksaufklärung und Propaganda. Victoria and Albert Museum, Albert Gleizes,
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The couple Sophie and
Emanuel Fohn, who exchanged the works for harmless works of art from their own possession and kept them in safe custody throughout the National Socialist era, saved about 250 works by ostracized artists. The collection survived in
686:
exemplified the Nordic spirit; as
Goebbels explained, "We National Socialists are not unmodern; we are the carrier of a new modernity, not only in politics and in social matters, but also in art and intellectual matters." However, a faction led by
564:
Once in control of the government, the Nazis moved to suppress modern art styles and to promote art with national and racial themes. Various Weimar-era art personalities, including Renner, Huelsenbeck, and the
Bauhaus designers, were marginalized.
2003:, one for each of the original volumes. Both PDFs also include an introduction in English and German. An online version of the inventory was made available on the V&A's website in November 2019, with additional features. The new edition uses
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were widely read. Mass culture was less stringently regulated than high culture, possibly because the authorities feared the consequences of too heavy-handed interference in popular entertainment. Thus, until the outbreak of the war, most
535:
Art historian Henry Grosshans says that Hitler "saw Greek and Roman art as uncontaminated by Jewish influences. Modern art was an act of aesthetic violence by the Jews against the German spirit. Such was true to Hitler even though only
1143:. In March 1939, the Berlin Fire Brigade burned about 4,000 paintings, drawings and prints that had apparently little value on the international market. This was an act of unprecedented vandalism, although the Nazis were well used to
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in nature. Those identified as degenerate artists were subjected to sanctions that included being dismissed from teaching positions, being forbidden to exhibit or to sell their art, and in some cases being forbidden to produce art.
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at the beginning of the 20th century, albeit with roots going back to the 1860s, denoted a revolutionary divergence from traditional artistic values to ones based on the personal perceptions and feelings of the artists. Under the
2793:"Entartete Kunst (Degenerate Art), complete inventory of artworks confiscated by the Nazi regime from public institutions in Germany, 1937–1938, Reichsministerium für Volksaufklärung und Propaganda. Victoria and Albert Museum"
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in Luzern, Switzerland, on 30 June 1939 at the Grand Hotel National. The sale consisted of artworks seized from German public museums; some pieces from the sale were acquired by museums, others by private collectors such as
583:
1987:(Reich Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda) compiled a 479-page, two-volume typewritten listing of the works confiscated as "degenerate" from Germany's public institutions in 1937–38. In 1996 the
1103:). Although officially no artists were put to death because of their work, those of Jewish descent who did not escape from Germany in time were sent to concentration camps. Others were murdered in the
41:
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considered indeed that they should not be concerned by Frenchmen's mental health. As a consequence, many works made by these artists were sold at the main French auction house during the occupation.
692:
Expressionist painter Emil Nolde, a committed member of the Nazi party, continued to be debated even after he was ordered to cease artistic activity in 1936. For many modernist artists, such as
2060:, suggested that the branding of art as "degenerate" was only partly an aesthetic aim of the Nazis. Another was the confiscation of valuable artwork, a deliberate means to enrich the regime.
532:
style. (In 1937, it would be displayed in the Degenerate Art exhibition next to a label accusing Dix—himself a volunteer in World War I—of "an insult to the German heroes of the Great War".)
754:
were popular, and leading British and American jazz bands continued to perform in major cities until the war; thereafter, dance bands officially played "swing" rather than the banned jazz.
473:
and the advance of democracy as the preferred form of government, was exhilarating to some. However, it proved extremely threatening to others, as it took away the security they felt under
627:
were organized, artists and musicians were dismissed from teaching positions, and curators who had shown a partiality for modern art were replaced by Party members. In September 1933, the
572:, a Nazi, became Minister for Culture and Education in the state of Thuringia. By his order, 70 mostly Expressionist paintings were removed from the permanent exhibition of the Weimar
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as the sign of a diseased visual cortex, he decried modern degeneracy while praising traditional German culture. Despite the fact that Nordau was Jewish and a key figure in the
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1220:, a number of sculptures from the degenerate art exhibition were unearthed in the cellar of a private house close to the "Rote Rathaus". These included, for example, the
501:
when it was displayed in the Berlin Grand Exhibition of the Arts in 1898. In 1913, the Prussian house of representatives passed a resolution "against degeneracy in art".
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in Paris. Whereas it was forbidden to export "degenerate art" to Germany, it was still possible to buy and sell artworks of "degenerate artists" in occupied France. The
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1999:
A digital reproduction of the entire inventory was published on the Victoria and Albert Museum's website in January 2014. The V&A's publication consists of two
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by people who hated German decency, frequently identified as Jewish-Bolshevist, although only 6 of the 112 artists included in the exhibition were in fact Jewish.
1270:
218:, explained as the work of those so corrupted and enfeebled by modern life that they have lost the self-control needed to produce coherent works. He attacked
923:. Next to many paintings were labels indicating how much money a museum spent to acquire the artwork. In the case of paintings acquired during the post-war
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spent his years in exile in Switzerland, yet was unable to obtain Swiss citizenship because of his status as a degenerate artist. A leading German dealer,
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The exhibition program contained photographs of modern artworks accompanied by defamatory text. The cover featured the exhibition title—with the word
3618:"Entartete" Kunst: digital reproduction of a typescript inventory prepared by the Reichsministerium für Volksaufklärung und Propaganda, ca. 1941/1942
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personality traits could be detected by scientifically measuring abnormal physical characteristics. Nordau developed from this premise a critique of
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from purchasing painting materials. Those who remained in Germany were forbidden to work at universities and were subject to surprise raids by the
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1982:
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While modern styles of art were prohibited, the Nazis promoted paintings and sculptures that were traditional in manner and that exalted the "
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2535:[Jean Metzinger, Im Boot (In Canoe), Degenerate Art Database (confiscation inventory, degenerate art)]. Emuseum.campus.fu-berlin.de
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453:—were not universally appreciated. The majority of people in Germany, as elsewhere, did not care for the new art, which many resented as
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2007:
page-turning software and incorporates an interactive index arranged by city and museum. The earlier PDF edition remains available too.
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was the mandatory style, had a modern state shown such concern with regulation of the arts. In the case of Germany, the model was to be
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310:), the latter published in 1928, in which he argued that only racially pure artists could produce a healthy art which upheld timeless
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2090:, a German Army colonel attempts to steal hundreds of "degenerate" paintings from Paris before it is liberated during World War II.
937:, the prices of the paintings were of course greatly exaggerated. The exhibit was designed to promote the idea that modernism was a
598:
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Mythen der Diktaturen. Kunst in Faschismus und Nationalsozialismus – Miti delle dittature. Arte nel fascismo e nazionalsocialismo
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Grosshans 1983, p. 9. Grosshans calls Schultze-Naumburg "ndoubtedly the most important" of the era's German critics of modernism.
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in order to ensure that they were not violating the ban on producing artwork; Nolde secretly carried on painting, but using only
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350:
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Williams, Robert Chadwell (1997). "Chapter 5: Bolshevism in the West: From Leninist Totalitarians to Cultural Revolutionaries".
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retreated to the countryside to paint unpeopled landscapes in a meticulous style that would not provoke the authorities. The
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exhibit, featuring over 650 paintings, sculptures, prints, and books from the collections of 32 German museums, premiered in
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2046:. The manuscript also contains entries for many artworks acquired by the artist Emanuel Fohn, in exchange for other works.
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Oosterlinck, Kim (2009). "The Price of Degenerate Art", Working Papers CEB 09-031.RS, ULB – Universite Libre de Bruxelles.
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Hitler's rise to power on 30 January 1933, was quickly followed by actions intended to cleanse the culture of degeneracy:
336:), published in 1933, which became a best-seller in Germany and made Rosenberg the Party's leading ideological spokesman.
127:
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1197:, some artwork from the exhibit was found buried underground. It is unclear how many of these then reappeared in the
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on 19 July 1937, and remained on view until 30 November, before traveling to 11 other cities in Germany and Austria.
326:
1991:
in London acquired the only known surviving copy of the complete listing. The document was donated to the V&A's
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2028:
704:, it was not until June 1937 that they surrendered any hope that their work would be tolerated by the authorities.
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After the exhibit, only the most valuable paintings were sorted out to be included in the auction held by Galerie
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taste and partly from their determination to use culture as a propaganda tool. On both counts, a painting such as
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71:, including many works of internationally renowned artists, was removed from state-owned museums and banned in
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By 1937, the concept of degeneracy was firmly entrenched in Nazi policy. On 30 June of that year Goebbels put
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Complete inventory of artworks confiscated by the Nazi regime from public institutions in Germany, 1937–1938
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German artists were branded both enemies of the state and a threat to German culture. Many went into exile.
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985:(Great German art exhibition) made its premiere amid much pageantry. This exhibition, held at the palatial
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As dictator, Hitler gave his personal taste in art the force of law to a degree never before seen. Only in
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had attracted over two million visitors, nearly three and a half times the number that visited the nearby
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was declared to be degenerate art due to the "deformity" and emaciation of the figures—corresponding to
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2557:[Degenerate Art Database (confiscation inventory, degenerate art)]. Emuseum.campus.fu-berlin.de
2533:"Jean Metzinger, Im Boot (En Canot), Degenerate Art Database (Beschlagnahme Inventar, Entartete Kunst)"
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who acquired the 1888 self-portrait by Vincent van Gogh that was seized from the Neue Staatsgalerie in
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movement (Lombroso was also Jewish), his theory of artistic degeneracy would be seized upon by German
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2018:
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29:
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being asked to authenticate three works for inclusion in an upcoming exhibition of degenerate art.
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Adolf Hitler : a psychological interpretation of his views on architecture, art, and music
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with their drive to control the culture, thus consolidating public support for both campaigns.
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Heimat: a German Dream: Regional Loyalties and National Identity in German Culture, 1890–1990
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The exhibit was held on the second floor of a building formerly occupied by the Institute of
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Nonetheless, during 1933–1934 there was some confusion within the Party on the question of
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520:(1920) was anathema to them. It unsparingly depicts four badly disfigured veterans of the
8:
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The early 20th century was a period of wrenching changes in the arts. The development of
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Victoria and Albert Museum 2014. Introduction by Douglas Dodds & Heike Zech, p. ii.
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were the true sources of Aryan art. Schultze-Naumburg subsequently wrote such books as
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Victoria and Albert Museum 2014. Introduction by Douglas Dodds & Heike Zech, p. i.
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Political Censorship of the Visual Arts in Nineteenth-Century Europe: Arresting Images
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art, regarded by Hitler as an art whose exterior form embodied an inner racial ideal.
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185:) had gained currency in Germany by the late 19th century when the critic and author
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274:'s influential writings, which invoked racial theories in condemning modern art and
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could no longer be bought by 1939, works by ideologically suspect authors such as
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993:(House of German Art), displayed the work of officially approved artists such as
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Documents from the End of the Wilhemine Empire to the Rise of National Socialism
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Beiträge zur Geschichte der Staatlichen Akademie der Bildenden Künste Stuttgart
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was destroyed in a bonfire on the night of 27 July 1942, in the gardens of the
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of the early 1920s, when the cost of a kilogram loaf of bread reached 233
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674:. Goebbels and some others believed that the forceful works of such artists as
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210:, published in 1876, attempted to prove that there were "born criminals" whose
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2970:"Rescued pre-WWII 'degenerate art' on display in the Neues Museum in Berlin"
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Over 5000 works were seized, including 1052 by Nolde, 759 by Heckel, 639 by
791:, who declares that Nolde's art is degenerate art, and forbids him to paint.
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on the grounds that such art was an "insult to German feeling", un-German,
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457:, morally suspect, and too often incomprehensible. Artistic rejection of
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130:. Similar restrictions were placed upon music, which was expected to be
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1968:
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1620:
1590:
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483:, who took an active interest in regulating art in Germany, criticized
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music was banned, the prohibition of jazz was less strictly enforced.
278:, supplied much of the basis for Adolf Hitler's belief that classical
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3494:'The Taste of Sand in the Mouth': 1939 and 'Degenerate' Egyptian Art
2491:, n. 7030, Volume 2, p. 57 (includes the Entartete Kunst inventory)"
894:
The Jewish longing for the wilderness reveals itself—in Germany the
3843:
3069:
Explore 'Entartete Kunst': The Nazis' inventory of 'degenerate art'
2555:"Degenerate Art Database (Beschlagnahme Inventar, Entartete Kunst)"
1384:
1194:
1076:
607:
513:
171:'s theorized connection between "mental and physical degeneration".
131:
3507:, Working Papers CEB 09-031.RS, ULB—Universite Libre de Bruxelles,
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Landschaft bei Paris, Paysage près de Paris, Paysage de Courbevoie
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2357:
1948:
1928:
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in 1930, and the director of the König Albert Museum in Zwickau,
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430:
251:
211:
108:
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The main dealers mentioned are Bernhard A. Böhmer (or Boehmer),
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with disgust. Their response stemmed partly from a conservative
262:
as a rallying point for their antisemitic and racist demand for
3621:. London: Victoria and Albert Museum. (V&A NAL MSL/1996/7)]
3599:
The State Hermitage: Masterpieces from the Museum's Collections
3415:. Landesmuseum fĂĽr Kultur- und Landesgeschichte Schloss Tirol.
3006:
2438:. Bowling Green, Ohio: Bowling Green University Popular Press.
1933:
1224:
1221:
1190:
1131:. Nazi officials took many for their private use: for example,
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855:
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434:
279:
255:
190:
99:
80:
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Russia Imagined: Art, Culture and National Identity, 1840–1995
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Emil Nolde and German Expressionism: A Prophet in his Own Land
2077:
based loosely on actual events, is set in Paris 1941 and sees
907:
Even museum bigwigs called this the "art of the German people"
2926:
2762:"Degenerate Art": The Fate of the Avant-Garde in Nazi Germany
1922:
895:
4199:
Monuments, Fine Arts, and Archives program ("Monuments Men")
3478:, introduction by George L. Mosse. New York: Howard Fertig.
3270:
Degenerate Art': The Fate of the Avant-Garde in Nazi Germany
2520:), oil on canvas, 72.8 Ă— 87.1 cm. Lost Art Internet Database
3577:
Nazi-Era Provenance of Museum Collections: A research guide
2653:
Kimmelman, Michael (19 June 2014). "The Art Hitler Hated".
2004:
1938:
1171:
916:
438:
135:
2696:
Adam 1992, p. 123, quoting Goebbels, 26 November 1937, in
3028:
2000:
816:, as well as smaller numbers of works by such artists as
380:
of the 1920s, Germany emerged as a leading center of the
611:, oil on canvas, 146 x 114 cm, confiscated by the Nazis
2711:"We're asking about profit, morality, money and rescue"
1189:
After the collapse of Nazi Germany and the invasion of
2324:. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 159.
911:
Speeches of Nazi party leaders contrasted with artist
872:
There were slogans painted on the walls. For example:
3372:
Gottfried Graf und die ″entartete Kunst″ in Stuttgart
3163:"Portrait of the Artist as a Master of the One-Liner"
3036:"Freie Universität Berlin Database "Entartete Kunst""
1014:
16:
Pejorative term used by the Nazi Party for modern art
3736:
Collection: "All Artists in the Degenerate Art Show"
2947:"'Degenerate' Art Unearthed From Berlin Bomb Rubble"
1983:
Reichsministerium für Volksaufklärung und Propaganda
619:
in Munich. The painting has been missing ever since.
3516:
The Faustian Bargain: the Art World in Nazi Germany
3456:
Hitler's List: An Illustrated Guide to 'Degenerates
2583:
2581:
2406:
2320:Goldstein, Robert Justin, and Andrew Nedd (2015).
1238:
1099:(so as not to be betrayed by the telltale odor of
876:Insolent mockery of the Divine under Centrist rule
3543:Schulz-Hoffmann, Carla; Weiss, Judith C. (1984).
3533:. San Francisco: University of California Press.
3218:"Train, The (1965) – (Movie Clip) Degenerate Art"
642:Reichsminister für Volksaufklärung und Propaganda
290:Die Kunst der Deutschen. Ihr Wesen und ihre Werke
242:as a product of mental pathology. Explaining the
4317:
3726:Video on a research project about Degenerate Art
3128:. Archived from the original on 13 November 2013
2578:
2398:
497:from being awarded a medal for her print series
296:The art of the Germans. Its nature and its works
2522:, Stiftung Deutsches Zentrum Kulturgutverluste.
1227:-style statue of a female dancer by the artist
3110:Victoria and Albert Museum 2014, vol. 1 and 2.
3101:Victoria and Albert Museum 2014, vol. 1, p. 7.
2993:
2632:Boa, Elizabeth, and Rachel Palfreyman (2000).
635:(Reich Culture Chamber) was established, with
4214:Washington Principles on Nazi-Confiscated Art
4086:
3760:
3410:
3191:"Ve haff vays of being unintentionally funny"
3160:
3088:
3086:
2932:
2303:
2301:
2299:
1072:, died penniless in exile in London in 1937.
2996:"Nazi Degenerate Art Rediscovered in Berlin"
2466:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2404:
2022:
2012:
1980:
1056:emigrated to America with the assistance of
1047:
1002:
986:
974:
959:
945:
898:becomes the racial ideal of a degenerate art
849:
800:
640:
628:
488:
324:
300:
288:
176:
158:
3519:. New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press.
3307:
2636:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 158.
2518:Paysage de Courbevoie, Landschaft bei Paris
2215:Newman, Ernest, and Richard Wagner (1899).
580:, was dismissed for displaying modern art.
4093:
4079:
3767:
3753:
3083:
2759:Barron, Stephanie, Guenther and Peter W.,
2470:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2296:
1923:Artistic movements condemned as degenerate
1075:Other artists remained in internal exile.
1064:committed suicide in Switzerland in 1938.
757:
4166:Art theft and looting during World War II
3188:
2307:KĂĽhnel, Anita (2003). "Entartete Kunst".
2049:
149:
138:influences; disapproved music was termed
4100:
3624:
3038:. Geschkult.fu-berlin.de. 28 August 2013
2945:Hickley, Catherine (27 September 1946).
2433:
1216:through the historic city centre to the
1018:
778:
770:
597:
582:
429:In the visual arts, such innovations as
426:(1922) brought Expressionism to cinema.
343:
153:
20:
3709:Sensational Find in a Bombed-Out Cellar
3286:. Ann Arbor, Mich: UMI Research Press.
2944:
2822:Schulz-Hoffmann and Weiss 1984, p. 461.
2434:Zalampas, Sherree Owens, 1937– (1990).
2413:. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
2177:"The Collection | Entartete Kunst"
888:Deliberate sabotage of national defense
199:. Nordau drew upon the writings of the
55:was a term adopted in the 1920s by the
4318:
3411:Kraus, Carl; Obermair, Hannes (2019).
3398:Otto Dix 1891–1969: His Life and Works
1150:A large amount of "degenerate art" by
4074:
3748:
3704:Video clip of the Degenerate art show
3433:. New York: Oxford University Press.
2967:
2753:
2063:
1182:from 1943 and was handed over to the
1135:took 14 valuable pieces, including a
339:
3740:University of Michigan Museum of Art
3722:, notes and a supplement to the film
3380:State Academy of Fine Arts Stuttgart
3119:
2906:. Paris: Editions du Seuil. p. 482.
2405:Michaud, Eric; Lloyd, Janet (2004).
2350:Norbert Wolf, Uta Grosenick (2004),
2171:
2169:
1208:In 2010, as work began to extend an
915:from various art movements, such as
879:Revelation of the Jewish racial soul
775:Entartete Kunst poster, Berlin, 1938
504:The Nazis viewed the culture of the
3615:Victoria and Albert Museum (2014).
3454:Minnion, John (2nd edition 2005).
3122:"The Uses of Nazi 'Degenerate Art'"
3071:, Victoria and Albert Museum. 2019.
3059:, Victoria and Albert Museum. 2014.
2968:Black, Rosemary (9 November 2010).
2902:Bertrand Dorléac, Laurence (1993).
2479:
1184:Bavarian State Painting Collections
1129:Bavarian State Painting Collections
724:films could be screened, including
13:
3774:
3731:The "Degenerate Art" Exhibit, 1937
3682:A Teacher's Guide to the Holocaust
3605:. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc.
3272:. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc.
2994:Charles Hawley (8 November 2010).
1015:Fate of the artists and their work
594:, missing from Hannover since 1937
398:, and the jazz-influenced work of
390:in painting and sculpture, of the
14:
4387:
3720:"Entartete Kunst: Degenerate Art"
3646:
3529:Rose, Carol Washton Long (1995).
3126:The Chronicle of Higher Education
3014:"V&A Entartete Kunst webpage"
2166:
2057:The Chronicle of Higher Education
1168:Galerie nationale du Jeu de Paume
802:Reichskammer der Bildenden KĂĽnste
4140:Reichsleiter Rosenberg Taskforce
3659:
3488:(1895) London: William Heinemann
3360:. New York: Holmes & Meyer.
3346:. New York: Holmes & Meyer.
2698:Von der Grossmacht zur Weltmacht
2029:The Eternal Jew (art exhibition)
1671:Constantin von Mitschke-Collande
3688:Nazis Looted Europe's Great Art
3443:Lehmann-Haupt, Hellmut (1973).
3332:. New York: The Penguin Press.
3308:Castoriadis, Cornelius (1984).
3265:Barron, Stephanie, ed. (1991).
3239:
3210:
3182:
3161:Isherwood, C. (20 April 2005).
3154:
3120:Levi, Neil (12 November 2013).
3113:
3104:
3095:
3074:
3062:
3050:
2987:
2961:
2938:
2917:
2896:
2883:
2861:
2852:
2843:
2834:
2825:
2816:
2807:
2785:
2776:
2744:
2735:
2726:
2717:
2703:
2690:
2681:
2672:
2663:
2647:
2626:
2617:
2608:
2599:
2590:
2569:
2547:
2525:
2505:
2427:
2409:The Cult of Art in Nazi Germany
2389:
2380:
2371:
2344:
2335:
2314:
2277:, and Anthony F. Janson. 1991.
2268:
2221:. London: Dobell. pp. 272–275.
1896:Friedrich Vordemberge-Gildewart
1239:Artists in the 1937 Munich show
1009:GroĂźe Deutsche Kunstausstellung
982:GroĂźe Deutsche Kunstausstellung
327:Der Mythos des 20. Jahrhunderts
4303:Republic of Austria v. Altmann
3461:. Liverpool: Checkmate Books.
3431:Fascism: Past, Present, Future
2904:L'art de la défaite, 1940–1944
2259:
2250:
2241:
2232:
2209:
2200:
2191:
2141:
1:
4247:(1994 book, 2006 documentary)
4208:The Spoils of War (symposium)
4040:Racial policy of Nazi Germany
3574:Schuhmacher, Jacques (2024).
3505:"The Price of Degenerate Art"
3400:. Cologne: Benedikt Taschen.
3374:. Mit einer Vorbemerkung von
3330:The Coming of the Third Reich
2130:
1029:Sonnenstein Euthanasia Centre
954:—superimposed on an image of
891:German farmers—a Yiddish view
882:An insult to German womanhood
612:
559:
334:Myth of the Twentieth Century
163:(the Magdeburg cenotaph), by
63:. During the dictatorship of
3189:Blake, J. (3 October 2012).
2655:The New York Review of Books
1372:Heinrich Maria Davringhausen
1231:, and are on display at the
1116:Theodor Fischer (auctioneer)
1001:. At the end of four months
904:Nature as seen by sick minds
142:. Films and plays were also
7:
3694:Victoria and Albert Museum
3545:Max Beckmann: Retrospective
3311:Crossroads in the Labyrinth
2093:
1205:, where they still remain.
524:, then a familiar sight on
461:, intimately linked to the
413:The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari
386:. It was the birthplace of
351:The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari
193:presented in his 1892 book
10:
4392:
4035:Censorship in Nazi Germany
2871:. Olinda.com. 19 July 1937
2623:Grosshans 1983, pp. 73–74.
2115:Karl Buchholz (art dealer)
1989:Victoria and Albert Museum
1974:
1046:on the opening day of the
885:The ideal—cretin and whore
764:
615:1936 and displayed at the
356:
4286:
4227:
4191:
4155:Degenerate Art Exhibition
4122:paintings by Adolf Hitler
4108:
4027:
3806:
3790:Degenerate Art Exhibition
3782:
3658:
3653:
3503:Oosterlinck, Kim (2009).
3393:/ ed. Wolfgang Kermer; 6)
3356:Grosshans, Henry (1993).
3342:Grosshans, Henry (1983).
3196:The Sydney Morning Herald
3146:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
3016:. Vam.ac.uk. 30 June 1939
2933:Kraus & Obermair 2019
2849:Petropoulos 2000, p. 217.
2795:. Vam.ac.uk. 30 June 1939
2493:. Vam.ac.uk. 30 June 1939
2019:Degenerate Art Exhibition
767:Degenerate Art Exhibition
617:Degenerate Art Exhibition
322:developed this theory in
30:Degenerate Art Exhibition
4135:Reich Chamber of Culture
4060:Museum of Fine Arts Bern
3445:Art Under a Dictatorship
3429:Laqueur, Walter (1996).
3370:Heyd, Werner P. (1987).
2687:Laqueur 1996, pp. 73–75.
2135:
1515:Hans Siebert von Heister
1083:forbade artists such as
989:Haus der deutschen Kunst
528:'s streets, rendered in
394:musical compositions of
160:Das Magdeburger Ehrenmal
94:also was the title of a
4371:Sculpture controversies
4111:and during World War II
4109:In Nazi Germany, before
3944:Elfriede Lohse-Wächtler
3597:Suslav, Vitaly (1994).
3492:O'Brien, Jeff (2015). "
3449:Oxford University Press
3282:Bradley, W. S. (1986).
2858:Grosshans 1983, p. 113.
2813:Adam 1992, pp. 124–125.
2782:Barron 1991, pp. 47–48.
2723:Adam 1992, pp. 121–122.
1631:Elfriede Lohse-Wächtler
1109:Elfriede Lohse-Wächtler
1025:Elfriede Lohse-Wächtler
742:. While performance of
475:the older way of things
230:of the German composer
59:in Germany to describe
4376:Censorship in the arts
4366:Painting controversies
3795:Degenerate Art auction
3498:Critical Interventions
3358:Hitler and the Artists
3344:Hitler and the Artists
3250:Art of the Third Reich
2605:Grosshans 1983, p. 87.
2386:Grosshans 1983, p. 86.
2100:Art of the Third Reich
2054:Neil Levi, writing in
2050:21st-century reactions
2023:
2013:
1981:
1916:Gert Heinrich Wollheim
1048:
1032:
1027:, who was murdered at
1003:
987:
975:
960:
946:
901:Madness becomes method
850:
801:
792:
776:
641:
629:
620:
595:
489:
487:as "gutter painting" (
354:
325:
301:
289:
272:Paul Schultze-Naumburg
177:
172:
159:
150:Theories of degeneracy
49:
33:
4331:Censorship in Germany
4014:Karl Schmidt-Rottluff
3904:Ernst Ludwig Kirchner
3562:Swingtime for Hitler.
3511:Petropoulos, Jonathan
3396:Karcher, Eva (1988).
3328:Evans, R. J. (2004).
3254:Harry N. Abrams, Inc.
2840:Bradley 1986, p. 115.
2831:Karcher 1988, p. 206.
2514:Paysage près de Paris
2238:Adam 1992, pp. 29–32.
2206:Adam 1992, pp. 23–24.
1815:Karl Schmidt-Rottluff
1763:Max Peiffer Watenphul
1718:Magda Nachman Acharya
1596:Ernst Ludwig Kirchner
1510:Jacoba van Heemskerck
1394:Hans Christoph Drexel
1325:Fritz Burger-MĂĽhlfeld
1127:belonging to today's
1062:Ernst Ludwig Kirchner
1022:
810:Ernst Ludwig Kirchner
782:
774:
727:It Happened One Night
698:Ernst Ludwig Kirchner
601:
586:
463:Industrial Revolution
459:traditional authority
347:
157:
98:held by the Nazis in
24:
4102:Art and World War II
3894:Alexej von Jawlensky
3603:Western European Art
2678:Laqueur 1996, p. 73.
2669:Laqueur 1996, p. 74.
2489:Landschaft bei Paris
1993:National Art Library
1581:Hans JĂĽrgen Kallmann
1564:Alexej von Jawlensky
973:Coinciding with the
818:Alexander Archipenko
471:Age of Enlightenment
102:, consisting of 650
69:German modernist art
4118:Art in Nazi Germany
3665:Art in Nazi Germany
3547:. Munich: Prestel.
3314:. Harvester Press.
3224:on 15 February 2015
2974:New York Daily News
2741:Evans 2004, p. 106.
2732:Barron 1991, p. 46.
2596:Barron 1991, p. 10.
2395:Barron 1991, p. 83.
2377:Barron 1991, p. 54.
2197:Barron 1991, p. 26.
1352:Maria Caspar-Filser
1342:Heinrich Campendonk
1107:(see, for example,
4263:(2007 documentary)
4244:The Rape of Europa
4228:In popular culture
4219:Gurlitt Collection
4176:Nazi storage sites
4050:Hildebrand Gurlitt
4045:Gurlitt Collection
3869:Ludwig Godenschweg
3854:Conrad FelixmĂĽller
3564:Scribd Originals.
3500:9, Issue 1: 22–34.
3168:The New York Times
2889:Hellman, Mallory,
2750:Barron 1991, p. 9.
2713:. 9 December 2022.
2341:Adam 1992, p. 110.
2110:Gurlitt Collection
2064:In popular culture
2040:Hildebrand Gurlitt
1959:Post-Impressionism
1857:Heinrich Stegemann
1683:László Moholy-Nagy
1421:Conrad FelixmĂĽller
1147:on a large scale.
1081:Reichskulturkammer
1033:
950:, meaning art, in
869:particular theme.
793:
777:
739:Gone with the Wind
707:Although books by
631:Reichskulturkammer
621:
608:En Canot (Im Boot)
596:
578:Hildebrand Gurlitt
451:Post-Impressionism
355:
340:Weimar reactionism
236:Symbolist movement
226:and described the
224:English literature
173:
34:
4361:Art controversies
4313:
4312:
4268:The Monuments Men
4252:Rescuing Da Vinci
4171:Looting of Poland
4068:
4067:
4055:Cornelius Gurlitt
4009:Rudolf Schlichter
3934:Wilhelm Lehmbruck
3899:Wassily Kandinsky
3674:
3673:
3638:978-0-8204-3470-4
3422:978-88-95523-16-3
3321:978-0-85527-538-9
2869:"Entartete Kunst"
2614:Adam 1992, p. 56.
2587:Adam 1992, p. 53.
2575:Adam 1992, p. 52.
2420:978-0-8047-4327-3
2265:Adam 1992, p. 29.
2256:Adam 1992, p. 33.
2218:A Study of Wagner
2084:In the 1964 film
2017:exhibitions (see
1862:Fritz Stuckenberg
1810:Rudolf Schlichter
1731:Ernst Wilhelm Nay
1626:Wilhelm Lehmbruck
1611:Paul Kleinschmidt
1586:Wassily Kandinsky
1402:Heinrich Eberhard
1266:Philipp Bauknecht
1070:Alfred Flechtheim
1023:Self-portrait by
657:Socialist Realism
499:A Weavers' Revolt
396:Arnold Schoenberg
378:Weimar government
363:Decadent movement
240:French literature
4383:
4341:Nazi terminology
4181:stolen paintings
4095:
4088:
4081:
4072:
4071:
3994:Christian Rohlfs
3769:
3762:
3755:
3746:
3745:
3698:, Volume 1 and 2
3678:"Degenerate Art"
3663:
3662:
3651:
3650:
3642:
3459:
3426:
3392:
3325:
3269:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3229:
3220:. Archived from
3214:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3203:
3186:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3175:
3158:
3152:
3151:
3145:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3117:
3111:
3108:
3102:
3099:
3093:
3090:
3081:
3078:
3072:
3066:
3060:
3054:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3032:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3021:
3010:
3004:
3003:
2991:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2965:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2954:
2942:
2936:
2935:, pp. 40–1.
2930:
2924:
2921:
2915:
2900:
2894:
2887:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2865:
2859:
2856:
2850:
2847:
2841:
2838:
2832:
2829:
2823:
2820:
2814:
2811:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2789:
2783:
2780:
2774:
2757:
2751:
2748:
2742:
2739:
2733:
2730:
2724:
2721:
2715:
2714:
2707:
2701:
2694:
2688:
2685:
2679:
2676:
2670:
2667:
2661:
2651:
2645:
2630:
2624:
2621:
2615:
2612:
2606:
2603:
2597:
2594:
2588:
2585:
2576:
2573:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2551:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2529:
2523:
2512:Albert Gleizes,
2509:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2483:
2477:
2475:
2465:
2457:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2412:
2402:
2396:
2393:
2387:
2384:
2378:
2375:
2369:
2348:
2342:
2339:
2333:
2318:
2312:
2309:Grove Art Online
2305:
2294:
2272:
2266:
2263:
2257:
2254:
2248:
2245:
2239:
2236:
2230:
2213:
2207:
2204:
2198:
2195:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2173:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2149:"Degenerate Art"
2145:
2105:Degenerate music
2044:Ferdinand Möller
2026:
2016:
1986:
1892:
1880:
1853:
1795:Christian Rohlfs
1781:
1744:
1698:Johannes Molzahn
1679:
1577:
1535:
1523:
1506:
1498:Wilhelm Heckrott
1489:
1439:
1416:Lyonel Feininger
1398:Johannes Driesch
1390:Pranas Domšaitis
1381:Johannes Diesner
1333:
1316:
1283:Willi Baumeister
1279:
1218:Brandenburg Gate
1210:underground line
1203:Saint Petersburg
1199:Hermitage Museum
1121:Maurice Wertheim
1058:Peggy Guggenheim
1051:
1006:
992:
979:exhibition, the
978:
965:
949:
853:
846:Vincent van Gogh
804:
752:Django Reinhardt
689:Alfred Rosenberg
644:
634:
614:
492:
406:. Films such as
330:
320:Alfred Rosenberg
316:classical beauty
304:
292:
208:The Criminal Man
180:
162:
140:degenerate music
134:and free of any
54:
44:
4391:
4390:
4386:
4385:
4384:
4382:
4381:
4380:
4356:Nazi-looted art
4316:
4315:
4314:
4309:
4282:
4223:
4187:
4149:Entartete Kunst
4110:
4104:
4099:
4069:
4064:
4023:
4019:Lothar Schreyer
4004:Oskar Schlemmer
3969:Wilhelm Morgner
3929:Wilhelm Lachnit
3914:Oskar Kokoschka
3859:Otto Freundlich
3802:
3801:
3778:
3773:
3711:– slideshow by
3696:Entartete Kunst
3680:, article from
3660:
3654:External videos
3649:
3639:
3457:
3423:
3386:
3376:Wolfgang Kermer
3322:
3267:
3242:
3237:
3227:
3225:
3216:
3215:
3211:
3201:
3199:
3187:
3183:
3173:
3171:
3159:
3155:
3139:
3138:
3131:
3129:
3118:
3114:
3109:
3105:
3100:
3096:
3091:
3084:
3079:
3075:
3067:
3063:
3057:Entartete Kunst
3055:
3051:
3041:
3039:
3034:
3033:
3029:
3019:
3017:
3012:
3011:
3007:
2992:
2988:
2978:
2976:
2966:
2962:
2952:
2950:
2943:
2939:
2931:
2927:
2922:
2918:
2901:
2897:
2888:
2884:
2874:
2872:
2867:
2866:
2862:
2857:
2853:
2848:
2844:
2839:
2835:
2830:
2826:
2821:
2817:
2812:
2808:
2798:
2796:
2791:
2790:
2786:
2781:
2777:
2765:, LACMA, 1991,
2758:
2754:
2749:
2745:
2740:
2736:
2731:
2727:
2722:
2718:
2709:
2708:
2704:
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2283:Harry N. Abrams
2273:
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2147:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2133:
2096:
2075:Jeffrey Hatcher
2066:
2052:
2014:Entartete Kunst
1977:
1964:New Objectivity
1925:
1920:
1886:
1874:
1867:Paul Thalheimer
1847:
1835:Kurt Schwitters
1825:Lothar Schreyer
1805:Oskar Schlemmer
1775:
1738:
1736:Karel Niestrath
1673:
1616:Oskar Kokoschka
1571:
1544:Heinrich Hoerle
1529:
1517:
1500:
1483:
1472:Rudolf Haizmann
1458:Rudolf GroĂźmann
1453:Otto Gleichmann
1433:
1426:Otto Freundlich
1327:
1310:
1273:
1241:
1158:, Ernst, Klee,
1049:Entartete Kunst
1017:
1004:Entartete Kunst
976:Entartete Kunst
962:Der Neue Mensch
956:Otto Freundlich
851:Entartete Kunst
769:
763:
759:Entartete Kunst
702:Oskar Schlemmer
661:classical Greek
637:Joseph Goebbels
562:
522:First World War
467:individualistic
369:
359:Secession (art)
342:
302:Kunst und Rasse
266:purity in art.
260:Weimar Republic
204:Cesare Lombroso
152:
96:1937 exhibition
52:
50:Entartete Kunst
40:
26:Joseph Goebbels
17:
12:
11:
5:
4389:
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4299:
4295:Menzel v. List
4290:
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4280:
4272:
4264:
4260:Stealing Klimt
4256:
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4205:
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4145:Degenerate art
4142:
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3966:
3964:Jean Metzinger
3961:
3959:Ludwig Meidner
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3939:Max Liebermann
3936:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3919:Käthe Kollwitz
3916:
3911:
3906:
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3864:Albert Gleizes
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3776:Degenerate art
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3647:External links
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2279:History of Art
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2199:
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2024:Der ewige Jude
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1569:Eric Johansson
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1554:Eugen Hoffmann
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1251:Hans Baluschek
1248:
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1214:Alexanderplatz
1133:Hermann Göring
1016:
1013:
928:hyperinflation
909:
908:
905:
902:
899:
892:
889:
886:
883:
880:
877:
838:Jean Metzinger
830:Albert Gleizes
799:, the head of
765:Main article:
762:
756:
603:Jean Metzinger
588:Albert Gleizes
561:
558:
495:Käthe Kollwitz
493:) and forbade
469:values of the
400:Paul Hindemith
341:
338:
232:Richard Wagner
151:
148:
116:blood and soil
92:Degenerate Art
37:Degenerate art
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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4276:Woman in Gold
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4015:
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4007:
4005:
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4000:
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3995:
3992:
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3989:Pablo Picasso
3987:
3985:
3984:Max Pechstein
3982:
3980:
3977:
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3842:
3840:
3839:Lovis Corinth
3837:
3835:
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3827:
3825:
3824:Ernst Barlach
3822:
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3612:
3611:1-873968-03-5
3608:
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3596:
3595:
3591:
3590:9781800086906
3587:
3583:
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3570:9781094462691
3567:
3563:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3553:0-393-01937-3
3550:
3546:
3542:
3540:
3539:0-520-20264-3
3536:
3532:
3528:
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3525:0-19-512964-4
3522:
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3484:0-8032-8367-9
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3473:
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3468:
3467:0-9544499-2-4
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3446:
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3440:
3439:0-19-509245-7
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3399:
3395:
3390:
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3378:. Stuttgart:
3377:
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3367:
3366:0-8109-3653-4
3363:
3359:
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3353:
3352:0-8419-0746-3
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3338:1-59420-004-1
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3303:0-8166-2367-8
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2353:Expressionism
2347:
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2331:
2330:9780230248700
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2292:
2291:0-8109-3401-9
2288:
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2275:Janson, H. W.
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2036:Karl Buchholz
2032:
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2015:
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1830:Otto Schubert
1828:
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1818:
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1798:
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1768:Hans Purrmann
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1758:Max Pechstein
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1703:Piet Mondrian
1701:
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1539:Werner Heuser
1537:
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1527:Oswald Herzog
1525:
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1448:Werner Gilles
1446:
1444:
1441:
1437:
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1414:
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1411:Hans Feibusch
1409:
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1393:
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1380:
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1367:Lovis Corinth
1365:
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1320:Max Burchartz
1318:
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1146:
1145:book burnings
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
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1117:
1112:
1110:
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1005:
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984:
983:
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964:
963:
958:'s sculpture
957:
953:
948:
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940:
936:
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929:
926:
922:
918:
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906:
903:
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884:
881:
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875:
874:
873:
870:
866:
864:
859:
857:
852:
847:
843:
842:Pablo Picasso
839:
835:
834:Henri Matisse
831:
827:
823:
819:
815:
811:
806:
803:
798:
797:Adolf Ziegler
790:
789:Adolf Ziegler
787:in 1941 from
786:
781:
773:
768:
760:
755:
753:
749:
748:Benny Goodman
745:
741:
740:
735:
734:
733:San Francisco
729:
728:
723:
718:
714:
713:Hermann Hesse
710:
705:
703:
699:
695:
690:
685:
681:
680:Ernst Barlach
677:
673:
672:Expressionism
668:
666:
662:
658:
654:
651:
646:
643:
638:
633:
632:
626:
625:book burnings
618:
610:
609:
604:
600:
593:
589:
585:
581:
579:
575:
574:Schlossmuseum
571:
570:Wilhelm Frick
566:
557:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
533:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
506:Weimar period
502:
500:
496:
491:
490:Gossenmalerei
486:
485:Impressionism
482:
478:
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468:
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388:Expressionism
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352:
348:A still from
346:
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297:
293:
291:
285:
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249:
248:Impressionism
245:
244:painterliness
241:
237:
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225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
202:
201:criminologist
198:
197:
192:
188:
184:
179:
170:
166:
165:Ernst Barlach
161:
156:
147:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
120:racial purity
117:
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110:
105:
101:
97:
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86:
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78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
51:
47:
43:
38:
31:
27:
23:
19:
4336:Nazi culture
4301:
4293:
4274:
4266:
4258:
4250:
4242:
4234:
4192:Art recovery
4161:Nazi plunder
4148:
4144:
4129:FĂĽhrermuseum
4127:
3999:Egon Schiele
3974:Otto Mueller
3949:August Macke
3924:Alfred Kubin
3884:Erich Heckel
3879:George Grosz
3874:Otto Griebel
3834:Marc Chagall
3829:Max Beckmann
3819:Jankel Adler
3775:
3712:
3695:
3687:
3681:
3669:Smarthistory
3627:
3617:
3602:
3598:
3575:
3561:
3558:Simon, Scott
3544:
3530:
3514:
3497:
3476:Degeneration
3475:
3455:
3447:. New York:
3444:
3430:
3412:
3397:
3371:
3357:
3343:
3329:
3310:
3283:
3266:
3252:. New York:
3249:
3240:Bibliography
3226:. Retrieved
3222:the original
3212:
3200:. Retrieved
3194:
3184:
3172:. Retrieved
3166:
3156:
3130:. Retrieved
3115:
3106:
3097:
3076:
3064:
3052:
3040:. Retrieved
3030:
3018:. Retrieved
3008:
2999:
2989:
2977:. Retrieved
2973:
2963:
2951:. Retrieved
2940:
2928:
2919:
2903:
2898:
2890:
2885:
2873:. Retrieved
2863:
2854:
2845:
2836:
2827:
2818:
2809:
2797:. Retrieved
2787:
2778:
2761:
2755:
2746:
2737:
2728:
2719:
2705:
2697:
2692:
2683:
2674:
2665:
2660:(11): 25–26.
2657:
2654:
2649:
2633:
2628:
2619:
2610:
2601:
2592:
2571:
2559:. Retrieved
2549:
2537:. Retrieved
2527:
2517:
2513:
2507:
2495:. Retrieved
2488:
2481:
2435:
2429:
2408:
2400:
2391:
2382:
2373:
2352:
2346:
2337:
2321:
2316:
2308:
2281:. New York:
2278:
2270:
2261:
2252:
2243:
2234:
2216:
2211:
2202:
2193:
2181:. Retrieved
2156:. Retrieved
2153:fcit.usf.edu
2152:
2143:
2125:Nazi plunder
2085:
2083:
2073:, a play by
2068:
2067:
2055:
2053:
2033:
2009:
1998:
1978:
1840:Lasar Segall
1785:Hans Richter
1713:Otto Mueller
1656:Ewald Mataré
1636:El Lissitzky
1493:Erich Heckel
1481:Guido Hebert
1468:Hans Grundig
1463:George Grosz
1377:Walter Dexel
1362:Marc Chagall
1308:Theodor BrĂĽn
1293:Max Beckmann
1261:Rudolf Bauer
1246:Jankel Adler
1233:Neues Museum
1207:
1188:
1176:
1149:
1113:
1074:
1040:Max Beckmann
1034:
1008:
999:Adolf Wissel
980:
972:
968:
952:scare quotes
943:
935:German marks
910:
871:
867:
860:
822:Marc Chagall
814:Max Beckmann
807:
794:
758:
737:
731:
725:
717:Hans Fallada
706:
694:Max Beckmann
684:Erich Heckel
669:
653:Soviet Union
647:
622:
606:
591:
567:
563:
554:antisemitism
550:Marc Chagall
534:
518:War Cripples
517:
503:
498:
479:
428:
421:
418:F. W. Murnau
411:
408:Robert Wiene
381:
370:
349:
333:
323:
308:Art and Race
307:
299:
295:
287:
276:architecture
268:
220:Aestheticism
207:
196:Degeneration
194:
189:devised the
183:"degeneracy"
174:
118:" values of
113:
91:
90:
73:Nazi Germany
65:Adolf Hitler
36:
35:
18:
4279:(2015 film)
4271:(2014 film)
4255:(2006 book)
4239:(1964 film)
3814:Jussuf Abbo
3714:Der Spiegel
3631:. P. Lang.
3472:Nordau, Max
3387: [
3246:Adam, Peter
3228:15 February
3000:Der Spiegel
2979:10 November
2953:10 November
2949:. Bloomberg
2120:Low culture
1901:Karl Völker
1887: [
1884:Arnold Topp
1875: [
1848: [
1845:Fritz Skade
1776: [
1753:Otto Pankok
1739: [
1722:Erich Nagel
1708:Georg Muche
1674: [
1641:Oskar LĂĽthy
1606:Cesar Klein
1572: [
1530: [
1518: [
1501: [
1484: [
1443:Ludwig Gies
1434: [
1347:Karl Caspar
1328: [
1311: [
1303:Paul Bindel
1274: [
1180:South Tyrol
1097:watercolors
1036:Avant-garde
995:Arno Breker
863:Archaeology
826:James Ensor
812:and 508 by
709:Franz Kafka
639:, Hitler's
530:caricatured
445:—following
416:(1920) and
383:avant-garde
284:Middle Ages
258:during the
77:Freemasonic
4351:Modern art
4326:German art
4320:Categories
3979:Emil Nolde
3954:Franz Marc
3889:Karl Hofer
3580:. London:
2912:2020121255
2771:0810936534
2642:0198159226
2561:9 November
2539:9 November
2445:0879724870
2131:References
1969:Surrealism
1790:Emy Roeder
1748:Emil Nolde
1693:Oskar Moll
1646:Franz Marc
1621:Otto Lange
1591:Hanns Katz
1549:Karl Hofer
1431:Xaver Fuhr
1357:Pol Cassel
1089:Emil Nolde
1085:Edgar Ende
939:conspiracy
921:Surrealism
913:manifestos
785:Emil Nolde
783:Letter to
676:Emil Nolde
560:Nazi purge
546:Freundlich
538:Liebermann
481:Wilhelm II
443:Surrealism
404:Kurt Weill
373:modern art
367:Jugendstil
357:See also:
216:modern art
187:Max Nordau
124:militarism
61:modern art
57:Nazi Party
28:views the
4236:The Train
4203:personnel
3909:Paul Klee
3849:Max Ernst
3738:from the
3601:. vol. 2
3582:UCL Press
3042:14 August
3020:14 August
2875:12 August
2799:14 August
2497:14 August
2462:cite book
2360:, p. 34.
2293:. p. 615.
2227:253374235
2183:12 August
2087:The Train
2070:A Picasso
1688:Marg Moll
1601:Paul Klee
1406:Max Ernst
1271:Otto Baum
1229:Marg Moll
1186:in 1964.
1105:Action T4
1101:oil paint
1066:Paul Klee
1054:Max Ernst
1052:exhibit.
1044:Amsterdam
722:Hollywood
510:aesthetic
447:Symbolism
423:Nosferatu
228:mysticism
212:atavistic
178:Entartung
175:The term
128:obedience
104:modernist
85:Communist
42:‹See Tfd›
3844:Otto Dix
3560:(2023).
3513:(2000).
3474:(1998).
3406:21265198
3248:(1992).
3142:cite web
2893:, p. 84.
2454:22438356
2094:See also
1773:Max Rauh
1385:Otto Dix
1195:Red Army
1137:Van Gogh
1077:Otto Dix
1042:fled to
655:, where
650:Stalin's
605:, 1913,
590:, 1912,
568:In 1930
514:Otto Dix
282:and the
234:and the
206:, whose
144:censored
4287:Related
4028:Related
3807:Artists
3202:22 June
3174:22 June
3132:16 July
2476:, p. 54
2358:Taschen
2158:13 June
2079:Picasso
1975:Listing
1949:Fauvism
1929:Bauhaus
1193:by the
1152:Picasso
1141:CĂ©zanne
1093:Gestapo
1031:in 1940
947:"Kunst"
932:billion
761:exhibit
542:Meidner
455:elitist
431:Fauvism
252:Zionist
109:Austria
4306:(2004)
4298:(1966)
4210:(1995)
4157:(1937)
3635:
3609:
3588:
3568:
3551:
3537:
3523:
3482:
3465:
3437:
3419:
3404:
3364:
3350:
3336:
3318:
3301:
3290:
3276:
3259:
2910:
2769:
2640:
2452:
2442:
2417:
2364:
2328:
2289:
2225:
2179:. MoMA
2042:, and
1934:Cubism
1225:cubist
1222:bronze
1191:Berlin
1139:and a
1125:Munich
925:Weimar
856:Munich
848:. The
844:, and
744:atonal
736:, and
700:, and
548:, and
526:Berlin
465:, the
441:, and
435:Cubism
392:atonal
365:, and
312:ideals
298:) and
280:Greece
191:theory
169:Nordau
126:, and
100:Munich
81:Jewish
46:German
3458:'
3391:]
3268:'
2136:Notes
2027:(see
2021:) or
1891:]
1879:]
1852:]
1780:]
1743:]
1678:]
1576:]
1534:]
1522:]
1505:]
1488:]
1438:]
1332:]
1315:]
1278:]
1212:from
1172:Nazis
1160:LĂ©ger
896:Negro
665:Roman
264:Aryan
256:Nazis
132:tonal
83:, or
53:)
4346:Dada
3633:ISBN
3607:ISBN
3586:ISBN
3566:ISBN
3549:ISBN
3535:ISBN
3521:ISBN
3480:ISBN
3463:ISBN
3435:ISBN
3417:ISBN
3402:OCLC
3362:ISBN
3348:ISBN
3334:ISBN
3316:ISBN
3299:ISBN
3288:ISBN
3274:ISBN
3257:ISBN
3230:2015
3204:2013
3176:2013
3148:link
3134:2023
3044:2014
3022:2014
2981:2010
2955:2010
2908:ISBN
2877:2010
2801:2014
2767:ISBN
2638:ISBN
2563:2013
2541:2013
2499:2014
2472:link
2468:link
2450:OCLC
2440:ISBN
2415:ISBN
2362:ISBN
2326:ISBN
2287:ISBN
2223:OCLC
2185:2010
2160:2023
2005:IIIF
2001:PDFs
1979:The
1939:Dada
1164:MirĂł
1162:and
1156:DalĂ
1087:and
997:and
919:and
917:Dada
750:and
715:and
682:and
663:and
449:and
439:Dada
402:and
181:(or
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3496:".
3382:. (
2031:).
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516:'s
420:'s
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