515:. In 1892 the Munsee-Delaware and Moraviantown children were sent to Mount Elgin Residential School where only English language was permitted to be spoken. The Lenape language began its disappearance along the Grand River in Six Nations and to rapidly vanish in Munsee-Delaware Nation. Only in Moraviantown the Lenape language was used on a daily basis from a majority of the nation and help on the preservation of the language. Today Munsee survives only at Moraviantown, where there are two fluent first language speakers aged 77 and 90 as of 2018. There are no fluent speakers left in the Munsee-Delaware nation of the Lenape people living in Canada; however, there are members that are working to revitalize the language within the community.
4686:
4373:
219:
1408:
of
Indians their standard for writing in the Unami dialect should be used. As well, the Muncy at the Six Nations Reserve in what is now called Canada have done the same standardization for the Munsee dialect. In Aboriginal teaching materials used by provincial governments this newest standard for Munsee is used in order to teach Muncy to children in the school system.
753:
assignment of stress in some verb forms so that the penultimate syllable is stressed even when the stress assignment rule would predict stress on the antepenultimate syllable. As well, Unami has innovated relative to Munsee by adding phonological rules that significantly change the pronunciation of many Unami words relative to the corresponding Munsee words.
1890:. Similarly, the breve accent is used to indicate an ultra-short that typically occurs before a single voiced consonant followed by a vowel. The practical system indicates vowel length by doubling the vowel letter, and maintains the linɡuistic system's practices for marking stress and voiceless/ultra-short vowels. The practical system uses orthographic
1442:
The table below presents a sample of Unami words, written first in a linguistically oriented transcription, followed by the same words written in a practical system. The linguistic system uses the acute accent to indicate predictable stress and a raised dot (·) to indicate vowel and consonant length.
1169:
Both Munsee and Unami have loan words from
European languages, reflecting early patterns of contact between Delaware speakers and European traders and settlers. The first Europeans to have sustained contact with the Delaware were Dutch explorers and traders, and loan words from Dutch are particularly
563:
in 1827. Zeisberger does not even mention the "dialect" names when describing varying grammatical features, while the translator refers to them in two annotations. Despite their relative closeness the two are sufficiently distinguished by features of syntax, phonology, and vocabulary that speakers of
1426:
Practical orthographies for both Munsee and Unami have been created in the context of various language preservation and documentation projects. A recent bilingual dictionary of Munsee uses a practical orthography derived from a linguistic transcription system for Munsee. The same system is also used
1407:
There is no standard writing system for either Munsee or Unami. However, the people who are enrolled in the
Delaware Tribe of Indians have developed a spelling system that is the most recent standard for writing in the Unami dialect. Out of respect to this intellectual property of The Delaware Tribe
447:
involving forced relocation and consolidation of small local groups, extending over a period of more than two hundred years. This is also referred to as The Long Walk. It was due to the new United States breaking the first treaty it had ever signed. The currently used names were gradually applied to
608:
Northern Unami, now extinct, is recorded in large amounts of materials collected by
Moravian missionaries but is not reflected in the speech of any modern groups. The Northern Unami groups were south of the Munsee groups, with the southern boundary of the Northern Unami area being at Tohickon Creek
419:
It is estimated that as late as the 17th century there were approximately forty Lenape local village bands with populations of possibly a few hundred persons per group. Estimates for the early contact period vary considerably, with a range of 8,000 – 12,000 given. Other estimates for
340:, that is, the Eastern Algonquian languages share a sufficient number of common innovations to suggest that they descend from a common intermediate source, Proto-Eastern Algonquian. The linguistic closeness of Munsee and Unami entails that they share an immediate common ancestor which may be called
985:
is used to indicate length of a preceding consonant or vowel. A full analysis and description of the status of the long consonants is not available, and more than one analysis of
Delaware consonants has been proposed. Some analyses only recognize long stops and fricatives as predictable, i.e. as
442:
At the time of first contact of
Europeans colonizers in the 17th century, the Lenape resided in relatively small communities consisting of a few hundred people. The intensity of contact with European settlers resulted in the gradual displacement of some of the Lenape people from their aboriginal
752:
Munsee and Unami have similar but not identical inventories of consonants and vowels, and have a significant number of phonological rules in common. For example, both languages share the same basic rules for assigning syllable weight and stress. However, Unami has innovated by regularizing the
471:
Two distinct Unami-speaking groups emerged in
Oklahoma in the late 19th century, the Registered (Cherokee) Delaware in Washington, Nowata, and Craig Counties, and the Absentee Delaware of Caddo County. Until recently there were a small number of Unami speakers in Oklahoma; the language is now
986:
arising by rule. The contrastive long consonants are described as having low functional yield, that is, they differentiate relatively few pairs of words, but nonetheless do occur in contrasting environments. Both languages have rules that lengthen consonants in certain environments.
1020:. This vowel system is equivalent to the vowel system reconstructed for Proto-Eastern-Algonquian. Alternative analyses reflect several differences between the two languages. In this analysis Munsee is analysed as having contrasting length in all positions, with the exception of
1422:
Europeans writing down
Delaware words and sentences have tended to use adaptations of European alphabets and associated conventions. The quality of such renditions have varied widely, as Europeans attempted to record sounds and sound combinations they were not familiar with.
1443:
The practical system interprets the contrast between long and corresponding short vowels as one of quality, using acute and grave accents to indicate vowel quality. Stress, which as noted is predictable, and consonant length are not indicated in the practical system.
321:, which was descended from Algic. The Algonquian languages are spoken across Canada from the Rocky Mountains to the Atlantic coast; on the American Plains; south of the Great Lakes; and on the Atlantic coast. Many of the Algonquian languages are now sleeping.
1173:
Because many of the early encounters between
Delaware speakers and Dutch explorers and settlers occurred in Munsee territory, Dutch loanwords are particularly common in Munsee, although there are also a number in Unami as well.
1877:
The table below presents a sample of Munsee words, written first in a linguistically oriented transcription, followed by the same words written in a practical system. The linguistic system uses a raised dot
448:
the larger groups resulting from the genocidal forced relocation policy of the United States. The ultimate result was the displacement of virtually all Lenape-speaking people from the region to present-day
727:, which is sometimes used in English for both Delaware languages together, is the name Unami speakers also use for their own language in English, whereas Munsee speakers call their language in English
358:
The line of historical descent is therefore Proto-Algonquian > Proto-Eastern
Algonquian > Delawarean > Common Delaware + Mahican, with Common Delaware splitting into Munsee and Unami.
1177:
Many Delaware borrowings from Dutch are nouns that name items of material culture that were presumably salient or novel for Delaware speakers, as is reflected in the following borrowed words.
4722:
1882:
to indicate vowel length. Although stress is mostly predictable, the linguistic system uses the acute accent to indicate predictable main stress. As well, predictable voiceless or murmured
1012:
A number of alternate analyses of Munsee and Unami vowels have been proposed. In one, the two languages are analysed as having the same basic vowel system, consisting of four long vowels
476:
there as a first language, but is spoken fluently as a learned language by enrolled members of the two Delaware tribes in Oklahoma. Some language revitalization work is underway by the
420:
approximately 1600 AD suggest 6,500 Unami and 4,500 Munsee, with data lacking for Long Island Munsee. These groups were never united politically or linguistically, and the names
612:
The poorly known Unalachtigo dialect is described as having been spoken in the area between Northern and Southern Unami, with only a small amount of evidence from one group.
531:. The class focused on beginner phrases and grammar, but also included information about the history and culture of the Lenape people. Books used in the class included
756:
This section focuses upon presenting general information about Munsee and Unami sounds and phonology, with detailed discussion reserved for entries for each language.
1434:
uses a practical system distinct from that for Munsee. However, other practically oriented Unami materials use a writing system with conventional phonetic symbols.
355:. Nonetheless Unami and Munsee are more closely related to each other than to Mahican. Some historical evidence suggests commonalities between Mahican and Munsee.
336:; many of the languages are now sleeping, and some are known only from very fragmentary records. Eastern Algonquian is considered a genetic subgroup within the
4737:
668:
to refer to residents of Munceytown, approximately 50 km (31 mi) to the east and refer to themselves in English as "Delaware", and in Munsee as
4208:
2406:
483:
Equally affected by consolidation and dispersal, Munsee groups moved to several locations in southern Ontario as early as the late 18th century, to
4411:
4732:
504:
4742:
4727:
3344:
Goddard, Ives (1995). "The Delaware Jargon". In Hoffecker, Carol E.; Waldron, Richard; Williams, Lorraine E.; Benson, Barbara E. (eds.).
615:
Southern Unami, to the south of the Northern Unami-Unalachtigo area, is reflected in the Unami Delaware spoken by Delawares in Oklahoma.
492:
4747:
3557:
317:
The languages of the Algonquian family constitute a group of historically related languages descended from a common source language,
1085:
Similarly, Unami vowels have also been analysed as organized into contrasting long-short pairs. One asymmetry is that high short
4201:
2585:
2410:
4717:
222:
Map showing the aboriginal boundaries of Delaware territories, with Munsee territory and Unami dialectal divisions indicated.
627:
and the Lenape language. The Unami dialect (called a language by non-native speaker students of Lenape) is sometimes called
2515:
4404:
2694:"Ways of Talking (and Acting) About Language Reclamation: An Ethnographic Perspective on Learning Lenape in Pennsylvania"
914:
896:
594:
Unami Delaware was spoken in the area south of Munsee speakers in the Delaware River Valley and New Jersey, south of the
4377:
4194:
3503:
255:
551:
speakers, and together are referred to as the language of the Lenni Lenape or Delaware Indians, as can be seen in the
3206:
2361:
1419:
symbols in order to represent sounds that are not consistently represented in conventional standard writing systems.
488:
402:
17:
4305:
3986:
3280:. Anthropological Series. Vol. 4. Harrisburg: Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission. pp. 103–110.
3271:. Anthropological Series. Vol. 4. Harrisburg: Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission. pp. 153–160.
865:
832:
3867:
1412:
329:
4690:
4397:
4310:
3321:
591:. While dialect variation in Munsee was likely there is no information about possible dialectal subgroupings.
4525:
3550:
3189:
A Lenâpé-English dictionary. From an anonymous manuscript in the archives of the Moravian Church at Bethlehem
1416:
347:
Several shared phonological innovations support a genetic subgroup consisting of the Delaware languages and
4633:
4300:
4045:
3854:
3704:
2586:"Endangered Languages, Linguistics, and Culture: Researching and Reviving the Unami Language of the Lenape"
858:
496:
325:
247:
129:
1903:
1895:
1883:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1000:
990:
982:
741:
715:
703:
677:
673:
669:
4640:
4332:
4067:
3954:
3949:
3739:
882:
4315:
923:
825:
818:
3480:
Zeisberger's Indian Dictionary, English, German, Iroquois — the Onondaga, and Algonquin — the Delaware
2743:
306:
The Lenape language is part of the Algonquian branch of the Algic language family, and is part of the
4217:
4149:
3379:
Kraft, Herbert (1986a). "Settlement Patterns in the Upper Delaware Valley". In Custer, Jay F. (ed.).
3225:
Feister, Lois M. (1973). "Linguistic communication between the Dutch and Indians in New Netherland".
2739:
875:
318:
107:
4290:
3981:
3543:
2533:
560:
528:
4006:
3976:
3966:
3746:
3331:
Goddard, Ives (1994). Cowan, William (ed.). "The West-to-East Cline in Algonquian Dialectology".
3254:
Goddard, Ives (1971). "The ethnohistorical implications of early Delaware linguistic materials".
2624:
842:
4628:
4558:
4358:
4268:
3611:
3518:
2898:
565:
4436:
indicate extinct languages * indicates extinct language in Oklahoma but still spoken elsewhere
3276:
Goddard, Ives (1974b). "The Delaware Language, Past and Present". In Kraft, Herbert C. (ed.).
4420:
3753:
3726:
3303:
Goddard, Ives (1979a). "Comparative Algonquian". In Campbell, Lyle; Mithun, Marianne (eds.).
800:
793:
3115:
Words in linguistically oriented transcription taken from Goddard, Ives, 1997, pp. 45-47, 51
1411:
Linguists have tended to use common phonetic transcription symbols of the type found in the
609:
on the west bank of the Delaware River and between Burlington and Trenton on the east bank.
605:
Three dialects of Unami are distinguished: Northern Unami, Southern Unami, and Unalachtigo.
547:
Munsee and Unami are linguistically very similar. They are both dialects of one language by
4564:
4320:
4142:
3659:
3654:
3605:
3574:
2905:. Our Departments vision: To ensure Lunaapeew Language transmission for future generations.
2356:
759:
Munsee and Unami have the same basic inventories of consonants, as in the following chart.
484:
337:
311:
251:
124:
8:
4671:
4570:
4295:
4024:
4016:
3991:
3927:
3872:
3831:
3732:
3649:
3597:
3583:
431:
postdate the period of consolidation of these local groups. The earliest use of the term
406:
1366:
More recent borrowings tend to be from English such as the following Munsee loan words:
4479:
4325:
4117:
4061:
4051:
3944:
3824:
3680:
3466:
3242:
2721:
2671:
2395:
Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (2022-05-24).
595:
524:
307:
2396:
209:
4535:
4508:
4496:
4474:
4469:
4124:
4056:
3996:
3971:
3960:
3913:
3878:
3861:
3470:
3367:
3317:
3202:
3174:
2968:
Goddard, Ives, 1979, p. vi; see also Goddard, Ives, 1997, p. 45 for a consonant chart
2725:
2713:
495:. Several different patterns of migration led to groups of Munsee speakers moving to
3088:
O'Meara, John, 1996; see Goddard, Ives, 1979 for the underlying transcription system
4666:
4656:
4606:
4599:
4592:
4586:
4520:
4491:
4485:
4454:
4448:
4342:
4337:
4285:
4073:
3848:
3804:
3760:
3690:
3591:
3458:
3234:
2705:
2693:
2661:
2346:
684:
680:, terms that are also used for people of Munsee ancestry in their own communities.
624:
556:
508:
473:
461:
444:
348:
275:
3357:. Vol. 17: Languages. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. pp. 1–16.
3267:
Goddard, Ives (1974a). "Dutch Loanwords in Delaware". In Kraft, Herbert C. (ed.).
2709:
2666:
2649:
310:
language grouping which is considered to be a genetically related sub-grouping of
4712:
4661:
4581:
4576:
4551:
4545:
4464:
4246:
4161:
3936:
3923:
3788:
3782:
3566:
3289:. Vol. 15: Northeast. Washington: Smithsonian Institution. pp. 213–239.
3187:
2902:
2537:
2531:
Lunaapeew - Delaware Nation - Lunaapeew Language - Lenape - Moraviantown, Ontario
2519:
477:
239:
157:
119:
114:
98:
73:
3440:
Pentland, David (1992). "Mahican historical phonology". In Masthay, Carl (ed.).
3294:
Goddard, Ives (1978b). "Eastern Algonquian Languages". In Trigger, Bruce (ed.).
2512:
4612:
4540:
4514:
4502:
4459:
4252:
4177:
4169:
4100:
4094:
4001:
3795:
3298:. Vol. 15: Northeast. Washington: Smithsonian Institution. pp. 70–77.
599:
580:
398:
333:
332:
from what are now called the Canadian Maritime provinces to what is now called
243:
162:
103:
81:
61:
3462:
2896:
Lenape.ca - The Delaware Nation Language, Cultural & Historical Department
416:
for almost all the Lenape people living along this river and its tributaries.
4706:
4261:
3906:
3720:
3631:
3622:
3529:
3371:
3362:
Goddard, Ives (2008). Hele, Karl; Darnell, Regna (eds.). "Notes on Mahican".
2717:
2432:"The Lenape Talking Dictionary | Detailed Entry View - the Delaware language"
2431:
283:
279:
267:
263:
69:
52:
4186:
3178:
623:
Names for the speakers of Munsee and Unami are used in complex ways in both
4530:
3901:
3893:
3417:. Cambridge Language Family Surveys. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
939:
In addition, Unami is analysed as having contrastive long voiceless stops:
672:'Delaware person, Indian'. Oklahoma Delawares refer to Ontario Delaware as
588:
572:
568:
so that, more recently, linguists have treated them as separate languages.
287:
65:
3523:
689:
as a preferred self-designation in English. The equivalent Munsee term is
181:
3449:
Thomason, Sarah Grey (1980). "On interpreting the 'Indian Interpreter'".
576:
397:
was used by the English, who named the people for their territory by the
271:
4389:
2826:
See e.g. Goddard, Ives, 1971, p. 11, n. 1-2; Goddard, Ives, 1974, p. 103
3685:
3664:
3199:
American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America
3052:
Examples retranscribed using phonetic symbols, from O'Meara, John, 1996
2692:
Hornberger, Nancy H.; De Korne, Haley; Weinberg, Miranda (2016-01-02).
1170:
common. Dutch is the primary source of loan words in Munsee and Unami.
584:
523:
From 2009 through at least 2014, a Lenape language class was taught at
369:
means 'Human Beings' or the 'Real People' in the Unami language. Their
344:
the two languages have diverged in distinct ways from Common Delaware.
291:
3246:
2675:
3639:
3491:. Translated by Du Ponceau, Peter Stephen. Philadelphia: J. Kay, Jun.
2401:
500:
457:
203:
189:
175:
171:
195:
4424:
3433:
A Grammar of Delaware: Semantics, Morpho-Syntax, Lexicon, Phonology
3238:
707:
449:
295:
218:
85:
3535:
3528:
Translation of the Gospels into the Delaware language. Printed by
3079:
Brinton, Daniel, and Albert Anthony, 1888; Zeisberger, David, 1887
2608:
370:
1910:
Comparison of linguistic and practical orthographies for Munsee
4165:
3644:
3489:
Grammar of the language of the Lenni Lenape or Delaware Indians
3444:. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society. pp. 15–27.
3314:
Delaware verbal morphology: A descriptive and comparative study
2795:
2793:
2791:
2549:
2547:
2545:
2394:
2351:
1447:
Comparison of linguistic and practical orthographies for Unami
723:
664:
Munsee-speaking residents of Moraviantown use the English term
553:
Grammar of the language of the Lenni Lenape or Delaware Indians
548:
512:
465:
453:
410:
259:
77:
56:
3513:
3397:
3353:
Goddard, Ives (1996). "Introduction". In Goddard, Ives (ed.).
3125:
2986:
Goddard, Ives, 1979, pp. 22, xii (rule U-6); p. 26 (rule U-27)
2884:
2914:
Kraft, Herbert, 1986, p. xviii; Kraft, Herbert, 1986a, p. 106
2767:
Goddard, Ives, 1978a, pp. 213-214; Goddard, Ives, 1997, p. 43
2565:
650:
The Unamis residing in Oklahoma are sometimes referred to as
4723:
Indigenous languages of the North American eastern woodlands
3508:
3285:
Goddard, Ives (1978a). "Delaware". In Trigger, Bruce (ed.).
2880:
2788:
2763:
2761:
2599:
2542:
1097:
is noteworthy. In cells with two vowels, the first is long.
654:, while the Munsees in Ontario are sometimes referred to as
27:
Native American languages centered around the Delaware River
3487:
Zeisberger, David (1827). Du Ponceau, Peter Stephen (ed.).
2650:"Vestiges of Material Culture among the Canadian Delawares"
559:
and published in a translation from German into English by
2808:
Goddard, Ives, 1978, p. 73; Kraft, Herbert, 1986, p. xviii
2691:
989:
Several additional consonants occur in Munsee loan words:
737:
as a cover term to refer to all Delaware-speaking groups.
3383:. Newark: University of Delaware Press. pp. 102–115.
3348:. Newark: University of Delaware Press. pp. 137–149.
2758:
3128:. Delaware Tribe of Indians. Retrieved on April 19, 2009
2454:
Goddard, Ives, 1978a, p. 213; Goddard, Ives, 1997, p. 43
1427:
in a recent word book produced locally at Moraviantown.
3478:
Zeisberger, David (1887). Horsford, Ebenezer N. (ed.).
3215:
3169:
Blalock, Lucy; Pearson, Bruce; Rementer, James (1994).
2530:
2382:
Pentland, David, 1992, p. 15; Goddard, Ives, 1996, p. 5
106:
spoken as a second language by Native Americans of the
3366:. London, ON: University of Western Ontario: 246–315.
3186:
Brinton, Daniel G.; Anthony, Albert Seqaqkind (1888).
3168:
2994:
2992:
2511:
Delaware Tribe of Indians, Lenape Talking Dictionary:
639:
to Unami speakers. Both Munsee and Unami speakers use
3307:. Austin: University of Texas Press. pp. 70–132.
3381:
Late Woodland Cultures of the Middle Atlantic Region
2895:
2390:
2388:
571:
Munsee Delaware was spoken in the central and lower
3192:. Philadelphia: Historical Society of Pennsylvania.
2989:
2407:Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology
647:if not enrolled as a self-designation in English.
3390:The Lenape: Archaeology, History, and Ethnography
3146:See Goddard, Ives, 1982, p. 19 for further detail
2385:
683:Some Delawares at Moraviantown also use the term
443:homeland, in a series of population movements of
4704:
635:reflecting the original application of the term
3173:. Bartlesville, OK: Delaware Tribe of Indians.
3043:Examples in table are from Goddard, Ives, 1974a
2785:Goddard, Ives, 1971, p. 14; Goddard, Ives, 1979
1387:There is one known Swedish loan word in Unami:
1024:. In cells with two vowels, the first is long.
698:Munsee speakers refer to Oklahoma Delawares as
3424:Delaware/English - English/Delaware Dictionary
3185:
4405:
4216:
4202:
3551:
2941:Goddard, Ives, 1979, pp. 21, 26, 107, 130-131
2698:Journal of Language, Identity & Education
1394:
695:, meaning "one who prays, Moravian convert".
282:, as well as adjacent areas on the mainland:
3525:History of our lord and saviour Jesus Christ
2327:
2320:
2308:
2301:
2289:
2282:
2270:
2263:
2251:
2244:
2232:
2225:
2213:
2206:
2194:
2187:
2175:
2168:
2156:
2149:
2137:
2130:
2118:
2111:
2099:
2092:
2080:
2073:
2061:
2054:
2042:
2035:
2023:
2016:
2004:
1997:
1985:
1978:
1966:
1959:
1379:
1373:
1367:
1341:
1317:
1293:
1269:
1245:
1221:
1197:
1004:
994:
744:, meaning "speaking the Delaware language".
728:
710:Delawares refer to themselves in English as
690:
388:
4738:Native American history of New York (state)
3435:. Dewey, OK: Touching Leaves Indian Crafts.
3421:
3218:Lunaapeew Dictionary. Basic Words. Part One
2378:
2376:
1864:
1857:
1845:
1838:
1826:
1819:
1807:
1800:
1788:
1781:
1769:
1762:
1750:
1743:
1731:
1724:
1712:
1705:
1693:
1686:
1674:
1667:
1655:
1648:
1636:
1629:
1617:
1610:
1598:
1591:
1579:
1572:
1560:
1553:
1541:
1534:
1522:
1515:
1503:
1496:
1388:
1355:
1348:
1331:
1324:
1307:
1300:
1283:
1276:
1259:
1252:
1235:
1228:
1211:
1204:
976:
970:
964:
958:
952:
946:
940:
740:Munsee speakers refer to their language as
382:
38:
4412:
4398:
4209:
4195:
3558:
3544:
3486:
3477:
2647:
518:
361:
4419:
2977:Goddard, Ives, 1969; Pearson, Bruce, 1988
2665:
1437:
542:
3448:
3439:
3392:. Newark: New Jersey Historical Society.
3364:Papers of the 39th Algonquian Conference
3333:Papers of the 25th Algonquian Conference
3311:
3302:
3293:
3284:
3275:
3266:
3220:. Moraviantown: Delaware Nation Council.
3196:
3137:Goddard, Ives, 1982; O'Meara, John, 1996
3097:Delaware Nation Council, 1992, pp. 57-63
2583:
2373:
217:
3430:
3426:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
3361:
3352:
3343:
3339:. Ottawa: Carleton University: 187–211.
3330:
3253:
3224:
246:, two closely related languages of the
14:
4705:
3412:
3387:
3378:
3355:The Handbook of North American Indians
2498:
2496:
733:. Uniquely among scholars, Kraft uses
4733:Native American history of New Jersey
4393:
4190:
3539:
3415:The Languages of Native North America
3201:. New York: Oxford University Press.
2687:
2685:
2579:
2577:
2562:Goddard, Ives, 1978a, p. 214, Table 1
1093:, and the pairing of long and short
555:, written by the Moravian missionary
262:people in the vicinity of the modern
4743:Indigenous languages of Pennsylvania
4728:Native American history of Delaware
4531:Mesquakie (Fox, Kickapoo, and Sauk)
3565:
2493:
1886:is indicated with the breve accent
401:. They named the river in honor of
24:
3504:Delaware (Lenape) Tribe of Indians
3296:Handbook of North American Indians
3287:Handbook of North American Indians
2682:
2574:
1402:
1181:Munsee and Unami Words From Dutch
25:
4759:
4748:First Nations languages in Canada
3497:
2614:Goddard, Ives, 1978a, pp. 220-224
2490:Pentland, David, 1992, pp. 15, 20
963:; and long voiceless fricatives:
922:
913:
895:
881:
874:
864:
857:
841:
831:
824:
817:
799:
792:
409:. The English colonists used the
301:
4685:
4684:
4372:
4371:
3216:Delaware Nation Council (1992).
2862:Goddard, Ives, 1971, p. 11, n. 2
2835:Goddard, Ives, 1971, p. 11, n. 1
2481:Goddard, Ives, 2008, pp. 280-282
533:Conversations in Lenape Language
405:, the governor of the colony at
3305:The languages of Native America
3149:
3140:
3131:
3118:
3109:
3100:
3091:
3082:
3073:
3064:
3055:
3046:
3037:
3028:
3019:
3010:
3001:
2980:
2971:
2962:
2953:
2944:
2935:
2932:Goddard, Ives, 1979, pp. 21, 26
2926:
2917:
2908:
2889:
2874:
2865:
2856:
2847:
2838:
2829:
2820:
2811:
2802:
2779:
2770:
2749:
2732:
2641:
2625:"Mount Elgin Industrial School"
2617:
2556:
2524:
2505:
2472:Goddard, Ives, 1997, p. 85, n.7
2413:from the original on 2022-10-30
1908:
1445:
1413:International Phonetic Alphabet
393:meaning 'the people.' The term
254:. Munsee and Unami were spoken
2484:
2475:
2466:
2457:
2448:
2424:
13:
1:
3482:. Cambridge, MA: John Wilson.
3161:
2710:10.1080/15348458.2016.1113135
2667:10.1525/aa.1908.10.3.02a00040
2571:Kraft, Herbert, 1986, p. xvii
1164:
1159:
294:, Connecticut, Maryland, and
4718:Eastern Algonquian languages
4634:Black American Sign Language
3519:Conner Prairie's Lenape page
3442:Schmick's Mahican Dictionary
3070:See e.g. Goddard, Ives, 1979
3061:Goddard, Ives, 1974a, p. 158
2853:Goddard, Ives, 1978a, p. 237
2799:Goddard, Ives, 1978a, p. 215
2605:Goddard, Ives, 1978a, p. 224
2593:Anthropology and Linguistics
2553:Goddard, Ives, 1978a, p. 213
763:General Delaware consonants
747:
618:
583:, and the northern third of
326:Eastern Algonquian languages
235:
7:
4526:Mescalero-Chiricahua Apache
4172:language •
3761:Quiripi–Naugatuck–Unquachog
3740:Massachusett Pidgin English
3509:Delaware Nation of Oklahoma
3400:. Delaware Tribe of Indians
3398:"Lenape Talking Dictionary"
3278:A Delaware Indian Symposium
3269:A Delaware Indian Symposium
3124:Lenape Talking Dictionary.
3106:Blalock, Lucy, et al., 1994
3016:Goddard, Ives, 1979a, p. 96
2844:Goddard, Ives, 1974, p. 106
2817:Goddard, Ives, 1974, p. 103
2340:
539:(both written by De Paul).
351:, sometimes referred to as
284:southeastern New York State
10:
4764:
4316:Pennsylvania Dutch English
4229:indicate extinct languages
3532:, Shawnee Baptist Mission.
2959:Goddard, Ives, 1979, p. 11
2950:Goddard, Ives, 1979, Ch. 2
2923:O'Meara, John, 1996, p. 65
2776:Goddard, Ives, 1978, p. 72
1349:
1342:
1325:
1318:
1301:
1294:
1277:
1270:
1253:
1246:
1229:
1222:
1205:
1198:
435:was recorded in 1727, and
252:Algonquian language family
4680:
4649:
4621:
4441:
4431:
4367:
4351:
4278:
4234:
4224:
4218:Languages of Pennsylvania
4159:
4134:
4109:
4086:
4037:
4015:
3935:
3922:
3892:
3841:
3814:
3770:
3712:
3703:
3673:
3630:
3621:
3582:
3573:
3514:Lenape Talking Dictionary
3463:10.1017/S0047404500008046
3413:Mithun, Marianne (1999).
3126:Lenape Talking Dictionary
2885:Lenape talking dictionary
2881:Delaware Tribe of Indians
2755:Goddard, Ives, 1979, p. v
1432:Lenape Talking Dictionary
1340:
1316:
1292:
1268:
1244:
1220:
1196:
1191:
1188:
1185:
813:
202:
188:
170:
151:
115:Linguistic classification
113:
108:Delaware Tribe of Indians
91:
46:
37:
32:
4306:Inland Northern American
4046:Algonquian–Basque pidgin
3987:North of Superior Ojibwa
3388:Kraft, Herbert (1986b).
2367:
1945:
1934:
1923:
1902:for the phonetic symbol
1894:for the phonetic symbol
1482:
1471:
1460:
1399:, 'a call to chickens'.
1393:'chicken', from Swedish
1016:, and two short vowels
561:Peter Stephen du Ponceau
529:Swarthmore, Pennsylvania
4486:Chiwere (Iowa and Otoe)
3894:Mesquakie–Sauk–Kickapoo
3623:Cree–Montagnais–Naskapi
3431:Pearson, Bruce (1988).
3312:Goddard, Ives (1979b).
3197:Campbell, Lyle (1997).
3025:Goddard, Ives, 1997: 45
3007:Goddard, Ives, 1979: 11
2654:American Anthropologist
2629:The Children Remembered
2328:
2321:
2309:
2302:
2290:
2283:
2271:
2264:
2252:
2245:
2233:
2226:
2214:
2207:
2195:
2188:
2176:
2169:
2157:
2150:
2138:
2131:
2119:
2112:
2100:
2093:
2081:
2074:
2062:
2055:
2043:
2036:
2024:
2017:
2005:
1998:
1986:
1979:
1967:
1960:
1865:
1858:
1846:
1839:
1827:
1820:
1808:
1801:
1789:
1782:
1770:
1763:
1751:
1744:
1732:
1725:
1713:
1706:
1694:
1687:
1675:
1668:
1656:
1649:
1637:
1630:
1618:
1611:
1599:
1592:
1580:
1573:
1561:
1554:
1542:
1535:
1523:
1516:
1504:
1497:
1389:
1380:
1374:
1368:
1360:'maul', 'sledgehammer'
1005:
995:
977:
971:
965:
959:
953:
947:
941:
729:
691:
564:both consider them not
519:Language revitalization
389:
383:
362:Geographic distribution
39:
4629:American Sign Language
4359:American Sign Language
4311:Northeast Pennsylvania
3868:Maliseet–Passamaquoddy
3422:O'Meara, John (1996).
2871:Mithun, Marianne, 1999
2648:Harrington, M (1908).
1438:Writing system samples
1395:
1356:
1332:
1308:
1284:
1260:
1236:
1212:
543:Dialects and varieties
223:
3346:New Sweden in America
3316:. New York: Garland.
3171:The Delaware Language
2738:Zeisberger, 1827, p.
2106:I am named so and so
1089:is paired with long
581:Delaware River Valley
566:mutually intelligible
221:
4301:Central Pennsylvania
3713:Southern New England
3256:Man in the Northeast
3034:Goddard, Ives, 1974a
2584:Hoffmann, M (2009).
742:/hə̀lə̆ni·xsəwá·kan/
537:Advanced Supplements
270:, including western
230:, also known as the
4279:Immigrant languages
4235:Indigenous language
3992:Northwestern Ojibwa
3955:Border Lakes Ojibwa
3950:Berens River Ojibwa
3855:Carolina Algonquian
3733:Massachusett Pidgin
3451:Language in Society
3155:O'Meara, John, 1996
2998:Goddard, Ives, 1982
2463:Goddard, Ives, 1978
2436:www.talk-lenape.org
1911:
1448:
1182:
1102:
1029:
764:
573:Hudson River Valley
407:Jamestown, Virginia
236:Lënapei èlixsuwakàn
40:Lënapei èlixsuwakàn
4333:Pennsylvania Dutch
3705:Eastern Algonquian
2901:2013-12-04 at the
2536:2014-01-13 at the
2518:2014-10-19 at the
2087:his older brother
1909:
1900:⟨ch⟩
1892:⟨sh⟩
1643:piece of firewood
1446:
1180:
1100:
1027:
762:
660:Canadian Delaware.
596:Delaware Water Gap
525:Swarthmore College
308:Eastern Algonquian
248:Eastern Algonquian
228:Delaware languages
224:
130:Eastern Algonquian
55:, in modern times
4700:
4699:
4509:Hitchiti-Mikasuki
4387:
4386:
4184:
4183:
4178:extinct languages
4082:
4081:
4033:
4032:
3961:Broken Oghibbeway
3888:
3887:
3699:
3698:
2338:
2337:
1888:⟨˘⟩
1880:⟨·⟩
1875:
1874:
1430:The online Unami
1364:
1363:
1157:
1156:
1083:
1082:
981:. The raised dot
937:
936:
928:⟨y⟩
870:⟨š⟩
837:⟨č⟩
652:Oklahoma Delaware
338:Algonquian family
216:
215:
60:Around the lower
18:Delaware language
16:(Redirected from
4755:
4688:
4687:
4641:Plains Sign Talk
4414:
4407:
4400:
4391:
4390:
4375:
4374:
4291:African American
4211:
4204:
4197:
4188:
4187:
4150:Proto-Algonquian
3982:Nipissing Ojibwa
3933:
3932:
3710:
3709:
3628:
3627:
3580:
3579:
3560:
3553:
3546:
3537:
3536:
3492:
3483:
3474:
3445:
3436:
3427:
3418:
3409:
3407:
3405:
3393:
3384:
3375:
3358:
3349:
3340:
3327:
3308:
3299:
3290:
3281:
3272:
3263:
3250:
3221:
3212:
3193:
3182:
3156:
3153:
3147:
3144:
3138:
3135:
3129:
3122:
3116:
3113:
3107:
3104:
3098:
3095:
3089:
3086:
3080:
3077:
3071:
3068:
3062:
3059:
3053:
3050:
3044:
3041:
3035:
3032:
3026:
3023:
3017:
3014:
3008:
3005:
2999:
2996:
2987:
2984:
2978:
2975:
2969:
2966:
2960:
2957:
2951:
2948:
2942:
2939:
2933:
2930:
2924:
2921:
2915:
2912:
2906:
2893:
2887:
2878:
2872:
2869:
2863:
2860:
2854:
2851:
2845:
2842:
2836:
2833:
2827:
2824:
2818:
2815:
2809:
2806:
2800:
2797:
2786:
2783:
2777:
2774:
2768:
2765:
2756:
2753:
2747:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2689:
2680:
2679:
2669:
2645:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2621:
2615:
2612:
2606:
2603:
2597:
2596:
2590:
2581:
2572:
2569:
2563:
2560:
2554:
2551:
2540:
2528:
2522:
2509:
2503:
2500:
2491:
2488:
2482:
2479:
2473:
2470:
2464:
2461:
2455:
2452:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2442:
2428:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2418:
2392:
2383:
2380:
2347:Christian Munsee
2331:
2324:
2312:
2305:
2293:
2286:
2274:
2272:kwiishkwtóonheew
2267:
2255:
2248:
2236:
2229:
2217:
2210:
2198:
2191:
2179:
2172:
2160:
2153:
2141:
2134:
2122:
2115:
2103:
2096:
2084:
2077:
2065:
2058:
2046:
2039:
2027:
2020:
2008:
2001:
1989:
1982:
1970:
1963:
1912:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1868:
1861:
1849:
1842:
1830:
1823:
1811:
1804:
1792:
1785:
1773:
1766:
1754:
1747:
1735:
1728:
1716:
1709:
1697:
1690:
1678:
1671:
1659:
1652:
1640:
1633:
1621:
1614:
1602:
1595:
1583:
1576:
1564:
1557:
1545:
1538:
1526:
1519:
1507:
1500:
1449:
1398:
1392:
1383:
1377:
1371:
1359:
1352:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1335:
1328:
1327:
1321:
1320:
1311:
1304:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1287:
1280:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1263:
1256:
1255:
1249:
1248:
1239:
1232:
1231:
1225:
1224:
1215:
1208:
1207:
1201:
1200:
1183:
1179:
1103:
1099:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1030:
1026:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1008:
1002:
998:
992:
984:
980:
974:
968:
962:
956:
950:
944:
929:
926:
917:
899:
885:
878:
871:
868:
861:
845:
838:
835:
828:
821:
803:
796:
765:
761:
743:
732:
717:
714:and in Unami as
705:
694:
686:Christian Indian
679:
675:
671:
656:Ontario Delaware
643:if enrolled and
633:Delaware proper,
557:David Zeisberger
462:Upstate New York
445:genocidal intent
392:
386:
373:is also spelled
342:Common Delaware;
328:, spoken on the
319:Proto-Algonquian
276:Manhattan Island
250:subgroup of the
232:Lenape languages
212:
198:
184:
42:
30:
29:
21:
4763:
4762:
4758:
4757:
4756:
4754:
4753:
4752:
4703:
4702:
4701:
4696:
4676:
4645:
4617:
4437:
4427:
4418:
4388:
4383:
4363:
4347:
4274:
4230:
4220:
4215:
4185:
4180:
4155:
4135:Proto-languages
4130:
4105:
4078:
4029:
4011:
3918:
3884:
3837:
3810:
3789:Pidgin Delaware
3766:
3695:
3669:
3617:
3569:
3567:Algic languages
3564:
3500:
3495:
3403:
3401:
3396:
3324:
3209:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3150:
3145:
3141:
3136:
3132:
3123:
3119:
3114:
3110:
3105:
3101:
3096:
3092:
3087:
3083:
3078:
3074:
3069:
3065:
3060:
3056:
3051:
3047:
3042:
3038:
3033:
3029:
3024:
3020:
3015:
3011:
3006:
3002:
2997:
2990:
2985:
2981:
2976:
2972:
2967:
2963:
2958:
2954:
2949:
2945:
2940:
2936:
2931:
2927:
2922:
2918:
2913:
2909:
2903:Wayback Machine
2894:
2890:
2879:
2875:
2870:
2866:
2861:
2857:
2852:
2848:
2843:
2839:
2834:
2830:
2825:
2821:
2816:
2812:
2807:
2803:
2798:
2789:
2784:
2780:
2775:
2771:
2766:
2759:
2754:
2750:
2737:
2733:
2690:
2683:
2646:
2642:
2633:
2631:
2623:
2622:
2618:
2613:
2609:
2604:
2600:
2588:
2582:
2575:
2570:
2566:
2561:
2557:
2552:
2543:
2538:Wayback Machine
2529:
2525:
2520:Wayback Machine
2510:
2506:
2501:
2494:
2489:
2485:
2480:
2476:
2471:
2467:
2462:
2458:
2453:
2449:
2440:
2438:
2430:
2429:
2425:
2416:
2414:
2393:
2386:
2381:
2374:
2370:
2352:Delaware People
2343:
2265:kwi·škwtó·nhe·w
1968:ambiilaméekwaan
1961:ampi·lamé·kwa·n
1899:
1891:
1887:
1879:
1440:
1405:
1403:Writing systems
1167:
1162:
927:
869:
836:
777:
750:
706:in Munsee. The
621:
587:in present-day
545:
521:
507:in present-day
499:in present-day
403:Lord De La Warr
364:
304:
208:
194:
180:
102:
94:
93:Native speakers
59:
48:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4761:
4751:
4750:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4698:
4697:
4695:
4694:
4681:
4678:
4677:
4675:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4653:
4651:
4650:Non-Indigenous
4647:
4646:
4644:
4643:
4638:
4637:
4636:
4625:
4623:
4622:Sign languages
4619:
4618:
4616:
4615:
4610:
4603:
4596:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4567:
4562:
4555:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4511:
4506:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4445:
4443:
4439:
4438:
4432:
4429:
4428:
4417:
4416:
4409:
4402:
4394:
4385:
4384:
4382:
4381:
4368:
4365:
4364:
4362:
4361:
4355:
4353:
4352:Sign languages
4349:
4348:
4346:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4329:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4282:
4280:
4276:
4275:
4273:
4272:
4265:
4258:
4257:
4256:
4249:
4238:
4236:
4232:
4231:
4225:
4222:
4221:
4214:
4213:
4206:
4199:
4191:
4182:
4181:
4160:
4157:
4156:
4154:
4153:
4146:
4138:
4136:
4132:
4131:
4129:
4128:
4121:
4113:
4111:
4107:
4106:
4104:
4103:
4098:
4090:
4088:
4084:
4083:
4080:
4079:
4077:
4076:
4071:
4068:Miami–Illinois
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4041:
4039:
4035:
4034:
4031:
4030:
4028:
4027:
4021:
4019:
4013:
4012:
4010:
4009:
4007:Western Ojibwa
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3977:Eastern Ojibwa
3974:
3969:
3967:Central Ojibwa
3964:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3941:
3939:
3930:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3916:
3911:
3910:
3909:
3902:Mesquakie–Sauk
3898:
3896:
3890:
3889:
3886:
3885:
3883:
3882:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3858:
3851:
3845:
3843:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3835:
3828:
3820:
3818:
3812:
3811:
3809:
3808:
3801:
3800:
3799:
3792:
3785:
3774:
3772:
3768:
3767:
3765:
3764:
3757:
3750:
3747:Mohegan–Pequot
3743:
3736:
3729:
3724:
3716:
3714:
3707:
3701:
3700:
3697:
3696:
3694:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3677:
3675:
3671:
3670:
3668:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3636:
3634:
3625:
3619:
3618:
3616:
3615:
3608:
3603:
3602:
3601:
3588:
3586:
3577:
3571:
3570:
3563:
3562:
3555:
3548:
3540:
3534:
3533:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3499:
3498:External links
3496:
3494:
3493:
3484:
3475:
3457:(2): 167–193.
3446:
3437:
3428:
3419:
3410:
3394:
3385:
3376:
3359:
3350:
3341:
3328:
3322:
3309:
3300:
3291:
3282:
3273:
3264:
3251:
3239:10.2307/481424
3222:
3213:
3207:
3194:
3183:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3157:
3148:
3139:
3130:
3117:
3108:
3099:
3090:
3081:
3072:
3063:
3054:
3045:
3036:
3027:
3018:
3009:
3000:
2988:
2979:
2970:
2961:
2952:
2943:
2934:
2925:
2916:
2907:
2888:
2873:
2864:
2855:
2846:
2837:
2828:
2819:
2810:
2801:
2787:
2778:
2769:
2757:
2748:
2731:
2681:
2660:(3): 408–418.
2640:
2616:
2607:
2598:
2573:
2564:
2555:
2541:
2523:
2504:
2492:
2483:
2474:
2465:
2456:
2447:
2423:
2384:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2365:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2342:
2339:
2336:
2335:
2332:
2325:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2306:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2287:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2268:
2260:
2259:
2256:
2249:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2230:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2211:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2192:
2184:
2183:
2180:
2173:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2154:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2135:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2116:
2108:
2107:
2104:
2097:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2078:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2059:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2040:
2032:
2031:
2028:
2021:
2014:
2012:
2011:sinew, muscle
2009:
2002:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1983:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1964:
1956:
1955:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1916:
1873:
1872:
1869:
1862:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1843:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1824:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1805:
1797:
1796:
1793:
1786:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1767:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1748:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1729:
1721:
1720:
1717:
1710:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1691:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1672:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1653:
1645:
1644:
1641:
1634:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1615:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1596:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1577:
1569:
1568:
1565:
1558:
1551:
1549:
1548:sinew, muscle
1546:
1539:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1520:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1501:
1493:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1439:
1436:
1404:
1401:
1384:'s/he votes'.
1372:'automobile';
1362:
1361:
1353:
1346:
1338:
1337:
1329:
1322:
1314:
1313:
1305:
1298:
1290:
1289:
1281:
1274:
1266:
1265:
1257:
1250:
1242:
1241:
1233:
1226:
1218:
1217:
1216:'shirt, vest'
1209:
1202:
1194:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1143:
1142:
1139:
1136:
1133:
1129:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1116:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1106:
1081:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1069:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1056:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1028:Munsee vowels
935:
934:
932:
930:
920:
918:
911:
907:
906:
904:
902:
900:
893:
891:
887:
886:
879:
872:
862:
855:
853:
849:
848:
846:
839:
829:
822:
815:
811:
810:
808:
806:
804:
797:
790:
786:
785:
782:
779:
774:
771:
768:
749:
746:
702:in English or
620:
617:
600:Raritan Valley
544:
541:
520:
517:
478:Delaware Tribe
399:Delaware River
387:and in Munsee
363:
360:
334:North Carolina
330:Atlantic coast
303:
302:Classification
300:
214:
213:
206:
200:
199:
192:
186:
185:
178:
168:
167:
166:
165:
160:
153:
149:
148:
147:
146:
145:
144:
143:
142:
141:
140:
117:
111:
110:
97:2 speakers of
95:
92:
89:
88:
68:rivers in the
50:
44:
43:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4760:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4710:
4708:
4693:
4692:
4683:
4682:
4679:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4654:
4652:
4648:
4642:
4639:
4635:
4632:
4631:
4630:
4627:
4626:
4624:
4620:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4608:
4604:
4602:
4601:
4597:
4595:
4594:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4572:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4560:
4559:Plains Apache
4556:
4554:
4553:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4516:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4504:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4487:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4450:
4447:
4446:
4444:
4440:
4435:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4415:
4410:
4408:
4403:
4401:
4396:
4395:
4392:
4380:
4379:
4370:
4369:
4366:
4360:
4357:
4356:
4354:
4350:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4288:
4287:
4284:
4283:
4281:
4277:
4271:
4270:
4269:Susquehannock
4266:
4264:
4263:
4259:
4255:
4254:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4244:
4243:
4240:
4239:
4237:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4219:
4212:
4207:
4205:
4200:
4198:
4193:
4192:
4189:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4158:
4152:
4151:
4147:
4145:
4144:
4140:
4139:
4137:
4133:
4127:
4126:
4122:
4120:
4119:
4115:
4114:
4112:
4108:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4096:
4092:
4091:
4089:
4085:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4069:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4047:
4043:
4042:
4040:
4036:
4026:
4023:
4022:
4020:
4018:
4014:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3962:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3942:
3940:
3938:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3915:
3912:
3908:
3905:
3904:
3903:
3900:
3899:
3897:
3895:
3891:
3881:
3880:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3863:
3859:
3857:
3856:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3846:
3844:
3840:
3834:
3833:
3829:
3827:
3826:
3822:
3821:
3819:
3817:
3813:
3807:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3797:
3793:
3791:
3790:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3780:
3779:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3769:
3763:
3762:
3758:
3756:
3755:
3751:
3749:
3748:
3744:
3742:
3741:
3737:
3735:
3734:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3722:
3718:
3717:
3715:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3702:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3678:
3676:
3672:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3637:
3635:
3633:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3620:
3614:
3613:
3612:Nawathinehena
3609:
3607:
3604:
3600:
3599:
3595:
3594:
3593:
3590:
3589:
3587:
3585:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3561:
3556:
3554:
3549:
3547:
3542:
3541:
3538:
3531:
3530:Jotham Meeker
3527:
3526:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3501:
3490:
3485:
3481:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3447:
3443:
3438:
3434:
3429:
3425:
3420:
3416:
3411:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3386:
3382:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3360:
3356:
3351:
3347:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3329:
3325:
3319:
3315:
3310:
3306:
3301:
3297:
3292:
3288:
3283:
3279:
3274:
3270:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3252:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3223:
3219:
3214:
3210:
3208:0-19-509427-1
3204:
3200:
3195:
3191:
3190:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3167:
3166:
3152:
3143:
3134:
3127:
3121:
3112:
3103:
3094:
3085:
3076:
3067:
3058:
3049:
3040:
3031:
3022:
3013:
3004:
2995:
2993:
2983:
2974:
2965:
2956:
2947:
2938:
2929:
2920:
2911:
2904:
2900:
2897:
2892:
2886:
2882:
2877:
2868:
2859:
2850:
2841:
2832:
2823:
2814:
2805:
2796:
2794:
2792:
2782:
2773:
2764:
2762:
2752:
2745:
2741:
2735:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2688:
2686:
2677:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2644:
2630:
2626:
2620:
2611:
2602:
2594:
2587:
2580:
2578:
2568:
2559:
2550:
2548:
2546:
2539:
2535:
2532:
2527:
2521:
2517:
2514:
2508:
2499:
2497:
2487:
2478:
2469:
2460:
2451:
2437:
2433:
2427:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2403:
2398:
2391:
2389:
2379:
2377:
2372:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2333:
2330:
2326:
2323:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2311:
2307:
2304:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2292:
2288:
2285:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2273:
2269:
2266:
2262:
2261:
2257:
2254:
2250:
2247:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2235:
2231:
2228:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2216:
2212:
2209:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2197:
2193:
2190:
2186:
2185:
2181:
2178:
2174:
2171:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2155:
2152:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2140:
2136:
2133:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2121:
2117:
2114:
2110:
2109:
2105:
2102:
2098:
2095:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2079:
2076:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2060:
2057:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2041:
2038:
2034:
2033:
2029:
2026:
2022:
2019:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2003:
2000:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1984:
1981:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1965:
1962:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1907:
1870:
1867:
1863:
1860:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1844:
1841:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1825:
1822:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1806:
1803:
1799:
1798:
1794:
1791:
1787:
1784:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1768:
1765:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1749:
1746:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1734:
1730:
1727:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1715:
1711:
1708:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1692:
1689:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1677:
1673:
1670:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1654:
1651:
1647:
1646:
1642:
1639:
1635:
1632:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1616:
1613:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1597:
1594:
1590:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1578:
1575:
1571:
1570:
1567:coyote, wolf
1566:
1563:
1559:
1556:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1540:
1537:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1521:
1518:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1506:
1502:
1499:
1495:
1494:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1444:
1435:
1433:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1400:
1397:
1391:
1385:
1382:
1376:
1370:
1358:
1354:
1347:
1339:
1334:
1330:
1323:
1315:
1310:
1306:
1299:
1291:
1288:'blacksmith'
1286:
1282:
1275:
1267:
1262:
1258:
1251:
1243:
1238:
1234:
1227:
1219:
1214:
1210:
1203:
1195:
1184:
1178:
1175:
1171:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1104:
1101:Unami vowels
1098:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1031:
1025:
1010:
1007:
997:
987:
979:
973:
967:
961:
955:
949:
943:
933:
931:
925:
921:
919:
916:
912:
909:
908:
905:
903:
901:
898:
894:
892:
889:
888:
884:
880:
877:
873:
867:
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71:
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67:
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51:
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36:
31:
19:
4689:
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4321:Philadelphia
4267:
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3877:
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3853:
3830:
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3815:
3803:
3794:
3787:
3777:
3759:
3754:Narragansett
3752:
3745:
3738:
3731:
3727:Massachusett
3719:
3610:
3596:
3524:
3488:
3479:
3454:
3450:
3441:
3432:
3423:
3414:
3402:. Retrieved
3389:
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3336:
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3286:
3277:
3268:
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3227:Ethnohistory
3226:
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2804:
2781:
2772:
2751:
2734:
2704:(1): 44–58.
2701:
2697:
2657:
2653:
2643:
2632:. Retrieved
2628:
2619:
2610:
2601:
2592:
2567:
2558:
2526:
2507:
2502:Pritzker 422
2486:
2477:
2468:
2459:
2450:
2439:. Retrieved
2435:
2426:
2415:. Retrieved
2400:
2357:Moraviantown
2310:xwáshkwshush
2277:he whispers
2201:he is young
2125:swamp, pond
2049:I forgot it
2030:log, timber
1876:
1441:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1410:
1406:
1386:
1369:ahtamó·mpi·l
1365:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1084:
1011:
988:
938:
758:
755:
751:
739:
734:
722:
720:
711:
704:/wə̆ná·mi·w/
699:
697:
685:
682:
665:
663:
659:
655:
651:
649:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
622:
614:
611:
607:
604:
593:
589:North Jersey
579:, the upper
570:
552:
546:
536:
532:
522:
485:Moraviantown
482:
480:of Indians.
470:
441:
436:
432:
428:
424:
421:
418:
413:
394:
378:
374:
367:Lenni Lenape
366:
365:
357:
352:
346:
341:
323:
316:
305:
288:Pennsylvania
266:area in the
256:aboriginally
231:
227:
225:
152:Subdivisions
137:
101: (2018)
76:speakers in
49:distribution
4296:Appalachian
4143:Proto-Algic
3816:Nanticockan
3660:Swampy Cree
3655:Plains Cree
3606:Gros Ventre
2397:"Delawaran"
2220:it is ripe
1948:Linguistic
1937:Linguistic
1926:Linguistic
1915:Linguistic
1485:Linguistic
1474:Linguistic
1463:Linguistic
1452:Linguistic
1417:Americanist
1415:or similar
692:ké·ntə̆we·s
670:/lənáːpeːw/
577:Long Island
511:state, and
505:Cattaraugus
497:Stockbridge
493:Six Nations
381:, in Unami
272:Long Island
234:(Delaware:
4707:Categories
4672:Vietnamese
4571:Potawatomi
4442:Indigenous
4326:Pittsburgh
4025:Potawatomi
4017:Potawatomi
3928:Potawatomi
3832:Piscataway
3686:Innu-aimun
3665:Woods Cree
3650:Moose Cree
3598:Besawunena
3575:Algonquian
3323:0824096851
3162:References
2634:2020-12-14
2441:2024-07-15
2417:2022-10-29
2362:Munceytown
2334:it is dry
2182:he smokes
2101:ndushíinzi
2037:nə̆wánsi·n
1951:Practical
1940:Practical
1929:Practical
1918:Practical
1488:Practical
1477:Practical
1466:Practical
1455:Practical
1378:'cutter';
1165:Loan words
1160:Vocabulary
1014:/i·o·e·a·/
999:'I vote';
852:Fricative
716:/ləná·p·e/
585:New Jersey
575:, western
489:Munceytown
422:Delaware,
312:Algonquian
292:New Jersey
286:, eastern
125:Algonquian
84:groups in
47:Geographic
4480:Chickasaw
4421:Languages
4176:indicate
4118:Nansemond
4110:Uncertain
4062:Menominee
4052:Blackfoot
3945:Algonquin
3825:Nanticoke
3771:Delawaran
3681:Atikamekw
3640:East Cree
3584:Arapahoan
3471:145184977
3404:April 19,
3372:0831-5671
3233:: 25–38.
2726:146277852
2718:1534-8458
2402:Glottolog
2303:xwáškwšəš
2094:ntəší·nsi
2063:níishaash
2044:nŭwánsiin
1987:ngwútaash
1980:nkwə́ta·š
1802:palé·naxk
1517:kwə́t·a·š
1312:'butter'
1264:'button'
1240:'apples'
778:alveolar
770:Bilabial
748:Phonology
730:Lunaapeew
721:The name
674:/mwə́nsi/
619:Ethnonyms
501:Wisconsin
458:Wisconsin
439:in 1757.
390:Lunaapeew
353:Delawaran
204:Glottolog
190:ISO 639-3
172:ISO 639-2
134:Delawaran
4691:Category
4536:Muscogee
4503:Delaware
4497:Comanche
4475:Cheyenne
4470:Cherokee
4425:Oklahoma
4378:Category
4242:Delaware
4125:Pamunkey
4057:Cheyenne
3997:Oji-Cree
3972:Chippewa
3914:Kickapoo
3879:Powhatan
3862:Etchemin
3778:Delaware
3262:: 14–26.
3179:33431018
2899:Archived
2534:Archived
2516:Archived
2411:Archived
2341:See also
2329:péenɡwan
2322:pé·nkwan
2315:muskrat
2291:áhpăpoon
2284:áhpăpo·n
2215:ătíhteew
2208:ătíhte·w
2189:wə́sksəw
2120:máskeekw
2113:máske·kw
2025:ăpánzhuy
1954:English
1943:English
1932:English
1921:English
1840:kší·k·an
1809:palènàxk
1795:old man
1783:hiló·səs
1764:skɔ́ntay
1752:pèshkunk
1745:pé·škunk
1593:ní·š·a·š
1491:English
1480:English
1469:English
1458:English
1350:mɔ́·k·əl
1336:'sugar'
1230:á·p·ələš
1223:á·pə̆ləš
1111:Central
1038:Central
996:nə̀fó·ti
993:in e.g.
890:Lateral
784:Glottal
712:Delaware
708:Oklahoma
678:/mɔ́nsi/
641:Delaware
637:Delaware
629:Delaware
598:and the
509:New York
450:Oklahoma
425:Munsee,
414:Delaware
395:Delaware
296:Delaware
210:comm1246
138:Delaware
86:Oklahoma
62:Delaware
33:Delaware
4667:Spanish
4657:English
4607:Wyandot
4600:Wichita
4593:Tonkawa
4587:Shawnee
4521:Koasati
4492:Choctaw
4455:Arapaho
4449:Alabama
4434:Italics
4343:Italian
4338:Spanish
4286:English
4227:Italics
4174:Italics
4074:Shawnee
3873:Mi'kmaq
3849:Abenaki
3805:Mahican
3691:Naskapi
3592:Arapaho
2196:wúsksuw
2177:óhpweew
2170:óhpwe·w
2082:xwánzal
2075:xwánsal
2056:ní·ša·š
2018:ăpánšəy
1973:needle
1847:kshikàn
1790:hilusës
1771:skòntay
1631:tá·x·an
1600:nishash
1524:kwëtash
1498:kwə́t·i
1381:nfó·təw
1326:šó·k·əl
1302:pó·t·əl
1271:šə̆mə́t
1247:kə̆nó·p
1199:hé·mpət
1186:Munsee
1006:ntáyrəm
910:Glides
773:Dental
625:English
474:extinct
375:Lennape
371:autonym
349:Mahican
258:by the
238:), are
4713:Lenape
4662:German
4582:Seneca
4577:Quapaw
4552:Pawnee
4546:Ottawa
4465:Cayuga
4247:Munsee
4166:Pidgin
4162:Creole
4087:Others
4038:Others
4002:Ottawa
3937:Ojibwa
3924:Ojibwa
3842:Others
3783:Munsee
3674:Others
3645:Michif
3469:
3370:
3320:
3247:481424
3245:
3205:
3177:
2724:
2716:
2676:659860
2674:
2513:Lënape
2296:chair
2239:chief
2234:kíhkay
2227:kíhkay
2163:bread
2158:ăpwáan
2151:ăpwá·n
2144:eight
2068:seven
2006:wchéht
1898:, and
1852:knife
1719:stone
1707:ahsə́n
1700:snake
1681:eiɡht
1662:three
1605:seven
1574:ní·š·a
1390:típa·s
1343:mó·kəl
1333:suiker
1319:šó·kəl
1295:pó·təl
1254:kənó·p
1237:appels
1206:hémpəs
1192:Dutch
1189:Unami
1151:a·, a
1141:ɔ·, ɔ
1138:ə·, ə
1135:e·, e
1127:o·, u
1122:i·, i
1108:Front
1077:a·, a
1062:e·, e
1054:o·, o
1049:i·, i
1035:Front
975:, and
789:Nasal
781:Velar
735:Lenape
724:Lenape
666:Munsee
645:Lenape
549:Lenape
513:Kansas
491:, and
466:Canada
464:, and
454:Kansas
433:Munsee
411:exonym
384:Lënape
379:Lenapi
260:Lenape
240:Munsee
158:Munsee
99:Munsee
78:Canada
74:Munsee
66:Hudson
57:Canada
4613:Yuchi
4565:Ponca
4541:Osage
4515:Kansa
4460:Caddo
4253:Unami
4170:Mixed
4101:Yurok
4095:Wiyot
3796:Unami
3467:S2CID
3243:JSTOR
2722:S2CID
2672:JSTOR
2589:(PDF)
2368:Notes
2258:bear
2253:máxkw
2246:máxkw
2139:xáash
1999:wčéht
1859:lə́nu
1828:tèlën
1821:télən
1814:five
1776:door
1757:nine
1738:four
1726:né·wa
1714:ahsën
1688:xkó·k
1638:taxàn
1581:nìshi
1555:tə́me
1543:wchèt
1536:wčé·t
1505:kwëti
1396:tippa
1375:kátəl
1357:moker
1309:boter
1278:šəmit
1261:knoop
1119:High
1114:Back
1046:High
1041:Back
814:Stop
776:Post-
700:Unami
437:Unami
429:Unami
244:Unami
163:Unami
120:Algic
104:Unami
82:Unami
4262:Erie
3907:Sauk
3721:Loup
3632:Cree
3406:2009
3368:ISSN
3318:ISBN
3203:ISBN
3175:OCLC
2714:ISSN
2132:xá·š
1992:six
1871:man
1866:lënu
1833:ten
1733:newa
1695:xkuk
1676:xash
1669:xá·š
1657:naxa
1650:naxá
1624:and
1612:ɔ́·k
1586:two
1562:tëme
1529:six
1510:one
1285:smid
1213:hemd
1146:Low
1132:Mid
1091:/o·/
1072:Low
1059:Mid
1018:/əa/
535:and
427:and
324:The
242:and
226:The
64:and
4423:of
3459:doi
3235:doi
2706:doi
2662:doi
1904:/č/
1896:/š/
1884:/ă/
1095:/ə/
1087:/u/
1022:/ə/
1003:in
1001:/r/
991:/f/
983:/·/
957:,
945:,
676:or
658:or
631:or
527:in
377:or
196:del
182:del
4709::
3465:.
3453:.
3337:25
3335:.
3258:.
3241:.
3231:20
3229:.
2991:^
2883::
2790:^
2760:^
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2742:,
2740:36
2720:.
2712:.
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2375:^
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1065:ə
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972:š·
969:,
966:s·
960:k·
954:č·
951:,
948:t·
942:p·
833:tʃ
718:.
602:.
503:,
487:,
468:.
460:,
456:,
452:,
314:.
298:.
290:,
278:,
274:,
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4413:e
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4399:v
4210:e
4203:t
4196:v
4168:/
4164:/
3926:–
3559:e
3552:t
3545:v
3473:.
3461::
3455:9
3408:.
3374:.
3326:.
3260:1
3249:.
3237::
3211:.
3181:.
2746:.
2728:.
2708::
2678:.
2664::
2637:.
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