427:
against the Ionian city-states which bordered it. The members of the Delian League were made to swear an oath of loyalty to the league and contributed mostly monetarily but in some instances donated ships or other forces. It was also the case that many democratic members of the League owed their freedom from oligarchic or tyrannical rule to Athens. Because of this, Athens gained an overwhelming advantage in the voting system conducted by relying on the support of democratic city-states Athens had helped into being. By 454 Athens moved the treasury of the Delian League from the Island of Delos to the
Parthenon in Athens. Benefitting greatly from the influx of cash coming out of the 150-330 members, Athens used the money to reinforce its own naval supremacy and used the remaining funds to embellish the city with art and architecture. In order to maintain the new synoecism, Athens began using its greatly expanded military to enforce membership in the League. City-states who wished to leave the alliance were punished by Athens with force such as
483:
any continuous labor. In some other respects the
Athenians were not the old popular rulers they had been at first; and if they had more than their fair share of service, it was correspondingly easy for them to reduce any that tried to leave the confederacy. The Athenians also arranged for the other members of the league to pay its share of the expense in money instead of in ships and men, and for this the subject city-states had themselves to blame, their wish to get out of giving service making most leave their homes. Thus while Athens was increasing her navy with the funds they contributed, a revolt always found itself without enough resources or experienced leaders for war.
178:
372:
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35:
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131:, where Athens established complete dominion and the allies became increasingly less autonomous. The alliance held an assembly of representatives in order to shape its policy, while the members swore an oath of loyalty to the coalition. The Delian League successfully accomplished its principal strategic goal by decisively expelling the remaining Persian forces from the Aegean. As a result, Persia would cease to pose a major threat to Greece for the following fifty years.
5022:
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435:. No longer considered her allies, Athens eventually began to refer to the members of the Delian League as "all the cities Athens rules." Athens also extended its authority over members of the League through judicial decisions. Synoecism under the Athenian Empire was enforced by resolving matters of and between states in Athens by courts composed of Athenian citizens and enforcing those decisions through the Athenian military.
864:
954:
758:. After an unsuccessful revolt, the Athenians ordered the death of the entire male population. After some thought, they rescinded this order, and only put to death the leading 1000 ringleaders of the revolt, and redistributed the land of the entire island to Athenian shareholders, who were sent out to reside on Lesbos.
379:
After
Byzantion, Sparta was eager to end its involvement in the war. The Spartans greatly feared the rise of the Athenians as a challenge to their power. Additionally, the Spartans were of the view that, with the liberation of mainland Greece, and the Greek cities of Asia Minor, the war's purpose had
277:
decided that, despite having subdued the revolt, there remained the unfinished business of exacting punishment on Athens and
Eretria for supporting the revolt. The Ionian revolt had severely threatened the stability of Darius's empire, and the states of mainland Greece would continue to threaten that
777:
By 454 BC, the Delian League could be fairly characterised as an
Athenian Empire; a key event of 454 BC was the moving of the treasury of the Delian League from Delos to Athens. This is often seen as a key marker of the transition from alliance to empire, but while it is significant, it is important
482:
Of all the causes of defection, that connected with arrears of tribute and vessels, and with failure of service, was the chief; for the
Athenians were very severe and exacting, and made themselves offensive by applying the screw of necessity to men who were not used to and in fact not disposed for
134:
From its inception, Athens became the League's biggest source of military power, while more and more allies preferred to pay the dues in cash. Athens began to use the League's funds for its own purposes, like the reinforcement of its naval supremacy, which led to conflicts between the city and its
403:
In reality, this goal was divided into three main efforts—to prepare for future invasion, to seek revenge against Persia, and to organize a means of dividing spoils of war. The members were given a choice of either offering armed forces or paying a tax to the joint treasury; most states chose the
387:
Xanthippus, the
Athenian commander at Mycale, had furiously rejected this; the Ionian cities had been Athenian colonies, and the Athenians, if no one else, would protect the Ionians. This marked the point at which the leadership of the Greek alliance effectively passed to the Athenians. With the
534:
and was forced back into the league. As a result, the fortification walls of Thasos were torn down, and they had to pay yearly tribute and fines. Additionally, their land, naval ships, and the mines of Thasos were confiscated by Athens. The siege of Thasos marks the transformation of the Delian
426:
The Delian League, also known as the
Athenian Empire, was a collection of Greek city-states largely based around the Aegean Sea which operated under the hegemony of Athens. This alliance initially served the purpose of coordinating a united Greek front against a perceived looming Persian threat
790:
were left to contribute ships, and these states were by now far too weak to secede without support. Lesbos tried to revolt first, and failed completely. Chios, the most powerful of the original members of the Delian League save Athens, was the last to revolt, and in the aftermath of the
652:, who captured the greater part of the Athenian forces. In fact, according to Isocrates, the Athenians and their allies lost some 20,000 men in the expedition, while modern estimates place the figure at 50,000 men and 250 ships including reinforcements. The remainder escaped to
765:, a small island, neutral in the war, though founded by Spartans. The Melians were offered a choice to join the Athenians, or be conquered. Choosing to resist, their town was besieged and conquered; the males were put to death and the women sold into slavery (see
742:
and Megara revolted, and while the former was restored to its status as a tributary ally, the latter was a permanent loss. The Delian and
Peloponnesian Leagues signed a peace treaty, which was set to endure for thirty years. It only lasted until 431 BC, when the
687:, was formalized in 450 BC, but some writers believe that the treaty was a myth created later to inflate the stature of Athens. However, an understanding was definitely reached, enabling the Athenians to focus their attention on events in Greece proper.
399:
to institute a new alliance to continue the fight against the
Persians; hence the modern designation "Delian League". According to Thucydides, the official aim of the League was to "avenge the wrongs they suffered by ravaging the territory of the king."
598:
indicates that many of Pericles's rivals viewed the transfer to Athens as usurping monetary resources to fund elaborate building projects. Athens also switched from accepting ships, men and weapons as dues from league members, to only accepting money.
659:
This was the Athenians' main (public) reason for moving the treasury of the League from Delos to Athens, further consolidating their control over the League. The Persians followed up their victory by sending a fleet to re-establish their control over
273:. After this, the Ionian revolt carried on (without further outside aid) for a further five years, until it was finally completely crushed by the Persians. However, in a decision of great historic significance, the Persian king
523:, a member of the League, saw her interests in the mines of Mt. Pangaion threatened and defected from the League to Persia. She called to Sparta for assistance but was denied, as Sparta was facing the largest
217:
in each Ionian city. While Greek states had in the past often been ruled by tyrants, this form of government was on the decline. By 500 BC, Ionia appears to have been ripe for rebellion against these Persian
1609:
808:—quasi-colonies that remained tied to Athens and which served as garrisons to maintain control of the League's vast territory. Furthermore, Pericles employed a number of offices to maintain Athens' empire:
833:
Athens's empire was not very stable and after 27 years of war, the Spartans, aided by the Persians and Athenian internal strife, were able to defeat it. However, it did not remain defeated for long. The
838:, a maritime self-defense league, was founded in 377 BC and was led by Athens. The Athenians would never recover the full extent of their power, and their enemies were now far stronger and more varied.
996:, p. 18. In ancient sources, there is no special designation for the league and its members as a group are simply referred to with phrases along the lines of "the Athenians and their allies" (see
602:
The new treasury established in Athens was used for many purposes, not all relating to the defence of members of the league. It was from tribute paid to the league that Pericles set to building the
269:
allowed themselves to be drawn into this conflict by Aristagoras, and during their only campaigning season (498 BC) they contributed to the capture and burning of the Persian regional capital of
143:
moved it to Athens in 454 BC. By 431 BC, the threat that the League presented to Spartan hegemony combined with Athens's heavy-handed control of the Delian League prompted the outbreak of the
711:, and simultaneously defended Megara from the Corinthians by sending out an army composed of those too young or old for regular military service. The following year, Sparta sent an army into
339:
near the island of Samos—on the same day as Plataea, according to tradition. This action marks the end of the Persian invasion, and the beginning of the next phase in the Greco-Persian wars,
501:
in c. 471 BC. After being defeated, Naxos is believed (based on similar, later revolts) to have been forced to tear down its walls along with losing its fleet and vote in the League.
380:
already been achieved. There was also perhaps a feeling that establishing long-term security for the Asian Greeks would prove impossible. In the aftermath of Mycale, the Spartan king
778:
to view the period as a whole when considering the development of Athenian imperialism, and not to focus on a single event as being the main contributor to it. At the start of the
719:
in order to help hold the Athenians in check. Their return was blocked, and they resolved to march on Athens, where the Long Walls were not yet completed, winning a victory at the
312:
in 480 BC, taking an enormous (although oft-exaggerated) army and navy to Greece. Those Greeks who chose to resist (the 'Allies') were defeated in the twin simultaneous battles of
250:
404:
tax. League members swore to have the same friends and enemies, and dropped ingots of iron into the sea to symbolize the permanence of their alliance. The Athenian politician
1584:
Natural Resources and 5th Century Athenian Foreign Policy: The Effect of Natural Resources on Fifth Century Athenian Foreign Policy and the Development of the Athenian Empire
281:
In the next two decades, there would be two Persian invasions of Greece, occasioning, thanks to Greek historians, some of the most famous battles in history. During the
1602:
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commander. Witnessing Sparta's growing hegemony in the first half of the 4th century BC, Athens went on to partly revive the alliance, this time called the
967:(defensive/offensive alliance) against Persia It was a dual alliance similar to the Peloponnesian League. Athens was acknowledged hegemon of the League".
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and Pericles. This signaled a complete change in Athenian foreign policy, neglecting the alliance with the Spartans and instead allying with her enemies,
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stability unless dealt with. Darius thus began to contemplate the complete conquest of Greece, beginning with the destruction of Athens and Eretria.
610:, replacing an older temple, as well as many other non-defense related expenditures. The Delian League was turning from an alliance into an empire.
1864:
Balot, Ryan (2009). "The Freedom to Rule: Athenian Imperialism and Democratic Masculinity". In Tabachnick, David Edward; Koivukoski, Toivo (eds.).
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were added to the Persian Empire, and Eretria was duly destroyed. However, the invasion ended in 490 BC with the decisive Athenian victory at the
2169:
343:. After Mycale, the Greek cities of Asia Minor again revolted, with the Persians now powerless to stop them. The Allied fleet then sailed to the
648:, to their aid because it would further damage Persia. After four years, however, the Egyptian rebellion was defeated by the Achaemenid general
324:
thus having fallen into Persian hands, the Persians then seeking to destroy the Allied navy once and for all, suffered a decisive defeat at the
384:
had proposed transplanting all the Greeks from Asia Minor to Europe as the only method of permanently freeing them from Persian dominion.
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328:. The following year, 479 BC, the Allies assembled the largest Greek army yet seen and defeated the Persian invasion force at the
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and protecting Athens from attack from that quarter. Roughly a decade earlier, due to encouragement from influential speaker
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in 499 BC, Aristagoras chose to declare Miletus a democracy. This triggered similar revolutions across Ionia, extending to
723:. All this accomplished, however, was to allow them to return home via the Megarid. Two months later, the Athenians under
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This battle was the last major one fought against the Persians. Many writers report that a peace treaty, known as the
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colonies of Anatolia. By the mid-fifth century BC, the alliance had developed into a naval imperial power, called the
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The loose alliance of city states which had fought against Xerxes's invasion had been dominated by Sparta and the
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excelled as Greece's greatest power on land, Athens turned to the seas becoming the dominant naval power of the
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shortly after 550 BC. The Persians found the Ionians difficult to rule, eventually settling for sponsoring a
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This type of treatment was not reserved solely for those who revolted. Thucydides documents the example of
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moved the Delian League's treasury from Delos to Athens, allegedly to keep it safe from Persia. However,
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To further strengthen Athens's grip on its empire, Pericles in 450 BC began a policy of establishing
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A Military History of the Western World Volume I: From the Earliest Times to the Battle of Lepanto
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would spend the rest of his life occupied in the affairs of the alliance, dying (according to
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Honor and Profit: Athenian Trade Policy and the Economy and Society of Greece, 415-307 B.C.E.
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and allied herself with Athens, allowing construction of a double line of walls across the
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222:. The simmering tension finally broke into open revolt due to the actions of the tyrant of
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412:) a few years later in Pontus, whilst determining what the tax of new members was to be.
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111:, Athens took the lead of the Hellenic alliance accompanied by several states around the
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in 465 BC. The League's treasury initially stood in Delos until, in a symbolic gesture,
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seeking protection under Athens, as the latter wished to extend its support towards the
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1468:"Pseudo-Xenophon (Old Oligarch), Constitution of the Athenians, chapter 1, section 16"
147:; the League was dissolved upon the war's conclusion in 404 BC under the direction of
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coast. The Delian League was formed as an anti-Persian defensive association of equal
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Spartan withdrawal after Byzantion, the leadership of the Athenians became explicit.
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301:. After this invasion, Darius died, and responsibility for the war passed to his son
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395:. With the withdrawal of these states, a congress was called on the holy island of
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88:. The League's modern name derives from its official meeting place, the island of
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2012:
1012:, Chapter VII: "To the Hellenes it was called "the Athenians and their Allies".
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1954:
676:, though the fleet won a double victory by land and sea over the Persians off
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After more than two years of siege, Thasos surrendered to the Athenian leader
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The Greco-Persian Wars had their roots in the conquest of the Greek cities of
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to revolt. Athens was nonetheless eventually able to suppress these revolts.
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Those who revolted unsuccessfully during the war saw the example made of the
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628:
Map showing the locations of battles fought by the Delian League, 477–449 BC.
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351:. The following year, 478 BC, the Allies sent a force to capture the city of
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644:, who requested aid from Athens. Pericles led 250 ships, intended to attack
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Over time, especially with the suppression of rebellions, Athens exercised
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Athenian Empire in 445 BC, according to the Tribute Lists. The islands of
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58:, numbering between 150 and 330, founded in 478 BC under the leadership (
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The Landmark Thucydides A Comprehensive Guide to the Peloponnesian War
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The first member of the league to attempt to secede was the island of
359:). The siege was successful, but the behaviour of the Spartan general
78:. The League functioned as a dual –offensive and defensive– alliance (
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less powerful allies, at times culminating in rebellions, like that
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The Allied fleet defeated the remnants of the Persian fleet in the
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92:, where congresses were held within the sanctuary of the Temple of
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587:, its port, making it effectively invulnerable to attack by land.
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alienated many of the Allies, and resulted in Pausanias's recall.
230:. Attempting to save himself after a disastrous Persian-sponsored
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Persian Fire: The First World Empire and the Battle for the West
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Association of ancient Greek city-states under Athenian hegemony
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1875:"The Constitution and Original Purpose of the Delian League"
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broke out. In 458 BC, the Athenians blockaded the island of
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league from an alliance into, in the words of Thucydides, a
19:"Delian" redirects here. For the religious association, see
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The Reign of the Phallus: Sexual Politics in Ancient Athens
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From Darius I to Philip II, The Story of the Greek Poleis
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and was succeeded in his influence by democrats such as
1868:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp. 54–68.
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Die Herrschaft der Athener im Ersten Attischen Seebund
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Ancient Greece: From Prehistoric to Hellenistic Times
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describes how Athens's control over the League grew:
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Enduring Empire: Ancient Lessons for Global Politics
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Ancient Greece From Homer to Alexander: The Evidence
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enjoyed success for several years, inspiring all of
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1859:(in German). Konstanz: Universitätsverlag Konstanz.
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1126:
920:
734:Reverses followed peace with Persia in 449 BC. The
731:gained control of the whole country except Thebes.
1791:A History of the Classical Greek World: 478–323 BC
451:In the first ten years of the league's existence,
375:Fragment of the Athenian Tribute List, 425–424 BC.
38:Athens and Delian League (yellow) shown along the
1829:Thucydides, An Introduction for the Common Reader
1770:Nelson, Eric D.; Allard-Nelson, Susan K. (2005).
1603:"Athens & Sparta: Democracy vs. Dictatorship"
1431:. Free Press. pp. 99–100, 583–588, 617–619.
636:revolted under local leaders the Hellenes called
5058:
2000:. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). pp. 958–962.
738:, in 447 BC, led to the abandonment of Boeotia.
699:Greece at the beginning of the Peloponnesian War
332:, ending the invasion and the threat to Greece.
2383:
1755:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
1206:
1204:
772:
1807:
948:
932:
830:, who received the tribute on Athens' behalf.
2163:
2020:
1940:(in German). Berlin and New York: De Gruyter.
1386:
1384:
1382:
1380:
824:, who oversaw the collection of tribute; and
447:The Athenian Empire at its height, c. 450 BC.
66:, whose purpose was to continue fighting the
1772:The Complete Idiot's Guide to Ancient Greece
1727:
1694:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
1201:
1009:
960:
632:War with the Persians continued. In 460 BC,
463:to join the league, conquered the island of
438:
159:, reestablishing its naval dominance in the
42:and the Persian Empire at the outset of the
1793:. Malden and Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
1661:
1647:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
1565:
3049:
2170:
2156:
2027:
2013:
1952:
1808:Roisman, Joseph; Yardley, John C. (2011).
1377:
672:in 451 BC. He died during the blockade of
1974:
1713:. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press.
1426:
579:, the Athenians had also constructed the
542:
107:. Following Sparta's withdrawal from the
1987:
1935:
694:
623:
515:In 465 BC, Athens founded the colony of
442:
370:
248:
193:(shaded on the map) did not pay tribute.
176:
33:
1911:Athen: Ein Neubeginn der Weltgeschichte
1826:
1708:
1670:
1390:
1318:
1306:
1294:
1282:
1270:
1258:
1246:
1234:
1222:
1210:
1195:
1183:
1144:
1113:
1111:
1109:
1021:
981:
951:, 18: The Athenian Empire, pp. 246–266.
5059:
4103:
1926:
1917:
1879:Harvard Studies in Classical Philology
1872:
1854:
1812:. Malden and Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.
1788:
1748:
1644:The Ancient Greeks: A Critical History
1550:
1532:
1505:
1490:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1414:
1368:
1330:
1117:
1088:
1076:
1036:
993:
936:
613:
4960:
4102:
3531:
3035:
2382:
2202:
2151:
2008:
1905:
1863:
1689:
1619:
1600:
1546:
1544:
1520:
1349:
1343:
1168:
1132:
1100:
1047:
1045:
4571:Illicitanus Limin/Portus Illicitanus
2203:
1640:
1581:
1402:
1324:
1156:
1150:
1106:
997:
1411:
467:and sent Athenian colonists there.
13:
5072:Military history of ancient Greece
3532:
2177:
1931:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1847:
1541:
1042:
14:
5113:
5082:5th-century BC military alliances
1946:
1855:Balcer, Jack Martin, ed. (1984).
1734:. Page Publishing, Incorporated.
1711:The Defence of Greece: 490–479 BC
727:invaded Boeotia, and winning the
690:
320:at sea. All of Greece except the
310:second Persian invasion of Greece
76:Second Persian invasion of Greece
5092:5th-century BC disestablishments
5040:
5030:
5021:
5020:
1615:from the original on 2022-10-09.
862:
848:
590:In 454 BC, the Athenian general
5041:
1988:Mitchell, John Malcolm (1911).
1641:Fine, John Van Antwerp (1983).
1559:
1526:
1514:
1499:
1484:
1460:
1455:Nelson & Allard-Nelson 2005
1396:
1362:
1312:
1300:
1288:
1276:
1264:
1252:
1240:
1228:
1216:
1189:
1177:
1162:
1138:
1094:
921:Nelson & Allard-Nelson 2005
70:after the Greek victory in the
2055:Archaeological Museum of Delos
1913:(in German). Munich: Pantheon.
1831:. Princeton University Press.
1709:Lazenby, John Francis (1993).
1666:. New York: Funk and Wagnalls.
1626:University of Michigan Press.
987:
942:
926:
914:
1:
5087:5th-century BC establishments
2642:
2629:
2610:
2593:
1857:Studien zum Attischen Seebund
908:
583:connecting their city to the
474:over the rest of the league.
308:Xerxes then personally led a
166:
5097:Greek city-state federations
3770:Funeral and burial practices
2955:Military of Mycenaean Greece
1608:. University of the People.
773:Athenian Empire (454–404 BC)
487:
422:Members of the Delian League
366:
7:
1936:Schuller, Wolfgang (1974).
1927:Rhodes, Peter John (1985).
1789:Rhodes, Peter John (2006).
1774:. Indianapolis, IN: Alpha.
1749:Martin, Thomas R. (2000) .
1728:Luttenberger, Mark (2017).
1586:. Saarbrücken: VDM Verlag.
841:
705:war with the Peloponnesians
10:
5118:
3694:Greek Revival architecture
3036:
2050:Agora of the Competaliasts
1960:World History Encyclopedia
1922:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
1675:. New York: Anchor Books.
1662:Fuller, John (1954–1957).
1574:
1427:Strassler, Robert (1998).
949:Roisman & Yardley 2011
933:Roisman & Yardley 2011
754:, the principal people on
656:and thence returned home.
617:
508:
419:
415:
170:
18:
5016:
4967:
4961:
4956:
4801:
4678:
4667:
4594:
4516:
4473:
4420:
4278:
4130:
4121:
4117:
4098:
4047:
3962:
3900:
3862:
3855:
3805:
3765:
3756:
3678:
3555:
3551:
3527:
3493:
3462:
3304:
3191:
3135:
3102:Attalid kings of Pergamon
3057:
3048:
3044:
3031:
2910:Antigonid Macedonian army
2883:
2856:
2828:
2785:
2742:
2733:
2575:
2514:
2411:
2407:
2378:
2277:
2226:
2222:
2198:
2185:
2114:
2093:
2042:
2034:
1975:Lendering, Jona (2020) .
1953:Cartwright, Mark (2016).
1873:Larsen, J. A. O. (1940).
1620:Engen, Darel Tai (2010).
620:Wars of the Delian League
567:deserted the Spartan-led
504:
439:Composition and expansion
207:Achaemenid Persian Empire
1918:Meiggs, Russell (1972).
1601:Brand, Peter J. (2020).
715:, reviving the power of
492:
2132:League of the Islanders
1997:Encyclopædia Britannica
1827:Zagorin, Perez (2009).
1690:Keuls, Eva C. (1993) .
1057:Encyclopedia Britannica
939:, pp. 96, 105–106.
527:revolt in its history.
341:the Greek counterattack
3136:Artists & scholars
3051:List of ancient Greeks
2688:Second Athenian League
2537:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
2362:Ancient Greek colonies
935:, Timeline, p. xliii;
878:Second Athenian League
836:Second Athenian League
700:
629:
543:Policies of the League
519:on the Strymon river.
485:
448:
376:
258:
194:
157:Second Athenian League
47:
27:. For other uses, see
5102:Former confederations
4255:Sybaris on the Traeis
2980:Sacred Band of Thebes
2720:(c. 300 BC–c. 300 AD)
2234:Cycladic civilization
2085:Temple of the Delians
1991:"Delian League"
1671:Holland, Tom (2005).
1553:The Peloponnesian War
1535:The Peloponnesian War
1508:The Peloponnesian War
1493:The Peloponnesian War
1472:www.perseus.tufts.edu
1371:The Peloponnesian War
1333:The Peloponnesian War
1120:The Peloponnesian War
893:Hellenic civilization
856:Ancient Greece portal
698:
627:
547:In 461 BC, Cimon was
480:
446:
374:
252:
180:
161:eastern Mediterranean
54:was a confederacy of
37:
3780:mythological figures
3501:Ancient Greek tribes
2626:Peloponnesian League
2137:Prohibition of dying
1582:Artz, James (2008).
793:Syracusan Expedition
668:, who returned from
569:Peloponnesian League
393:Peloponnesian league
261:The Greek states of
257:, patron of Athens.
109:conflict with Persia
86:Peloponnesian League
40:Peloponnesian League
25:Delian League (band)
23:. For the band, see
3892:Tunnel of Eupalinos
3887:Theatre of Dionysus
3511:Ancient Macedonians
3127:Tyrants of Syracuse
2639:Amphictyonic League
2239:Minoan civilization
2106:Antiphanes of Delos
1929:The Athenian Empire
1920:The Athenian Empire
1309:, pp. 357–358.
1297:, pp. 342–355.
1285:, pp. 320–326.
1273:, pp. 276–281.
1261:, pp. 240–244.
1249:, pp. 202–203.
1237:, pp. 187–194.
1225:, pp. 183–186.
1213:, pp. 175–177.
1198:, pp. 160–162.
1186:, pp. 155–157.
1159:, pp. 269–277.
1147:, pp. 147–151.
1079:, pp. 107–108.
729:Battle of Oenophyta
614:Wars against Persia
345:Thracian Chersonese
201:, and particularly
4566:Menestheus's Limin
4220:Pandosia (Lucania)
4108:Greek colonisation
3470:Athenian statesmen
3231:Diogenes of Sinope
3092:Kings of Macedonia
3082:Kings of Commagene
2950:Macedonian phalanx
2930:Hellenistic armies
2678:(c. 424–c. 395 BC)
2542:Indo-Greek Kingdom
2264:Hellenistic Greece
883:Athenian democracy
701:
630:
573:Isthmus of Corinth
449:
377:
299:Battle of Marathon
259:
195:
173:Greco-Persian Wars
74:at the end of the
48:
21:Delian Amphictyony
5054:
5053:
5012:
5011:
4952:
4951:
4948:
4947:
4944:
4943:
4518:Iberian Peninsula
4450:Lipara/Meligounis
4416:
4415:
4094:
4093:
4090:
4089:
4067:Cypriot syllabary
3958:
3957:
3867:Athenian Treasury
3851:
3850:
3523:
3522:
3519:
3518:
3112:Ptolemaic dynasty
3072:Archons of Athens
3027:
3026:
3023:
3022:
2898:Athenian military
2879:
2878:
2712:League of Corinth
2694:Thessalian League
2670:Chalcidian League
2652:Acarnanian League
2562:Ptolemaic Kingdom
2374:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2145:
2144:
1819:978-1-405-12776-9
1800:978-0-631-22565-2
1781:978-1-592-57273-1
1762:978-0-300-08493-1
1720:978-0-856-68591-0
1701:978-0-520-07929-8
1682:978-0-307-38698-4
1633:978-0-472-11634-8
1593:978-3-639-08667-6
1024:, pp. 12–13.
1010:Luttenberger 2017
961:Luttenberger 2017
780:Peloponnesian War
745:Peloponnesian War
736:Battle of Coronea
721:Battle of Tanagra
511:Thasian rebellion
330:Battle of Plataea
326:Battle of Salamis
145:Peloponnesian War
72:Battle of Plataea
56:Greek city-states
44:Peloponnesian War
5109:
5044:
5043:
5034:
5024:
5023:
4958:
4957:
4676:
4675:
4175:Heraclea Lucania
4128:
4127:
4119:
4118:
4100:
4099:
3860:
3859:
3792:Twelve Olympians
3763:
3762:
3553:
3552:
3529:
3528:
3117:Seleucid dynasty
3097:Kings of Paionia
3046:
3045:
3033:
3032:
2903:Scythian archers
2810:Graphe paranomon
2740:
2739:
2647:
2644:
2634:
2631:
2615:
2612:
2602:
2598:
2595:
2409:
2408:
2380:
2379:
2259:Classical Greece
2244:Mycenaean Greece
2224:
2223:
2200:
2199:
2172:
2165:
2158:
2149:
2148:
2075:Mosaics of Delos
2029:
2022:
2015:
2006:
2005:
2001:
1993:
1984:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1941:
1932:
1923:
1914:
1907:Meier, Christian
1902:
1869:
1860:
1842:
1823:
1804:
1785:
1766:
1745:
1724:
1705:
1686:
1667:
1658:
1637:
1616:
1614:
1607:
1597:
1569:
1566:Fuller 1954–1957
1563:
1557:
1556:
1548:
1539:
1538:
1530:
1524:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1503:
1497:
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1328:
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1199:
1193:
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1049:
1040:
1034:
1025:
1019:
1013:
1007:
1001:
991:
985:
979:
968:
958:
952:
946:
940:
930:
924:
918:
872:
867:
866:
865:
858:
853:
852:
851:
685:Peace of Callias
337:Battle of Mycale
275:Darius the Great
242:, beginning the
5117:
5116:
5112:
5111:
5110:
5108:
5107:
5106:
5057:
5056:
5055:
5050:
5008:
4963:
4940:
4803:
4797:
4680:
4671:
4663:
4634:Melaina Korkyra
4590:
4512:
4469:
4422:Aeolian Islands
4412:
4274:
4132:
4113:
4112:
4086:
4043:
3954:
3896:
3847:
3801:
3752:
3674:
3665:Wedding customs
3547:
3546:
3515:
3506:Thracian Greeks
3489:
3480:Olympic victors
3458:
3300:
3187:
3131:
3122:Kings of Sparta
3107:Kings of Pontus
3077:Kings of Athens
3053:
3040:
3019:
2915:Army of Macedon
2875:
2852:
2824:
2781:
2729:
2702:(370–c. 230 BC)
2700:Arcadian League
2684:(c. 400–188 BC)
2682:Aetolian League
2676:Boeotian League
2658:Hellenic League
2645:
2632:
2622:(c. 650–404 BC)
2613:
2607:Italiote League
2600:
2596:
2590:Doric Hexapolis
2580:
2571:
2567:Seleucid Empire
2510:
2403:
2402:
2366:
2273:
2249:Greek Dark Ages
2218:
2217:
2194:
2181:
2176:
2146:
2141:
2110:
2089:
2070:Minoan Fountain
2065:Delos Synagogue
2038:
2033:
1977:"Delian League"
1965:
1963:
1955:"Delian League"
1949:
1944:
1850:
1848:Further reading
1845:
1839:
1820:
1801:
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1763:
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1127:
1116:
1107:
1099:
1095:
1087:
1083:
1075:
1071:
1061:
1059:
1053:"Delian League"
1051:
1050:
1043:
1035:
1028:
1020:
1016:
1008:
1004:
992:
988:
980:
971:
959:
955:
947:
943:
931:
927:
919:
915:
911:
868:
863:
861:
854:
849:
847:
844:
775:
767:Melian dialogue
693:
678:Salamis, Cyprus
622:
616:
545:
513:
507:
495:
490:
441:
424:
418:
369:
211:Cyrus the Great
175:
169:
129:Athenian Empire
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5115:
5105:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
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4991:
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4950:
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4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
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4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
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4755:
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4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4684:
4682:
4673:
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4405:
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4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4368:Megara Hyblaea
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4348:Hybla Gereatis
4345:
4340:
4338:Heraclea Minoa
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
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4092:
4091:
4088:
4087:
4085:
4084:
4082:Attic numerals
4079:
4077:Greek numerals
4074:
4072:Greek alphabet
4069:
4064:
4059:
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4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3984:
3979:
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3922:
3917:
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3906:
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3898:
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3772:
3766:
3760:
3754:
3753:
3751:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3729:
3728:
3726:Musical system
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3697:
3696:
3685:
3683:
3676:
3675:
3673:
3672:
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3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
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3597:
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3577:
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3533:
3525:
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3521:
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3517:
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3508:
3503:
3497:
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3490:
3488:
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3482:
3477:
3472:
3466:
3464:
3460:
3459:
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3456:
3451:
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3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
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3376:
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3341:
3336:
3331:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3310:
3308:
3302:
3301:
3299:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3197:
3195:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3158:Mathematicians
3155:
3150:
3145:
3139:
3137:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3067:Kings of Argos
3063:
3061:
3055:
3054:
3042:
3041:
3029:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2925:Cretan archers
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2906:
2905:
2895:
2889:
2887:
2881:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2874:
2873:
2868:
2862:
2860:
2854:
2853:
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2826:
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2823:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2791:
2789:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2743:
2737:
2731:
2730:
2728:
2727:
2724:Achaean League
2721:
2718:Euboean League
2715:
2709:
2706:Epirote League
2703:
2697:
2691:
2685:
2679:
2673:
2667:
2661:
2655:
2654:(c. 500–31 BC)
2649:
2636:
2623:
2617:
2604:
2586:
2584:
2582:Confederations
2573:
2572:
2570:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2518:
2516:
2512:
2511:
2509:
2508:
2506:Lissus (Crete)
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
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2423:
2417:
2415:
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2329:
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2319:
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2299:
2294:
2289:
2283:
2281:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2271:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2254:Archaic Greece
2251:
2246:
2241:
2236:
2230:
2228:
2220:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2210:
2204:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2192:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2179:Ancient Greece
2175:
2174:
2167:
2160:
2152:
2143:
2142:
2140:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2118:
2116:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2108:
2103:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2090:
2088:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2046:
2044:
2040:
2039:
2032:
2031:
2024:
2017:
2009:
2003:
2002:
1985:
1972:
1948:
1947:External links
1945:
1943:
1942:
1933:
1924:
1915:
1903:
1891:10.2307/310927
1870:
1861:
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1849:
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1571:
1570:
1558:
1540:
1525:
1513:
1498:
1483:
1459:
1457:, p. 197.
1444:
1438:978-0684827902
1437:
1410:
1395:
1393:, p. 362.
1376:
1361:
1342:
1323:
1321:, p. 247.
1311:
1299:
1287:
1275:
1263:
1251:
1239:
1227:
1215:
1200:
1188:
1176:
1161:
1149:
1137:
1125:
1105:
1093:
1091:, p. 107.
1081:
1069:
1041:
1039:, p. 106.
1026:
1014:
1002:
986:
969:
953:
941:
925:
923:, p. 197.
912:
910:
907:
906:
905:
900:
898:Pentecontaetia
895:
890:
888:Chalcis Decree
885:
880:
874:
873:
870:History portal
859:
843:
840:
774:
771:
692:
691:Wars in Greece
689:
618:Main article:
615:
612:
544:
541:
509:Main article:
506:
503:
494:
491:
489:
486:
440:
437:
420:Main article:
417:
414:
368:
365:
295:Aegean Islands
283:first invasion
171:Main article:
168:
165:
68:Persian Empire
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5114:
5103:
5100:
5098:
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5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5077:Ancient Delos
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5067:Delian League
5065:
5064:
5062:
5047:
5039:
5037:
5033:
5029:
5027:
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4572:
4569:
4567:
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4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4546:Hemeroscopion
4544:
4542:
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4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
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4519:
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4146:
4143:
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4138:
4137:
4135:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4123:Magna Graecia
4120:
4116:
4109:
4106:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
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4037:
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4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3997:Arcadocypriot
3995:
3993:
3990:
3989:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3969:
3967:
3965:
3961:
3951:
3950:Zeus, Olympia
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3935:Hera, Olympia
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3907:
3905:
3903:
3899:
3893:
3890:
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3885:
3883:
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3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3864:
3861:
3858:
3854:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3838:Mount Olympus
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3810:
3808:
3806:Sacred places
3804:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3781:
3778:
3777:
3776:
3773:
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3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3630:Olympic Games
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3620:Homosexuality
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3550:
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3534:
3530:
3526:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3498:
3496:
3492:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3467:
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3303:
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3207:
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3202:
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3190:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3134:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
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3064:
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3052:
3047:
3043:
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3030:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2990:Seleucid army
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
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2901:
2900:
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2890:
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2886:
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2835:
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2801:
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2790:
2788:
2784:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
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2750:
2748:
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2744:
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2722:
2719:
2716:
2713:
2710:
2707:
2704:
2701:
2698:
2695:
2692:
2689:
2686:
2683:
2680:
2677:
2674:
2671:
2668:
2665:
2664:Delian League
2662:
2659:
2656:
2653:
2650:
2640:
2637:
2627:
2624:
2621:
2620:Ionian League
2618:
2608:
2605:
2601: 560 BC
2591:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2578:
2574:
2568:
2565:
2563:
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2558:
2555:
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2513:
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2406:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2342:Magna Graecia
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2284:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2184:
2180:
2173:
2168:
2166:
2161:
2159:
2154:
2153:
2150:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2127:Delian League
2125:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2113:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2092:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2030:
2025:
2023:
2018:
2016:
2011:
2010:
2007:
1999:
1998:
1992:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1973:
1962:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1950:
1939:
1934:
1930:
1925:
1921:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1871:
1867:
1862:
1858:
1853:
1852:
1840:
1838:9781400826797
1834:
1830:
1825:
1821:
1815:
1811:
1806:
1802:
1796:
1792:
1787:
1783:
1777:
1773:
1768:
1764:
1758:
1754:
1753:
1747:
1743:
1741:9781640826816
1737:
1733:
1732:
1726:
1722:
1716:
1712:
1707:
1703:
1697:
1693:
1688:
1684:
1678:
1674:
1669:
1665:
1660:
1656:
1654:0-674-03314-0
1650:
1646:
1645:
1639:
1635:
1629:
1625:
1624:
1618:
1611:
1604:
1599:
1595:
1589:
1585:
1580:
1579:
1568:, p. 56.
1567:
1562:
1554:
1547:
1545:
1536:
1529:
1523:, p. 28.
1522:
1517:
1509:
1502:
1494:
1487:
1473:
1469:
1463:
1456:
1451:
1449:
1440:
1434:
1430:
1423:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1406:
1399:
1392:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1372:
1365:
1357:
1353:
1352:The Histories
1346:
1338:
1334:
1327:
1320:
1315:
1308:
1303:
1296:
1291:
1284:
1279:
1272:
1267:
1260:
1255:
1248:
1243:
1236:
1231:
1224:
1219:
1212:
1207:
1205:
1197:
1192:
1185:
1180:
1172:
1171:The Histories
1165:
1158:
1153:
1146:
1141:
1135:, p. 58.
1134:
1129:
1121:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1103:, p. 18.
1102:
1097:
1090:
1085:
1078:
1073:
1058:
1054:
1048:
1046:
1038:
1033:
1031:
1023:
1018:
1011:
1006:
1000:, p. 2).
999:
995:
990:
984:, p. 13.
983:
978:
976:
974:
966:
962:
957:
950:
945:
938:
934:
929:
922:
917:
913:
904:
903:Zone (colony)
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
875:
871:
860:
857:
846:
839:
837:
831:
829:
828:
827:hellenotamiai
823:
822:
817:
813:
812:
807:
806:
800:
798:
794:
789:
785:
781:
770:
768:
764:
759:
757:
753:
748:
746:
741:
737:
732:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
697:
688:
686:
681:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
657:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
626:
621:
611:
609:
605:
600:
597:
593:
588:
586:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
540:
538:
533:
528:
526:
522:
518:
512:
502:
500:
484:
479:
477:
473:
468:
466:
462:
458:
454:
445:
436:
434:
430:
423:
413:
411:
407:
401:
398:
394:
389:
385:
383:
373:
364:
362:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
333:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
306:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
279:
276:
272:
268:
264:
256:
251:
247:
245:
244:Ionian Revolt
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
192:
188:
184:
179:
174:
164:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
132:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
97:
95:
91:
87:
83:
82:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
52:Delian League
46:around 431 BC
45:
41:
36:
30:
26:
22:
4841:Dionysopolis
4811:Abonoteichos
4763:Pantikapaion
4353:Hybla Heraea
3689:Architecture
3645:Prostitution
3334:Aristophanes
3193:Philosophers
3163:Philosophers
2995:Spartan army
2726:(280–146 BC)
2714:(338–322 BC)
2708:(370–168 BC)
2696:(374–196 BC)
2690:(378–355 BC)
2672:(430–348 BC)
2666:(478–404 BC)
2663:
2660:(499–449 BC)
2347:Peloponnesus
2269:Roman Greece
2126:
1995:
1980:
1964:. Retrieved
1958:
1937:
1928:
1919:
1910:
1882:
1878:
1865:
1856:
1828:
1809:
1790:
1771:
1751:
1730:
1710:
1691:
1672:
1663:
1643:
1622:
1583:
1561:
1552:
1551:Thucydides.
1534:
1533:Thucydides.
1528:
1516:
1507:
1506:Thucydides.
1501:
1492:
1491:Thucydides.
1486:
1475:. Retrieved
1471:
1462:
1428:
1404:
1398:
1391:Holland 2005
1370:
1369:Thucydides.
1364:
1351:
1345:
1332:
1331:Thucydides.
1326:
1319:Lazenby 1993
1314:
1307:Holland 2005
1302:
1295:Holland 2005
1290:
1283:Holland 2005
1278:
1271:Holland 2005
1266:
1259:Holland 2005
1254:
1247:Holland 2005
1242:
1235:Holland 2005
1230:
1223:Holland 2005
1218:
1211:Holland 2005
1196:Holland 2005
1191:
1184:Holland 2005
1179:
1170:
1164:
1152:
1145:Holland 2005
1140:
1128:
1119:
1118:Thucydides.
1096:
1084:
1072:
1060:. Retrieved
1056:
1022:Zagorin 2009
1017:
1005:
989:
982:Zagorin 2009
964:
956:
944:
928:
916:
832:
825:
819:
815:
809:
803:
801:
776:
760:
749:
733:
702:
682:
658:
631:
601:
589:
577:Themistocles
546:
529:
514:
496:
481:
469:
450:
425:
402:
390:
386:
378:
355:(modern day
334:
322:Peloponnesus
316:on land and
307:
280:
260:
196:
133:
128:
125:Ionian Greek
98:
79:
51:
49:
4989:Place names
4901:Salmydessus
4723:Kalos Limen
4703:Chersonesus
4693:Borysthenes
4398:Tauromenion
4210:Metapontion
3972:Proto-Greek
3925:Erechtheion
3920:Athena Nike
3882:Philippeion
3711:Mathematics
3682:and science
3565:Agriculture
3429:Stesichorus
3339:Bacchylides
3329:Archilochus
3216:Antisthenes
3206:Anaximander
3178:Seven Sages
3168:Playwrights
3148:Geographers
3143:Astronomers
2970:Pezhetairos
2597: 1100
2577:Federations
2476:Megalopolis
2413:City states
2388:City states
2080:Stoibadeion
1885:: 175–213.
1350:Herodotus.
1169:Herodotus.
1089:Martin 2000
1077:Martin 2000
1062:12 February
1037:Martin 2000
994:Rhodes 2006
937:Martin 2000
752:Mytilenians
747:broke out.
453:Cimon/Kimon
382:Leotychidas
314:Thermopylae
228:Aristagoras
121:city-states
105:Greek world
5061:Categories
4891:Polemonion
4768:Phanagoria
4738:Kimmerikon
4733:Kerkinitis
4718:Hermonassa
4708:Dioscurias
4604:Aspalathos
4551:Kalathousa
4526:Akra Leuke
4455:Phoenicusa
4240:Scylletium
4225:Poseidonia
4145:Brentesion
4032:Pamphylian
4027:Macedonian
3945:Samothrace
3930:Hephaestus
3877:Long Walls
3856:Structures
3797:Underworld
3743:Technology
3706:Literature
3640:Philosophy
3605:Euergetism
3494:By culture
3439:Thucydides
3281:Pythagoras
3276:Protagoras
3266:Parmenides
3251:Heraclitus
3236:Empedocles
3226:Democritus
3211:Anaximenes
3201:Anaxagoras
3153:Historians
2646: 595
2633: 550
2614: 800
2599: – c.
2527:Cappadocia
2332:Ionian Sea
2322:Hellespont
2287:Aegean Sea
1981:Livius.org
1966:15 January
1521:Brand 2020
1477:2021-12-04
1405:Aristeides
1403:Plutarch.
1133:Engen 2010
1101:Keuls 1993
909:References
805:kleruchiai
581:Long Walls
549:ostracized
517:Amphipolis
476:Thucydides
318:Artemisium
232:expedition
199:Asia Minor
167:Background
4977:in Epirus
4926:Trapezous
4871:Mesambria
4856:Eupatoria
4826:Apollonia
4821:Anchialos
4783:Theodosia
4753:Nymphaion
4743:Myrmekion
4713:Gorgippia
4669:Black Sea
4654:Tragurion
4639:Nymphaion
4624:Epidauros
4619:Epidamnos
4609:Apollonia
4586:Zacynthos
4508:Ptolemais
4502:Apollonia
4475:Cyrenaica
4465:Therassía
4460:Strongyle
4440:Ereikousa
4363:Leontinoi
4303:Apollonia
4180:Hipponion
3977:Mycenaean
3940:Parthenon
3872:Lion Gate
3775:Mythology
3738:Sculpture
3701:Astronomy
3635:Pederasty
3610:Festivals
3595:Education
3475:Lawgivers
3444:Timocreon
3424:Sophocles
3419:Simonides
3394:Philocles
3389:Panyassis
3384:Mimnermus
3349:Herodotus
3344:Euripides
3314:Aeschylus
3261:Leucippus
3221:Aristotle
3000:Strategos
2866:Synedrion
2820:Ostracism
2800:Areopagus
2752:Free city
2547:Macedonia
2431:Byzantion
2337:Macedonia
2302:Cyrenaica
2279:Geography
2213:Geography
2043:Landmarks
1356:9.114–115
1157:Fine 1983
998:Artz 2008
965:symmachia
821:archontes
816:episkopoi
725:Myronides
670:ostracism
650:Megabyzus
642:Amyrtaeus
608:Acropolis
604:Parthenon
553:Ephialtes
532:Aristides
488:Rebellion
406:Aristides
367:Formation
361:Pausanias
353:Byzantion
205:, by the
137:of Thasos
117:Anatolian
81:symmachia
5026:Category
5004:Theatres
4931:Tripolis
4866:Kerasous
4861:Heraclea
4793:Tyritake
4748:Nikonion
4659:Thronion
4581:Salauris
4536:Emporion
4493:Berenice
4483:Balagrae
4435:Euonymos
4408:Tyndaris
4393:Syracuse
4388:Selinous
4358:Kamarina
4313:Casmenae
4298:Akrillai
4215:Neápolis
4150:Caulonia
4131:Mainland
4062:Linear B
4057:Linear A
3987:Dialects
3964:Language
3758:Religion
3716:Medicine
3650:Religion
3615:Folklore
3600:Emporium
3575:Clothing
3570:Calendar
3454:Xenophon
3449:Tyrtaeus
3434:Theognis
3409:Polybius
3404:Plutarch
3379:Menander
3359:Hipponax
3286:Socrates
3241:Epicurus
3087:Diadochi
2985:Sciritae
2945:Hetairoi
2920:Ballista
2885:Military
2848:Gerousia
2838:Ekklesia
2805:Ecclesia
2787:Athenian
2735:Politics
2648:–279 BC)
2635:–366 BC)
2616:–389 BC)
2552:Pergamon
2522:Bithynia
2515:Kingdoms
2456:Pergamon
2398:Military
2393:Politics
2190:Timeline
1909:(2012).
1610:Archived
1537:. 1.100.
842:See also
811:proxenoi
596:Plutarch
592:Pericles
561:Thessaly
537:hegemony
472:hegemony
457:Karystos
429:Mytilene
410:Plutarch
357:Istanbul
303:Xerxes I
293:and the
149:Lysander
141:Pericles
115:and the
60:hegemony
5046:Outline
4999:Temples
4936:Zaliche
4916:Thèrmae
4906:Sesamus
4876:Odessos
4851:Cytorus
4846:Cotyora
4596:Illyria
4561:Mainake
4556:Kypsela
4445:Hycesia
4403:Thermae
4383:Segesta
4373:Messana
4328:Helorus
4308:Calacte
4288:Akragas
4250:Sybaris
4235:Rhegion
4190:Krimisa
4140:Alision
4049:Writing
4022:Locrian
4012:Epirote
3982:Homeric
3915:Artemis
3902:Temples
3843:Olympia
3813:Eleusis
3748:Theatre
3733:Pottery
3660:Warfare
3655:Slavery
3590:Economy
3585:Cuisine
3580:Coinage
3557:Society
3542:Culture
3537:Society
3485:Tyrants
3324:Alcaeus
3306:Authors
3256:Hypatia
3246:Gorgias
3183:Writers
3005:Toxotai
2975:Sarissa
2965:Peltast
2960:Phalanx
2940:Hoplite
2935:Hippeis
2858:Macedon
2830:Spartan
2815:Heliaia
2762:Proxeny
2471:Larissa
2466:Kerkyra
2461:Eretria
2451:Miletus
2446:Ephesus
2441:Corinth
2436:Chalcis
2357:Taurica
2227:Periods
2208:History
2115:Related
2060:Cynthus
1575:Sources
1510:. 1.99.
1495:. 1.98.
1373:. 1.95.
1173:. 5.37.
1122:. 1.96.
782:, only
713:Boeotia
606:on the
585:Piraeus
455:forced
416:Members
291:Macedon
267:Eretria
253:Owl of
224:Miletus
220:clients
153:Spartan
5036:Portal
4984:People
4972:Cities
4911:Sinope
4896:Rhizos
4886:Phasis
4836:Bathus
4831:Athina
4816:Amisos
4778:Tanais
4773:Pityus
4698:Charax
4649:Pharos
4644:Orikon
4541:Helike
4531:Alonis
4498:Cyrene
4430:Didyme
4343:Himera
4318:Catana
4280:Sicily
4270:Thurii
4265:Terina
4230:Pixous
4185:Hydrus
4160:Croton
3992:Aeolic
3910:Aphaea
3833:Dodona
3818:Delphi
3787:Temple
3463:Others
3414:Sappho
3399:Pindar
3374:Lucian
3369:Ibycus
3354:Hesiod
3291:Thales
3059:Rulers
3038:People
3015:Xyston
3010:Xiphos
2871:Koinon
2777:Tyrant
2767:Stasis
2757:Koinon
2557:Pontus
2532:Epirus
2501:Sparta
2491:Rhodes
2486:Megara
2481:Thebes
2426:Athens
2352:Pontus
2317:Epirus
2307:Cyprus
2292:Aeolis
2094:People
1899:310927
1897:
1835:
1816:
1797:
1778:
1759:
1738:
1717:
1698:
1679:
1651:
1630:
1590:
1555:. 101.
1435:
788:Lesbos
756:Lesbos
740:Euboea
717:Thebes
709:Aegina
703:Soon,
674:Citium
662:Cyprus
654:Cyrene
646:Cyprus
638:Inaros
565:Megara
521:Thasos
505:Thasos
465:Skyros
461:Euboea
349:Sestos
287:Thrace
271:Sardis
263:Athens
255:Athena
240:Aeolis
215:tyrant
183:Lesbos
151:, the
113:Aegean
101:Sparta
99:While
94:Apollo
64:Athens
29:Delyan
4994:Stoae
4962:Lists
4881:Oinòe
4804:coast
4802:South
4788:Tyras
4758:Olbia
4728:Kepoi
4681:coast
4679:North
4672:basin
4614:Aulon
4576:Rhode
4488:Barca
4378:Naxos
4333:Henna
4293:Akrai
4260:Taras
4245:Siris
4205:Medma
4200:Locri
4165:Cumae
4155:Chone
4133:Italy
4039:Koine
4017:Ionic
4007:Doric
4002:Attic
3823:Delos
3721:Music
3364:Homer
3319:Aesop
3271:Plato
3173:Poets
2843:Ephor
2795:Agora
2772:Tagus
2747:Boule
2496:Samos
2421:Argos
2327:Ionia
2312:Doris
2297:Crete
2122:Delia
2101:Anius
2036:Delos
1895:JSTOR
1613:(PDF)
1606:(PDF)
1407:. 26.
797:Ionia
784:Chios
763:Melos
666:Cimon
634:Egypt
557:Argos
525:helot
499:Naxos
493:Naxos
433:Melos
397:Delos
236:Doris
203:Ionia
191:Samos
187:Chios
90:Delos
62:) of
4921:Tium
4688:Akra
4629:Issa
4323:Gela
4195:Laüs
4170:Elea
3828:Dion
3680:Arts
3670:Wine
3296:Zeno
2893:Wars
1968:2021
1833:ISBN
1814:ISBN
1795:ISBN
1776:ISBN
1757:ISBN
1736:ISBN
1715:ISBN
1696:ISBN
1677:ISBN
1649:ISBN
1628:ISBN
1588:ISBN
1433:ISBN
1337:1.89
1064:2024
818:and
786:and
640:and
559:and
431:and
265:and
238:and
189:and
50:The
3625:Law
1887:doi
769:).
459:in
209:of
5063::
2643:c.
2630:c.
2611:c.
2594:c.
1994:.
1979:.
1957:.
1893:.
1883:51
1881:.
1877:.
1543:^
1470:.
1447:^
1413:^
1379:^
1354:.
1335:.
1203:^
1108:^
1055:.
1044:^
1029:^
972:^
680:.
563:.
539:.
305:.
289:,
285:,
246:.
226:,
185:,
163:.
4504:)
4500:(
2641:(
2628:(
2609:(
2603:)
2592:(
2579:/
2171:e
2164:t
2157:v
2028:e
2021:t
2014:v
1983:.
1970:.
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1657:.
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1066:.
31:.
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