Dementia praecox - Knowledge

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condition. It is the concept in this popular notion of psychosocial incapacity that forms the basis for the idea of legal incapacity. By the eighteenth century, at the period when the term entered into European medical discourse, clinical concepts were added to the vernacular understanding such that dementia was now associated with intellectual deficits arising from any cause and at any age. By the end of the nineteenth century, the modern 'cognitive paradigm' of dementia was taking root. This holds that dementia is understood in terms of criteria relating to aetiology, age and course which excludes former members of the family of the demented such as adults with acquired head trauma or children with cognitive deficits. Moreover, it was now understood as an irreversible condition and a particular emphasis was placed on memory loss in regard to the deterioration of intellectual functions.

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depressive psychosis, were assiduously adopted in clinical and research contexts among the Germanic psychiatric community. German-language psychiatric concepts were always introduced much faster in America (than, say, Britain) where émigré German, Swiss and Austrian physicians essentially created American psychiatry. Swiss-émigré Adolf Meyer (1866–1950), arguably the most influential psychiatrist in America for the first half of the 20th century, published the first critique of dementia praecox in an 1896 book review of the 5th edition of Kraepelin's textbook. But it was not until 1900 and 1901 that the first three American publications regarding dementia praecox appeared, one of which was a translation of a few sections of Kraepelin's 6th edition of 1899 on dementia praecox.

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from the 1896 edition onwards Kraepelin made clear his belief that poisoning of the brain, "auto-intoxication," probably by sex hormones, may underlie dementia praecox – a theory also entertained by Eugen Bleuler. Both theorists insisted dementia praecox is a biological disorder, not the product of psychological trauma. Thus, rather than a disease of hereditary degeneration or of structural brain pathology, Kraepelin believed dementia praecox was due to a systemic or "whole body" disease process, probably metabolic, which gradually affected many of the tissues and organs of the body before affecting the brain in a final, decisive cascade. Kraepelin, recognizing dementia praecox in Chinese, Japanese, Tamil and Malay patients, suggested in the eighth edition of

512:, Kraepelin established a paradigm for psychiatry that would dominate the following century, sorting most of the recognized forms of insanity into two major categories: dementia praecox and manic-depressive illness. Dementia praecox was characterized by disordered intellectual functioning, whereas manic-depressive illness was principally a disorder of affect or mood; and the former featured constant deterioration, virtually no recoveries and a poor outcome, while the latter featured periods of exacerbation followed by periods of remission, and many complete recoveries. The class, dementia praecox, comprised the paranoid, catatonic and hebephrenic psychotic disorders, and these forms were found in the 641:

that existing diagnoses such as "delusional insanity" or "adolescent insanity" were better or more clearly defined. In France a psychiatric tradition regarding the psychotic disorders predated Kraepelin, and the French never fully adopted Kraepelin's classification system. Instead the French maintained an independent classification system throughout the 20th century. From 1980, when DSM-III totally reshaped psychiatric diagnosis, French psychiatry began to finally alter its views of diagnosis to converge with the North American system. Kraepelin thus finally conquered France via America.

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to Kraepelin's dementia praecox. When Freudian perspectives became influential in American psychiatry in the 1920s schizophrenia became an attractive alternative concept. Bleuler corresponded with Freud and was connected to Freud's psychoanalytic movement, and the inclusion of Freudian interpretations of the symptoms of schizophrenia in his publications on the subject, as well as those of C.G. Jung, eased the adoption of his broader version of dementia praecox (schizophrenia) in America over Kraepelin's narrower and prognostically more negative one.

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the Meyerians and psychoanalysts—were overthrown. For research purposes, the definition of schizophrenia returned to the narrow range allowed by Kraepelin's dementia praecox concept. Furthermore, after 1980 the disorder was a progressively deteriorating one once again, with the notion that recovery, if it happened at all, was rare. This revision of schizophrenia became the basis of the diagnostic criteria in DSM-III (1980). Some of the psychiatrists who worked to bring about this revision referred to themselves as the "neo-Kraepelinians".

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manic-depressive illness, there could be no disease-specific treatment, and recommended the use of long baths and the occasional use of drugs such as opiates and barbiturates for the amelioration of distress, as well as occupational activities, where suitable, for all institutionalized patients. Based on his theory that dementia praecox is the product of autointoxication emanating from the sex glands, Kraepelin experimented, without success, with injections of thyroid, gonad and other glandular extracts.

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from each other, with Kraepelin employing the more modern sense of the word and that Morel was not describing a diagnostic category. Indeed, until the advent of Pick and Kraepelin, Morel's term had vanished without a trace and there is little evidence to suggest that either Pick or indeed Kraepelin were even aware of Morel's use of the term until long after they had published their own disease concepts bearing the same name. As Eugène Minkowski stated, "An abyss separates Morel's

637:. In both clinical work as well as research, between 1918 and 1952 five different terms were used interchangeably: dementia praecox, schizophrenia, dementia praecox (schizophrenia), schizophrenia (dementia praecox) and schizophrenic reaction. This made the psychiatric literature of the time confusing since, in a strict sense, Kraepelin's disease was not Bleuler's disease. They were defined differently, had different population parameters, and different concepts of prognosis. 27: 238: 622:

at Bellevue Hospital in New York City in 1903. The term lived on due to its promotion in the publications of the National Committee on Mental Hygiene (founded in 1909) and the Eugenics Records Office (1910). But perhaps the most important reason for the longevity of Kraepelin's term was its inclusion in 1918 as an official diagnostic category in the uniform system adopted for comparative statistical record-keeping in all American mental institutions,

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interpreted as "psychologically self-protected"). The diagnostic criteria were vague, minimal and wide, including either concepts that no longer exist or that are now labeled as personality disorders (for example, schizotypal personality disorder). There was also no mention of the dire prognosis Kraepelin had made. Schizophrenia seemed to be more prevalent and more psychogenic and more treatable than either Kraepelin or Bleuler would have allowed.

493: 3268: 428:... after the first thorough examination of a new patient, each of us had to throw in a note with his diagnosis written on it. After a while, the notes were taken out of the box, the diagnoses were listed, and the case was closed, the final interpretation of the disease was added to the original diagnosis. In this way, we were able to see what kind of mistakes had been made and were able to follow-up the reasons for the wrong original diagnosis. 380:(course and outcome). An additional feature of the clinical method was that the characteristic symptoms that define syndromes should be described without any prior assumption of brain pathology (although such links would be made later as scientific knowledge progressed). Karl Kahlbaum made an appeal for the adoption of the clinical method in psychiatry in his 1874 book on catatonia. Without Kahlbaum and Hecker there would be no dementia praecox. 587: 3296: 438:, published in 1893, two years after his arrival at Heidelberg, contained some impressions of the patterns Kraepelin had begun to find in his index cards. Prognosis (course and outcome) began to feature alongside signs and symptoms in the description of syndromes, and he added a class of psychotic disorders designated "psychic degenerative processes", three of which were borrowed from Kahlbaum and Hecker: 278:(1797–1860), held that the variety of symptoms attributed to mental illness were manifestations of a single underlying disease process. While these approaches had a diachronic aspect they lacked a conception of mental illness that encompassed a coherent notion of change over time in terms of the natural course of the illness and based upon an empirical observation of changing symptomatology. 535:

and 1915, he described eleven forms of dementia, and dementia praecox was classed as one of the "endogenous dementias". Modifying his previous more gloomy prognosis in line with Bleuler's observations, Kraepelin reported that about 26% of his patients experienced partial remission of symptoms. Kraepelin died while working on the ninth edition of

417:. There he established a research program based on Kahlbaum's proposal for a more exact qualitative clinical approach, and his own innovation: a quantitative approach involving meticulous collection of data over time on each new patient admitted to the clinic (rather than only the interesting cases, as had been the habit until then). 299:). Although with the passage of time this work would prove profoundly influential, when it was published it was almost completely ignored by German academia despite the sophisticated and intelligent disease classification system which it proposed. In this book Kahlbaum categorized certain typical forms of psychosis ( 655:

Due to the influence of alienists such as Adolf Meyer, August Hoch, George Kirby, Charles Macphie Campbell, Smith Ely Jelliffe and William Alanson White, psychogenic theories of dementia praecox dominated the American scene by 1911. In 1925 Bleuler's schizophrenia rose in prominence as an alternative

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Understanding that objective diagnostic methods must be based on scientific practice, Kraepelin had been conducting psychological and drug experiments on patients and normal subjects for some time when, in 1891, he left Dorpat and took up a position as professor and director of the psychiatric clinic

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as amounting to the discovery of schizophrenia, others have argued convincingly that Morel's descriptive use of the term should not be considered in any sense as a precursor to Kraepelin's dementia praecox disease concept. This is due to the fact that their concepts of dementia differed significantly

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in psychiatry, used the term in a descriptive sense and not to define a specific and novel diagnostic category. It was applied as a means of setting apart a group of young men and women with "stupor". As such their condition was characterised by a certain torpor, enervation, and disorder of the will

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Kraepelin viewed dementia praecox as a progressively deteriorating disease from which no one recovered. However, by 1913, and more explicitly by 1920, Kraepelin admitted that while there may be a residual cognitive defect in most cases, the prognosis was not as uniformly dire as he had stated in the

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The reception of dementia praecox as an accepted diagnosis in British psychiatry came more slowly, perhaps only taking hold around the time of World War I. There was substantial opposition to the use of the term "dementia" as misleading, partly due to findings of remission and recovery. Some argued

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appearing in 1907 and reissued in 1912. Both dementia praecox (in its three classic forms) and "manic-depressive psychosis" gained wider popularity in the larger institutions in the eastern United States after being included in the official nomenclature of diseases and conditions for record-keeping

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What convinced me of the superiority of the clinical method of diagnosis (followed here) over the traditional one, was the certainty with which we could predict (in conjunction with our new concept of disease) the future course of events. Thanks to it the student can now find his way more easily in

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in the 1970s that were independent of any clinical diagnostic manual, Kraepelin's idea that categories of mental disorder should reflect discrete and specific disease entities with a biological basis began to return to prominence. Vague dimensional approaches based on symptoms—so highly favored by

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Though his work and that of his research associates had revealed a role for heredity, Kraepelin realized nothing could be said with certainty about the aetiology of dementia praecox, and he left out speculation regarding brain disease or neuropathology in his diagnostic descriptions. Nevertheless,

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reported in 1908 that in many cases there was no inevitable progressive decline, there was temporary remission in some cases, and there were even cases of near recovery with the retention of some residual defect. In the eighth edition of Kraepelin's textbook, published in four volumes between 1909

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advocated that the ideas of Kahlbaum, who was then a marginal and little known figure in psychiatry, should be followed. Therefore, he argued, a research programme into the nature of psychiatric illness should look at a large number of patients over time to discover the course which mental disease

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in 50 BC where it meant "being out of one's mind". Until the seventeenth century, dementia referred to states of cognitive and behavioural deterioration leading to psychosocial incompetence. This condition could be innate or acquired, and the concept had no reference to a necessarily irreversible

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Editions of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders since the first in 1952 had reflected views of schizophrenia as "reactions" or "psychogenic" (DSM-I), or as manifesting Freudian notions of "defense mechanisms" (as in DSM-II of 1969 in which the symptoms of schizophrenia were

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Morel described several psychotic disorders that ended in dementia, and as a result he may be regarded as the first alienist or psychiatrist to develop a diagnostic system based on presumed outcome rather than on the current presentation of signs and symptoms. Morel, however, did not conduct any

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Kraepelin had experimented with hypnosis but found it wanting, and disapproved of Freud's and Jung's introduction, based on no evidence, of psychogenic assumptions to the interpretation and treatment of mental illness. He argued that, without knowing the underlying cause of dementia praecox or

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Kraepelin noted the dissemination of his new disease concept when in 1899 he enumerated the term's appearance in almost twenty articles in the German-language medical press. In the early years of the twentieth century the twin pillars of the Kraepelinian dichotomy, dementia praecox and manic

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on the course and outcome of dementia praecox (Kraepelin would be the first in history to do that) so this prognosis was based on speculation. It is impossible to discern whether the condition briefly described by Morel was equivalent to the disorder later called dementia praecox by Pick and

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Adolf Meyer was the first to apply the new diagnostic term in America. He used it at the Worcester Lunatic Hospital in Massachusetts in the fall of 1896. He was also the first to apply Eugen Bleuler's term "schizophrenia" (in the form of "schizophrenic reaction") in 1913 at the Henry Phipps

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could take. It has also been suggested that Kraepelin's decision to accept the Dorpat post was informed by the fact that there he could hope to gain experience with chronic patients and this, it was presumed, would facilitate the longitudinal study of mental illness.

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Die Gruppierung der psychischen Krankheiten und die Eintheilung der Seelenstörungen: Entwurf einer historisch-kritischen Darstellung der bisherigen Eintheilungen und Versuch zur Anbahnung einer empirisch-wissenschaftlichen Grundlage der Psychiatrie als klinischer

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in 1925. Until 1952 the terms dementia praecox and schizophrenia were used interchangeably in American psychiatry, with occasional use of the hybrid terms "dementia praecox (schizophrenia)" or "schizophrenia (dementia praecox)".

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The primary disturbance in dementia praecox was seen to be a disruption in cognitive or mental functioning in attention, memory, and goal-directed behaviour. Kraepelin contrasted this with manic-depressive psychosis, now termed

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The term "schizophrenia" was first applied by American alienists and neurologists in private practice by 1909 and officially in institutional settings in 1913, but it took many years to catch on. It is first mentioned in

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that, "we must therefore seek the real cause of dementia praecox in conditions which are spread all over the world, which thus do not lie in race or in climate, in food or in any other general circumstance of life..."

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The dissemination of Kraepelin's disease concept to the Anglophone world was facilitated in 1902 when Ross Diefendorf, a lecturer in psychiatry at Yale, published an adapted version of the sixth edition of the

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In this edition dementia praecox is still essentially hebephrenia, and it, dementia paranoides and catatonia are described as distinct psychotic disorders among the "metabolic disorders leading to dementia".

104:. Kraepelin reduced the complex psychiatric taxonomies of the nineteenth century by dividing them into two classes: manic-depressive psychosis and dementia praecox. This division, commonly referred to as the 2728:

Noll, Richard (1999). "Styles of psychiatric practice: clinical evaluations of the same patient by James Jackson Putnam, Adolf Meyer, August Hoch, Emil Kraepelin and Smith Ely Jelliffe".

365:. Perhaps their most lasting contribution to psychiatry was the introduction of the "clinical method" from medicine to the study of mental diseases, a method which is now known as 630:, or DSM-I, appeared. Dementia praecox disappeared from official psychiatry with the publication of DSM-I, replaced by the Bleuler/Meyer hybridization, "schizophrenic reaction". 264:

of a given disease concept. The dominant psychiatric paradigms which gave a semblance of order to this fragmentary picture were Morelian degeneration theory and the concept of "

978:). In the first instance the reference is made in relation to young girls of asthenic build who have often also had typhoid. It is a description and not a diagnostic category ( 311:

was distinguished by the passage of the patient through clearly defined disease phases: a melancholic stage; a manic stage; a confusional stage; and finally a demented stage.

305:) as a single coherent type based upon their shared progressive nature which betrayed, he argued, an ongoing degenerative disease process. For Kahlbaum the disease process of 1489: 954:

in positing that senility is not an age specific condition and he also remarks that at his clinic he sees almost as many young people experiencing senility as old people (

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in the nineteenth-century was chaotic and characterised by a conflicting mosaic of contradictory systems. Psychiatric disease categories were based upon short-term and

204:. He did not conceptualise their state as irreversible and thus his use of the term dementia was equivalent to that formed in the eighteenth century as outlined above. 387:, Estonia) in 1886, Kraepelin gave an inaugural address to the faculty outlining his research programme for the years ahead. Attacking the "brain mythology" of 513: 1842:

Clinical Psychiatry: A Textbook for Students and Physicians Abstracted and Adapted from the Seventh German Edition of Kraepelin's "Lehrbuch Der Psychiatrie"

986:). In the next instance the term is used to argue that the illness course for those with mania does not normally terminate in an early form of dementia ( 579: 1622: 2526:"Infectious insanities, surgical solutions: Bayard Taylor Holmes, dementia praecox and laboratory science in early twentieth-century America. Part 2" 916:, p. 46. Berrios, Luque and Villagran contend in their 2003 article on schizophrenia that Morel's first use dates to the publication in 1860 of 762: 3075:

Weber, Matthias M.; Engstrom, Eric J. (1997). "Kraepelin's 'diagnostic cards': the confluence of clinical research and preconceived categories".

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Steinberger, Holger; Angermeyer, Matthias C. (2001). "Emil Kraepelin's years at Dorpat as professor of psychiatry in nineteenth-century Russia".

2482:"Infectious insanities, surgical solutions: Bayard Taylor Holmes, dementia praecox and laboratory science in early 20th-century America. Part 1" 1104:, p. 117), others baldly state that Kraepelin was clearly inspired by Morel's lead. Yet no evidence of this claim is offered. For example, 3067: 2910: 2827: 2428: 2371: 2325: 2247: 2020: 1856: 1775: 1740: 1683: 1656: 1592: 3318: 1864:

Dowbiggin, Ian (1996). "Back to the future: Valentin Magnan, French psychiatry, and the classification of mental diseases, 1885–1925'".

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Kraepelin believed that by thoroughly describing all of the clinic's new patients on index cards, which he had been using since 1887,

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characterized by rapid cognitive disintegration, usually beginning in the late teens or early adulthood. Over the years, the term

2274: 626:. Its many revisions served as the official diagnostic classification scheme in America until 1952 when the first edition of the 100:

in his first detailed textbook descriptions of a condition that eventually became a different disease concept later relabeled as

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until the fifth edition was released, in May 2013. These terms, however, are still found in general psychiatric nomenclature.

3221: 3137: 2391: 1611: 1749: 124:. He eventually concluded that it was not possible to distinguish his categories on the basis of cross-sectional symptoms. 2612:

Noll, Richard (2006d). "Chicago's Dr. Bayard Taylor Holmes: A forgotten pioneer in the history of biological psychiatry".

450:, (Hecker's hebephrenia of 1871). Kraepelin continued to equate dementia praecox with hebephrenia for the next six years. 2884: 1712: 1564: 424:

bias could be eliminated from the investigation process. He described the method in his posthumously published memoir:

3300: 3201: 3191: 3181: 3171: 3161: 3151: 3051: 2935: 2894: 2846: 2811: 2412: 2344: 2004: 1904: 1829: 1759: 1724: 1576: 930:). Dowbiggin inaccurately states that Morel used the term on page 234 of the first volume of his 1852 publication 3323: 338:

studies on young psychotic patients that would become a major influence on the development of modern psychiatry.

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was used in passing to describe the characteristics of a subset of young mental patients by the French physician

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Kraam, Abdullah (2009). "'Hebephrenia. A contribution to clinical psychiatry.' By Dr. Ewald Hecker in Görlitz".

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Noll, Richard (2004a). "Historical Review: Autointoxication and focal infection theories of dementia praecox".

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which was published in 1860. Morel, whose name will be forever associated with religiously inspired concept of

2947:"Classic Text No. 72 Non-dementia non-praecox: note on the advantages to mental hygiene of extirpating a term" 1641:; Hauser, R. (1995). "Kraepelin. Clinical Section — Part II". In Berrios, German E.; Porter, Roy (eds.). 578:"Psychiatrists of Europe! Protect your sanctified diagnoses!" A satirizing cartoon by Emil Kraepelin based on 82: 376:, a diagnosis became more than just a description of a collection of symptoms: diagnosis now also defined by 2438:"Kraepelin's 'lost biological psychiatry'? Autointoxication, organotherapy and surgery for dementia praecox" 1630: 1466: 1347: 1221: 1363: 685: 474:

data derived from long term observation of patients, would produce reliable diagnoses including prognosis:

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1890s. Still, he regarded it as a specific disease concept that implied incurable, inexplicable madness.

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Hippius, Hanns; Muller, Norbert (2008). "The work of Emil Kraepelin and his research group in Munchen".

530:, Kraepelin accepted the possibility that a small number of patients may recover from dementia praecox. 962:). Also, as Hoenig accurately states, Morel uses the term twice in his 1852 text on pages 282 and 361 ( 3232:

Psychiatrie: Ein kurzes Lehrbuch fur Studirende und Aerzte. Vierte, vollständig umgearbeitete Auflage.

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Jablensky, Assen (1999). "The Nature of Psychiatric Classification: Issues Beyond ICD-10 and DSM-IV".

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Hoenig, J (1995). "Schizophrenia: clinical section". In Berrios, German E.; Porter, Roy (eds.).

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Pillmann, F.; Marneros, A. (2003). "Brief and acute psychoses: the development of concepts".

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Ion, R.M.; Beer, M.D. (2002b). "The British reaction to dementia praecox 1893–1913. Part 2".

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Ion, R.M.; Beer, M.D. (2002a). "The British reaction to dementia praecox 1893–1913. Part 1".

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While some have sought to interpret, if in a qualified fashion, the use by Morel of the term

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Pick, Arnold. Ueber primare chronische Demenz (so. Dementia praecox) im jugendlichen Alter.

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with Johannes Lange (1891–1938), who finished it and brought it to publication in 1927.

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Schizophrenia was mentioned as an alternate term for dementia praecox in the 1918

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observations of patients from which were derived the putative characteristic

117: 59: 31: 2874: 2857: 574: 334:(1843–1909), and during a ten-year collaboration they conducted a series of 3213: 3118:

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In 1866, Kahlbaum became the director of a private psychiatric clinic in

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The history of dementia praecox is really that of psychiatry as a whole.

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Together Kahlbaum and Hecker were the first to describe and name such

315: 45:(meaning a "premature dementia" or "precocious madness") is a disused 2858:"Eugen Bleuler's schizophrenias – synthesis of various concepts" 2311:Études cliniques: traité, théorique et pratique des maladies mentales 377: 358: 346: 166: 1082: 888: 165:

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While Berrios, Luque and Villagran argue this point forcefully (

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Berrios, German E.; Luque, Rogelio; Villagran, Jose M. (2003).

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was first used by German psychiatrist Heinrich Schüle in 1880.

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diagnosis that originally designated a chronic, deteriorating

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384: 274:). This latter notion, derived from the Belgian psychiatrist 3119: 1960:

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When the element of time was added to the concept of

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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual: Mental Disorders

596:("People of Europe, defend your sacred treasures!") 2266:Psychiatry: A Textbook for Students and Physicians 2104:Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 1665: 1629:. American Psychiatric Association. Archived from 1546:Revolution in Mind: The Creation of Psychoanalysis 605:Psychiatric Clinic of the Johns Hopkins Hospital. 3248:Leipzig: Verlag von Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1899. 3241:Leipzig: Verlag von Johann Ambrosius Barth, 1896. 2272: 2161:"Karl Ludwig Kahlbaum by Dr. Ewald Hecker (1899)" 1824:. Pittsburgh PA: University of Pittsburgh Press. 1717:Aphasia and Related Neurogenic Language Disorders 823: 3310: 3166:Vol. IV: Kraepelin in Dorpat, 1886–1891 (2003), 2764: 2282:Hospital Physician Neurology Board Review Manual 1286: 1251: 330:). He was accompanied by his younger assistant, 2862:Schweizer Archiv für Neurologie und Psychiatrie 2273:Malgorzata, B. Franczak; Maganti, Rama (2004). 1899:. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press. 1567:. In Norman, Ian J.; Redfern, Sally J. (eds.). 3196:Vol. I: Persönliches, Selbstzeugnisse (2000), 3038:. In Lieberman, Jeffrey A.; Stroup, T. Scott; 3036:"History of schizophrenia and its antecedents" 684:As a direct result of the effort to construct 200:and was related to the diagnostic category of 2264:Kraepelin, Emil (1990). Quen, Jacques (ed.). 1637: 89:" (an adolescent-onset psychotic condition). 3212:1908–1926. annotated edition of Kraepelin's 2944: 1027: 1013: 1007: 949: 931: 917: 616: 610: 591: 551: 536: 525: 507: 454: 433: 290: 269: 215: 208: 190: 184: 174: 2855: 2386:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 1142: 593:Völker Europas, wahrt eure heiligsten Güter 306: 300: 292:Die Gruppierung der psychischen Krankheiten 3066:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2909:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2826:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2427:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2370:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2324:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2246:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2019:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1855:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1838: 1821:Clifford W. Beers, advocate for the insane 1774:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1739:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1682:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1655:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1591:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 1515: 459:, Kraepelin expressed confidence that his 297:The Classification of Psychiatric Diseases 81:(1851–1924), a professor of psychiatry at 3129:. 8 vols. Munich: Belleville, 2000–2013. 2873: 2263: 2254: 2231: 2101: 1863: 1800: 1710: 1621:American Psychiatric Association (2011). 1600:American Psychiatric Association (2000). 1400: 1388: 1138: 1076: 937: 827: 488:Kraepelin's influence on the next century 407: 2146: 2064: 2027: 1892: 1531: 1527: 1302: 1255: 1243: 1197: 1150: 804: 580:a famous contemporary political painting 573: 491: 236: 151: 147: 25: 2917: 2882: 2275:"Neurodegenerative disorders: dementia" 1663: 1353: 1012:is used by Morel once in his 1857 text 850: 815: 765:. Scientific American Mind (March 2013) 705: 3311: 3176:Vol. III: Briefe I, 1868–1886 (2002), 2945:Southard, E.E.; Noll, Richard (2007). 2801: 2627:World Journal of Biological Psychiatry 1994: 1913: 1623:"B00 Schizophrenia: Proposed Revision" 1543: 1329: 1317: 1173: 963: 909: 783: 748: 645:From dementia praecox to schizophrenia 569: 519: 3033: 2922:A Historical Dictionary of Psychiatry 2698: 2661: 2624: 2611: 2567: 2523: 2479: 2435: 2400: 2353: 2332: 2307: 2194: 2158: 1782: 1751:Schizophrenia: A Scientific Delusion? 1747: 1693:"Schizophrenia: a conceptual history" 1569:Mental Health Care for Elderly People 1562: 1479: 1434: 1419: 1404: 1372: 1298: 1278: 1266: 1227: 1212: 1189: 1177: 1165: 1134: 1105: 1033: 1019: 987: 979: 967: 955: 941: 927: 913: 882: 835: 760: 670: 3284:, a famous case of dementia praecox. 2841:. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. 2834: 2727: 2378: 1817: 1495: 479:the difficult subject of psychiatry. 432:The fourth edition of his textbook, 3319:Obsolete terms for mental disorders 1123:Berrios, Luque & Villagran 2003 1102:Berrios, Luque & Villagran 2003 1089:Berrios, Luque & Villagran 2003 1026:) and seven times in his 1860 book 1004:Berrios, Luque & Villagran 2003 948:). On page 235 Morel does refer to 924:Berrios, Luque & Villagran 2003 898:Berrios, Luque & Villagran 2003 871:Berrios, Luque & Villagran 2003 859:Berrios, Luque & Villagran 2003 796:Berrios, Luque & Villagran 2003 453:In the March 1896 fifth edition of 183:in 1852 in the first volume of his 156:Benedict Augustin Morel (1809–1873) 57:was gradually replaced by the term 13: 3112: 1715:. In La Pointe, Leonard L. (ed.). 14: 3340: 3288: 3253:Prager medicinische Wochenschrift 2960:(4). SAGE Publications: 483–502. 2110:(2). SAGE Publications: 137–144. 1342:Steinberger & Angermeyer 2001 524:In the seventh, 1904, edition of 232: 96:(1856–1926) popularised the term 3294: 3266: 2116:10.1046/j.1440-1614.1999.00535.x 1449: 1711:Bourgeois, Michelle S. (2005). 1556: 1537: 1521: 1443: 1428: 1413: 1394: 1382: 1292: 1272: 1237: 1206: 1183: 1159: 1128: 1115: 1094: 997: 903: 116:, and also with other forms of 2835:Sass, Louis Arnorsson (1994). 2147:Kahlbaum, Karl Ludwig (1863). 1719:. New York. pp. 199–212. 844: 809: 754: 699: 679: 1: 2676:10.1016/S0920-9964(03)00219-6 1789:British Journal of Psychiatry 1548:. New York: Harper Perennial. 824:Malgorzata & Maganti 2004 506:In the 1899 (6th) edition of 497: 466:, involving analysis of both 3210:Emil Kraepelins Traumsprache 3046:. Arlington. pp. 1–15. 2357:Traité des maladies mentales 1839:Diefendorf, A. Ross (1912). 1571:. London. pp. 183–204. 1287:Pillmann & Marneros 2003 1252:Pillmann & Marneros 2003 1029:Traité des maladies mentales 919:Traité des maladies mentales 692: 686:Research Diagnostic Criteria 560: 192:Traité des maladies mentales 83:Charles University in Prague 77:It was also used in 1891 by 7: 3259: 3234:Leipzig: Abel Verlag, 1893. 1999:. London. pp. 336–48. 1664:Berrios, German E. (1996). 761:Yuhas, Daisy (March 2013). 10: 3345: 3089:10.1177/0957154X9700803104 3034:Stone, Michael H. (2006). 3011:10.1177/0957154X0101204703 2742:10.1177/0957154X9901003801 2407:(3rd ed.). New York. 2259:. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. 2079:10.1177/0957154X0201305204 2042:10.1177/0957154X0201305103 1893:Engstrom, Eric J. (2003). 1866:Social History of Medicine 1645:. London. pp. 280–92. 648: 131: 18: 3216:in the mentioned period. 2779:10.1177/0957154X030142002 2639:10.1080/15622970410029914 2570:"The blood of the insane" 1972:10.1007/s00406-008-2001-6 1802:10.1192/bjp.bp.108.058537 446:(per Kahlbaum, 1874) and 220:from that of Kraepelin." 216: 122:major depressive disorder 2966:10.1177/0957154x07082895 2883:Shorter, Edward (1997). 2856:Scharfetter, C. (2001). 2713:10.1177/0957154X04041832 2589:10.1177/0957154X06059440 2545:10.1177/0957154x06059446 2501:10.1177/0957154x06059456 2457:10.1177/0957154X07078705 2339:. Paris: J.B. Balliere. 2255:Kraepelin, Emil (1987). 2232:Kraepelin, Emil (1896). 2209:10.1177/0957154X08099416 2180:10.1177/0957154X07084879 2159:Kraam, Abdullah (2008). 1935:10.1177/0957154X07078977 1783:Burns, Alastair (2009). 1754:(2nd ed.). London. 1006:, p. 117. The term 720:10.1177/0957154X13501454 651:History of schizophrenia 612:Lehrbuch der Psychiatrie 544: 19:Not to be confused with 3122:(2000 – mid 2007). 2875:10.4414/sanp.2001.01199 2568:Noll, Richard (2006c). 2524:Noll, Richard (2006b). 2480:Noll, Richard (2006a). 2436:Noll, Richard (2007b). 2401:Noll, Richard (2007a). 1544:Makari, George (2008). 590:The political painting 181:Bénédict Augustin Morel 3324:Obsolete medical terms 2664:Schizophrenia Research 2288:(4): 2. Archived from 1914:Greene, Tayla (2007). 1563:Adams, Trevor (1997). 1403:, p. v quoted in 1028: 1014: 1008: 950: 932: 918: 617: 611: 597: 592: 583: 552: 537: 526: 508: 503: 481: 455: 434: 430: 408:Quantitative component 307: 301: 291: 270: 245: 209: 191: 185: 175: 157: 145: 106:Kraepelinian dichotomy 39: 3208:Engels, Huub (2006). 3077:History of Psychiatry 2999:History of Psychiatry 2954:History of Psychiatry 2767:History of Psychiatry 2730:History of Psychiatry 2701:History of Psychiatry 2577:History of Psychiatry 2533:History of Psychiatry 2489:History of Psychiatry 2445:History of Psychiatry 2197:History of Psychiatry 2168:History of Psychiatry 2067:History of Psychiatry 2030:History of Psychiatry 1923:History of Psychiatry 1818:Dain, Norman (1980). 708:History of Psychiatry 589: 577: 495: 476: 426: 415:Heidelberg University 391:and the positions of 240: 226:quantitative research 155: 148:First use of the term 135: 29: 3303:at Wikimedia Commons 3282:Daniel Paul Schreber 3255:, 1891, 16: 312–315. 2802:Porter, Roy (1999). 2354:Morel, B.A. (1860). 2333:Morel, B.A. (1857). 2308:Morel, B.A. (1852). 2036:(51 Pt 3): 285–304. 1748:Boyle, Mary (2002). 1633:on 25 December 2010. 1532:Ion & Beer 2002b 1530:, pp. 285–304; 1528:Ion & Beer 2002a 1452:"Whole Body Madness" 326:, a small town near 287:Karl Ludwig Kahlbaum 285:-based psychiatrist 242:Karl Ludwig Kahlbaum 92:German psychiatrist 21:Early onset dementia 3083:(31 Pt 3): 375–85. 2736:(38 Pt 2): 145–89. 2154:. Danzig: Kafemann. 2073:(52 Pt 4): 419–31. 1878:10.1093/shm/9.3.383 1454:. Psychiatric times 1344:, pp. 297–327. 885:, pp. 199–200. 570:Use of term spreads 520:Change in prognosis 440:dementia paranoides 197:degeneration theory 1966:(Suppl. 2): 3–11. 1639:Berrios, German E. 1518:, pp. 219–75. 1176:, pp. 337–8; 671:Diagnostic manuals 663:The New York Times 635:Statistical Manual 598: 584: 504: 246: 158: 51:psychotic disorder 40: 3299:Media related to 3274:Psychiatry portal 3244:Kraepelin, Emil. 3237:Kraepelin, Emil. 3222:978-90-6464-060-5 3138:978-3-943157-22-2 3040:Perkins, Diana O. 2393:978-0-674-04739-6 1627:DSM-5 Development 1613:978-0-89042-025-6 1534:, pp. 419–31 1332:, pp. 337–8. 266:unitary psychosis 3336: 3301:Dementia praecox 3298: 3276: 3271: 3270: 3108: 3071: 3065: 3057: 3030: 2993: 2951: 2941: 2925: 2914: 2908: 2900: 2879: 2877: 2852: 2831: 2825: 2817: 2798: 2761: 2724: 2695: 2658: 2621: 2614:Chicago Medicine 2608: 2574: 2564: 2530: 2520: 2486: 2476: 2442: 2432: 2426: 2418: 2397: 2375: 2369: 2361: 2350: 2329: 2323: 2315: 2314:. Vol. 1. Nancy. 2304: 2302: 2300: 2294: 2279: 2269: 2260: 2251: 2245: 2237: 2228: 2191: 2165: 2155: 2143: 2098: 2061: 2024: 2018: 2010: 1991: 1954: 1920: 1910: 1889: 1860: 1854: 1846: 1835: 1814: 1804: 1779: 1773: 1765: 1744: 1738: 1730: 1707: 1697: 1687: 1681: 1673: 1671: 1660: 1654: 1646: 1634: 1617: 1596: 1590: 1582: 1550: 1549: 1541: 1535: 1525: 1519: 1513: 1507: 1493: 1487: 1477: 1464: 1463: 1461: 1459: 1447: 1441: 1432: 1426: 1417: 1411: 1398: 1392: 1386: 1380: 1370: 1361: 1351: 1345: 1339: 1333: 1327: 1321: 1315: 1309: 1296: 1290: 1276: 1270: 1264: 1258: 1241: 1235: 1225: 1219: 1210: 1204: 1187: 1181: 1163: 1157: 1143:Scharfetter 2001 1132: 1126: 1119: 1113: 1098: 1092: 1086: 1080: 1074: 1065: 1031: 1017: 1011: 1001: 995: 953: 951:démence juvénile 935: 933:Etudes cliniques 921: 907: 901: 895: 886: 880: 874: 868: 862: 848: 842: 813: 807: 799: 793: 787: 781: 775: 774: 772: 770: 758: 752: 746: 740: 739: 703: 620: 614: 595: 555: 540: 529: 511: 502: 499: 458: 448:dementia praecox 437: 310: 304: 294: 273: 271:Einheitspsychose 219: 218: 212: 194: 188: 186:Études cliniques 178: 143: 114:bipolar disorder 98:dementia praecox 72:dementia praecox 55:dementia praecox 43:Dementia praecox 36:dementia praecox 3344: 3343: 3339: 3338: 3337: 3335: 3334: 3333: 3309: 3308: 3291: 3272: 3265: 3262: 3228:Kraepelin, Emil 3115: 3113:Further reading 3059: 3058: 3054: 3005:(47): 297–327. 2949: 2938: 2902: 2901: 2897: 2849: 2819: 2818: 2814: 2572: 2528: 2484: 2440: 2420: 2419: 2415: 2394: 2363: 2362: 2347: 2317: 2316: 2298: 2296: 2295:on 4 March 2016 2292: 2277: 2239: 2238: 2163: 2012: 2011: 2007: 1918: 1907: 1848: 1847: 1832: 1767: 1766: 1762: 1732: 1731: 1727: 1695: 1675: 1674: 1648: 1647: 1614: 1584: 1583: 1579: 1559: 1554: 1553: 1542: 1538: 1526: 1522: 1516:Diefendorf 1912 1514: 1510: 1494: 1490: 1478: 1467: 1457: 1455: 1450:Noll, Richard. 1448: 1444: 1433: 1429: 1418: 1414: 1399: 1395: 1387: 1383: 1371: 1364: 1352: 1348: 1340: 1336: 1328: 1324: 1316: 1312: 1301:, p. 105; 1297: 1293: 1277: 1273: 1265: 1261: 1254:, p. 163; 1242: 1238: 1226: 1222: 1211: 1207: 1188: 1184: 1164: 1160: 1133: 1129: 1120: 1116: 1099: 1095: 1087: 1083: 1075: 1068: 1009:démence précoce 1002: 998: 966:, p. 337; 940:, p. 388; 926:, p. 117; 912:, p. 337; 908: 904: 896: 889: 881: 877: 869: 865: 849: 845: 814: 810: 802: 794: 790: 782: 778: 768: 766: 759: 755: 747: 743: 704: 700: 695: 682: 673: 653: 647: 572: 563: 547: 522: 500: 496:Emil Kraepelin 490: 410: 367:psychopathology 276:Joseph Guislain 254:cross-sectional 235: 217:démence précoce 210:démence précoce 176:démence précoce 150: 144: 141: 134: 65:autism spectrum 30:A monograph by 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3342: 3332: 3331: 3326: 3321: 3305: 3304: 3290: 3289:External links 3287: 3286: 3285: 3278: 3277: 3261: 3258: 3257: 3256: 3249: 3242: 3235: 3225: 3206: 3205: 3204: 3194: 3184: 3174: 3164: 3154: 3144: 3141: 3127:Emil Kraepelin 3123: 3114: 3111: 3110: 3109: 3072: 3052: 3031: 2994: 2942: 2936: 2915: 2895: 2880: 2853: 2847: 2832: 2812: 2799: 2762: 2725: 2696: 2659: 2622: 2609: 2583:(4): 395–418. 2565: 2539:(3): 299–311. 2521: 2495:(2): 183–204. 2477: 2433: 2413: 2398: 2392: 2376: 2351: 2345: 2330: 2305: 2270: 2261: 2252: 2229: 2192: 2156: 2144: 2099: 2062: 2025: 2005: 1992: 1955: 1911: 1905: 1890: 1872:(3): 383–408. 1861: 1836: 1830: 1815: 1795:(3): 199–200. 1780: 1760: 1745: 1725: 1708: 1688: 1661: 1635: 1618: 1612: 1597: 1577: 1558: 1555: 1552: 1551: 1536: 1520: 1508: 1488: 1465: 1442: 1427: 1412: 1401:Kraepelin 1896 1393: 1389:Kraepelin 1987 1381: 1362: 1346: 1334: 1322: 1320:, p. 512. 1310: 1291: 1271: 1259: 1236: 1220: 1205: 1182: 1158: 1141:, p. 96; 1139:Jablensky 1999 1137:, p. 77; 1127: 1125:, p. 117. 1114: 1093: 1091:, p. 118. 1081: 1079:, p. 388. 1077:Dowbiggin 1996 1066: 996: 938:Dowbiggin 1996 902: 900:, p. 117. 887: 875: 873:, p. 116. 863: 843: 828:Bourgeois 2005 808: 800: 798:, p. 134. 788: 786:, p. 361. 776: 753: 751:, p. 337. 741: 714:(4): 507–509. 697: 696: 694: 691: 681: 678: 672: 669: 646: 643: 571: 568: 562: 559: 546: 543: 521: 518: 489: 486: 409: 406: 308:vesania typica 302:vesania typica 234: 233:Time component 231: 149: 146: 139: 133: 130: 94:Emil Kraepelin 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3341: 3330: 3329:Schizophrenia 3327: 3325: 3322: 3320: 3317: 3316: 3314: 3307: 3302: 3297: 3293: 3292: 3283: 3280: 3279: 3275: 3269: 3264: 3254: 3250: 3247: 3243: 3240: 3236: 3233: 3229: 3226: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3202:3-933510-90-2 3199: 3195: 3193: 3192:3-933510-91-0 3189: 3185: 3183: 3182:3-933510-92-9 3179: 3175: 3173: 3172:3-933510-93-7 3169: 3165: 3163: 3162:3-933510-94-5 3159: 3155: 3153: 3152:3-933510-95-3 3149: 3145: 3142: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3130: 3128: 3124: 3121: 3117: 3116: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3073: 3069: 3063: 3055: 3053:9781585626465 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3016: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2948: 2943: 2939: 2937:0-19-517668-5 2933: 2929: 2924: 2923: 2916: 2912: 2906: 2898: 2896:9780471245315 2892: 2888: 2887: 2881: 2876: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2854: 2850: 2848:0-8014-9899-6 2844: 2840: 2839: 2833: 2829: 2823: 2815: 2813:0-00-637454-9 2809: 2805: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2773:(2): 161–77. 2772: 2768: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2726: 2722: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2571: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2534: 2527: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2483: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2451:(3): 301–19. 2450: 2446: 2439: 2434: 2430: 2424: 2416: 2414:9780816075089 2410: 2406: 2405: 2399: 2395: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2380:Noll, Richard 2377: 2373: 2367: 2359: 2358: 2352: 2348: 2346:9780405074462 2342: 2338: 2337: 2331: 2327: 2321: 2313: 2312: 2306: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2276: 2271: 2267: 2262: 2258: 2253: 2249: 2243: 2235: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2203:(1): 87–106. 2202: 2198: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2162: 2157: 2153: 2152: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2026: 2022: 2016: 2008: 2006:0-485-24011-4 2002: 1998: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1929:(3): 361–79. 1928: 1924: 1917: 1912: 1908: 1906:0-8014-4195-1 1902: 1898: 1897: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1862: 1858: 1852: 1844: 1843: 1837: 1833: 1831:0-8229-3419-1 1827: 1823: 1822: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1803: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1781: 1777: 1771: 1763: 1761:9780415227186 1757: 1753: 1752: 1746: 1742: 1736: 1728: 1726:9781588902269 1722: 1718: 1714: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1694: 1689: 1685: 1679: 1670: 1669: 1662: 1658: 1652: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1619: 1615: 1609: 1605: 1604: 1598: 1594: 1588: 1580: 1578:9780443051739 1574: 1570: 1566: 1561: 1560: 1547: 1540: 1533: 1529: 1524: 1517: 1512: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1492: 1485: 1481: 1476: 1474: 1472: 1470: 1453: 1446: 1440: 1436: 1431: 1425: 1421: 1416: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1397: 1390: 1385: 1378: 1374: 1369: 1367: 1359: 1355: 1350: 1343: 1338: 1331: 1326: 1319: 1314: 1308: 1304: 1303:Kahlbaum 1863 1300: 1295: 1289:, p. 163 1288: 1284: 1280: 1275: 1269:, p. 87. 1268: 1263: 1257: 1256:Kahlbaum 1863 1253: 1249: 1245: 1244:Engstrom 2003 1240: 1233: 1229: 1224: 1218: 1214: 1209: 1203: 1199: 1198:Engstrom 2003 1195: 1191: 1186: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1162: 1156: 1152: 1151:Engstrom 2003 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1131: 1124: 1118: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1097: 1090: 1085: 1078: 1073: 1071: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1030: 1025: 1021: 1016: 1010: 1005: 1000: 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 969: 965: 961: 957: 952: 947: 943: 939: 934: 929: 925: 920: 915: 911: 906: 899: 894: 892: 884: 879: 872: 867: 861:, p. 116 860: 856: 852: 847: 841: 837: 833: 829: 826:, p. 2; 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New York. 2885: 2868:(1): 34–37. 2865: 2861: 2837: 2803: 2770: 2766: 2733: 2729: 2704: 2700: 2670:(1): 103–4. 2667: 2663: 2633:(2): 66–72. 2630: 2626: 2617: 2613: 2580: 2576: 2536: 2532: 2492: 2488: 2448: 2444: 2403: 2383: 2356: 2335: 2310: 2297:. Retrieved 2290:the original 2285: 2281: 2265: 2256: 2233: 2200: 2196: 2174:(1): 77–80. 2171: 2167: 2149: 2107: 2103: 2070: 2066: 2033: 2029: 1996: 1963: 1959: 1926: 1922: 1895: 1869: 1865: 1841: 1820: 1792: 1788: 1750: 1716: 1703: 1699: 1672:. Cambridge. 1667: 1642: 1631:the original 1626: 1602: 1568: 1557:Bibliography 1545: 1539: 1523: 1511: 1491: 1458:26 September 1456:. Retrieved 1445: 1430: 1415: 1396: 1391:, p. 61 1384: 1354:Berrios 1996 1349: 1337: 1325: 1313: 1294: 1274: 1262: 1239: 1223: 1208: 1185: 1180:, p. 88 1161: 1130: 1117: 1096: 1084: 999: 905: 878: 866: 851:Berrios 1996 846: 816:Berrios 1996 811: 803: 791: 779: 767:. 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Leipzig. 1713:"Dementia" 1706:: 111–140. 1565:"Dementia" 1482:, p. 1480:Noll 2007a 1435:Noll 2007a 1422:, p. 1420:Noll 2007a 1407:, p. 1405:Noll 2007a 1375:, p. 1373:Noll 2007a 1356:, p. 1305:, p. 1299:Kraam 2009 1281:, p. 1279:Noll 2007a 1267:Kraam 2009 1246:, p. 1230:, p. 1228:Noll 2007a 1215:, p. 1213:Noll 2007a 1200:, p. 1192:, p. 1190:Noll 2007a 1178:Kraam 2009 1168:, p. 1166:Noll 2007a 1153:, p. 1145:, p. 1135:Kraam 2008 1121:Quoted in 1108:, p. 1106:Stone 2006 1034:Morel 1860 1022:, p. 1020:Morel 1857 990:, p. 988:Morel 1852 982:, p. 980:Morel 1852 968:Morel 1852 958:, p. 956:Morel 1852 944:, p. 942:Morel 1852 928:Morel 1860 914:Boyle 2002 883:Burns 2009 853:, p. 838:, p. 836:Adams 1997 830:, p. 818:, p. 649:See also: 422:researcher 393:Griesinger 3062:cite book 2990:145522432 2974:0957-154X 2905:cite book 2822:cite book 2721:144695284 2707:: 127–8. 2423:cite book 2366:cite book 2320:cite book 2242:cite book 2188:145705091 2151:Disciplin 2124:0004-8674 2015:cite book 1851:cite book 1845:. London. 1770:cite book 1735:cite book 1678:cite book 1651:cite book 1587:cite book 1504:341 n. 38 1496:Dain 1980 736:206589195 693:Footnotes 561:Treatment 444:catatonia 401:Kraepelin 378:prognosis 374:diagnosis 359:catatonia 347:dysthymia 343:syndromes 173:The term 167:Lucretius 70:The term 3260:See also 3105:32601779 3097:11619584 3042:(eds.). 3027:10088477 3019:11951915 2982:18646369 2795:36206200 2787:14518487 2758:34823163 2750:11623876 2692:40018954 2684:15037344 2655:41416327 2647:15179665 2620:: 28–32. 2605:26397383 2597:17333671 2561:22832700 2553:17214430 2517:22362455 2509:17146989 2465:18175634 2382:(2011). 2360:. 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